AND POST-COMMUNIST ROMANIA Simina B

CEU eTD Collection

CURATING COMMUNISM. A COMPARATIVE HISTORY OF OF HISTORY COMPARATIVE A COMMUNISM. CURATING Presented tothe MUSEOLOGICAL PRACTICES MUSEOLOGICAL Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree Doctorof in Philosophy Supervisor Dissertation:of Professor RévIstván AND POST AND Faculties the of Central European University inPartial ______

A DISSERTATION Budapest, Hungary - COMMUNIST ROMANIA COMMUNIST Simina Bădică History 2013 In

IN POST

- WAR (1946 WAR

- 1958) 1958)

CEU eTD Collection unless otherwise noted. and institutions other any that declare hereby I copi Further made. instructionsmay permissionmade ofthe thewritten Author. without not be copies such any of part a form must European Central the lodgedin in C Author. the with rests dissertation this of text the in Copyright NoticeCopyright full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instr the with accordance in only made be may part, or full and Statement of Responsibility Statement of and

this diss this

no materials previously written and/or published by another person person another by published and/or written previously materials no ertation contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in degrees other any for accepted materials no contains ertation Library. Details may be obtaine maybe Library. Details

s ae n codne ih such with accordance in made es uctions given by the Author and and Author the by given uctions d from the librarian. This page page This librarian. the from d opies by any process, either either process, any by opies

CEU eTD Collection etoe, f t l, s n anti an as all, at if mentioned, asexplainedexhibit inthe manuals a and visitor replica, and original text, and object between relationship new the at looks post in museology Soviet of survival the it for analyzed is museology Memorial Lenin the and history party of museum fo the content andthe standincontrast. of museology it themuseum exhibits that if function not does museum t the and determined is historically is argument general, in practice, second My practice. curatorial by also but artifacts post the 1950s and 1990s. Romania of content and form the shaped that museums of network transnational the highlights also thesis The past. recent the on exhibitions current self regime’s communist for o museums crucial building at attempts communism, current understanding exhibiting of genealogy a proposes thesis The change. social of times in practice curatorial and discourses their of genealogies establish Abstract cus of my research: Doftana prison Doftana research: my of cus These early 1950s museums of communism, largely forgotten, and only only and forgotten, largely communism, of museums 1950s early These the are Romania 1990s and 1950s in established museums important most The with linked are 1950s the of communism of museums that argues thesis The to attempt an is dissertation This - 1989 (anti)communist museums not only by subject, inherited buildings and and buildings inherited subject, by only not museums (anti)communist 1989 - uem n te oain esn Msu fr h 19s Soviet 1990s. the for Museum Peasant Romanian the and Museum

- representation in museums is both model and anti and model both is museums in representation s impact on Romanian museums. In order to document document to order In museums. Romanian on impact s - oe ae neetn a pr o, rbby h first, the probably of, part as interesting are model nd museums of museology. Soviet nd museums - museum, the Romanian the museum, - Stalin museum, for the 1950s and the Sighet the and 1950s the for museum, Stalin

- ok t itr msus itrcly to historically, museums history at look omns msu patc, h thesis the practice, museum communist f communism. The Romanian The communism. f - Russian museum, the the museum, Russian n museums in the in museums n

hat curatorial curatorial hat - model for for model

CEU eTD Collection museumsthemselves.communist by pioneered techniques and means memorialisation the use actually communism of occupie Soviet in variant communist its (in antifascism exhibiting museums from 1950s the in emerged Holocaust the of museography specific this that on fact The drawing museography. Holocaust heavily and prisons former in established mainly (anti)communism since the 1990s. ever (anti)communism of museum establishing in use contemporary unproblematic apparently its is genre” communism of “museum this of success the for argument impor An regimes. communist of demise the survived successfully created they genre museum the refuted, been has narrative their though even that, argue I genre. new a of emergence the toward working equally museologyand in tradition European East in museums of network organized The communist past as a traumatic event is currently exhibited in museums of museums in exhibited currently is event traumatic a as past communist The

d countries) implies that current attempts to commemorate victims victims commemorate to attempts current that implies countries) d

- Central Europe, incorporating bo incorporating Europe, Central th Soviet and Soviet th tant

CEU eTD Collection To Mihai,whobelievedII could conclude when this lost had hope

CEU eTD Collection

CEU eTD Collection Rembrandt save andthe mouse and thelittle instead! cat forget to me teaching for and mentor first my being for Nicolau Irina you, Thank she tremendous; was influence whose write a dissertation. you, Thank questions. is. mothering not: is it mylife, in do to Ihad thing hardest the is dissertation this that say somet project PhD my made never the for bearable and hours working disappearing) (to shrinking of because Impossible two our with love in fell and birth gave we and husband my with love in fell and met I followed that years eight the In dissertation. this about thinking started I when own my of family yousay toallthe wonderful thank people

- nig mut f oiie nry ht fml hs o rvd. Motherhood provide. to has family a that energy positive of amount ending person one is There asking of tiring never for and inspiration for Rév István Professor you, Thank Thank to me for time is it and work doctoral started I since passed have years Eight Acknowledgments you, Mihai, Vlad and Toma for being part of my life. I did not have a a have not did I life. my of part being for Toma and Vlad Mihai, you, sons. Family life made PhD research both impossible and bearable. bearable. and impossible both research PhD made life Family sons.

rfso Srn noi o big h frt o eiv I could I believe to first the being for Antohi Sorin Professor who imes feel like a child’s play; as much as I would like to to like would I as much as play; child’s a like feel imes

was not beside me when pursuing doctoral work yet work doctoral pursuing when me beside not was actually who

joined me journey. inthis joined became a character in this dissertation. this in character a became

vii

CEU eTD Collection Iactually trulylike theplace where hasme. it taken feelso I and thesis this with together grown have I journey. particular this for true certainly European University. S Open the at Fellow Visegrad a was I Stiftung. Volkswagen from fellowship doctoral a and Bucharest the received afterwards I years. three for financiall and father. was life family actuallyhow exhibitions fu of understanding my enriched have that tasks curatorial me assigning for Popescu museums. of world amazing the to me introducing for Museum Const and Oana Săndulescu, Valentin Vasile, Cristian data, archival even sometimes and ideas fellow you, Thank Petrovic. Vladimir Iacob, Macrea

much richer now than I was eight years ago. As much as I enjoyed the journey,I as the much enjoyedAs years I ago. eight wasthan richer now much journey this made which grants several of recipient be to lucky was I and work academic when times at support and friendship pure for you Thank Ioan Iacob, Viviana conversations, stimulating and friendship for you Thank - hy a te ore i bte ta rahn te etnto ad hs is this and destination the reaching than better is journey the say They oa Smn Ncle Gbil Cristea Gabriela Niculae, Simona Toma, psil. eta Erpa Uiest aadd e ul otrl stipend doctoral full me awarded University European Central possible. y ni le ia Burcea. Mihai Ilie, antin

overwhelming

ociety Archives and a recipient of a write a of recipient a and Archives ociety nction. , Livia Otal, Dragoș Bucurenci, Ioana Hodoiu, mother Hodoiu, Ioana Bucurenci, Dragoș Otal, Livia ,

hn you Thank Europa researchers ,

colleagues at the Romanian Peasant Romanian the at colleagues

Fellowship at New Europe College, College, Europe New at Fellowship - ioec, ai Fln, Bogdan Falina, Maria Nicolescu,

for sharing your knowledge, knowledge, your sharing for - up grant from Central Central from grant up hn yu Ioana you, Thank viii a

CEU eTD Collection museology. 1946 Chapter First 2.The Romania MuseumsCommunism Soviet in of and museums,Prisons,Chapter and Doftana Jiu 1.Târgu ruins: Introduction: Historicizing Museums List of ListIllustrations of Abstract of Table 1.4. Doftana map ontheEuropean Inventing1.3. artifacts 1.2. Exhibiting walls. Turning 1.1. Prehistory ruins. Doftana prisonto museum.From ofthe model Structure of dissertation Sources. ofmuseumRomania archives Current in situation Methodologies:research, networks archival museum studies, Main arguments ofdissertation 2.1. New oldmuseums. 1946. laws for 1.6. Failed theCampMuseum Târgu musealisation: Jiu museums, 1.5. Prisons, memorials: thecontact 1.6.1. Camp days in Târgu Jiu for political1.6.1. Camp daysJiu inmates inTârgu Doftana1.4.2. Was ofa Holocaust networkmemorials? a part of 1.4.1. Amemory TheofFormer institution: NationalAntifascist Federation 1.1.3 TheNovember earthquakeas premeditated murder on 10,1944 1.1.2. The seeds story:in1933 ofthe inDoftana Hitlerism Doftana to 1.1.1. Avisit prisonin1930 1.6.3. 1.6.2. Concentration, labor hard and Bumbești Târgu transitin camp Jiu common abbreviations in thedissertation in common abbreviations

...... Contents Ruins war: destruction, and failed reconstruction musealisation Livezeni Inmates and Prisoners Political (FIAP)

of - 1958.

......

the camp orruinsThe the the of camp Târgu museum? after Jiu ......

...... –

...... dealingwith the dearthobjects of ......

ruins into museums ruins into

......

...... zones ......

......

...... - ...

131 129 120 114 104 100 .

28 25 21 18 13 11 89 76 67 65 58 47 42 39 34 iii

9 7 4 1

CEU eTD Collection 3.2. Exorcising Communism. The3.2. Exorcising Romanian Peasant Communism. Museum. Chaptermuseums 3.Communism after in 1989 Museum 2.4. 1948 2.3. The Party Museum. museology2.2. Soviet impact its onRomanianmuseums and 3.1. Memorial ofthe theblack paradigm context 1990s: hole 2.5. FailedIllegal the Museumof the musealisation: Printing House 2.2.1. Bullets against museum walls? 2.2.1. BulletsR against museumwalls? 2.5.1 Post scriptum. Living scriptum. 2.5.1 Post in Lenin2.4.2. The 2.4.1. The Romanian 2.3.4. The of theParty museumas history new exhibition book.The permanent 2.3.3. “The myInstitutional museumis developmentsandinternalestate.” 2.3.2.3. The visitor: Socialist witness anda pilgrim 2.3.2.2. The collective visit youyou2.3.2.1. “When get the inside gates of The areas theshow.” part visitor 2.3.2. The Pilgrim Socialist 2.3.1.2. Acounter tothe Moments2.3.1.1. Darkness. ofthePeople’s Struggle [for Freedom] A visit 2.3.1. Moments ofhistory.FromMuseum toParty Revolutionary ofSoviet2.2.3 The textbooks museology inRomania asmuseumartifact2.2.2. Talkingtext museums: 3.2.4. Thediscourse Red Plague: aonugliness 3.2.3. The a victory healing museum: communism over 3.2.2. Fake objects.walls and 1990. fake 3.2.1 The 1906 National ArtMuseum 3.1.2. Museological silence ofthe 1990s 3.1.1. Welcome back, history! Ephemeral the Romanian Museums:

...... Museum. 1958. strugglesat the Party Museum(1948 exhibit. Museum in1948 Revolution

...... –

...... -

visit to theRevolutionary to Bucharestvisit in Museum Stalin Museum inBucharest Museum Stalin - Russian Museum.1947 Russian ......

......

- ...... 1958

the ......

...... museum ...... - ...... 1952 - Russian Museum and the Lenin MuseumandRussian the einventing museumsafter Bolshevik the

......

...... – ......

1958) ...... 1963......

......

Museum ......

...... - ...... Stalin Stalin ......

173 169 166 165 163 159 155 153 148 144 138 137 242 236 232 228 226 223 218 217 217 213 207 199 193 192 183 178 2

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusions 3.3. Prison 3.2.6. Experimenting objectsyears withcommunist 20 after Irina3.2.5. The antidote museum. Nicolau. 3.3.5. Residual powermuseology: of prisoncells reconstructed 3.3.4. SighetMuseum Memorial 3.3.3 Râmnicuof Sărat,silence prison 3.3.2. Functioning and early prisons mus 3.3.1. Memory a contested relationship inthe museum: R

...... âmnicu Sărat -

...... museums after 1989:museums after Sărat Sighet andRâmnicu

......

...... ealisation attempts: Doftana,ealisation Sighet, ......

......

308 295 285 275 272 263 259 257 251 247 3

CEU eTD Collection Fig. camp. Târgu 7of Pencildrawing the in1942 Jiu 1.19.Section F.J. by Károlyi the night ofAugust 1944” 12, 1.18. Fig. 1940, in camp Jiu Târgu onegenuine ofthe few traces camp. ofthe in Poles the by built sundial the of remains The 1.17. Fig. September 8.” 942, Jiu Tg. F.J. Karoly Transnistria. to transferred 411 the of out group “A 1.17. Fig. Fig.The ( cross wooden 1.16. Fig. 1943. in inmates inthe camp Târgu 1.15.Communist Jiu Fig. ofTârgu drawing campin1942 F.J. byKárolyi 1.14.Pencil Jiu Movement ofRomania. the of Section Histor Jiu. of Târgu Museum in Detainees Political for Camp the of cemetery) Museum 1.13 Fig. (Ohlsdorf Fascism of Victims the to photographed inthe 1950s. Memorial Hamburg 1.12. Fig. Fig. 1.11. Fig. OctoberThe museumin 2012. Doftana former 1.10 Fig.“ComradeGheorghiu B cell 1.9. Dej’s insection ofDoftana” Fig.Back album of cover 1.8. the 1940 earthquake. 9 November Doftana, 1.7. Fig. the by killed inmate Communist a of Burial earthquake. 1940. November Doftana, 1.6. Fig. before searched being are bandits and criminals entering thecells.” dangerous of group ”A 1.5. Fig. Doftana Prison).” by reportage the to Illustration 1.4. Fig. beforeFig.Doftana prison 1940.Postcard. 1.3. LongitudinalFig. section of theDoftana 1.2. penitentiary. Fig. the Doftana of penitentiary. 1.1.Plan List Illustrationsof

Section B of the former Doftana museum in October in B formerDoftanaSection ofthe museum 2012. “The escape of com. Gheorghe Gheorghiu Gheorghe com. of escape “The

y of the Communist Party, of the Revolutionary and Democratic Democratic and Revolutionary the of Party, Communist the of y

troița th 15. ommrto o toe kill those of Commemoration 1952. , Muzeul Doftana ) inTârgu

Tik, Ion. “La Închisoarea Doftana (At the the (At Doftana Închisoarea “La Ion. Tik,

Jiu camp Jiu

- Dej from the Târgu Jiu camp on on camp Jiu Târgu the from Dej

ed during the the during ed

CEU eTD Collection Fig. 3.4. Entrance to the exhibition hall Fig.exhibition Entrance tothe 3.4. Peasant Museum. 3.3. Fig. Fig.hall HolyEntrance tothe 3.2.Relics ( 886) (cTz Museum Peasant Romanian the of Archive Visual the © (1991). of Party Museum Communist History former the inside water holy sprinkling are Priests 3.1. Fig. 34 of backyard the in shelter reconstructed Museum for ofth theprojected wooden The 2.15. Fig. Illegalof the inthe 1950sor1960s. Printing House, Fig. Fig.LeninVisiting the 2.13 Fig.LeninFirst hall inthe exhibition 2.12. Fig.LeninDismantling Centralin Moscow. 1994. the 2.11. Museum Fig.“Room ofhorrors” at 2.10. the1990. Romanian Museum Peasant in Fig. in 2.9.Scarlat Callimachi Fig.The Romanian 2.8. in the Party Museum. bi to tridimensional From 2.7. Fig. Fig. image Framed texts, 2.6. Fig. theMuseumearlyGuided to ofParty visit History inthe 2.5.1970s. Fig.“Working Doftana”. visit 2.4. people Fig.Ana reproduced Pauker's cell 2.3. inthe Revolutionary Museum. an 2013 in palace, Brătianu former Library.abandonedNational the branch of Establishment, Bălcescu former The 2.2. Fig. Boulevard. neo the in 1958 after Museum Party The 2.1. Fig. Târgu Jiu. Fig. Fig.The barracksthe1970s. reconstructed in 1.20. ofTârgu Jiu

2.14 The house on 34 house on34 2.14 The

.1 Cneprr Tru i cm doaa nie h Rgoa Msu in Museum Regional the inside diorama camp Jiu Târgu Contemporary 1.21. Splendor

hall from the from hall

- Russian MuseuminBucharestRussian the1950s. in Ș - coala Stalin Museum, 1960. Museum, Stalin s and maps as exhibits atthes and Party mapsas1958. Museumin

1937.

Christian Law Christian Floreasca Street, Bucharest, location of the Museum Bucharest,Floreasca Museum Street, of the location - dimensional exhibit, the Doftana cell as displayed as cell Doftana the exhibit, dimensional

Time

Moaște

- Stalin Museum. Stalin

e IllegalHouse.e Printing at the Romanian Peasant Museum.

thematic ground floor. © Romanian © floor. ground thematic ) ©Romanian P

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Floreasca Street, Street, Floreasca

CEU eTD Collection Fig. 3.20. Prison clothes exhibited intheDoftanaFig.exhibited clothesmuseum. 3.20.Prison Liternet.and Fig. 3.19. detention Romania. communist centers in Memorial Sighet the in hall) (fifth maps of room The 3.18. Fig. the in imprisoned been have communists the years of thebourgeois regime” which in prisons of “Map 3.17. Fig. peasantry” organizedRomanian Peas at the Romanian of destruction “The exhibition 2013 the in cell prison Recreated 3.16. Fig. Romania Sighet the Visit Fi Romania? nowadays understand to want youMemorial “Do 3.14. Fig. Fig. GheorgheThe(room where Brătianu cell 73). died 3.13. Fig.“Thecell wher 3.12. Fig. SighetEntrance tothe Memorial 2011. 3.11. in Fig.The cells individual sectionsDoftana, Sighet 3.10. in Sărat. prison, and Râmnicu Museum, February 2010. portrait photocopied among inserted Luxemburg Rosa with postcard photocopied A 3.9. Fig. Museum, February 2010. pottery. peasant among 3.8. Fig. IrinaherFig.Museum in2000. office in at Nicolau the 3.7.Peasant Fig. hall. ©RomanianThe Plague exhibition Peasant 3.6.(1997) Museum hall exhibition Peasant Museum. (1997) Plague The himself. facing Lenin 3.5. Fig. g. 3.15. Recreation of a Sighet prison cell in the 2007 exhibition exhibition 2007 the in cell prison Sighet a of Recreation 3.15. g. o Vri Mary. Virgin of s

organized at the National HistoryMuseum. - Communist pottery (Long live the Romanian Popular Republic) inserted inserted Republic) Popular Romanian the live (Long pottery Communist Prison clothes and handcuffs exhibited in the Sighet museum. © Dinu LazărDinu © intheSighet museum. exhibited and handcuffsclothes Prison Museum tothe Victims ofCommunism andtotheResistance.”

e Iuliae 9)at(room Maniu the Sighet died” Memorial.

n ewe Reconstructions between In n ewe Reconstructions between In

ant Museum.

at the Romanian Peasant Peasant Romanian the at

t h Rmna Peasant Romanian the at

- Museum representing representing Museum

t h Romanian the at omns in Communism

CEU eTD Collection RWP, RWP, Romanian Workers Partythe Romanian Communist ofParty (official name RomanianPeopl RPR, RomanianCommunistRCP, Party (1921 InstituteISISP, for andSocio Historical IICCMER,Institute for FIAPP, FédérationInternationale des Prisonniers Politiques Anciens FIAP,Inmates,Federation ofFormer and Prisoners Political Antifascist National DefenseAP, Patriotic (Apărarea Patriotică) ANR, RomanianNationalArchives AMNIR, Romanian NationalArchives the History of Museum List ofcommon 1948 wasit officially Workers namedParty Romanian de pe lângă al C.C. P.C.R) the Romanesc)Exilului (InstitutulInvestigareaExile pentru siMemoria Crimelor Comunismului Romania Romanian –

1965)

abbreviations

Communist Pa e’s Republic (Republica Investigating and Crimes of theMemory the Communist

rty (Institutul de Studii Istoricerty (InstitutuldeStudii şiSocial

in the in dissertation - Political Studies ofthe Studies CentralPolitical of Committee - 1989) except for except the1948 1989)

Populară

R omână

) 1947 - 1965 period when1965

- 1965 -

Politice Politice 7

CEU eTD Collection

CEU eTD Collection (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Pre University Calif: Stanford (Stanford, 1 sometimes and attention special needs that one presence, troubling a also is it concern scientific polysemic a such by me it a became it as curating of subject a be to come has History realm. artistic the and collections re current their and negotiat appeal current their function, museums how post the and 1950s and 1940s late the in communism of establishment the transformation, politi and societal of periods two in Romania in museums building of process the historical.” essentially are they because but it, dictates method because not historically museums at look must “one that Maleuvre Did with believe, I Yet text. scholarly same the in converge rarely analyzes and practice their and fields scholarly distinct are museology and History change. social of times in practice curatorial their of and discourses their of genealogies establish

Didier Maleuvre, Didier mean dical sense. I believe the presence of presence the believe I sense. dical - communist transition, in the hope that a better understanding can be reached of of reached be can understanding better a that hope the in transition, communist uaig s n ciiy urnl assig currently activity an is Curating historically, museums history at look to attempt an is dissertation This t ors, evenof traumaticors, healers memories.

o ae o, a atnin o tobe bu o ee t cr, o el n a in heal to cure, to even or about trouble to, attention pay for, care to concern of museums. The word is word The museums. of concern even healing even Museum Memories: History, Technology, Art Technology, History, Memories: Museum Introduction: Historicizing Museums

od Cmuim n otmoay museu contemporary in Communism word.

procedures ss, 1999), 9. ss,1999), . This .

communism in museums is very wel very is museums in communism dissertation

coming f coming I am basically looking comparatively at comparatively looking basically am I e t msus acie, l so all archives, museums, to ned

, Cultural Memory in the Present Present the in CulturalMemory , rom the Latin the rom

un derstands curatorial work in work curatorial derstands

ms is not only a a only not is ms curo / curare / curo - branding as as branding l defined l rts of of rts

and and cal ier to 9

CEU eTD Collection n l fed, r t es nt t ne I a uem uh s h Romanian the as such museum a If once. at not least at or fields, all in completelyreconstructed and thenpresented genuine as prison. the In this not. as were case, which Doftana’s and forged were museums communist in exhibited objects impossible it makes investigation historical proper region. the byin also professionals but generalpublic only the sharedbynot pre the in exhibited everything almost that narratives. different radically with but artifacts same post and pre These 20 1989. the of half second the of history before the tell institutions even Europe Eastern over all existed of disregard total in constructed been have to seem decades two last the in camp Socialist former the in numbers important in appeared that communism of museums the hand, one the On historiography. of fields communism into exhibit the1990sand, surprisingly enough, day. tothis courage and determination the had that museums Romanian only the virtually in 1990, established Museum, Peasant Romanian the and 1993 in established Museum, post The (1955). Lenin the and (1949) museum prison Doftana the (1948), Museum Romanian the parenthesis): in year (inauguration this in analyzed are Romania in itself represent museologicallyto order in variety beyond division. offorms thetraditional/archives collections /exhibitions its

broadest sense and is concerned with the presence of communism of presence the with concerned is and sense broadest This study also argues that the Soviet influence in the region was not present not was region the in influence Soviet the that argues also study This histor early the Narrating post important most The - 1989 museums analyzed in this dissertation are the Sighet Memorial Sighet the are dissertation this in analyzed museums 1989 dissertation - war museums established by the new socialist regime socialist by establishednew the warmuseums o cmuit uem i iprat o several for important is museums communist of y

argues, it was the building itself that was was that itself building the was it argues, - 1989 museums was fake was museums 1989 the fact that museums of communism communism of museums that fact the - Russian Museum (1947), The Party Party The (1947), Museum Russian to assess which of the stories and and stories the of which assess to The wide The th

century, sometimes with the the with sometimes century, - spread popular belief belief popular spread

in museums in a a in museums in - is unfortunately is tln Museum Stalin

dissertation A lack oflack A - Russian Russian - 1989 1989

CEU eTD Collection Revie 2 the if function not does museum the and determined historically is general, in practice, curatorial that is argument second My practice. curatorial by also but artifacts and buildings inherited subject, by only not museums w (anti)communist linked are 1950s the of communism of museums that is One argumentsMain dissertation of museumsthemselves.techniquescommunist pioneered by actually communism of to victims commemorate attempts current that implies countries) occupied Soviet in variant communist its (in antifascism exhibiting museums from 1950s the in emerged Holocaust the of mu Holocaust on drawing heavily and prisons former in established mainly (anti)communism of museums in exhibited East In world. the int the of because a Soviet model. possible Ger in camps concentration of memorials emerging prison political former of associations of network European a of part As Soviet. than European more prison of Bucharestare Lenin the or Museum

Harold Marcuse, “Holocaust Memorials: The Emergence of a Genre,” Genre,” a of Emergence The Memorials: “Holocaust Marcuse, Harold w

- 115, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 53 2010): 1 no. (February 1, 115, museum is interestingly shown to have been born out of an interaction that wasinteractionthat an of out born been haveinterestingly to is shown museum hr ae w mi agmns ht fo that arguments main two are There genre” memorial “Holocaust the of history early This ers (FIAPP), the creators of Doftana were more influenced by by influenced more were Doftana of creators the (FIAPP), ers

clear Soviet inspiration, a longer lasting museum such as the Doftana the as such museum lastinglonger a inspiration, Soviet clear ense use of this genre in commemorating traumatic events all over over all events traumatic commemorating in genre this of use ense - eta Erp, h cmuit at s tamtc vn is event traumatic a as past communist the Europe, Central

- Stalin Museum inaugurated in 1947 and respectively 1955 in 1955 respectively and 1947 in inaugurated Museum Stalin

– seography. The fact that this specific museography museography specific this that fact The seography. 89.

m h rd hed f hs dissertation this of thread red the rm use the memorialisation means and and means memorialisation the use many, Austria and Poland than Poland and Austria many,

The American Historical Historical American The 2

t te post the ith s eia today seminal is

otn o the of content - 1989

by 11 .

CEU eTD Collection Museums and Memory and Museums 3 communist of anti museums overtly from to propaganda inherited also are people the Sometimes, other. the to institution one from passed are collections or shared, are buildings Sometimes a the with 1950s the of museums the link only not that finds dissertation genealogies actualbe contact thatconnectionscan built found but can andof be points this context, Romanian the researching While m would museums these different, radically curatedso subject common a of preciselybecause regime, maybe politicalor connections are documented. pre these post during than between any, if connection, degree the analyze to is larger study this of purpose The much communism. a in actually 1989, before even Europe realization the from stems research This socialism. state memorialize nostalgically or condemn to either post is whichcategory communism” of “museum the in included a than more organizes and it what matches organization inner whose space a as museum the conceptualize to withi systems, “ us urged he when meant Fehr Michael believe I contrast. in stand it exhibits that museology the and museum

Michael Fehr, “A Museum and Its Memory. The Art of Recovering History,” in in History,” Recovering of Art The Its Memory. and Museum “A Fehr, Michael Museums of communism have been a fashionable scholarly topic for already already for topic scholarly fashionable a been have communism of Museums Despite the common subject, communism as ideology, political movement and and common Despite subject, asideology, political thecommunism movement - 99 n post and 1989 decade. This dissertation however is not concerned with what is usually is what with concerned not is however dissertation This decade. n which visitors can become obse become can visitors which n t hereby enables us to shift toastructuralhereby new, ustoshift enables perception

(Stan

ht uem o cmuim xse al vr Central over all existed communism of museums that ford, California: Stanford University Press, 2000), 59. 2000), Press, University Stanford California: ford, - 99 uem a museums 1989 -

omns msus I ohr situa other In museums. communist

ost likely be expected to have nothing in common. in nothing have to expected be likely ost o ocpulz uem a second as museums conceptualize to nti nd the implications thus arising if if arising thus implications the nd rvers of the rise and decay of o of decay and rise the of rvers - omns msus f h 1990s. the of museums communist - 1989 museums built museums 1989 Susan Crane (ed.), (ed.), Crane Susan

tions, where the the where tions, . ” 3

hs s what is this - Eastern Eastern rders rders - order order 12 – -

CEU eTD Collection 4 from stemming inquiries and methods and research historical traditional considered musMethodologies: research, archival the practiceestablished definedandduring socialism. state is is exhibited story new this inwhich manner regime)while the (the changed anti be to claim overtly that museums those in practice museological current understand to order in con in stand deployed museology the and museum the of content the if effective not is it i.e. that curatorial function, and themuseum are historicallydoesnot determined practices count over and clerical fundamentally still religious but discourse. exhibitions in faith religious denouncing and anti curating were religion, renounce avant despise to public illiterate largely the educating museums,” the 1950s. resembles most that museology the itself, practice curatorial theis prison,it formerpolitical a in Romanianorthern in situated MemorialSighet the of case the in like established, well very ideologically and geographically is distance

Adam Jolles, “Stalin’s Talking Museums,” Museums,” “Stalin’sTalking AdamJolles, tract. This dissertation researches museum practice in the late 1940s and 1950s and 1940s late the in practice museum researches dissertation This tract. h mtooois sd n hs israin r a itr o wa is what of mixture a are dissertation this in used methodologies The changes regime over practices museum some of constancy the for reasons The “talking Stalin’s USSR, 1930s early In precedent. without not is situation The

omns rgm i n lne te uue f akn bt criminal a but mankind of future the longer no is regime communist ry borders is also one of the issues tackled in this dissertation. I argue argue I dissertation. this in tackled issues the of one also is borders ry - omns. t id ta te vrl nraie a dramatically has narrative overall the that finds It communist.

Oxford Art Journal Oxford - avant eum networks studies, - garde exhibition garde ,

organized in former churches churches former in organized 4

28, no. 3 (2005): 429 (2005): 3 no. 28,

s with avant with s communist museums of museums communist

structurally - ad at n to and art garde – 455. - garde forms forms garde

with similar to to similar

anti 13 -

CEU eTD Collection be highly regarded andat performed level. highest possible still should capacity this day, every field scholarly the entering literally are Europe, archives Eastern in Especially myself. it perform to ability my with together grew research, archival through facts the establishing research, historical of level first this for respect of level My context). this in relevant highly is museum chapt (the existed really ever had it if and was research my of object the what unsure really was I Sometimes name? different a with but museum same the this Is disappear? museum that did how and When when? and where so, If exist? questions: factual basic, very to answer an for desperate moments, at numerous myself,I found have mycountry), but in definition of historian the be to seems this because also (probably facts hard the for searching about doubts rese my of focus the became later which Museum Stalin Romanian the like existed, knew never I museums entire discovered also I but exhibitions permanent and names premises, of changes of dates on spots blank in fill I did only not research my During reader. foreign the to perplexing the be may during regime) field socialist the in worked have who those to (except scholarship Romanian more formulate could I Before work. Isophisticated questions, needed thewere. characters toknowwhat of story my historical traditional consider I what to sought that form pinpoi chronological a in information this narrativised afterwards post in building was regime socialist the that museums new the about possible as data much as gather to transnational trying by research my started have I history. even and studies, memory studies, museum like disciplines related nt the major events, characters and changes that made these institutions. This is This institutions. these made that changes and characters events, major the nt The level to which to level The the history of museums during communism in unknown in unknown in communism during museums of history the

inauguration, names of directors and staff, staff, and directors of names inauguration, - usa Msu o te Lenin the or Museum Russian arch. I have always had my my had always have I arch.

i ti msu actually museum this Did

- war Romania. I have have I Romania. war er on Târgu Jiu Târgu on er

where more more where

14 -

CEU eTD Collection Studies 6 2012). Polirom, dictator) a of regime and biography the into incursions Dej: of (Specters dictator unui regimul si eds., Burcea, Mihai and Bosomitu Stefan 2011); Humanitas, Gheorghiu regimului 1948 1948 Comunista Romania in Artele Si Literatura 5 a visitor the reach to order in told be will story the how also but visitor the tell to is exhibition an what defines only not curator museum A curatorship. and museology defines what precisely is content comm museum a that content the between difference The studies. historical in tackled profitably be now can questions fields, other to concerns their exporting by expanded have studies museum closed down? suddenly were theme housed that museums the after them to happened has what and coll in taken images the at looking by 1950s the of culture museum the about learn we can What exhibition? real to concept from taken are that steps many the on decided has who and why and like materia the also these of data administrative the but exhibits andcollections mission, their on takendecisions onlytextual the and museums not possible, was it as much as uncover, na factual a narrative. coherent less or more a in facts assembling levelat of the doesstop it archives, because accessunknown previously to acade local the

Sharon Macdonald, ed., “Expanding Museum Studie Museum “Expanding ed., Macdonald, Sharon e, o eape te eet ey nomtv yt akn tertcl perspective theoretical lacking yet informative very recent the example, for See, ections? Whereections? didthe - 1953)

(Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 2. 2006), (BlackwellPublishing, These types of ques of types These of much and here stop cannot work historian’s the that though belief my is It

(Bucharest: Humanitas, 2010); Cristian Vasile, Vasile, Cristian 2010); Humanitas, (Bucharest: rrative questions and methodologies from adjacent fields. I have tried to tried have I fields. adjacent from methodologies and questions rrative

i ltrtr o sae oils i epcal dsponig despite disappointing, especially is socialism state on literature mic l and visual aspects of these museums: how did the exhibitions look exhibitions the did how museums: these of aspects visual and l - e (omns cultu (Communist Dej

h ehbto hls n te bet ad ouet i their in documents and objects the and halls exhibition the

objects come from, how did they become museum artifacts didthey museum become come how from, objects tions mainly belong to the field of museum studies, but as but studies, museum of field the to belong mainly tions

nd to do justice to the subject itself. Unlike standard standard Unlike itself. subject the to justice do to nd unicates and the form in which it communicates this communicates it which in form the and unicates

a pltc drn Gheorghiu during politics ral - 1953 (Literature and the Arts in Communist Romania Romania Communist in Arts the and (Literature 1953 5

I have added to what could have remained have could what to added have I s: An Introduction,” in in Introduction,” An s: Spectrele lui Dej: incursiuni în biografia în incursiuni Dej: lui Spectrele Politicile culturale comuniste în timpul timpul în comuniste culturale Politicile - e’ regime) Dej’s A Companion to Museum Museum to Companion A , Cristian Vasile, Vasile, Cristian ,

(Bucuresti: (Bucuresti: 6

these

(Iasi: (Iasi: 15

CEU eTD Collection (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012), 97 2012), Publishing, Scholars (Cambridge eds., Rahikainen, M. and Fellman 7 advised as concepts, such of genealogy a construct and research to need the felt thus changes subtle such to attentive particularly is dissertation this and memorial as such field, museological the from concepts which theirs.” in way the relevant and historically words “our between discern and define to able being of importance crucial the about written has Ginzburg Carlo recently, More use. they concepts and words the to attention their direct historians many made howeve (Begriffsgeschichte), history conceptual a not certainly is This use. sources my concepts and terms the to compared as use I the museum shaped public and poli Memorial Sighet The reality. contemporary in involved fully actor historical a as but history of representation a as only analyzed a politics higher of reflection mere a than rather events the in actor an as involvement and potential true its reveal museum the of descriptions thick such only that belief my is It techniques. museal obje same the of display the and times specific in objects certain of replacement the labels, changing the discharged, then and acquired collections the exhibited, not or exhibited objects the of history the t in interested this highly is museum, dissertation the about and by produced documents written the of view of point mainlythe from institutions, as museums narrate and analyze which histories museum

al Gnbr, Or od, n Ter: Rfeto o the on Reflection A Theirs: and Words, “Our Ginzburg, Carlo I have included in my methodology a lot of attention to the terms and concepts and terms the to attention of lot a mymethodology in included I have - museum and even museum itself have changed their meaning over decades decades over meaning their changed have itself museum even and museum

itrcl nweg:I Qet f hoy Mto n Evidence and Method Theory, of Quest In Knowledge: Historical

d dooia cntans Te uem s o t be to not is museum The constraints. ideological nd cts with totally different meaning constructed through through constructed meaning different totally with cts ticaland discourse notthe otheraround. way – he curatorial practice of the museums discussed, discussed, museums the of practice curatorial he 119.

- Museum is one interesting case in which in case interesting one is Museum i i cneta hsoy ht has that history conceptual is it r Historian’s Craft, Today,” Susanna Susanna Today,” Craft, Historian’s 7

vn oe i becomes it more, Even

in vocabulary. I vocabulary. in

CEU eTD Collection lcrnc rs: tp/wwe.i.eephm/ne.nap?su=7, 01, 69 2011), http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp_home/index.en.aspx?issue=078, Press: June Electronic 29 Paris Citizen, European the th Politics, Identity Museums: National European EuNaMus, from Proceedings (eds.) Guiral B in Mythmaking Petkova Gabriela 32; Democracy,” to Transition 11 Atrocities Commemorate to Rush Europe 10 Communication Journal of International 9 Interviews and Essays Selected Practice: Memory, 8 them. to dedicated articles academic few the in perspective this lack states Socialist post of case the in exceptions transnational written been rarely has museums communist of history modelasprison this andmuseumbest exemplifies can it chapter. be read inthe first Doftana of narrative the Perhaps on. focusing am I museums the By of histories intricate produced. and used exis they to entity any for necessary artifacts beings unexpected “the researching the and communism of museums into necessaryany for entitytoexist.” t a of occasion the at list, to learns that inquiry of mode a designate to mainly but volumes), impenetrable to borders, by delineated surfaces to domains, juxtaposed to say, let’s contrast, (in net a of shape the have that world simply not network word the take “I it, explains Latour As University. European Central at Rév István Professor of seminars the during attention chan has content and meaning their throughoutand centuries. decades how understand to order in prisoner Foucault, Michel by

ihl ocut “Nietzsc Foucault, Michel . gaoa n I Gnhv, Te tiue f Museum of Attitude “The Gancheva, I. and Ignatova A. Mark, James rn Ltu, Ntok, S “Networks, Latour, Bruno

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010); Paul Williams, Williams, Paul 2010); Press, University Yale Haven: (New lhuh uem ae ihu qeto a rnntoa phenomenon, transnational a question without are museums Although my to brought been has Latour Bruno by defined as network of concept The Great Narratives of the Past. Traditions and Revisions in National Museums Conference Conference Museums National in Revisions and Traditions Past. the of Narratives Great The Unfinished Revolution: Making Sense of the Communist Past in Central in Past Communist the of Sense Making Revolution: Unfinished The ulgarian Museums,” in in Museums,” ulgarian - Campbell, “Uses and Exploitation of History: Official History, Propaganda and and Propaganda History, Official History: of Exploitation and “Uses Campbell, 8

such as the prison the as such Bulletin of the Transylvania University of Brasov of University Transylvania the of Bulletin he, Genealogy, History,” in in History,” Genealogy, he,

(Oxford; New Be York: (Oxford; ceis Shrs Rfetos f n Actor an of Reflections Spheres: ocieties,

- communist museums, communist 9

– no. 5 (2011): 799. 5 no. (2011): Dominique Poulot, Felicity Bodenstein, José María Lanzarote Lanzarote María José Bodenstein, Felicity Poulot, Dominique I thenetworkasofinquiry amode tried have touse

Jl & 25 & July 1 - museum, memorial museum,

(Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1977). CornellUP, (Ithaca: - rg, 2007). rg, 6 oebr 2011. November 26

.. ocad (ed.) Bouchard D.F. s to Socialism in the Period of Bulgarian Bulgarian of Period the in Socialism to s 10

the museum networks built in built networks museum the

Memorial Museums: The Global The Museums: Memorial rial, the unexpected beings beings unexpected the rial, - to designate things in the in things designate to museum or even political even or museum

4(53), no. 2 (2011): 25 (2011): 2 no. 4(53),

(Linköping University University (Linköping e Uses of the Past and Past the of Uses e

- t,” I have written written have I t,” agae Counter Language, Network Theorist,” Theorist,” Network l y. With notable With y. – 7 Gabriela 77; - Eastern Eastern

ged ged the the

17 11 – -

CEU eTD Collection &Unive M Revolution 1956 Hungary’s of Narratives Visual Postcommunism Imagining Yugoslavia,” Loc Remembrance: “Mediated Karge, 1989,” Before Communism About “Forget Sharenkova, Radostina many 2009); with Archaeopress, As possible. not Petkova was this institution, important this of archives the access to years, eight over spanning efforts, lengthy and myrepeated Despite 1989. to insti known well and important an History, Party archives themselves. the on information as but archives the from extracted findings research as only not no is research, future for situation important, it consider Romanian I different. the and problematic be to known generally is Europe Eastern in archives of situation The archives. museum or national in rest normally museumSources. of Current Romania situation in archives intheexplained bodythe of post the of context specific the to due is communism of genre new a of emergence East the toward in museums of working equally and museology in traditions European and Soviet both network incorporating organized first the probably What knowledge. common is Romania 1950s in culture Soviet of influence heavy the Soviet as to museology write attention some to devote to dissertation sure was this I that for knew I research histories. transnational starting when intention, my not was It - Campbell, Campbell, My initial research plan was focused on the former Museum of Communist Communist of Museum former the on focused was plan research initial My m of history a for sources The rsity Press, 2005). Press, rsity uoen eiw f History of Review European Pae n uoe Blai a Bulgaria Europe: in Place A surprised me is that these early museums of communism are part of of part are communism of museums early these that is me surprised

dissertation itr o Cmuim n Europe in Communism of History al Practices of Remembering the Second World War in Tito’s Tito’s in War World Second the Remembering of Practices al

. The European dimension of building museums museums building of dimension European The . 6 n. (eray 09: 49 2009): (February 1 no. 16, useums during Romanian communism should should communism Romanian during useums .

- d t Msus n Nw Europe “New” in Museums Its nd me( - tution in the center of Bucharest up up Bucharest of center the in tution not): Visitors and Museum Presentations Presentations Museum and Visitors not):

to make available my findings, findings, my available make to -

a pro ad il be will and period war o 1 21) 63 (2010): 1 no.

(College Station: Texas A Texas Station: (College – 62; Beverly A James, James, A Beverly 62; - Central Europe, Europe, Central – 0 Heike 80;

(Oxford: (Oxford:

CEU eTD Collection 12 ISISPfond photog the was useful especially moment the for processed; being SocialIstoriceStudii şi de Institutul (ISISP, Socio Institute former the of archive The members). Party of deceased dossiers (Party 53 Collection consulted I field museum the in involved people PCR al CC fond the and Party) Communist Romanian the of Committee (Central PCR al CC fond the are These first communism. of the decades in museums Romanian of development the for information relevant and researchyears. rhythm withanimpressive inthe last for available made and processed are which socialism state of history political the to pertaining archives to compared as importance secondary of considered is Museum th of archive the decisions, these make can they which from positions managerial the reached has both) (sometimes historians new and archivists a of generation as up speeded been has era communist the from documents of processing res for available not still is it where (ANR) Archives National the to transports, several in years, the over given was archive documentary The Museum. Party the housing still building the in re Romanian Peasantemployeesthe new Museum of were these Museum, Party the of case the In charge. in locally people the of judgment best and will free the to according often institutions these dismantling meant 1989 Par Communist Romanian the to belonging institutions

Partially available online as Fototeca online a comunismului românesc, onlinecomunismului a as Fototeca online Partiallyavailable - Political Studies of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party Communist Romanian the of Committee Central the of Studies Political There are however av however are There -

Fototeca. earch because still not processed not still because earch

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Cancelarie (Office). For biographical information on the the on information biographical For (Office). Cancelarie ailable fo ailable

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rpgna i Agi si Propaganda nds at the ANR which can be used for valuable valuable for used be can which ANR the at nds - Politice de pe lângă C.C. al P.C.R) is alsois P.C.R) al C.C. lângăpe dePolitice

ai (rpgna n Agitation) and (Propaganda tatie . Altho . ty (RCP) the regime change in in change regime the (RCP) ty - esta ugh in the last decade the the decade last the in ugh blished in February 1990 blished in February 1990 http://fototeca.iiccr.ro/ for Historical and and Historical for raphic collection, raphic e former Party Party former e .

CEU eTD Collection National History Museum, Oana Ilie to which my gratitude goes. gratitudemywhich to Ilie Oana Museum, History National 13 dissertation.this of chapter first the in detailed are existed ever museum a such if discover to struggle the about, of heard Museum never had I museum another yet be to appeared what by seized above I Nazihistory of atrocities inthe immediate ofbuildingpost museums prison Doftana the on research microhistorical almost Politiques Prisonniers Anciens des Internationale Fédération narrative. myDoftana to flesh added which museum Doftana the of creation the relatedto files additional discovered FIAP the In Archives. National the at research for available th Former of Federation makes that National luck of best the With the (FIAP). Inmates and Prisoners was Political Antifascist this ignored: previously had I 1940s late the in museums on creation the in involvement whose institution, one th of agency revealed also documents the dissertation, this in museum Doftana on chapter whole which developed thedossiers,ina Besides in important information the 1948 in museum Doftana the of creation the documenting dossiers ample the with together that, revealed semina transferred: were documents important some collections research My Museum. History National the

was searching for photographic documents in the sub the in documentsphotographic searchingfor was Access to these documents was made possible due to the kind assistance of fellow researcher at the the at researcher fellow of assistance kind the to due possible made was documents these to Access ese quests reach a successful outcome, the archive of the FIAP was miraculously miraculously was FIAP the of archive the outcome, successful a reach quests ese - mentioned Fototeca mentioned Another consistent subchapter was born out of a similar archival coincidence. coincidence. archival similar a of out born was subchapter consistent Another to 1990s the in transferred were Museum Party the of collections the of part A

ap o Pltcl eane i Tru i. h otoe o the of outcomes The Jiu. Târgu in Detainees Political for Camp

fond

The fact The

of the ISISP at the National Archives. My gaze was was gaze My Archives. National the at ISISP the of

that FIAP was part of a European network, the the network, European a of partwas FIAP that

- fond - museum into a transnational transnational a into museum

Prisons and Camps of the Campsof and Prisons ,

transfor l for my research, two research, my for l fond - war years.war

med my local, local, my med t h AR I ANR the at crucial e - 1949.

the the 20 13

CEU eTD Collection Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History theof Writing and Fictions, Facts, Stories: 14 presented twochapter inthefirst post with deals chapter last and third the while 1950s) and 1940s (late regime communist mu the to devoted Structure of same documents. the to access immediate and unrestricted I had me bothered never probably mo the during appeared that questions the because different been have would narrative my a but martyrdom, of as place former inaugurated and 1948 in reconstructed been have still would Doftana same, com a in me to delivered been information the had manner different totally a in written been have would way detective this in retrieved information with written I have chapters The archives. these to archives Romanian f stories the as relevant as be to archives the about stories I believethese that places, interestingmore might stories be, to them expect one where archives find to failing historians, of and fellow archives from unexpected discovering stories similar heard have I paths. similar I contrary,

h sm i crany re vn usd Esen uoe Se Antoine See Europe. Eastern outside even true certainly is same The - omns msus hl hglgtn te oncin wt te museum the with connections the highlighting while museums communist The a nt ealn m rsac taetr bcue fn it find I because trajectory research my detailing not am I

think dissertation dissertation o und in the archives. Even more, I believe the intricate nature of of nature intricate the believe I more, Even archives. the in und

seums of communism established communism of seums ht ot eerh n 20 on research most that

ae ral ifune te a hsoy s rte bsd on based written is history way the influenced greatly have

s iie it tre eerh hpes Te is to are two first The chapters. research three into divided is

of being denied access only to find open back open find onlyto access denied being of plete package, all at once. The “facts” may have been the the been have may “facts” The once. at all package, plete

nths when I was tracing documents would have would documents tracing was I when nths

(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2005). Press, University Duke N.C.: (Durham, th

etr east century concomitantly - Central Europe follows follows Europe Central tte M Burton, ed., ed., Burton, M tte

with the Romanian the with

nqe O the On unique. - doors to even even to doors 14

tre of stories Archive Archive

21 s

CEU eTD Collection into museum. Although Doftana had never been a Holocaust site, its creators, made made creators, its site, Holocaust a been never had Doftana Although museum. into the within perpetrated death, even and suffering, and pain the exhibiting from authenticity to claim and appeal its derived museum The since. ruin a and 1940 in earthquake an by down torn inmates, political for prison former a established newly the by Romania, 1949 in inaugurated was Museum Doftana museologically The closure. its after of just War World framework Second the interpreting European the in chapter this in contextualized is be cannot written starting in1945. communism Romanian of story the that doubt, in still those for stress, 1945 traditional the beyond practices museological communist into enquiry an as out started research this though Even regimes. political transcending practice a be to seems museums into prisons transforming more, Even ruins. and museums fo argue to brought are arguments this of history longer post a apparently establish to need the and phase, final) sometimes (and ofsmoothness turningpr apparent the was chapter this of writing the spurred that dilemma theoretical The 1989. before Doftana about written guides museum the for except museums, these on Târgu in camp concentration former the of musealisation failed the and 1949 in inaugurated memorial current the fit certainly - Jiu in theear in Jiu The original research on the Ro the on research original The have would that museums Romanian two analyzes chapter research first The - oen rnfrain Hsoia, rhtcua ad functional and architectural Historical, transformation. modern ly 1970s. To my knowledge, there is no scholarly literature written scholarlywritten Tomyknowledge,there literature ly1970s. isno

isons into museums, the importance of the ruin as transitional ruin as museums,theimportance the into isons of - 1989 time borders of Romanian state socialism as if to if as socialism state Romanian of borders time 1989 a uttd o cnat oe bten prisons, between zones contact of multitude a r - uem er: h Dfaa prison Doftana the genre: museum manian Doftana museum, inaugurated in 1949, in inaugurated museum, Doftana manian te tr o prison of story the ,

communist administration, in administration, communist

walls of the prison turned turned prison the of walls - uem goes museums - museum 22

CEU eTD Collection omns. eie big rsac catr n t on t al it own its on chapter research a being Besides communism. forinteraction is, thefirst withthetime, museum pil Socialist “the call I which visitor, of type ideal an defines also It museology. Soviet of manuals the in explained as replica and original text, and object between relationship new the at looks chapter this practice, document to order regim communist the of limits the beyond even and Stalinism of limits the beyond successful nonetheless was which museology Soviet of form rigid quite Socia the that clear becomes it 1950s, the before museology Soviet of transformations historical the of presentation short a After Romania. 1950s in imported as museology Soviet of ingredients the details the Alongside recipe.” “Soviet a to according built been have to seemed and countries neighboring the in homologues Party (1948 Museum Soviet of network while terminated was project Doftanaa symbolic the continued place regime. for tobe particular this why reasons the discusses chapter of only speak to meant was plan curatorial 1970s the in barracks two of rebuilding the Jews, for camp labor hard and transit concentration, a as largely served had camp the Although inmates. political for camp Jiu Târgu former of network emerging Holocaust memorials. the within museum Doftana the place to efforts conscious The third and final chapter tells the story of museum of story the tells chapter final and third The a of part as built were that museums those with deals chapter second The at began works musealisation 1970s, early the In

uem. h Romanian The museums. the survival of Soviet Soviet of survival the -

1990) and the Lenin the and 1990) institutional history of these museums, the chapter chapter the museums, these of history institutional list satellites were the recipients of a specific, a of recipients the were satellites list - Stalin Museum (1955 (1955 Museum Stalin uelg i post in museology - grim usa Msu (1947 Museum Russian monitored in Soviet museology.monitored inSoviet , woe iiig xeine and experience visiting whose ”

a proper Holocaust site, the site, Holocaust proper a the political prisoners. The The prisoners. political the s

of communism in post in communism of - omns museum communist - so functions as an an as functions so

1965) all had their their all had 1965) e as such. In such. as e -

93, t 1963),

he 23 - -

CEU eTD Collection building an argument onthe residual of power museology. dissertation w by defined Romania 1990s of culture memory the discussing by museums new these of emergence the contextualizes chapter The narrative. reversed a with museology Memorial Sighet the but ruin a is regime, communist the of symbolic the Doftana, Peasant. Romanian the of Museum established com becomes History Party stories the to epilogue a I al te lc hl” esetv o te eet at Te hpe ad the and chapter The past. recent the on perspective hole” black “the call I hat

conclude with a discussion on the museal use of reconstructed prison cellsprisonreconstructed ofmuseal use onthe discussion a concludewith unfolded plete only with its after its with only plete

in the first two chapters. The fate of the Museum of of Museum the of fate The chapters. two first the in - life

as a ghost haunting the newly newly the haunting ghost a as

- uem otne its continues Museum

prison - museum 24

CEU eTD Collection beyond the traditional 1945 traditional the beyond prison of story the practices, museological communist into enquiry an as out started research this though Even regimes. political transcending practice pr transforming more, Even ruins. and museums prisons, between zones contact of multitude a for argue to brought are arguments post apparently this a phase, final) sometimes (and transitional as ruin the of importance the function?), museum how about knowledge our enrich this does (how museums into prisons turning of smoothness apparent the was chapter Târgu in camp concentration former the of musealisation failed the and 1949 in inaugurated Doftanaprison the boom: current precedethe that transformations Romanian c community or cultural into prisons former turning of case the is (this place the and of meaning symbolic overcome the change to need a to camps) concentration and prisons Soviet/Communist events the memorialize and emphasize the perpetratedinside to need a from range transformations wide a became Chapter 1. - Jiu in the early 1970s. The the The 1970s. early the in Jiu Transforming prisons into museums has intensified over the last decades as it it as decades last the over intensified has museums into prisons Transforming - spread museological and memorial practice. The reasons behind this behind reasons The practice. memorial and museological spread

Prisons, museums, Doftana ruins: andTârgu Jiu - oen rnfrain Hsoia, rhtcua ad functional and architectural Historical, transformation. modern prison walls (this is usually the case with former Nazi/Fascist or former Nazi/Fascist casewith usuallythe is (this walls prison - 1989 time borders of Romanian of borders time 1989 nesmsus. hs hpe wl aaye w such two analyze will chapter This enters/museums). oretical dilemma that spurred the writing of this this of writing the spurred that dilemma oretical nd the need to establish a longer history of history longer a establish to need the nd sn it msus em t b a be to seems museums into isons state socialism as if to if as socialism state - uem goes museums - museum .

CEU eTD Collection Romanian Workers’ Party (probably when Doftana museum became its branch) and from there there from and branch) museum Doftana the establishing on information Complementary documents. its important these to access became museum Doftana when tra (probably Party 1948 Workers’ in created Romanian pages 700 around contain i2501 th of part Museum, History 1 descriptions. archival unlikely under Archives National the at retrieved were others while Museum History archival Some museum. former this of archive the inherit to claim might that institution no is there as sources, of variety an successful regime? duringcommunist Romanian museums the most the of one Doftana, in museum the of afterlife the is what Finally, museum? and t become Doftana did symbolfight ofthe and Romanian communists how antifascist led by theunderground memorial Doftana the created Who lost? was much how and 1950s the of museum the in remained t prison former of much How museum? former the or nowadays visited is that prison former Do Isthe it museum? a into transformed prison the was how and walls prison Doftana the yet ruins, its between happened What museum. a as and with prison a as both puzzle historiographical fascination current the for account might which fact a pioneer, a once was who Romanian any for resonates itself name The potentialvisitors. fascination some hold on still ruinto certainly museum only the vi most the of one probably is prison former and museum be cannot written starting in1945. communism Romanian of story the that doubt, in still those for stress,

This subchapter is based on previously un previously on based is subchapter This serd n 90 o h Ntoa Hsoy uem M gaiue os o aa le o facilitating for Ilie Oana to goes gratitude My Museum. History National the to 1990 in nsferred ethnography of this former prison former this ethnographyof This chapter aims at answering all these questions in wh questionsin all these at answering aimsThis chapter Doftana the decades, two than more for abandoned and closed Although

he Romanian homologue of the Auschwitz concentration camp camp concentration Auschwitz the of homologue Romanian he 1 e fond e

esaes junl, ieay eors ee propaganda even memoires, literary journals, Newspapers, Muzeul Partidului Muzeul

- uem n wy Wy a Dfaa hsn s a as chosen Doftana was Why why? and museum - fond - researched documents found in the archive of the National National the of archive the in found documents researched museum. Information was retrieved from a great a from retrievedwas Information museum. s were found by sheer by found were s - 1949, transferred to the History Museum of the the of Museum History the to transferred 1949,

(Party Museum). Two solid dossiers, i2500 and i2500 dossiers, solid Two Museum). (Party sited ruins in Romania and Romania in ruins sited

at might be considered considered at be might chance at the National the at chance tn rmis a remains ftana he 26

CEU eTD Collection 2 si Agitatie Propaganda fond the in (ANR) Archives National the at found be also can networ European The resistance. antifascist of map of camps Auschwitz like concentration Europe, famous the alongside memorialized was Doftana 1940, in abandoned although that, discovery puzzling the understand to order in analyzed turned prison the of walls the within perpetrated death, ultimately and suffering, and pain storyDoftana. of genr successful 1940s, memorial “typical no was there since However, itself. building memorial typical a analysis, retrospective a in was, It 1949. in Bucharest, of north kilometers 100 prison, former a in administration malleable material. phy also but discursively only not day the of needs the to according shaped was Doftana camp, concentration to university” “communist from noun, common to noun proper from ruins, to back then and museum to ruins from museum, to prison From Doftana. imag or real characters, the and objects the building, the narrative, the to made the thr also means but tell to supposed was Doftana narrative the only not decipher to used r could I as images many as and books children’s as such productions

Williams, ial: h wls f otn wr is ot oefl ruet n yt t most its yet and argument powerful most its were Doftana of walls the sically: into museum. The international context whil context international The museum. into The museum derived its appeal and claim to authenticity from exhibiting the exhibiting from authenticity to claim and appeal its derived museum The communist established newly the by inaugurated was Museum Doftana The as Memorial Memorial uh hc ti soy was story this which ough h gne a br mc ltr n h 7s n 80s, and 70s the in later much born was genre the e that only came into being decades later only adds to the intriguing the to adds only later decades being into came only that e

Museums

and fond and

, Dachau, Mauthausen, in an attempt to put Romania on the on Romania put to attempt an in Mauthausen, Dachau, , .

Asociația Foștilor Deținuți Politici Antifasciști din România (FIAP). România din Antifasciști Politici Deținuți Foștilor Asociația

od n te eesr ajsmns ht were that adjustments necessary the and told

- museum whose main exhibit was the was exhibit main whose museum e building the Doftana museum is museum Doftana the building e CC al PCR al CC o fre imts of inmates former of k

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CEU eTD Collection etrto. s o te nfiil n ms poal ilgl iis o h st, hy em o e quite be to reveal. also theat site by tourists seem they site, the to visits illegal 20 October in observation participant myas numerous, probably most and unofficial the for As restoration. 4 Culture. of Theory an Interpretative Toward Description: 3 Alexandru prince of advisor the be to continued but state, Romanian the of creation who Frenchman a Perrier, de Dodun process.modernization 19 the of end the at state Romanian modern the around built prison from away kilometers 100 Telega, b to meant river was It Bucharest. the of valley the on hills, the among visitors museum former The material. published and archival from it recreate could I as detailed as research, anal my prison, Doftana the or museum the on either available is literature scholarly recent no and m 1.1. Prehistory the Doftana of alsonational but context on a wider Europea important an was camps concentration

Registered as a historical monument, it cannot be torn down, yet no one can assume the cost of its its of cost the assume can one no yet down, torn be cannot it monument, historical a as Registered Geertz Clifford h brain The setting, natural beautiful a in 1897 and 1894 between built was prison The m Doftana the As officially as thedanger of falling allowed thebuilding downisimminent. , h Itrrtto o Clue: eetd Essays Selected Cultures: of Interpretation The

ysis is bound to start with a a with start to bound is ysis and prison is nowadays, in 2013 in nowadays, is prison and

behind the modern Romanian penitentiary system was Ferdinand Ferdinand was system penitentiary Romanian modern the behind

useum has not until now attracted the attention of historians, historians, of attention the attracted now until not has useum

e a model a e

concept useum.Frommodel to ruins. prison th

century as another important piece in the larger larger the in piece important another as century - a invited was prison for hard labor convicts, a new type of of type new a convicts, labor hard for prison factor

of the penitentiary system adopted by the the by adopted system penitentiary the of n scale. 12 showed and the images posted on the internet internet theon posted images the and showed 12

hc description thick

n hpn Dfaa o mrl i its in merely not Doftana shaping in , but a ruin behind a closed gate, no no gate, closed a behind ruin a but ,

to Moldova in 1855, before the the before 1855, in Moldova to

(Basic Books, 1973), chap. Thick Thick chap. 1973), Books, (Basic 3

of the object of my my of object the of

CEU eTD Collection 9 Customs) Laws and Romania. in Prisons 8 1991). Books, 7 7 2001), Studiul Totalitarismului, pentru Institutul National 1940 România: din the penitenciar of history the of overview Civilisation) and Culture Prison Realm. Penitentiary 6 58 1933), Funduare, Century) 19th the in Regime Penitentiary Romanian the on (Considerations 5 penitenti the of law new 1874 the by established principle confinement solitary the of implementation successful the for model a as prison Doftana built recently the of example the provides and science penitentiary the of subfield a be to architecture consi He cells. individual provides that architecture prison a requires thus and the night, the during least (at confinement solitary of principle the amendment,” “moral their with also but prisoners of punishment new the that insists Dianu 1900, in published he prisons Romanian of history the In project. modernizing this of supporter enthusiastic an was prison, Doftana the building for responsible Dianu, but mainly whothreatened ofthe ofthose moral soul “the health ofthe nation”. body the of only not reform of expectations and hopes fostering content, and modernizing this of star brightest and newest 19 the of end the At system. penitentiary creating described Foucault Michel what of example perfect penitentiarycultu the concernedwith researchers Romanian rare the of one Stefan, Bruno sociologist to According prisons. necessary of network the and regulations laws, of matters in both system, penitentiary pen on I Carol King and Cuza Ioan

Ibid., IV. Ibid., Michel Foucault, Foucault, Michel

rI Dianu, Gr.I.

Ovid Stănciulescu, Stănciulescu, Ovid rn Stefan, Bruno h gnrl ietr f eietais n un f h cent the of turn in penitentiaries of director general The

soi Îcioio Dn oâi. tdu oprtv Lg Ș Obiceiuri Și Legi Comparativ. Studiu România. Din Închisorilor Istoria Mediul Penitenciar Romanesc. Cultura Si Civilizatie Carcerala (Romanian (Romanian Carcerala Civilizatie Si Cultura Romanesc. Penitenciar Mediul Discipline and Punish: The Birth Birth The Punish: and Discipline – 63. ectr Aur Rgmli eieca Rmn i Vau A XIX Al Veacul Din Român Penitenciar Regimului Asupra Cercetări

- Romanian penitentiary system see also Radu Ciuceanu, Ciuceanu, Radu also see system penitentiary Romanian 92 Pntnir rgm i Rmna 1940 Romania: in regime (Penitentiary 1962

eietay science penitentiary

(Bucharest: Tipografia Curtii Regale, 1900), XXIII. 1900), Regale, Curtii Tipografia (Bucharest: re in Romania, in re tnir mtes ni 1876. until matters itentiary

(Iasi: Institutul European, 2006), 221; For a brief brief a For 221; 2006), European, Institutul (Iasi: f h Prison the of

rjc, e ulig oh n form in both building, new a project, – 15. th 6 cnend o ol wi only not concerned ,

Dodun de Perrier’s system was awas system Perrier’sde Dodun century, Doftana prison was the the was prison Doftana century,

s h mdr, delinquency modern, the as , 1st ed. 1975 (London: Penguin Penguin (London: 1975 ed. 1st ,

(Cluj: Tip. Fondul Cărților Cărților Fondul Tip. (Cluj: 9 r Rmna Gr.I. Romania ury auburnian

5 must be based on based be must

e eind the designed He - 1962) 8

(History of of (History (Bucuresti: (Bucuresti:

system) Regimul Regimul th the the th ders ders - ary lea 29

CEU eTD Collection 10 disappear established. museum is will when the visible is tower (its courtyard center the in andCustoms) Laws Romania. in Prisons of (History Obiceiuri Și Legi Comparativ. Studiu România. Din penitentiary. Doftana the of Plan 1.1. Fig. lead toadecrease incriminality. up moral a about bring finally will science penitentiary the that conviction the shares Dianu regime.

Ibid., XXIII. Ibid.,

- grade of the “dangerous classes,” mainly poor peasants, and thus thus and peasants, poor mainly classes,” “dangerous the of grade .

Bucharest: TipografiaRegale, Curtii 1900.

Source: Source: in the longitudinal section, fig. 1.2) that that 1.2) fig. section, longitudinal the in

in, Gr.I. Dianu,

Note the round chapel round Note the soi Închisorilor Istoria

CEU eTD Collection on the Romanian Penitentiary Regime in the 19th Century) 19th the in Regime Penitentiary Romanian the on 13 Brussels in one largest the prison, stillfunctioning a 12 11 Închisorilor DinRomânia. Doftana the of section Longitudinal 1.2. Fig. penitentiaryactually law,applied. could be pri only the was prison abou bring to system confinement solitary the and architecture new the of power the of prisoners, central convinced electric and heating had thebuilding and light.Dianuwas Saint prison.” cellular “completely a being thus cells 397 provided 1897, in completed building, The principles. new totally on prison, new a th on was Telega nearby in prison labor hard old The building. the of construction the Stănciulescu, Stănciulescu, Saint 124. Ibid., e verge of falling down, thus giving the opportunity to director Gr. I. Dianu to build to Dianu I. Gr. director to opportunity the giving thus down, falling of verge e t the moral rehabilitation of prisoners. At the end of the 19 the of end the At prisoners. of rehabilitation moral the t - Gilles prison in Belgium. in prison Gilles - Gilles prison was built between 1878 and 1884 as a star as a 1884 and 1878 between builtwas prison Gilles supervised also who Săvulescu Al. architect to belong plans architectural The

Cercetări Asupra Regimului Penitenciar Român Din Veacul Al XIX Al Veacul Din Român Penitenciar Regimului Cercetări Asupra

o wee h lgl system, legal the where son

A maximum of 20 guardians were able to guard all guard to able were guardians 20 of maximum A 13 .

penitentiary. Source: , 5. ,

11 -

sha The ped “castle.” Unlike Doftana, it is Doftana, “castle.” Unlike ped

architectural model was the was model architectural salse b te 1874 the by established th

century, the Doftana Doftana the century, Dianu, Gr.I. Dianu, - lea (Considerat lea Istoria Istoria ions ions 31

CEU eTD Collection 17 prison. Dumbrăveni in theirtime were serve to Women inmates political 1938) 16 15 14 of t sure, be most “assuresafety.” To social to inorder 1929law createdinstitutes,” by the “safety of category wider the of part is habit” of out “delinquents for institute special c insistent an prove committed, crimes law common of genre and number “by who, criminals those as defined it which habit,” of out delinquents for institute “special a Doftana in se Doftana the as established is prison Doftana of part a 1929, since Actually, 1924. of as Romania amo by formed was prisoners, group important political including categories, different of inmates seventy was penitentiary the war, the After windows. even iron furniture, like items of looted being meanwhile occupation, German under was country the of part that as War, World First the during abandoned unsustainab ( began Doftana yearsachievements ofthe40 the of one as presented and visited was prison Doftana the when royalty Romanian ocna

Iorgulescu, idem, p. 365. p. idem, Iorgulescu, Penitenciar,” “Regimul Iorgulescu, Dr.N. 17 Ibid., Bujor, M.Gh. parated from common law detainees. law common from parated hese werewallscreated safetyinstitutes offunctioning within the prisons. hd o e bnoe, hs aig h hr lbr f rsnr practically prisoners of labor hard the making thus abandoned, be to had ) In the interwar period, Doftana ceased to be a hard labor prison and received received and prison labor hard a be to ceased Doftana period, interwar the In of jubilee 1906 the around be to seem prison Doftana the of years glory The

prisoners were brought theformer model to – 18. iia laig cmn tu fo ter osiuinl structure.” constitutional their from thus coming leaning, riminal le and decreasing the economic the decreasing and le

special institute special Doftana

o oe t mi apa a e yas fewrs hn h sl mine salt the when afterwards years few a appeal main its lose to

(Bucuresti: Tipografia Finante si Industrie, 1934), 1 1934), si Industrie, Finante (Bucuresti: Tipografia

for male political inmates, which were to be completely be to were which inmates, political male for of Hohenzollern of

members of the Communist party, an illegal party in in party illegal an party, Communist the of members Enciclopedia Romaniei Enciclopedia 16

The new 1929 penitentiary law also created also law penitentiary 1929 new The

importance of the prison. The prison was prison The prison. the of importance - Sigmaringen dynasty ruling Romania.Sigmaringen dynasty ruling - prison Doftana.

eraie bt only but reorganized

(Bucuresti: Imprimeria Nationala, Nationala, Imprimeria (Bucuresti: – 17.

- 15 ok, ol and tools works,

g hc an which ng

it to sixty 17

The 32 14

CEU eTD Collection Balaurului (Kingdom of theDragon) of (Kingdom Balaurului Heroism) Matichescu, Olimpiu Novicov, Pintilie) Ilie of the Memory To Doftana: of (TheEnd Pintilie Ilie Lui 1933) in Workers Oil and Railway Antifasciști, Doftana) in Night (First Puțuri, Ion include regime Communist the during published prison political 18 not does he however Europe,” in atrocious most the of one was rights civil and human held were communists the of many where prison Doftana the that international show organizations various of reports ”numerous that writes actual the to justice events. do would that there life prison their of narrative a establish to today difficult extremely is it that propaganda Communist of subject major a such 1949 1948 si Postcard. 1940. before prison Doftana 1.3. Fig.

ieay eor o fre Dfaa nae ad historical and inmates Doftana former of memoirs Literary 18 h lf o te omns inmate Communist the of life The

oetr Dsr Dfaa Sois bu Doftana) About (Stories Doftana Despre Povestiri (Bucharest: Editura Politică, 1979); and the children’s book Maia Radovan, Radovan, Maia book children’s the and 1979); Politică, Editura (Bucharest:

ldmr imnau i hs politica his in Tismăneanu, Vladimir Doftana Dupa Luptele Ceferiștilor Și Petroliștilor Din 1933 (Doftana after the Fights of of Fights the after (Doftana 1933 Din Petroliștilor Și Ceferiștilor Luptele Dupa Doftana , ARNHM, Doftana Simbol Al Eroismului Revolutionar (Doftana Symbol of Revolutionary Revolutionary of Symbol (Doftana Revolutionar Eroismului Al Simbol Doftana

(Scînteia, 1946); Federația Națională a Foștilor Deținuți și Internați Politici Politici Internați și Deținuți Foștilor a Națională Federația 1946); (Scînteia, Fond

(Bucharest: FIAP, 1948); T. Rudenco, T. 1948); FIAP, (Bucharest:

Muzeul Partidului, nr.inv.i2501 Partidului, Muzeul

(FIAP, 1948). (FIAP,

isd Dfaa rsnisiue became prison/institute Doftana inside s Source: Dossier Dossier Source: hsoy f oain communism, Romanian of history l

Bcaet Eiua Tiner Editura (Bucharest: - literary narratives on Doftana as a a as Doftana on narratives literary

(Bucharest: Scînteia, 1945); Mihai 1945); Scînteia, (Bucharest: Sfârșitul Doftanei: Memoriei Memoriei Doftanei: Sfârșitul

Prima No Prima Comemorare Doftana Comemorare quote these reports. reports. these quote apte La Doftana Doftana La apte etului, 1957); 1957); etului, Împărăția Împărăția 33

CEU eTD Collection 1930): 6. 1930): 21 East in Culture and Societies 20 863 1865 Prisoner, Political the of Emergence The Brutally.’ Us Treat Them Seeing in Pleasure of Kind a Felt “‘I Kenney, 19 by described characters and events The society. of outside remain to better the all is ulti as thesinof detainees.” dark and gratedwindowssomber gates,wallsgrey and citadel, huge locked stone with and evilness darkness, in which continuum a form prison the and inmates that highlight to only is it life prison problematic amusei theHis readers. purpose and terrify both to meant is which life prison Tik, the of view conventional quite a narrates Ion journalist, The inmates. its of life the and prison Doftana the on journal, le a Illustration)published (Romanian 1930 in to1.1.1. Avisit prison Doftana and Jilava.” Brașov, Dumbrăveni, Mislea, Doftana, of pol walls genuine prison a the behind and continued jail, in organized be could indoctrination political prisoners, political of status the received communists ”when continues he 1930s,” mid the after ”But

Ion Tik, “La Închisoarea Doftana (At the Dofta the (At Doftana “La Tik, Închisoarea Ion of status special the of emergence the of overview historical a For Vladimir Tismăneanu, Tismăneanu, Vladimir – mate alterity, outside the rules of society, a place which, together with its inmates its with together which, place a society, of rules the outside alterity, mate 889, doi:10.1017/S0 889, The prison is displayed for the readers of the illustrated journal as a space of space a as journal illustrated the of readers the for displayed is prison The journal weekly illustrated the 1930, of summer the In

– penitentiary system. Even when Tik points to some gruesome aspect of of aspect gruesome some to points Tik when Even system. penitentiary 1910,” 1910,” 19 Comparative Studies in Society and History and Society in Studies Comparative

010417512000448. hi cniin satd o mrv: hy a acs t books, to access had they improve: to started conditions their tlns fr l Saos a oiia Hsoy f oain Communism Romanian of History Political a Seasons: All for Stalinism - Central Europe 11 (Berkeley: University 11 CentralEurope 21

cruelty are equally shared. Doftana is, in his view “a “a view his in is, Doftana shared. equally are cruelty s clearly not a criticism orjourna criticism s clearly not

ngthy reportage, in five subsequent issues of the the of issues subsequent five in reportage, ngthy

na Prison),” naPrison),” Ilustrațiunea Românească Ilustrațiunea

54, no. 04 (September 20, 2012): 20, (September 04 no. 54, of California Press, 2003), 58. 2003), Press, California of political prisoner, read Padraic Padraic read prisoner, political lsrțue Română Ilustrațiunea alistic exposure of the alistic exposure ofthe

31, no. II (July II no. 31, tcl life itical 34

CEU eTD Collection Getty Images database, although neither the photographer of the magazine, Ștefan Ignat nor the the nor Ignat Ștefan magazine, the of photographer the Română Ilustrațiunea neither although database, Images Getty 23 22 FPG/Hulton by (Photo political.” are Archive/GettyImages) prisoners the of Many 1935. circa Romania, Images Getty here Retrieved crime.”from his of sin the expiates he prison, the of darkness the In men. freedom of the envy with upon light, and looks life eager of convict, “Behind the bars, Prison).” Doftana by reportage the to Illustration 1.4. Fig. crime against thesafety the state.” of for condemned those and criminals common and spies criminals, bandits, robber killers, of world a inferno, in if as lives, penitence, harsh of place this guard that walls the inside yet asleep, seems prison stone the night, and “Day discourse. alternative possible other any suffocated since ever has which Doftana of narrative counter interesting an however provide Tik Ion

Two of the images that have illustrated Tik’s reportage in Doftana are accessible today through the the through today accessible are Doftana in reportage Tik’s illustrated have that images the of Two 7. Ibid.,

Ilustrațiunea Românească Ilustrațiunea itself are acknowledged by Getty Images Getty by itselfacknowledged are 23

where it is described as: “An “An as: described is it where

Tik, Ion. “La Închisoarea Doftana (At the the (At Doftana Închisoarea “La Ion. Tik,

31, no. I no. 31, - narrative to the post the to narrative .

I (July 1930). (July I nae f otn Pio in Prison Doftana of inmate The caption reads: caption The - war communist war 35 s, s

CEU eTD Collection 27 cause. Communist Doftana thestory. 1945 of post the of character a as martyrs disappeared he affiliation, political unclear thehis of because conditions, living among included be could A Goldstein whether on Doftana the establishing museum when discussion the chapter this in also See 1924. in Doftana in pneumonia 26 25 24 cannot I and rules prison the all obey I write. I and read I unfortunate gardening, do “I the Tatoroff. like primitive” ”hateful a not and being human a advan still the considered all apparently and violins two manuscripts, with filled table study own his plants, exotic plants he where garden own his has family, royal Doftana as thema museum,exhibited future the of attraction main the become indeed will cells H The chills. the him gives alive.” l buried are detainees “this cells, H the in imprisoned was unfolds, crimes.” their of out merit a make that primitives these of pride the bypossessed smiles, bandit his regrets he whether him asks He face. his on look” hateful “dark, a with bandits,” Bessarabian of king “the Tatoroff, finds he cells cement.” bare on night and day stands and chains in put is prisoner cel dreaded most the as introduced are H section post the with Consistent science.” penitentiary fifty of number the on dwells reportage the

lthough he would have been one of the rare detainees to have died in Doftana because of the poor poor the of because Doftana in died have to detainees rare the of one been have would he lthough Tik, “La Tik, bomba organized MaxGoldstein Ibid. 9. Prison),” Doftana (At the Doftana “La Tik, Închisoarea - ie omnss tev sis n a on, n te porse o the of “progresses the and count, a and spies twelve communists, nine

Another inmate, count de Belmont, convicted for attempted murder on the the on murder attempted for convicted Belmont, de count inmate, Another Senate, the bombed who anarchist Jewish the Goldstein, Max of part first the so journalist, the of friend old an is prison the of director The 25 Închisoarea Doftana (At the Doftana Prison),” 9. Prison),” Doftana (At the Doftana Închisoarea

Even the journalist Tik acknowledges that the H section H the that acknowledges Tik journalist the Even

attack at the Romanian Senate in 1920, was imprisoned and died of of died and was imprisoned 1920, in Senate Romanian the at attack in locus ofvi detainees, around three hundred, among which which among hundred, three around detainees, - war narrative of Doftana, the cells in cells the Doftana, of narrative war

ls, the punishment cells “where the the “where cells punishment the ls, ctimization of ctimization crimes. “Instead of an answer, the the answer, an of “Instead crimes. tl tms n hc recalcitrant which in tombs ittle

communist martyrs. 24

In one of the H the of one In ae o being of tages 26

the narration the 36 -

CEU eTD Collection Bujor),” Bujor),” 29 28 the main episode characterthird Ion the Doftana of of Tik’s feuilleton. role and activity idea communist his sketch to or Bujor Gh. M. is who to one need remind no is (“there Bujor Gheorghiu Mihail communist renowned The garden. (Ph Bujor).” political.” are M.Gh. prisoners the of Many 1935. circa Romania, in Prison Doftana entering to Talking as described is it Prison, (Doftana Românească Bujor M.Gh. before Cu searched being are bandits and illustrating Photograph cells.” criminals the entering dangerous of group ”A 1.5. Fig. journalist. humanely…,” treated not am I complain

Ion Tik, “Doftana II,” “Doftana II,” Tik, Ion Ion Tik, “Inchisoarea Doftana. Doftana. “Inchisoarea Tik, Ion oto byImages) FPG/Hulton Archive/Getty Count de Belmont was not the only one allowed to grow and enjoy his own his enjoy and grow to allowed one only the not was Belmont de Count Ilustrațiunea Românească Ilustrațiunea

II, no. 34 (August 1930): 6 1930): (August 34 no. II, – “

Prisoners returning from work are searched by their guards before guards their by searched are work from returning Prisoners in our country and abroad” and country our in Ilustrațiunea Românească Ilustrațiunea

II, no. 34 (August 1930): 6. (August no. 34 II, 1930):

De Vorbă Cu M.Gh. Bujor (Doftana Prison, Talking to M.Gh. M.Gh. to Talking Prison, (Doftana Bujor M.Gh. Cu Vorbă De – 7.

II, no. 32 (July 1930): 6. (July32 no. 1930): II, Tik, Ion. “Inchisoarea Doftana. De Vorbă Vorbă De Doftana. “Inchisoarea Ion. Tik, Retrieved here from Getty Images where where Images Getty from here Retrieved 28

on d Blot ofse t th to confesses Belmont de count

the journalist opens his reportage) is reportage) his opens journalist the

Ilustrațiunea Ilustrațiunea –

nie the inside 37 e

CEU eTD Collection 32 Antifascist Former 31 of Federation National the in 1958. was disbanded but museum a Doftanaas curated which Inmates, and Prisoners of president of position marginal rather the held and Assembly National Great the in elected was He preeminent. never where regime Commun Communist a as years interwar the 30 reportage. 1930 Tik’s from Doftana in prisoners political the of life the about learned be to is h to 1 August on Day” briefly Tik which Doftana, “Red the of celebration the in them joins Bujor onlybecause passage,and in mentions in section communist whole a is There class proletariat. social last the of rule the install and transformation social end will that State, ideal future a in belief his explaining Tik, with conversation open apparently received conspirator,famous from <> the rabbits of and pairs few a plus cocks, flowers and hens some raises planted, the himself he vegetables of care takes he cap, English an and shirt white a In outside. the dres garden, sunny a in day entire the spends labor, Bujor forced of notion the to assigns involuntarily public the that chains and cell sentenced w for todeath treason, was he 1920 the in Romania in extending caught was he of When Romania. to aim revolution Bolshevik supposed the with Odessa in battalions army Communist a became

Ibi Dofta “Inchisoarea Tik, the spent basically he While 1944. until again imprisoned butthen 1933 in wasamnestied He ave had the kind of notoriety that drew the journalist’s attention, so nothing more more nothing so attention, journalist’s the drew that notoriety of kind the had ave d., d., 7. an in engages Bujor journalist, a to talking is he that unaware Supposedly dark the of character somber the with do to nothing has that regime a “Under (1881 Bujor Gheorghiu Mihail

communist during the First World War, met Lenin in 1918 and organized and 1918 in Lenin met War, World First the during communist st

with a red flower on his jacket. his on flower red a with

na. De Vorbă Cu M.Gh. Bujor (Doftana Prison, Talking to M.Gh. Bujor),” 6. Bujor),” M.Gh. to Talking (DoftanaPrison, Cu Bujor M.Gh. Vorbă na.De ist political prisoner, his positions after the establishment of the the of establishment the after positions his prisoner, political ist

hich was commuted tohardhich wasfor labor life. –

1964) was a socialist militant from Iași, who Iași, from militant socialist a was 1964) 32 sed in city clothes, brought from from brought clothes, city in sed

de Belmont.”de Among them, only Bujor seems Bujor only them, Among 31

Political Political bulk bulk , the the , 38 of of

CEU eTD Collection 34 33 noises, making by sleep him let not would who guards the by “terrorized” constantly alone was he so Doftana inhabit to prisoner purposefu was <>.” recreational and refreshing a of contrary the into the hours made wood cutting and hammers yelling, and shouting chains, of noise great the in Bujor’s In 1930. in it,” see you way the it made I garbage. for place Iyearsago, nine here, came I since “Ever 1921. in Doftana, in arrived he since ever garden his of care taking been had Bujor narrative Tik’s In garden. the of mentioning no is there pu he memoires the In different. very was tell to had he story the man, free a as Doftana left reportage, state. rightfulnes the and incarceration of horrifyingrealities the both show to is penitentiarylaw 1929 new the and science” “penitentiary official the to congruent aim, His prison. the of nature the quite elabor makes contrary,he life, prison colors brighter in present to tempted way no in is journalist mastercommunist narrative tobeconstructed The inthelate 1940sare1930 poignant. 1933 the in seeds1.1.2. The story: of Hitlerism Doftana in

Bujor, Bujor, Ibid.

first year, then two or three hours, but in the courtyard where I stood alone the the alone stood I where courtyard the in but hours, three or two then year, first However, in 1933 when M. Gh. Bujor, the notorious main character of Tik’s Tik’s of character main notorious the Bujor, Gh. M. when 1933 in However, differen The Doftana did not separate from it. It was a walking courtyard for inmates and then a then and inmates forcourtyard Itwalking a it. was from separate not did , 21. , lly secluded from the other inmates, as in 1921 he was the first political first the was he 1921 in as inmates, other the from secluded lly s of this punishment for those who sinned who those for punishment this of s blished only one year later, in 1934 under the simple title, title, simple the under 1934 in later, year one only blished

1934 1934 e bten i’ acut f rsn ie n otn ad the and Doftana in life prison of account Tik’s between ces

ate, literary efforts to convey to its readers the cemetery the readers its conveyto to efforts literary ate, recollection he was only taken out of his cell “for one hour hour one “for cell his of out taken only was he recollection

33 n n nie mt scin h was he section; empty entire an in

the journalist quotes Bujor’s words Bujor’s quotes journalist the before or even against even or before

e lis he claims He Doftana -

like the 39 ,

CEU eTD Collection 37 36 35 was in cells the in devices heating of usage polenta, Hitlerism with replaced was “bread Romania: of victims first the become prisoners political communist the Thus, country against the throughout Hitlerism extend cannot they if that our thought then, reactionaries “And inmates: Doftana the of life the in noticeable immediately where power. to Hitler of accession the with politics international in point turning a was it as Doftana, in life for point turning was Doftana in inmate political a of life im the political inmate.” of situation and nature the extent, some to clarifying, and won had we improvement improv […]” themselves of care to morning theytook which section separatea had they 1929), in freedom from this got only (Ievening free were They welfare. relative and prison the in freedom full of regime killing a and enjoyed others, the savage all as inmates, political the the torture, and confinement enduring was I while time, that “In regime. thought wasto meant to sworn never was he admits he Although mail. his delaying and arrest with visitors his threatening i so doors opening

Ibid., 24. Ibid., 23. Ibid., 22. Ibid., mediately after the 1929 law, when even the harshest critics had to admit that the that admit to had critics harshest the even when law, 1929 the after mediately mn i te ie f h pltcl nae “ntttoaiig oe f the of some “institutionalizing inmates political the of life the in ement i’ junlsi rprae em t hv cuh Dfaa t t best, its at Doftana caught have to seems reportage journalistic Tik’s free a less or more as inmates political other the of regime the describes Bujor free citizens, they can at least introduce it in prisons against the captives.” the against prisons in it introduce least at can they citizens, free

his

face, he claims there was a lot of swearing around his cell, that he he that cell, his around swearing of lot a was there claims he face, t would get cold, not giving him water or wood for the fire, fire, the for wood or water him giving not cold, get would t

36 break downhismoral.

uo mnin te 99 eietay a a an as law penitentiary 1929 the mentions Bujor He

argues that the effects of the events in Germany in events the of effects the that argues

bearable Bjr osdr 13 t b a be to 1933 considers Bujor .

regime of of regime 40 37

CEU eTD Collection 39 38 were things, all before Fascists, […] Fascist. a definition, by be, to had Rév’s Soviet over all historiography Communist of topics common the of one is Fascism versus nuce horror victimizing the in integrated be not could being” well relative and freedom full of “regime the tho Even Nazism. of victims of map a on narratively, Doftana, put to first the was Bujor decades, the throughout also but future near the in only not mean, to come would as what Hitlerismwas hecalls introd soon as amnestied was life, for labor hard to condemned himself, Bujor why explain Hitler firm outlaw the of branch ph and oligarchic The Doftana. in furors raised Vaida, Mr. of government the by introduced Hitlerism, 1933, May of “As clear: was verdict Bujor’s 1934, in Written denied. was care medical section), mo were punishments away, taken was work to right privileged their prisoners: from law common inmates than less political to detainees the of life the of transformation the describe forbidden

Ibid., 28. Ibid., Ibid. ugh his 1934 story would not be reprinted after the war (probably his account of of account his (probably war the after reprinted be not would story 1934 his ugh , the seeds of the great Doftana, theseedsof Story.

- eratv Justice Retroactive occupied Europe. For Hungary, this has been convincingl been has this Hungary, For Europe. occupied Describing the post the Describing Hitlerism of victim a what and come to about was what knowing Without

n mr oeig f h cls n h atron [ afternoon the in cells the of opening more no , - story of the Doftana constructed in the late 1940s) it contains, it 1940s) late the in constructed Doftana the of story

e fe ad oe eee ln dtnin n h ifmu H infamous the in detention (long severe more and often re “codn t te or’ jdmn, h anti the judgment, court’s the to “according : - First World War era as mainly a struggle of Communism Communism of struggle a mainly as era War World First

araonic beast has apparently become an annex and a and annex an become apparently has beast araonic - Goebbels uced inRomania.

- Goering.” 39

This harsh verdict yet fails to fails yet verdict harsh This ...] ” 38 y described in István in described y

uo cnius to continues Bujor - Communist –

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CEU eTD Collection 1960), 3 1960), 42 3 1996): 41 222. 2005), 40 in the evening, even sometimes at night.” systematically beaten beating. the was torture food miserable unbearable. was prisoners beatings, to: subject were and inmates humid cold, humiliations, political the which to treatment the despite inhuman debated, and studied was ideology communist the where university” November earthquake1.1.3 The on premeditatedmurder 10,1944as 1934. of site a as narrated in antifascism understood Bujor manner the in be not but 1945 after resistance antifascist would Doftana understanding. postwar its to interwar from radically changed antifascism communist even that fact the is 1945 after control. yet worldview, Soviet under states communist socialist emerging the by War World Second the after confiscated the of adherents the to restricted not surely was It parties. political and people divided and united both that ideology interwar powerful a was Antifascism regimes. communist the of collapse the after even history reading

Muzeul de Istorie a Partidului Muncitoresc Român, Român, Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de Muzeul Antifascism,” of Legacies “Introduction: Rabinbach, Anson Rév, István

– – Communist propaganda claimed they turned Doftana into a real “Communist real a into Doftana turned they claimed propaganda Communist 41 5. 17. –

Thus, another plausible cause for not reprinting Bujor’s account on Doftana on account Bujor’s reprinting not for cause plausible another Thus, anti

Retroactive Justice: Prehistory of Post of Prehistory Justice: Retroactive - Communists,” –

hs wr te iig odtos n h cls [...] cells the in conditions living the were these

–

without any fault on their part their on fault any without n otn t Doftana In ugr lc o ar lc o ay eia assistance, medical any of lack air, of lack Hunger, 40

as he traces the survival of this dich this of survival the traces he as ak el, ugr “h rgm apid o political to applied regime “The hunger: cells, dark e oiia pioes ee etn constantly, beaten were prisoners political he 42

- communism uel Doftana Muzeul New German Critique German New

(Stanford: Stanford University Press, Press, University Stanford (Stanford: –

in the morning, at noon and noon at morning, the in

(Bucharest: Editura Politică, Politică, Editura (Bucharest: otomized view of view otomized .

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no. 67 (January 1, 1, (January 67 no.

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CEU eTD Collection the final chapter on post on thefinalchapter 46 32 1950): Antifasciști Politici Internați Anglo of Doftanas the 45 ( i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, 44 Stones 1789. nev itself Bastille but relics, intorevolutionary 14, wallsweretransformed fromits July on storming its after quickly quite demolished but museum, a into transformed to need the for who 43 administration penitentiary the and politicians bourgeois the villains, created them, rescue to lives their risked who those and eart the in killed were who those heroes, the created it point: high all narrative proper a of provided ingredients earthquake The years. illegality their during fight communists’ Com victims). fifteen to seven around somewhere range but debated, still are numbers model the turning Romania, 9 of night the all of needs: story good important every that climax necessary the provided event One prisons? most and first the suffering, Communist of made symbol What the Doftana better. any necessarily not were conditions living the where prisons Jiu, Târgu Sărat, Râmnicu like imperialism.” Yugoslavia,” Tito’s in Doftanas “the press: contemporary in found be can constructions such as sacrifice, and bravery with combined suffering of synonym a noun, common a into Doftana in Doftana

See next sub next See Fas Doftanele La “De hall”, Sârbu Filimon the in 1947 10th November on Doftana about speak will who comrade the ”For whenarguing 1950s and 1940s late thein used intensely is Bastille” “Romanian the of metaphor The munist propaganda turned this unfortunate event into an iconic moment of the the of moment iconic an into event unfortunate this turned propaganda munist However, Communist inmates populated other prisons in the interwar period, interwar the in prisons other populated inmates Communist However, turning of ingredients the all had Doftana on discourse Communist The – 35. hquake, like the communist leader Ilie Pintilie, a railway worker from Iași, from worker railway a Pintilie, Ilie leader communist the like hquake, to a “Romanian Bastille.” “Romanian a to

- chapters on the failed attemps to musealize the Târgu the musealize to attemps failed the on chapters 45 th

transform Doftana into a museum. The original Bastille however, was never never was however, Bastille original The museum. a into Doftana transform

Every non o 10 to - American Imperialism),” Imperialism),” American 44 - ciste La Doftanele Imperialismului Anglo Imperialismului Doftanele La ciste communist attempts to musealize Râmnicu Sărat prison. Sărat Râmnicu musealize to attempts communist

or “From fascist Doftanas to the Doftanas of Anglo of Doftanas the to Doftanas fascist “From or th

of November 1940, an earthquake hit the Southern part of of part Southern the hit earthquake an 1940, November of o 9 no. - Communist countryCommunist ownDoftana. its had - –

rsn no un ad iln sm o te nae (the inmates the of some killing and ruins into prison 0 Dfaa 0 oebi 1940 noiembrie 10 (Doftana 10 46

aasbș Mse ad D and Mislea Caransebeș, 43 Comemorare Doftana 1948 si 1949) 1948 Doftana Comemorare

Attempts have actually also been made to turn to made been also actually have Attempts Buletinul Federației Naționale a Foștilor Deținuți Și Deținuți Foștilor a Naționale Federației Buletinul like Gheorghe Gheorghiu Gheorghe like - american (From Fascist Doftanas to to Doftanas Fascist (From american - – Jiu camp during communism and and communism during camp Jiu 0 noiembrie 10 mrvn fr women, for umbrăveni er became a museum. a became er

, no page numbers. page no ,

90 (November 1950) - Dej; - American

during it also it

CEU eTD Collection (November 1948): 15. 1948): (November Ruins),” 49 48 ( 47 in some Doftana, of fall the mention ground does press contemporary The towns. small the Moldavian to razed literally and bloc) Carlton (the Bucharest in buildings a dead 1000 estimated of murderous, its character. fascist National th during place took incidentally domination!” bloody its the built which dictatorship upon bourgeois murders and crimes of row long the to adding crime, shameless <

Mihai Novicov, “Cu Pumnii Strânși, Lângă Ruinele Doftanei (With Clenched Fists, Near the Doftana theDoftana Near Fists, Clenched (With Doftanei Ruinele Lângă Strânși, “CuPumnii MihaiNovicov, Ș IP Nvme 14, Dfaa Commemorati “Doftana 1947, November FIAP, tefan Voicu, “Doftana,” Voicu, tefan h erhuk isl ws mjr rua o itra Rmna Wt an With Romania. interwar for trauma major a was itself earthquake The simple no was There liars! and executioners you away, Back misfortune? “A Or, even dramatically: more an not was Doftana of fall “The fighters devoted 1940, 10th, November of night the ”During ueiu Fdrțe Nțoae Fșio Dțnț Ș Itrai oiii Antifasciș Politici Internați Și Deținuți Foștilor a Naționale Federației Buletinul - tune>> in Doftana. A crime was committed in Doftana! A new and and new A Doftana! in committed was crime A Doftana. in tune>> Legionnaire State of September 1940 to January 1941, was one more proof proof more one was 1941, January to 1940 September of State Legionnaire - down prison” down prison”

Scânteia 48 d 00 one, h erhuk tr dw important down tore earthquake the wounded, 4000 nd

, November 11, 1948. 11, November , 47 , no page numbers. page no , - fascist reaction in our country, buried alive under the the under alive buried country, our in reaction fascist

short e - on”, AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2501 i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, on”, ie Io Gad ue n oai, the Romania, in rule Guard Iron lived

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no. 1 1 no. 44

CEU eTD Collection Codreanu, the creator and leader of the Iron Guard movement, was imprisoned in Doftana before his his before in Doftana the post obscured later was assassination in imprisoned was movement, Guard Iron the of leader and creator the Codreanu, 51 1999). Majadahonda, (Bucharest: Radu in published are Doftana Codreanu, 50 românesc,ISISPFototeca (ANR,a #DA031 comunismului online i Communist a of Burial isGheorgheInearthquake. Gheorghiu row, twowomen, second behind the 1940. November Doftana, 1.6. Fig. entrance History. communist into its secured and myth Doftana the up built it but prison Doftana down tore earthquake comm of earthquake, bed,chair withits and 1938 September and June between resided Codreanu whi in cell Doftana the that fact miraculous the though post the to right The (according catastrophe. the dead in thirteen narrative) communist the mention not does it but country devastations the on accounts longer some

Cuvântul The transfer from Jilava to Doftana is recalled by Zelea Codreanu himself in: Corneliu Zelea Zelea Corneliu in: himself Codreanu Zelea by recalled is Doftana to Jilava from transfer The The day of the earthquake became a good commemoration date when the story story the whendate goodcommemoration abecame earthquake the of dayThe unist struggles and sufferings could be retold, rehearsed and represented. The represented. rehearsedand retold, be sufferingscould struggles and unist nenr d Însemnări , November 13, 1940 and and 1940 13, November , L Jilava La e

Dan Vlad, Vlad, Dan

(Bucharest: Majadahonda, 1995); and documents of his stay in in stay his of documents and 1995); Majadahonda, (Bucharest: Curentul

holy holy - war museumnarrative. war rcsl Li onlu ee Cden 1938 Codreanu Zelea Corneliu Lui Procesele icon on the wall intact.icon onthe , November 13, 13, November ,

produced by the earthquake all across the the across all earthquake the by produced - wing Iron Guard press press Guard Iron wing 90 Te at ht onlu Zelea Corneliu that fact The 1940. ch 50

eand noce b the by untouched remained the Captain 51

nmate killed by the the by killed nmate Fond ,

Corneliu Zelea Corneliu , 1/1940)

- reports vl 2 vol. , Dej. © © Dej.

- war 45 -

CEU eTD Collection Heroism) 53 15. 1999), Martin’sPress, St. (New York: 52 as position his establish to managed he that Doftana in is it but Doftana, in imprisoned only not Gheorghiu more, Even myth. Doftana the of establishment the to importance revolutionary heroism.” post the for not if ruins but remained Târgu the to then and prison Caransebeș the immediat to first transferred are inmates abandoned communist the and earthquake is prison the The inside competition party. real communist no imprisoned with Dej leaving earthquake, the by killed was he but Doftana in cell communist the among Dej to competition only the was Pintilie, Anothe others. and Bodnarenco Pintilie Ceușescu, Nicoale Moghioroș, Alexandru Drăghici, Alexandru Apostol, Gheorghe Romania: in regime communist the establishing when side his by keep later would he whom those supervise to attempts authorities’ considers, Deletant Dennis historian failure,” “patent a all Doftana, to were brought prisons other from Communists male 1936, In communists. imprisoned h where Doftana He strikes. workers’ railway Grivița the in involvement Gheorghiu i tself into a major historical landmark of the Popular Republic of Romania. Gheorghe Romania. of Republic Popular the of landmark historical major a into tself

Deletant, Dennis Matichescu, Matichescu, The fact that Gheorghe Gheorghiu Gheorghe factthat The Doftana turn thus and 1944 after history make to were Doftana of inmates The .

- e ws etne i 13 t tev yas f ad ao fr his for labor hard of years twelve to 1933 in sentenced was Dej

h lae o ipioe Cmuit ta wud ae asm the assume later would that Communists imprisoned of leader the Doftana Simbol Al Eroismului Revolutionar (Doftana Symbol of Revolutionary Revolutionary of Symbol (Doftana Revolutionar Eroismului Al Simbol Doftana omns Tro i Rmna Gheorghiu Romania: in Terror Communist mngd o ul hs oiin s n o te edr o the of leaders the of one as position his build to managed e

53 - i cm. h ris f h pio wud ae probably have would prison the of ruins The camp. Jiu

them better. Among Dej’s fellow inmates where where inmates fellow Dej’s Among better. them - war incentive to turn Doftana into a “symbo a into Doftana turn to incentive war - Dej was imprisoned in Doftana is of crucial of Doftanais in imprisoned was Dej r Communist railway worker, Ilie worker, railway Communist r - e ad h Plc Sae 1948 State, Police the and Dej evd ot f i tm in time his of most served l atr the after ely - 52 Dej was was Dej

f the of - 1965 l of of l 46

CEU eTD Collection 55 54 Gheorghiu Gheorghe members: following the with spot, the on created themselves mausoleum a construct “to initiated is proposal the 1947, November in Doftana, to pilgrimage date the on Already cells. and walls its also but Doftana of story the only not reconstructing by museum, real a into ruins the transforming of idea the to birth gave finally site pilgrimage a as Doftana Organizing 1947. as early as earthquake the on commemorations official started which propaganda Communist by seized was tragic and heroic both narrative, appealing an creating for opportunity The museum. Doftana the of foundation the provided that narrative mythical the for basis ruinsmuseums Turning 1.2. Exhibiting into walls. 1989. upuntil communism Romanian of place symbolic a as survive would Doftana 1933, in strikes Grivița the Gheorghiu of personality Doftan in inmate an as 1938, and 1936 between communist himself, Ceaușescu Nicolae of presence the to the in ascension for hierarchy.” “indispensible was prison” of “experience state. Romanian the of leadership

Ibid., 158. Ibid., Tismăneanu, The 1940 earthquake turned Doftana prison into ruins, but it al it but ruins, into prison Doftana turned earthquake 1940 The

. nie te lnmrs of landmarks other Unlike a. 55 - to build a better life for the working people. The initiative commit initiative The people. working the for life better a build to museum in the memory of those who suffered and fought, who sacrificed who fought, and suffered who those of memory the in museum

Stalinism for All Seasons All for Stalinism The survival of the Doft the of survival The

- Dej and for this precise reaso precise this for and Dej

, 100. , 54

itra Vaii Tsăen cam ta the that claims Tismăneanu Vladimir Historian ana myth all along the communist regime owes regime communist the along all myth ana

Communist prehistory, marked by the the by marked prehistory, Communist

n silenced after his death, like like death, his after silenced n so provided the provided so -

e, Chivu Dej, date of the of date of the first the of tee is tee 47

CEU eTD Collection sg cms from comes usage FIAP),” 60 of Activity of Year 59 (One Antifasciști Na Politici Internați Și Deținuți [...].” fight i imperialist and saboteurs spies, against were but led commemorations, simply never were actions ”Our past. the to tribute a as commemorations 58 Crashed),” Prison 57 the Since Years 7 Commemorating Scânteia Doftana. in Fallen Those of Fight the of Flag 56 to pilgrimage “the as narrated is Doftana of commemoration the 1940s late the of press printed the in Even organizing. are they 40 banners with slogans. a unveiling visiting, for cells prison two arranging files, internal accordingFIAP to of, preparationsconsisted commemoration 1947 there.The museum” ”national a for plans making with and Doftana in commemoration 1947 the inves is FIAP 1947, March in creation, its after months Prahova in authorities local the with collaboration in RCP, org Pr Anciens des Internationale affiliate an (FIAP), Political Inmates Antifascist and Former Prisoners of Federation National the by organized officially red a witness As / raised be mausoleum” ( then will place Doftana’s “In prophesize: lyrics the is 1940 before created being as 1945 after popularized Com the of minds the in present was mausoleum” “red a constructing of idea the Apparently, Bodnarenco.” Pintilie Roller, Mihail Mezincescu, Eduard Bodnăraș, Emil Stoica,

The organizers of these commemorations seemed eager to depart from an understanding of of understanding an from depart to eager seemed commemorations these of organizers The As both terms, pilgrimage and national museum would be soon abandoned, it is possible they their their they possible is it abandoned, soon be would museum national and pilgrimage terms, both As f. 19. file 2/1947, 1293, roll FIAP, fond ANR, M Partidului a Istorie Muzeul de “Steag ț ionale a Foștilor Deținuți Și Internați Politici Antifasciști Politici Internați Deținuți Și Foștilor a ionale , November 12, 1947. November , 12, The organizers do not refrain from using the term term the using from refrain not do organizers The commemorations The ul Luptei Celor Cazuti La Doftana. Comemorarea a 7 Ani de La Prabusirea Inchisorii (The (The Inchisorii Prabusirea La de Ani 7 a Comemorarea Doftana. La Cazuti Celor Luptei ul munist inmates while they were still imprisoned in Doftana. One of the songs songs the of One Doftana. in imprisoned still were they while inmates munist Pe locul the international organization, FIAPP who also talked of ”organisation de de ”organisation of talked also who FIAPP organization, international the Elisabeta Comnacu, “Un an de Activitate a Federației Naționale a Foștilor Foștilor a Naționale Federației a Activitate de an “Un Comnacu, Elisabeta

Doftanei atunci se Doftanei 59

uncitoresc Român, Român, uncitoresc 58 isonniers Politiques) but also a also but Politiques) isonniers prait gns n u cuty i a obtv sii, f anti of spirit, combative a in country, our in agents mperialist

of Doftana and its transformation into a museum were museum a into transformation its and Doftana of

- nălțava/ Ca martor un roș mausoleu martorunroș nălțava/ Ca Doftana.” Muzeul Doftana Muzeul

no. 2 (February 1949): 7. (February 1949): 2 no. anization of FIAPP (Fédération (Fédération FIAPP of anization 60

As for FIAP, they were happy happy were they FIAP, for As ted with the task of organizing of task the with ted marble plaque and mounting and plaque marble .

n unofficial section of the the of section unofficial n pilgrimage otn legend Doftana County Buletinul Federației Federației Buletinul . Barely a few few a Barely .

o te event the for ).

57 whose whose

48 56 -

CEU eTD Collection 62 61 les retrouver f. 43. file 3/1947, 1293, roll ANR, fond FIAP, 1947, 6, de 1947 29, futures March politiques, prisonniers anciennes des générations International Congres du Propagande de au permettront Résolution fasciste” et hitlérienne qui barbarie la fut que ce de nationauxvestiges les et souvenirs musées “de and pèlerinages” ISISP,fond I/166) 12/1952,folder Photographs, earthquake. 1940 9 November Doftana, 1.7. Fig. the Buchenwald camp. of day the on FIAPP the by established inmates, political antifascist 11 April on organized also are Doftana in commemorations 10 November from Aside important. more become year Council. every and County year, each Prahova organized are commemorations the by disposal their at put trucks 300 November10 on pilgrimageattendingpeople the 5000 count to

ANR, fond FIAP, roll 1294, file 1294, roll FIAP, fond ANR, f. 20. file 2/1947, 1293, roll FIAP, fond ANR,

Source:

Fototeca online a comunismului românesc, comunismului a online Fototeca

8/1948, f. 18 8/1948, th , 1952. Commemoration of those killed during the the during killed those of Commemoration 1952. , -

19.

th te a o te earthquake, the of day the , th

the pilgrimage seems to to seems pilgrimage the , the international day of of day international the ,

th , 1947 also due to the to due also 1947 , the liberation of of liberation the

de la Commission Commission la de

61 #E142

Subsequent

(ANR, (ANR, –

April

CEU eTD Collection 67 Evil) the Masks of Răutu, Leonte Acrobat. Perfect (The Măștile Răului Vasile, Cristian and Tismăneanu Vladimir acrobat.” perfect “the as recommendin qualities adaptive his rule, Ceaușescu’s during even position to important an managed maintain He regime. Dej’s during culture Romanian in voice decisive the practically was he 1965, 66 24 29 August Museum, Doftana 65 f. 14. no.27/1954, 6 April institutions, state some to Institute 64 May 63 Doftana themainobjectivescounts ofthe working project: site stand today’s by even impressive is which timeline a 1949), November to 1948 (August year a than more country.” transformation 10 the On 1948. March in announced officially was prison Doftana former the in museum a inaugurate to intention the but comrades,” dear “our killed that earthquake the of commemoration about “betteradministration.” R Leonte by time each invoked county, Prahova in authorities local of care the to given and 1954 in Institute the of administration the ye instable institutionally system. propaganda official the of thus the and of Institute part become museums propaganda other the with along museum Doftana

“Muzeul Național importa an was Răutu Leonte regardi 159/1954 RWP of CC the of Decision period the in RWP of CC the by History Party for Institute the of activity the regarding Information eiin f h C o RP 5/95 eadn te eraiain n administration and reorganization the regarding 659/1955 RWP of CC the of Decision - 25. - December 1954 December

set: have objectives building following the observations, field to According “The workAugust inDoftanavirtually started15 on 10 November on inaugurated was Museum Doftana In 67 92 hwvr a so a te nttt fr at Hsoy s rae, the created, is History Party for Institute the as soon as however, 1952,

The ruins of Doftana were reconstructed and became a museum in little in museum a became and reconstructed were Doftana of ruins The

of the former prison into “a national museum of antifascist fight in our in fight antifascist of museum national “a into prison former the of

64 La Doftana (National Museum at Doftana),” Doftana),” at Museum (National LaDoftana , ANR, fond CC PCR ,al fond ANR,

ny o e ruh bc t te nttt i 1955. in Institute the to back brought be to only

rs A eot rm uut 31 August from report A ards. th th

ars not only for the Doftana museum, who is removed from from removed is who museum, Doftana the for only not ars

1955, ANR, ANR, 1955, n 11 and t ebr f h RPRP Ha o te oain gtrp until Agitprop Romanian the of Head RWP/RCP. the of member nt

ăutu, th

of March 1948, major newspapers announce the the announce newspapers major 1948, March of fond CC al PCR PCR al CC fond th

– 66 1954

Propagandă și Agitație, no.50/1955, 4, f. 47. p. Agitație,no.50/1955, și Propagandă

ed f h Rmna Aipo, r always are Agitprop, Romanian the of head ng the transfer of some museums of the Party History History Party the of museums some of transfer the ng , ANR, fond CC al PCR PCR al CC fond ANR, , –

Propagandă și Agitație, no. 29/1955, ff. 29/1955, no. Agitație, și Propagandă România Liberă România st

63 1948 on the progress of the the of progress the on 1948 Perfectul Acrobat. Leonte Răutu, Răutu, Leonte Acrobat. Perfectul

(Bucharest: Humanitas, 2008). Humanitas, (Bucharest: h ery 90 ae still are 1950s early The th

1948.

– th

rpgnă i Agitație, și Propagandă

99 o te 9 the on 1949, , March 10, 1948. 10, March , 65

h reasons The

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CEU eTD Collection o ea o wr ee proeul dvsae. Vasile, 1948 devastated. purposefully even were or decay to left were buildings important and monuments art other while Doftana, rebuilding in invested lei million 69 Munca de Planuri 1948. Doftana 68 the courtyard of main chapelthe in The thesite. from removed even were remnants its were added,gate“a at suchpark.” as the new entrance prison ofthe items new some and positions, state and party leading in now comrades the with together rebuilt, were sections 9/10 November of ceremony commemoration the with November early in ending and year each of spring/summer span works construction The building. the of structure architectural the transforming radically musealisation this to road are the Inscriptions and rebuilt. cleaned cemetery be to is cemetery real the Instead, monument. the near graves the moving and monument the building renounce to decision the records 1 November by

When discussing this ample reconstruction work, historian Cristian historian work, reconstruction ample this discussing When Doftana din lucrarilor asupra Raport - 1953 (Literature and 1953 One structure of the original prison was purposefully not purposefully was prison original the of structure One project, thorough and ample an was prison former the of reconstruction The accomplish to impossible objectives these considers subsequently report The 10. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

of theformer prison. over several years, with the construction site opening in the the in opening site construction the with years, several over the monume to up graves the bringing and field central the on monument a Raising Transforming halls. [...] withmuseum building the new be reinforced down. be should torn Gh. comrade where cell cannot that Thosewallsdown. fall to not as so ruins the Reinforcingall the with B section Gheorghiu of part a Rebuilding Rebuilding ( theH section Rebuilding four insection cells F,gate. facing themain Buildinggate entrance at a the tothe new prisonpark. Rebuildinggate. themain st

of the same year, before the earthquake’s commemoration and and commemoration earthquake’s the before year, same the of

the Arts in Communist Romania 1948 Romania theCommunist Arts in - Dej stayed.Dej nt. [...]” ), f. 311 ),

th .This was not a merely a consolidation work, entire entire work, consolidation a merely a not was .This - ANR fn Mzu Priuu, ie 20 ( i2500 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, , 312.

to be placed around the site, thus starting the the starting thus site, the around placed be to cells that were to be presented as the real cells of of cells real the as presented be to were that cells

Hașul )

Literatura Si Artele in Romania Comunista Comunista Romania in Artele Si Literatura

- 1953) , 166, note 2. note 166, , Vasile mentions the sum of 33 33 of sum the mentions Vasile 69

rebuilt and probably probably and rebuilt

Comemorare Comemorare 51

CEU eTD Collection 72 71 70 the architects Reconstruction project their called Construcțiilor) aProiectare de Institutul (IPC, Design approp the use removedDoftana from storyandcomplex. the building finally is which site the of part uncomfortable an is chapel the one), 1897 the from 1 fig. plan, original the copies 1 and 1.1. fig. (see plan 1897 original th both in it see can one and it, to refer memoirs prison some Although 1940. before t of accounts all from disappeared it as narratively also but 1949 to 1947 of works reconstruction the during erased be physically only can not was observed) prison the all which from place the and prison the of places all from seen prison, the of center the indeed is (it shows position central its as inmates the of lives daily the in element important an probably prison, Doftana

ANR, fond FIAP, roll 1304, file 66/1948 1304, roll FIAP, fond ANR, 1948 file 65/ 1304, roll FIAP, fond ANR, Român, Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie Muzeul de to reluctant less Doftanaare rebuilding forproject the made that architectsThe laacs ae cud ae en s aiy imnld ih n’ bar one’s with dismantled easily as been hands.” have could made, clearances the during afterwards fall not did what and earthquake, 1940 9/10, November masonry stone raw is reason Thebuilding. old the from kept nothing conditions, essential these achieve to order in case, our In […] resistance. and stability their for required guaranties cons old the giving be, The museum. to used what from possible a as much as keep to into is cases such in tendency today main transformed penitentiary, old the of possible, as

explain: explain: “The problem faced by the project was the reconstruction, as accurate as reconstruction, the was project the by faced problem “The riate words. The Resistance Group from the Institute for Construction for Institute the from Group Resistance The words. riate 72

(Reconstituire Doftana). (Reconstituire

–

a s pol md ta wa dd o fl drn the during fall not did what that made poorly so was tructions, by improvements and consolidations all the all consolidations and improvements by tructions, 1, lhuh h 14 structure 1949 the although .1., - - 1958, 1958, 1958. .2.) and the new map of the museum the of map new the and .2.) 71 p. p. 2.

In a memoir drafted in 1950 for the FIAP, the for 1950 in drafted memoir a In Muzeul Doftana Muzeul

that its main resistance element element resistance main its that –

or almost nothing almost or , 4. ,

the point which can be be can which point the differs considerably considerably differs e iei Doftana in life he The Doftana The 70 –

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CEU eTD Collection 73 page a is museum the to Doftana guide a as 1960 the in edited album of cover back The walls. its remain museum and Doftana exhibit the important of most symbol and main the site, on organized gradually be would actually proper were the aside Putting ruins ruins. remain to some order in reinforced but reconstructed were cells shows: document cited greatly scale. loseontheauthenticity t and events the of time the at was” it “as site the reconstructing or destruction eventual their of perspective the face thus and events tragic the of moment (end) the at was it as site the preserving either of dilemma the faced always has sites traumatic of reconstruction The walls. their inside monumental and around narrated even history a of or documents proofs monumental as function to ability their is existence concerns. primary their among is authenticity” memorial prison. function to is it if authenticity, of production the is purpose main walk a prison, the to monument gigantic a but is museum the while vividly, quite convey 1940 from images as earthquake, 1940 the in lost nothing the construction “a a centuries.” lifetime of few guarantee nonetheless would height its of buildings for necessary not though

Mark, Mark,

The Doftana museum remained both a reconstruction and a ruin, as the above the as ruin, a and reconstruction a both remained museum Doftana The of case the in importance uttermost of is authenticity of question The reconstruct a thus is museum Doftana The even which, Doftana, rebuilding for concrete reinforced used architects The The Unfinished Revolution Unfinished The – -

could be kept from the old building.” The Doftana prison was irretrievably was prison Doftana The building.” old the from kept be could uem i gnrl A itra ae akage, the argues, Mark James historian As general. in museums

, 68. ,

73 o wee “nothing where ion

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CEU eTD Collection Mark, Mark, Display Museum of Politics and Poetics eds., Lavine, Steven and Karp Ivan in Dialog” a of Fragments Authenticity: 75 file 4/1947 1293, roll FIAP, fond ANR, Park, the National and built in Doftana be 74 studies. museum ` abandoned. monument.” symbolic a this to add to though necessary is It monument. a themselves are Doftana in reconstructions b would that Doftana tall a of erection the discussing While prison. original the from different very something museum Doftana the made reconstructions Muzeul Doftana album the of cover Back 1.8. Fig. walls ora 1948 reconstruction. original the of one is it if decide to impossible be would it although walls, Doftana’s

Minutes of the meeting held on November 30, 1948 regarding th regarding 1948 30, November on held meeting the of Minutes See Williams, Williams, See h Ufnse Revolution Unfinished The Discussions on the claim of claim the on Discussions of amplitude the that aware be to seemed officials Contemporary

eoil Museums Memorial . Bucharest:Editura Politică, 75

As our ability to reproduce increases so does our fascination with fascination our does so increases reproduce to ability our As

se fo te iha, n cmae rus “The argues: comrade one highway, the from seen e ; Jenny Edkins, “Authenticity and Memory at Dachau,” Dachau,” at Memory and “Authenticity Edkins, Jenny ;

74 80 ,

Finally, the plans for a “symbolic monument” were monument” “symbolic a for plans the Finally,

Muzeul de Istorie a Partidului Muncitoresc Român. Român. Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de Muzeul (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), 159 1991), Press, Institution Smithsonian (Washington: authenticity are still very present in contemporary in present very still are authenticity – 82; Spencer R. Crew and James E. Sims, “Locating “Locating Sims, E. James and Crew R. Spencer 82; 1960. ,

fifteen meters high high meters fifteen e graves of the martyrs that have to to have that martyrs the of graves e Exhibiting Cultu Exhibiting

- 1948, f. 251. 1948, ouet in monument Cultural Cultural The res:

– 175; 54

CEU eTD Collection . t eae ol drn te uceig etre ad ehp most perhaps and centuries succeeding the during f.2. 243 ibid, lastone.” the during so strikingly only <> became It medieval a <>. origin its of time the “at it, puts he Mechanical in of Reproduction,” Age the in Art of Work “The Benjamin, genuineness.”Walter mere transcends always o concept “the that footnote a in concedes original, the in aura the of presence crucial the 77 Memory 76 manuscript. of HouseTerror,” Budapest the in Evidence Memoryand Values any itsvisitors. of forme genuine a became successfully building new the by went decades as vivid, still was ruins the of memory the as reconstruction, a be to known was Doftana museums; the of persuasiveness necessary the provided its prison the of reconstruction authenticity bechallenged. cannot a as presented if victimhood; inflicted fascism i the in functioned that prison the as presented is it when fake becomes only It cells. and stones walls, not. or authentic it fa deemed be cannot such in communism Roma projected the and Victims Genocide of Museum Lithuanian Memorial Sighet Romanian the of case the is it recently more museums; camps concentration former other all and Doftana of case the is This exhibit. “authentic” main the is itself building the where museums authenticity. on claim their from authority their derive which places still are museums and authentic the original, the

Even such a hard a such Even ua Cae “Curio Crane, Susan

5, no. 4 (2001): 405 (2001): 4 no. 5,

h crtr o Doftana of curators The as object an that claim would authenticity of understanding nuanced more A (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), 70. 2000), Press, University Stanford (Stanford:

Râmnicu Sărat prisons. andJilava Illuminations - core supporter of the original and authentic such as Walter Benjamin arguing for arguing Benjamin Walter as such authentic and original the of supporter core

76 us cabinets and Imaginary Museums” in Susan A. Crane, ed., ed., Crane, A. Susan in Museums” Imaginary and cabinets us nterwar period and, as will be described below, a place where where place a below, described be will as and, period nterwar

The Doftana museum is not a fake. It is a real building with real with building real a is It fake. a not is museum Doftana The

– 420; Péter Apor, “An Episte “An Apor, Péter 420; ke or authentic, it is the narrative surrounding it that makes that it surrounding narrative the is it authentic, or ke , ed. Hannah Arendt (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), 244 f.6; As f.6; 244 1986), Books, Schocken York: (New Arendt Hannah ed. , 77 were hs s vn oe o n h cs o memorial of case the in so more even is This

ocre wt authenticity with concerned

- picture of the Madonna could not yet be said to be be to said be yet not could Madonna the of picture

Museu

mology of the Spectacle? Arcane Knowledge, Knowledge, Arcane Spectacle? the of mology m, the Hungarian Terror Terror Hungarian the m,

even though in the the in though even

in uem of museums nian inasmuch as it it as inasmuch Museums and and Museums r prison for for prison r f authenticity authenticity f late 1940s late Háza , the the ,

55 -

CEU eTD Collection Doftana 1948 si 1949) 1948 Doftana 80 79 Munca de Planuri 78 Dej thatparticular neveractually in setfoot cell. years” seven for imprisoned Gheorghiu Gheorghe Gheorghiu Gheorghe le were works reconstruction the of mentioning unmovable, and fixed mythologized, more and more became narrative Doftana the and by went years as afterwards and inauguration, 1949 the for However, t by “destroyed class.” working the of leader comrade to Gheorghiu belonged Gheorghe Gheorghiu 1948, to in reconstructed next cell, “The text read: the cell reconstructed example, For unproblematic. seemed site on displayed texts explanatory in works reconstruction the of mentioning inaugurated,

”Texts for posters and panels in Doftana”, AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2501 ( i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, Doftana”, in panels and posters for ”Texts f. 253. Ibid., Txs o Dfaa, MI, od uel atdli fil Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, Doftana”, for ”Texts During the 1948 commemoration, when the museum had not yet been been yet not had museum the when commemoration, 1948 the During

), f. 254. ), e atqae n oebr 10 November on earthquake he , f. , 113

- - - Dej, General Secretary of the Romanian Workers Party, beloved Party, Romanianbeloved Workers the GeneralDej, of Secretary

Dej, General Secretary of the Romanian Workers Party was was Party Workers Romanian the of Secretary General Dej, Dej’s reconstructed cell becomes: “This is where comrade comrade where is “This becomes: cell reconstructed Dej’s

in total dis total in 78 ss frequent and even avoided. The inscription next to next inscription The avoided. even and frequent ss

qal, h pnsig eto H s ecie as described is H section punishing the Equally, regard of regard

the fact that comrade Gheorghiu comrade that fact the 14 ad eul i 1948.” in rebuilt and 1940 , i50 ( i2500 e oeoae otn 1948. Doftana Comemorare Comemorare Comemorare - Dej’s 56 79 -

CEU eTD Collection Doftana 1948 si 1949) 1948 Doftana 82 si 1949) 1948 10 November on Doftana in inmates political “Dead list.” “final this from missing is Pintilie Ilie earthquake, the by killed martyr Ghe Ciobotaru, Aftenie Biederman, Martiniuc,Emanoil Petre Gofman, Meer Salamander, Itzo Vasile Melihov, Herbac, Ion Cleiman, Șaia Niconov, Alexandru Prot, Andrei Galuzinschi, Ion inmates Rebac, Ion Pop, Vasile Zambori, political ”dead 16 counts Neumann” com. 18 October dated list A changing. constantly numbers 81 always c texts, and labels the correcting and rewriting writing, keep organizers the Goldstein” Max regarding documents exhibiting for Committee Central Party the characters the of story. and ruins Doftana the of exhibition and display proper the surrounding Romanian Peasant Museum) 8 November anniversary, his on National Dej Gheorghiu to offered original album the from Doftana” of B section in cell Dej’s Gheorghiu “Comrade 1.9. Fig. uiu fr n pltcl itk. fe te eosrcin ok ae iihd the finished, are works reconstruction the After mistake. political any for autious

Pa fr ragn Dfaa uem, MI, od uel atdli fl i51 ( i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, museum”, Doftana arranging for ”Plan and names with files, the in appear earthquake 1940 the by killed those of list the of variants Several h 1948 The

Federation of Former Antifascist Political Prisoners. (Collections of the the of (Collections Prisoners. Political Antifascist Former of Federation , no page numbers. page no , orghe Paloș, Petre Onofrenco. Interestingly enough, the most important communist communist important most the enough, Interestingly Onofrenco. Petre Paloș, orghe 81 - 1949 documents are important as they testify to the hesitations hesitations the to testify they as important are documents 1949

, no page numbers. page no , and events they are allowed to mention (“We need the approval of approval the need (“We mention to allowed are they events and

th , 1940,” AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, fi Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, 1940,” ,

n otn o Nvme 10 November on Doftana in th , 1949, ”a copy after the final list submitted to to submitted list final the after copy ”a 1949, , le i2501 ( i2501 le Comemorare Doftana Doftana Comemorare

th th

, 1940:” Grigore Grigore 1940:” , 1950, by the the by 1950, Comemorare Comemorare Unsure Unsure 82 57 ),

CEU eTD Collection page numbers. page 85 ( 84 ofthe Revo Museum the of director or (ISISP) History Party of Institute the of Committee Scientific the of member as such 1945, after system propagandistic and cultural the in positions several held has years, illegality 83 handwritten this of back the On cells.” the in displayed be to necessary think you else 15 sinks, 30 mats, “15 acquire to assignment common Dachau photograph grave.” one photograph, group partisan a of reproduction with banknote photogra inscription, antifascist paper one documents, of photocopies cards, “postal museographicaly represented: be to had which but ruins in already was Doftana when period, wer they object enriched.” be to museum the for opening an start, weak a is this think We on. so and clothes documents, photocopies, areThese objects. a materials, 21 October on meeting staff a During t building per oneof se; artifacts 1.3. Inventing cleverly texts. museum changing by narrated and interpreted be can that object museum another just becomes building Comemorare Doftana 1948 si 1948 1949) Doftana Comemorare

”Inventory”, AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2501 ( i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, ”Inventory”, (1910 Vaida A.G. Mnts f h meig n coe 21 October on meeting the of ”Minutes 85 ecig o h ojc pnr, h sm AG Via s ie i 14 the 1949 in given is Vaida A.G. same the penury, object the to Reacting obj for staff museum’s Doftana among concern is There

lutionary Struggle ofthe People. Struggle lutionary ccording to the inventories we now have, raise up to 450 big and small small and big 450 to up raise have, now we inventories the to ccording

cnrne wt, hs h ivnoy f bet fr h 1941 the for objects of inventory the this with, confronted e - 1965), a writer and member of the Romanian Romanian the of member and writer a 1965),

heir heir –

dealing o the dearthdealing of with major problems wasmajor problems

, no page numbers. page no , phs of fascist of phs

1949”, AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2501 i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, 1949”, st

99 AG Vaida A.G. 1949, - Antonescian atrocities and death trains, death and atrocities Antonescian

beds from some prison and whatever whatever and prison some from beds

the lack of artifacts to put on display. artifacts lack put to of the 84 Comemorare Doftana 19 Doftana Comemorare

To have an idea of the dearth of dearth the of idea an have To bjects Communist Party since the interwar interwar the since Party Communist

eot: Al these “All reports: cs eod the beyond ects 48 si 1949) si 48 - 1944 , no no , 58

CEU eTD Collection oebr 6 21 http://www.jurnalul.ro/acum 2010 G Communist of 16, fantasmelor Temple’ ‘the Conquered November Peasant Romanian (The 89 2006. October Bucharest, Museum, Peasant Romanian E. James and 88 Crew R. Spencer exhibitions.” and Lavine, and in Karp Dialog” ofa Fragments Authenticity: “Locating Sims, collections of makers to familiar too of all mendacity The is lie. objects they speak, museums to art seem they in ventriloquism thinkers some by some if as And dumb. eloquent, are not They claim. are They dumb. are they that is things with problem problem similar encountered have to seemed 87 86 strikes. 1933 the apprentic his in used Ceausescu Nicolae anvil the as such country, the in museums several in artifacts original as presented were photography. Co the of Museum History the that curator, exhibition onceremarked Ioana visualand anthropologist Romanian Popescu, first on based rather were supported been ever displays. museum images, objects, touched that fakeness a story, reconstructed the beyond went that fakeness museums, propaganda massive the despite found tobelongfunctioning contemporary toa pr prison, political bourgeois is itself furniture prison the walls, prison and cells a former the of work reconstruction in life the of experience this of claim whole the prison Doftana the proo of creators the by is used principle authenticity consulted files the in document unique This arranged.” is all and Cluj phoned Vaida “Com. records: Tudose comrade document,

It is not without interest to mention that even non even that mention to interest without not is It ( file i2501 Partidului, fond Muzeul AMNIR, Cornel Ilie quoted in Vasile Surcel, “Ţăranul Român a Cucerit ‘templul’ Fantasmelor Comuniste Comuniste Fantasmelor ‘templul’ Cucerit a Român “Ţăranul Surcel, Vasile in quoted Ilie Cornel on Ppsu Upbihd icsin drn te c the during discussions Unpublished Popescu, Ioana Claims have been made over the years on the fakeness of Communist Communist of fakeness the on years the over made been have Claims - comuniste 88

Historian Cornel Constantin Ilie counts the number of duplicates that duplicates of number the counts Ilie Constantin Cornel Historian 89

There is wide consensus among museum specialist that Communistthat specialist museum among consensuswide Thereis - 559881.htm (accessed December 15, 2011). 15, December (accessed 559881.htm

by documents created by the curators of these these of curators the by created documents by vn l lettre la avant - hand observations and “common sense.” For example, example, For sense.” “common and observations hand

s regarding the authenticity of the objects on display: “The display: on objects the of authenticity the regarding s mmunist Party was in fact a museum of fake fake of museum a fact in was Party mmunist Comemorare Doftana 1948 si 1949) 1948 Doftana Comemorare

memorial - propagandistic museums in democratic countries countries democratic in museums propagandistic

eship years or the siren that triggered that siren the or years eship 87 ison. ison. -

20 However, none of these claims has claims these of none However, olloquium olloquium - uem s rvdn a first a providing is museum - de

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59 86 - ,

CEU eTD Collection 92 ( 91 90 onthe Thenot supposed December tomention. rally: continues discussion 1918 Gheorghiu com. of one from quotation a with newspapers the from texts the replace to told were We just. being as Party the approvalof the has text the if know don’t we mainlytitles; for “So, explains: Vaida 13 December A.G. comrade As supporting. longer no was Party the events the pre Party such, as framed be could and movement, communist the of opponent an as identifiable easily was bourgeois press if However, narrated. eventsreflectingthe werenewspapers museums difficult formulate. to was answer whose questions raise to bound in and history premature Party somehow was of Doftana display the making, the in largely was Party Communist the the made which self and censorship of multitude the to testify dossiers Doftana the in filed transcripts The displayed. be to not were that documents and artifacts misleading never has thevisitor been really investiga purposefully were they which to degree the however museums, “fake” were museums Comemorare Doftana 1948 si 1948 1949) Doftana Comemorare

Ilie Moscovici was one of the organizers of the 13 ofthe organizers wasofthe one Moscovici Ilie suppre workers ofrailway Important rally “Minutes of the meeting on October 17th 1949”, AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2501 i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, 1949”, 17th October on meeting the of “Minutes “Com. Agiu: have should We theprocess. F exa For of number increasing ever the by aggravated was objects of dearth The o. ad: ts o od N mninn o Ii Mosc Ilie of mentioning No good. no It’s Vaida: Com. urthermore, there were people involved in these events that the museum was museum the that events these in involved people were there urthermore, - was seen as possibly dangerous as it as dangerous possibly as seen was Dej’s conferences.”Dej’s th

bastards. mple, one of the most important and abundant artifacts in Communist in artifacts abundant and important most the of one mple, [1918]

curators’ work almost impossible. As in 1949 the interwar history of of history interwar the 1949 in As impossible. almost work curators’

, 90

we have we ss, or even more broadly leftist press, writing at the time of time the at writing press, leftist broadly more even or ss,

, no file numbers, p. 3. fileno p. , numbers, 91

some newspapers and the death acts. We must show must We acts. death the and newspapers some ssed withbygunfirepolice ssed the th of December 1918 rally. ofDecember 1918

provide

ted.

versions , killing sixteen killing , ovici

esrhp layers censorship of the events the of 92

n al those all and

workers.

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CEU eTD Collection odc, olbrto wt te orei atoiis r h fsit eptaos ol la t the to lead could perpetrators fascist the or authorities former of ranks from the exclusion undignified bourgeois an chapter, the following with the in collaboration seen conduct, be shall As crucial. is investigations police/Siguranță 95 94 documents. fakinghistorical 93 consciousness. revolutionary their of years the over increase the show to as series in displayed where etc.) objects, everyday ornaments, cutlery, carvings, (wood Doftana of techniques museologic the eth Adapting as museums. objects Communist “original” inventing in and performed manipulating of issue the on information from other mo or absent either re invented, new tobe artifactspolitically had undesirable), (being shown be not could artifacts and documents genuine the as political the towards naturally leaned solution The task. difficult incredibly an be to proved of the dead:

“Minutes of the meeting on October 17th 1949”, p. p. 2. 17th 1949”, meetingOctober on ofthe “Minutes seems It

bd p 2 p. Ibid, nographic museums, the objects created by political inmates while imprisoned in imprisoned while inmates political by created objects the museums, nographic The files documenting the creation of the Doftana museums contain important important contain museums Doftana the of creation the documenting files The requirements museologic and political both fit would that exhibits Finding afterlife political proper the on follows replicas of exchange surreal almost An Com. Vaida: Maybe they made some before. Mohănescu died too and still we we still and too died Mohănescu before. some made they Maybe Vaida: Com. the with solidarity of out joined that workers the me, For Agiu: have Com don’t We Mohănescu. with same The Vaida: “Com Vaida:Com. There be nothing would left.” Com. arranging (a ajusta) (a arranging the main purpose of the exhibitionary effort was political propaganda. As As propaganda. political was effort exhibitionary the of purpose main the -

. h qeto o te eair f h pltcl nae d inmate political the of behavior the of question The 3. Agiu: ments, places ornarratives. popularize them.” deal not are we when here: principle a on settle to have We arrested. was he when behavior dignified a have not did he because him of speak don’t mistakes afterwards. are they because them], about talking [from me stop can nothing and workers simply were lives their lost and typographers oftheprejudice ill dead. [...] ofnot speaking n wt pol ta wr dgiid cnitn, e hud not should we consistent, dignified, were that people with ing

We couldWe arrange

was the correct term to use when referring to altering and ultimately ultimately and altering to referring when use to term correct the was political inmates. political

them.

contextualized, brought in contextualized, dead and made no no made and dead uring detention and and detention uring h bourgeois the 61

CEU eTD Collection 98 97 ( 96 Apor narrates: Péter historian As solutions. similar found have to also and problems similar faced authenticity. authen genuine providing not is it for concern same the show and museums memorial nowadays even that professionals say to redundant true of worthy sometime are museums propaganda o new a of aspect the have ”don’t who chairs house, clandestine the of interior the recreating for chairs used acquire to have they decides museum Doftana the organizing committee o Museum development of therevolutionary movement.” the show also will we this, By symbol. revolutionary already with those period, next 1922 the for objects quality lower choose shall “We prison. the in activity political strengthened Gheorghiu Gheorghe with decorated wer symbols also communist ones, developed more the to while period, assigned earlier objects an represent unsophisticated simpler, those with periods, chronological Thus, Comemorare Doftana 1948 si 1948 1949) Doftana Comemorare

Mark, Mark, 7. p. Ibid., Mnts f h meig n coe 21 October on meeting the of “Minutes

repcie f hi ceto dt, hs sal bet wr dvdd into divided were objects small these date, creation their of irrespective h Terror The museum, another of arrangement the discuss they as more, Further The Unfinished Revolution Unfinished The House of Terror, instead, had to meet a different sort of challenge: it needed to needed it challenge: of sort different a meet to had instead, Terror, of House The objects. by of provided data concept on based the been had from which exhibitions, different previous world new a generated Terror of House “The

f the Illegal Printing House which was never actually inaugurated, the same the neverinaugurated, actually wasIllegalwhich House the Printing f bject.” - 98 1929 period, those withou those period, 1929

97 Háza

The efforts put into recreating true to life scenographies for these these for scenographies life to true recreating into put efforts The

- Dej was brought to Doftana and apparently significantly significantly apparently and Doftana to brought was Dej

ue fr xiiig h post the exhibiting for used e uem n uaet iagrtd n 02 em t have to seems 2002 in inaugurated Budapest, in museum tic experiences while relying on a very lax concept of of concept lax very a on relying while experiences tic , 61 ,

, no file numbers, p. 2. fileno p. , numbers, – 92.

t a symbol for the 1929 the for symbol a t 1949”, AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2501 i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, 1949”, 96

- 98 eid we comrade when period, 1938 - 1938 period and in the the in and period 1938 the 62

CEU eTD Collection no file numbers. fileno 101 numbers. file 100 ms. of HouseTerror” Budapest 99 (photographs),” atrocities grave,” common Dachau photograph “one find, can one museum, Doftana in regime Antonescu the and Guard Iron the by committed atrocities the and story Holocaust the from pieces and bits story, Doftana the Bădică) Simina museum. (photograph by until round be central to the used is chapel This the 2012. where October courtyard in museum Doftana former The 1.10 Fig.

pr “n pseooy f h Setce Acn Knowled Arcane Spectacle? the of Epistemology “An Apor, “ “ Inventory” (2), AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2501 ( i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, (2), Inventory” ( i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, Inventory”, h dat o mtra ws lo opnae b icroaig no the into incorporating by compensated also was material of dearth The trs f h Ntoa Msu ad h Mltr Hsoy uem for museum History Military the and Museum National appropriate material the of stores collections and museums other from objects isolated of number limited a of selection careful pre necessary a not is collection who those their inform ready object by idea an confirm

made conceptual frame. In this conception, objects are not expected to to expected not are objects conception, this In frame. conceptual made possess

spectators; –

the House of Terror staff particularly searched through the through searched particularly staff Terror of House the

101

– eois bu te. s co a As them. about memories

seems sufficient.”seems “[photogr

nta, hi dt i t eoe aiu cnet for contexts various evoke to is duty their instead, s, it needed to adjust the objects into a pre a into objects the adjust to needed it s, - ps f dah ris 14) Iaș (1941) trains death of] aphs requisite for setting up a museum, instead, a a instead, museum, a up setting for requisite

in Romania. Among the collection lists lists collection the Among Romania. in 99

reconstruction Comemorare Doftana 1948 si 1949) si 1948 Doftana Comemorare Comemorare Doftana Doftana Comemorare ge, Memory and Evidence in the the in Evidence and Memory ge, nsequence, systematic systematic nsequence,

o f the prison into into prison the f

1948 si 1949) si 1948 ; fascists i; 100 - existing existing

“Nazi , no , 63 a ,

CEU eTD Collection video video 104 17 September f. 186. no.53/1954, on held History Party 103 ( 102 a as historical and keepgate monument, visitors theclosed trespassing it. tovisit listed remains, ruin the but robbed and looted abandoned, been has building the and there Party the to allegiance their swore Pioneers Party. Communist the of place [...].” Doftana visit not would 16.000 over were vis there months six last the In museum. Struggle Revolutionary the than more visited, much very is Doftana that considering efforts these making are “We museums: propaganda created newly all of successful most the became soon m Doftana the museologists, reasons ofartifacts thelack than display. just to wider had story Doftana the into Holocaust the as know now we what of inclusion Guard.” Iron the of atrocities fascists victims; assassinated the of bodies the robbing Comemorare Doftana 1948 si 1948 1949) Doftana Comemorare

With official approval, from time to time, private firms organize paint organize firms private time, to time from approval, official With leaders the with Commission Control Party the at held meeting the of Minutes i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, Museum”, Doftana the for material the with “Table itors. It must be said that there is almost no foreigner coming to our country that that country our to coming foreigner no almost is there that said be must It itors. uem a a ut o ay school any for must a was museum of a reggaeba ofa Despite all diff all Despite nd was shot inthe ruins. shot was

iculties and the creative solutions found by party cadres tu cadres party by found solutions creative the and iculties su ws nuuae o Nvme 10 November on inaugurated was useum

, no fileno , numbers. 103 102 th

o fry er, otn fntoe a a symbolic a as functioned Doftana years, forty For oee, s t il e xlie frhr n the on, further explained be will it as However, 1954

, ANR, fond CC al PCR PCR al CC fond ANR, , - age Romanian. Twenty years after, the the after, years Twenty Romanian. age

atrocities during the war; war; the during atrocities - ball games there and a music music a and there games ball –

Propagandă și Agitație, Agitație, și Propagandă hip of the Institute of Institute the of hip th

1949 and it it and 1949 104

rned rned 64

CEU eTD Collection 105 Gheorghiu because prehistory Communist self cla by Tănase, forward Stelian historian put analyses, psychologizing More Party. Communist small rather the of power to access rapid the for accounting narrative legitimizing Dej. Gheorghiu Gheorghe of cult personality the to connection in and context national its legitimizing a the on European1.4. Doftana map Bădică)Simina by (photograph museum. the especiallyfor 1940s late the in reconstructed completely B Fig. 1.11.Section

In 105 Tismăneanu, Tismăneanu,

Doftana is not absent from Romanian post Romanian from absent not Doftanais t i It s usually mentioned as a foundational myth of Romanian communism, a communism, Romanian of myth foundational a as mentioned usually s myth

Stalinism for All Seasons All for Stalinism

and less as a memorial place, it has been so far analyzed only in in only analyzed far so been has it place, memorial a as less and section was 2012. October This in Doftana museum theformer of

m ht otn bcm sc a rca mmn of moment crucial a such became Doftana that im

; Deletant, - e hmef a osse wt hs own his with obsessed was himself Dej

Communist Terror in Romania in Terror Communist - communist historiography. More as as historiography. More communist .

- trained trained 65 -

CEU eTD Collection president of Centrocoop (after 1952). In 1955 he is subject to an internal RWP investigation, investigation, RWP internal an to Fo subject Si Partid is de “Disciplina Cătănuș, he 1955 In 1952). anti his concerning (after Centrocoop of president an Prisoners Political Antifascist Former of Federation National the of secretary (1945 Agriculture of Ministry Commu the of part is he 1945 After Doftana. in imprisoned himself was he and Foriș Stefan secretary party by promoted 107 331. 2005), came frustrations for.” and resentment his where is This promiscuity. secrets, living, common allowances, 106 the managingfor responsible organization the (FIAP),Inmates and Prisoners Political is whereanswers from.came some w that institution the into further enquire to me led level European a on relevant Doftana make to desire the of expressions spontaneous However, resting. was project the which upon models the where what among preparing for fervent preoccupation as, me puzzled Museum History National the at kept Doftana concerning archival the contrary, the On documents. archival available the in discernible so far been obscured. networkassociations offormer of political inmates whose role incuratingDoftana has international an amongmultiplethem forces,of but RWP, the from comingincentives Do The fascism. of victims the of memorialization specific a toward efforts of context international an also but interwar movement.communist Romanian been not experience had prison the make who to wanted comrade thus and imprisoned any loathed experience, prison long years twelve

Hs [ “His osatn gu (1891 Agiu Constantin Stelian Tănase, Tănase, Stelian osatn Agiu, Constantin abou Concerns sub This hogi Dej's Gheorghiu

- - Party ( Party chapter argues it was not only internal politics that shaped Doftana, shaped that politics internal only not was it argues chapter it diitain u nvr n ey ih oiin: tt sub state positions: high very in never but administration nist leți u Tni avr (Aunt Varvara Tanti Lu’ Clienții

itro wrd a md o barbed of made was world interior ] antipartinice t putting Doftana on the European map were not immediately not were map European the on Doftana putting t - 1961) joined the Romanian Communist Party in its illegality years, years, illegality its in Party Communist Romanian the joined 1961) 107 - 98, rsdn o te ra Ntoa Asml (98, general (1948), Assembly National Great the of president 1948),

edr f h Ntoa Fdrto o Fre Antifascist Former of Federation National the of leader

tn msu ws o te eut f unidirectional of result the not was museum ftana stii ilegalisti.Cazul Constantin Agiu, 1955 (Party Discipline and and Discipline (Party 1955 Agiu, Constantin ilegalisti.Cazul stii ) activities and sanctioned with a reprimand ( reprimand a with sanctioned and activities )

the exhibit in Doftana, no indication is given as to to givenas is inindication Doftana,no exhibit the as responsible for curating Doftana and that and Doftana curating for responsible as 106

avr’ Clients) Varvara’s - ie fne, el, urin, food guardians, cells, fences, wired the defining trait of the of trait defining the

(Bucharest: Humanitas, Humanitas, (Bucharest: d Inmates (FIAP), and (FIAP), Inmates d vot de blam de vot - secretary in the the in secretary fond ). Dan ). 66 s

CEU eTD Collection National Archives (ANR), 8 files are composed only of ”Documents concerning the rebuilding of of rebuilding the concerning ”Documents of only etc.” situations, composed financial projects, Doftanaprison, are files 8 relevant (ANR), more Archives discover National o to files 87 only the of archives Out museum. the Doftana the into on files back new information me forced research historical any of subject the Inmates, 109 f. 70 file 11/1949, 1294, roll fondFIAP, 108 197 (2010): 1955),” Agiu, Constantin of Case The Illegality. in Communists Former FIAPP the and Party Communist Romanian the to affiliation, double whose 1950s early and 1940s late the in organization active an was FIAP, as abbreviated Na (Federația Inmates the of form final the to led museum. that process the of understanding better a enables Antifascist PoliticalPrisoners Inmates and (FIA Former of Federation National The institution: memory A 1.4.1. themselves.memorialization of form incipient an in quite where sure, be to which, of most camps, concentration mo against measured was Agiu Constantin of dissatisfaction the and museum, Doftana the of inauguration official 1949 November Doftana.” in represented present they how saw I place historical and and monuments party the by sent abroad, was I chance, By […] it. with do to what know to it, on insist to have We problem. another becomes “Doftana rebuild of project

Research ANR, 1949, 3, May PMR,” Central Comitetului Secretariatul către FIAP a “Adresă Agiu, Constatin etn t ko te cos novd n h mkn o te otn museum Doftana the of making the in involved actors the know to Getting 109 – -

219. organization responsible for managing the project of rebuilding Doftana, has not been the been not has Doftana, and rebuilding of project Prisoners the managing Political for responsible Antifascist organization Former of Federation National the that fact the wise,

h Ntoa Fdrto o Fre Atfsit oiia Pioes and Prisoners Political Antifascist Former of Federation National The

ing Doftana, writes to the Central Committee of the RWP in 1949: in RWP the of Committee Central the to writes Doftana, ing

ț ională a Foștilor Deținuți și Internați Politici Antifasciști), Antifasciști), Politici Internați și Deținuți Foștilor a ională 108

hs eot a witn ut fw ots eoe the before months few a just written was report This s there. From what I understand, we are very poorly poorly very are we understand, I what From there. s - 71.

numents and memorials of former former of memorials and numents f the FIAP fond at the Romanian Romanian the at fond FIAP the f Arhivele Totalitarismului Arhivele

67 – 4

CEU eTD Collection relevant „vector of memory”post in of „vector relevant 1944 Since Rousso, Henry is that 1945 after France in work 2001 Marcuse, Harold 2003); Polish and Polish Press University Ohio Huener, Jonathan inmates: former have concentration the memorials of histories camp important Holocaust, the of memorialization the historicizing on focus recent the and studies memory in boom the of because However, Politiques). Prisonniers Anciens des 110 t recognize did FIAPP the Holocaust, the as known be later will what in lives Jewish of loss immense the with concerned much very not Although language. same the speak to seemed FIAPP the of a East the reality, unmistakable an became War Cold the until least at so, enemy common identifiable easily an still was regime Nazi The Curtain. Iron political reason non for them upon and inflicted tragedy, Roma resistance or Jewish the national while prisoners political promoted mainly members FIAPP countries, occupied non in even for exception, no was FIAP Romanian the this, In important. or voca very element Jewish the was organizations national these of neither in that note to important is It fascism. of victims and fighters and resistance for promote remembrance secure to actions memorial initiating also and war the during persecutions polit suffered had who those for retributions financial and rights obtaining with FIAPP. the federation, international an national or fascist of form a by point some ruled countries all in War World Second the after appeared organizations Similar actor international onbothnationaland scene. Ancien des Internationale (Fédération

To my knowledge, there is no consistent historical research on t on research historical consistent no is there knowledge, my To

Cmrde nvriy rs, 01; neetnl eog, uh smnl td o memorial of study seminal a such enough, Interestingly 2001); Press, University (Cambridge The narrative of antifascist resistance easily travelled back and forth over the over forth and back travelled easily resistance antifascist of narrative The prisoners. political former of association independent an was FIAP Officially,

Cmrde Ms: avr Uiest Pes 19) os o cnie FAP o e a be to FIAPP consider not does 1991) Press, University Harvard Mass: (Cambridge, s, was ignored. largely

been written and they included information on the national associations of of associations national the on information included they and written been

Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933 Camp, Concentration a of Abuses and Uses The Dachau: of Legacies e toiis eptae in perpetrated atrocities he Auschwitz, Poland, and the Politics of Commemoration, 1945 Commemoration, of Politics the and Poland, Auschwitz,

- warFrance. - mrcn tde Sre (tes Oi Univ Ohio (Athens: Series Studies American s Prisonniers Politiques) made it an interesting an it made Politiques) Prisonniers s

110

The V The

These organizations were mainly concerned mainly were organizations These - socialist government and they all united in united all they and government socialist

ichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France in Memory and History Syndrome: ichy

he FIAPP (Fédération Internationale Internationale (Fédération FIAPP he ocnrto cms a camps concentration nd West members members West nd ersity Press, Press, ersity - ll over over ll Soviet Soviet - 1979 ical

68 at at - l - ,

CEU eTD Collection California Press, 2001), 5. 2001), Press, California 111 of branch a as 1947, March in constituted was (FIAP) Inmates and Prisoners Political Antifascists Former of Federation National Romanian The organization. independent resistance antifascist of history transnational head oftheafter Romanian state Second War. the World po for importantly more but, resistance of chorus European the joining of sake the for just not constructed, Union. Soviet e the at members 1000 beneath somewhere counted RCP membership; of terms in andComintern, Russia Soviet against the of war members tiniest the of holy one was Party a Communist Romanian The bolshevism. was thought they what in side by side German and Romanian and country, occupied an not and Germany Nazi of of ally policy an been had the country the population), (including Roma and elevated Jewish exterminating quite where policies their and governments 1941 (January dictatorship 1940 (September government fascist Guard Iron the either to Romania in found be to was movement resistance or or Roma Jews, hom nationally. and politically narrated was suffering suffering. this Again, of sites these of memorialisation the towards efforts made and Europe

oet Levy, Robert It was only natural that that natural only was It the reason, this For do h a n oto hmweeete mrsndo eues n the in refugees or imprisoned either where them of most and war the of nd n Pue: h Rs ad al f Jewish a of Fall and Rise The Pauker: Ana 111

h soy f h Rmna atfsit eitne a t be to had resistance antifascist Romanian the of story The

osexuals, theyosexuals, were antifascist litically justifying the presence of the Communist Party at the the at Party Communist the of presence the justifying litically

Romanian FIAP had a strong legitimacy handicap, as no as handicap, legitimacy strong a had FIAP Romanian –

August 1944). Th 1944). August –

January 1941) or Marshall Antonescu`s military military Antonescu`s Marshall or 1941) January the

motn task important ol nt e et in left be not could e levels of popular support for these these for support popular of levels e

fighters. Communist

f dig oai t the to Romania adding of

The victims were not not were victims The

(Berkeley: University of of University (Berkeley:

the hands of any any of hands the odes fought soldiers 69

CEU eTD Collection 116 115 members. ofparty quality APin their in working the 114 113 An 112 its influences actions and themonopoly over holds d it greatly that fact a Party, Communist the of branch a be to it shows clearly it since important is FIAP Romanian the of genealogy This members. and dis is Defense Patriotic the 1948, remnants” fascist Terror” Guard Iron and fascist this by summoned are today” and yesterday of dead “the denounced, are parties concurrent the of actions criminal and fascist which in pamphlet (Acuzăm!) accuse!” “We the publishes AP elections, state was “political.” were 621 and employees administrative were 854 which employees, 1475 had it 1947, In institution: minor a not was AP home). soil Soviet on war orphanseven, invalids, widowsand prisoners and ironically Romanian enough, of of fate the of charge in was Patriotică Apărarea war, the of end the After Romania. whose organizationHelp a (Ajutorul Roșu), meant communist help comrades. to imprisoned Red the of work the continuing 1948, and 1940 between active was Defense Patriotic Defense Patriotic the organization, existing already an

tifasciști (One Year of Activity of FIAP),” 5. ActivityFIAP),” of of Year (One tifasciști Ibid., 35. Ibid., Patriotică, Apărarea is term Romanian The f. 6. file 214/1947, Patriotică, Apărarea fond ANR, Comnacu, “Un an de Activitate a Federației Naționale a Foștilor Deținuți Și Internați Politici Politici Internați Și Deținuți Foștilor a Naționale Federației a Activitate de an “Un Comnacu, h Ptitc ees ws smlcu o te eie pria movement partisan desired the of simulacrum a was Defense Patriotic The ciiis i ay rmie mria t soy f h Scn Wrd a in War World Second the of story to marginal remained any, if activities, - subsidized and subsidized

(organizing the correspondence between them and their families back back families their and them between correspondence the (organizing 116 Acuzăm! Acuzăm! (WeAccuse!)

by voting the Democratic Party Bloc created around the RCP. In RCP. the around created Bloc Party Democratic the voting by

“politici” reported directly to the RCP. In 1946, just before the general general the before just In1946, RCP. the to directlyreported

115

and I can only speculate that it refers to members of the RCP RCP the of members to refers it that speculate only can I and institution “with an old tradition in fighting against against fighting in tradition old an “with institution

solved and the FIAP takes over most of its activities its of most over takes FIAP the and solved who finally urges the Romanian voters to “liquidate to voters Romanian the urges finally who

(Bucharest: Editura Apărării Patriotice, 1946), 3 1946), Patriotice, Apărării Editura (Bucharest:

efining the victimhood of victimhood fascism. efining the

Aăae Patri (Apărarea 114

The institution The otică).

113 – 112

u of out 4.

The 70

CEU eTD Collection December 6 December 118 117 who and member a become could who decided practically it as associations, these for issue crucial a is was this It why around. understandable debates the of some and definition this contain documents separate presented deportees political of notion the defining text the debates, long “After AP: the to reports Podoleanu Jacques alsoFIAPP adebated members.among issue pris political the of definition The organization? Romanian functioning fita certain FIAPP pattern. were to meant the only not was It fe prisoners. Romanian former of association Romanian the for FIAPP mother the replacing then and AP the of branch a as first FIAP, the of creation the before gathered documentation The Inmates and Prisoners Political Antifascists Former Federationof NationalRomanian the of creation the in later year one only translated is FIAPP in shown interest The FIAPP. of meetings of transcripts even and publications reports, regulations, the statute, with together Italy, and Belgium France, from FIAPP of members of statutes the contains Archives National Romanian the at fond Defense Patriotic the in file 205/1946 The Europe. across network the of creation the documented carefully and o union this in Romania represent to itself upon it took Defense Patriotic 1946, February

ANR, fond Apărarea Patriotică, file 205/1946, f. 19 file 205/1946, Patriotică, Apărarea fond ANR, aqe Pdlau “eot f h Rmna Dlgto t te IP cneec i Pari in conference FIAPP the to Delegation Romanian the of “Report Podoleanu, Jacques oig ak rm h FAP ofrne n ai (eebr 6 (December Paris in conference FIAPP the from back Coming the by appropriated model FIAPP the of features main the were What in Warsaw, in formed was FIAPP organization international the When - 10, 1946,” ANR, fond Apărarea Patriotică, file 205/1946, f. 80. file 205/1946, Patriotică, Apărarea fondANR, 1946,” 10, deration adhered to the international FIAPP, but its creation, statute and statute creation, its but FIAPP, international the to adhered deration 117

h Rmna FA dd o yt xs. h eitn organization, existing The exist. yet not did FIAP Romanian the

y h Ceh eeae a approved.” was delegate Czech the by - organization, testifies to the importance of the the of importance the to testifies organization, -

23.

could not. The definition in itself is itself in definition The not. could

oner is one of them and and them of one is oner

f associations associations f - 118 10, 1946), 1946), 10,

Several 71 s, .

CEU eTD Collection à la cause antifasciste ou dont les actes furent préjudiciable a leur codétenus.” codétenus.” leur a f. 71. file 205/1946, Patriotică, préjudiciable furent actes les dont ou antifasciste cause la à person Les suspecte. est l’ennemi par libération la dont ou l’ennemi avec 119 Soviet the following in obedient Although power. occupying Soviet the with FIAP that they and collaborate behaveddidnot withthe dignified fascist enemy. condition the under still yet reasons,” racial “for victimized those also but represented the for imprisoned those only not that acknowledge firsthand knowledge the realitycamps. of ofthe the ex about information denying actively or absorbing slowly of, unaware still was who population, general the to not if known, been have must camps concentration in prisoners the of bulk the formed Jews, mainly prisoners, these that fact The reasons.” “raci for but activities political for victimized and imprisoned not were who fascism who will transform more, even as it shallbeseenfurther on. appealed definition this of ambiguity ultimate and versatility the that suspect I prisoner; political former of statute denied be to enough co their harmed acts whose and atti whose those whose suspect; was enemy or the by release enemy the with collaborated betrayed, who “those of clause exclusion an had definition The inmates. former of association an into admission the guarantee prisoner political a as imprisoned was one enforced that regimes Nazi and fascist the by understood as prisoner political the of that definition, previous the overwrites it as interesting

tent of the extermination policies, at least to these former prisoners who had had who prisoners former these to least at policies, extermination the of tent " […] sont exclus de cette qualification: [...] Les personnes convaincues de trahison, de collaboration collaboration de trahison, de convaincues personnes Les [...] qualification: cette de exclussont […] The same Paris report gives one a glimpse into the relatio the into glimpse a one gives report Paris same The finally delegates the conference, the on reports delegate AP Romanian the As of victims those of inclusion the was however, point contention other The

- detainees.” between 1933 and 1945, this solely did not did solely this 1945, and 1933 between 119

uspicion of collaboration was reason was collaboration of uspicion to the Romanian group of activists of group Romanian the to tude harmed the antifascist cause antifascist the harmed tude ir “patriotic deeds” should be be should deeds” “patriotic ir political captivity. Even if Even captivity. political

nes dont l’attitude fut nuisible nuisible fut l’attitude dont nes ns of the Romanian the of ns ANR, fond Apărarea Apărarea fond ANR,

72 al al

CEU eTD Collection 123 Eleven in II Annet Mooij, and Withuis in Jolande PTSD” 122 9. ActivityFIAP),” of of Year (One Antifasciști 121 6 December 120 because 1950s, early the in already governments regional German some by outlawed survivors camp “ example, For memorialisation. of initiatives their to Curtain Iron the of side Western the on inmates former of associations frontcommunist was a not secret even 1950. before the f coming associations national that fact the 1950, to 1946 years, initial its in FIAPP the in interest particular sister the with and FIAPP of “s is FIAP for one first the the On association. year, next the for goals the 1949, Romanian of beginning the at forward, putting when contrary, the for secondary not was FIAPP international (Fédération (Fédération d FIR libre FILDIR internationale and organizations: Soviets the by concurrent supported Résistants) two des Internationale into FIAPP of dissolution 1950 the in resulted this and War Cold emerging the of context the in Russians.” organization the by seen is Federation this how out find to try should we think I congress. the in participate not did delegation this Soviet “The Soviets. the in by supported necessarily not initiative such one was network participation their that seems it and initiative take to willing is FIAP lacking, was example Soviet were domains in RCP, the of branch a as example,

Marcuse, Marcuse, Jolande Wihuis, “The Management of Victimhood Victimhood of Management “The Wihuis, Jolande onc, U a de an “Un Comnacu, aqe Pdlau “eot f h Rmna Dlgto t te IP cneec i Paris in conference FIAPP the to Delegation Romanian the of “Report Podoleanu, Jacques n at i i peiey hs oncin ht ae t ey ifcl for difficult very it made that connection this precisely is it fact, In - European Countries European Legacies of Dachau of Legacies 10, 1946,” ANR, fond Apărarea Patriotică, file 205/1946, f. 81. file 205/1946, Patriotică, Apărarea fondANR, 1946,” 10, ,” 123

h VN Vriiug e Vroge ds aieie) was Naziregimes) des Verfolgten der (Vereinigung VVN the s éots t nens e a éitne. h aflain o the to affiliation The résistance). la de internés et déportés es

Activitate a Federației Naționale a Foștilor Deținuți Și Internați Politici Politici Internați Și Deținuți Foștilor a Naționale Federației a Activitate

, 67. , (Amsterdam University Press, 2010), 295. 2010), Press, University (Amsterdam trengthening the connections with the General Secretariat General the with connections the trengthening

- rom Soviet rom

organizations.” The Politics of War Trauma: The Aftermath of World War Worldof Aftermath The Trauma: War of Politics The

- occupied countries were actually part of the the of part actually were countries occupied 121 120 -

Long term health damage from asthenia to to asthenia from damage health term Long vn f h Sves i nt hw a show not did Soviets the if Even

SR eae neetd n this in interested became USSR the largest German organization of organization German largest the

122

succeed in in succeed European 73 ,

CEU eTD Collection Communists, sank to the point where they were considered common criminals.” ibid., 128. ibid., criminals.” common wereconsidered where they the point sankto Communists, 129 128 127 bystate.” the employed not be could VVN the of members the that decreed government federal the 1950 September In […] VVN the of member be also could member SPD no that resoled (SPD) Party Democratic Social German the of committee 126 125 124 before revolutionary acted democratic the who of one joined and detention during behavior dignified a had detention, one the is prisoner political “The Operation): its in delineated clearly is prisoner political by described ostracism the of consequence Marcuse. a and reason a both is résistance) dép des libre internationale (Fédération FILDIR not and Soviets FIR joined VVN 1950, in split FIAPP when that, fact the more, Even organizations. these of statutes inm former of groups the inside split the of seeds the that see can one using, were associations these prisoner the of definition very survivors”, camp the of solidarity the affect to “began that „the the was it that considers and measures ostracism. force” „bothersome a VVN made this and (KPD) Party Communist Harold Dachau,” Communis German the of members also were members vocal most VVN’s German the 1948, May in FIAPP of

„Within a few years the status of survivors in West Germany, the majority of whom were Jews and and Jews were whom of majority the Germany, West in survivors of status the years few a „Within 243. Ibid., Marcuse, executive the 1948 May 6 On VVN. the ostracize to began parties political established the 1948 „In Ibid. 152. Ibid., their supposed ties to the Soviet Union. Soviet theto ties supposed their

hn h Rmna FA i cetd n ac 14, h dfnto o the of definition the 1947, March in created is FIAP Romanian the When 129 126 Legacies of Dachau of Legacies

lhuh acs de nt eri fo cnenn te ostracism the condemning from refrain not does Marcuse Although acs, h VN upre plce avctd y h German the by advocated policies supported VVN the Marcuse, 128

( ééain nentoae e Rssat) upre b the by supported Résistants) des Internationale Fédération Pry KD. codn to According (KPD). Party t , 153. ,

Ibid., 152. Ibid., 124

anticommunist government propaganda” propaganda” government anticommunist Formed in January 1947 and affiliated to affiliated and January1947 in Formed euaet e Funcționare de Regulament ts ee led tee i the in there, already were ates itra o te lgce of “legacies the of historian 127

when one looks at the at looks one when ortés et internés de la de internés et ortés 125

leading to its to leading

Rls of (Rules 74 a

CEU eTD Collection 132 131 130 practically is AFDA 1958 as attributionsdissolved its are party transferred tolocal boards. In (AFDA). Detainees Political Antifascist Former is name its 1955 in and museum, Doftana the creation, its with together History, Party for Institute the of section a becomes FIAP 1951 In institution.” memory ”a today call would we that something regime, the of activities ins major a become to created was FIAP the that conclude to appropriate be might it creation, its after immediately FIAP to delegated class.” me the “cultivating is them among first the and outlined are FIAP the of objectives the 1948, In museum. Doftana the fight betwee the of narrative a in War World Second the of story the shaping while membership its control politically and strictly to organization the allowed definition restrictive ones the i.e. affil organizations,” “democratic the of member a not is one If position. political current its on international based defined is the prisoner political unlike Romanian the Again, definition, arrested. being to prior activities revolutionary had have to had prisoner former the that states clearly it and argument qualifying a as reason” “racial the accept not does prisoners antifascist of association Romanian the FIAPP, international the Unlike organization. this through memorialization from 23 August after organizations

”Preface” to ANR, fondANR,FIAP. to ”Preface” f. 41. file 8/1948, 1294, roll fond ANR,FIAP, 1948, 27,” August on held meeting of”Minutes the fo ANR, functionare,” ”Regulament de 1947, March FIAP, ae t te C, n cno b cniee a oiia pioe. hs very This prisoner. political a considered be cannot one RCP, the to iated 131 of creation the to connected are organization this creating behind reasons The

dig o hs h fc ta te rain f h Dfaa uem was museum Doftana the of creation the that fact the this to Adding n communists and ofall fascists other indisregard victims. n communists

1944.” mory of the heroes and martyrs of the working working the of martyrs and heroes the of mory 130

The Jewish tragedy is thus clearly exclud clearly thus is tragedy Jewish The nd FIAP, roll 1293, file 1/1947, f. 6. file 1/1947, 1293, roll FIAP, nd iuin n h memorialisation the in titution shortened to Association of Association to shortened 132

ed 75

CEU eTD Collection Romania, judged Doftana to be the equivalent of Nazi concentration camps in in camps concentration Nazi Romania. of equivalent the be to Doftana judged Romania, the of representative only the as FIAP, that the and victimized innocents fascism where from soil for made been had request a that answer the of style the from though, assume can We request. the of phrasing exact the know requ original the contain not do archives the Since urns. these of one in also is Doftana of soil the promise, its to true held FIAP If camps. concentration these from soil and victims the of ashes held urns 100 over mon memorial the ofbase the atplaque stone A cemetery. Ohlsdorf the in 1949 May in inaugurated was fascism of victims the to memorial Hamburg The material.” documentarywith along is, heroes our ofcemetery w We […] Hamburg in Hitlerism of victims thecommemorationof the in onourparticipation count can them that“You assuring fascism, of victims the to Memorial Hamburg a of creation the in involved Holocaust apart1.4.2. WasDoftana of anetwork memorials? of In 1949, FIAP send FIAP 1949, In

s a letter to their German homologue, the VVN, at the time time the at VVN, the homologue,German their to letter a s ill send soil from the Doftana prison where the the where prison Doftana the from soil send ill ument listed 25 concentrationandcamps 25 listed ument est coming from Hamburg, we cannot cannot we Hamburg, from coming est

itm o fsim in fascism of victims

CEU eTD Collection nae sc a cmuit r rn Gu Iron or communist as such inmates 134 1940 Romania in Români Din Evreilor Suferințele Neagră. Cartea 1940 Regime, Antonescu the Under Gypsies and Ioanid, Radu 1996); Press, university eds., Hopkins Rosenzveig, H. Charles and Wyman Wiesel), Elie by (presided 133 them. outside conveniently located, were camps Jan in rebellion Guard Iron the and Iași in pogrom (the Romania of borders current the within also place take USSR. of but 1949 in Romania allie the by not and itself administration Romanian the by sure, be to organized, camps death the Mus cemetery) House Fighter’s (Ohlsdorf Ghetto Fascism the of of Archives catalog onlinehttp://www.gfh.org.il/Eng/?CategoryID=87) no.46968(available Victims © 1950s. the the to in photographed Memorial Hamburg 1.12. Fig. ih h ecpin f rni cms uh s h oe i Târgu in ones the as such camps transit of exception the With On the Holocaust in Romania see: Romania in Holocaust the On It is not that Romania lacked former concentration camps. However, most of most However, camps. concentration former lacked Romania that not is It d German state, were in the region of Transnistria, no longer part of of part longer no Transnistria, of region the in were state, German d - 1944) , 3 vols. (Bucharest: Dacia Traiană, 1946). Traiană, 3Dacia , vols.(Bucharest:

ia Report Final ay 91 r te ot ooiu eape) bt h death the but examples), notorious most the are 1941 uary

133 International Commissi International ard members), Craiova, Caracal, Turnu Severin, and Lugoj. Lugoj. and Severin, Turnu Caracal, Craiova, members), ard

Is: oio, 04; au ond ”oai” n ai S. David in ”Romania” Ioanid, Radu 2004); Polirom, (Iasi: The persecution of Romanian Jews and Roma did Roma and Jews Romanian of persecution The h Wrd ecs o h Holocaust the to Reacts World The h Hlcut n oai: h Dsrcin f Jews of Destruction The Romania: in Holocaust The a 1940 a -

1944

- (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000); Matatias Carp, Matatias 2000); Dee, R. Ivan (Chicago: 1944 (The Black Book. The Sufferings of Jews Jews of Sufferings The Book. Black (The 1944 134

Even more, in some of these death these of some in more, Even on for Studying Holocaust in Romania Romania in Holocaust Studying for on

- Jiu(which also served for political political for served also Jiu(which

(Baltimore: Johns Johns (Baltimore:

eum, eum, 77

CEU eTD Collection Report 136 Memory Jewish in 197 2010), Press, Czernowitz of Afterlife the Marianne Home in of here!” Ghosts camp a never was “There claims everyone where town 135 Romania camps. extermination Transnistrian the to transported were Jews there, From bloodies “the the summarizes Mezincescu Eduard Dr. 1945, August in (AP) Defense i available was war the during Romania by occupied territories the from and Romania from Jews pogrom.” Iași the of commemoration the stop to tried unsuccessfully organization Party Communist anti of perpetration the in andacknowledge byethnic institutions therole Romanian playedthemajority by state Romanians. a communists with victims Roma and Jewish replaced discursively and reasons propaganda for it distorted Holocaust, the of reality the concealed camp, Socialist the of states other as regime, Communist Romanian the discourse, antifascist vocal and “Distorting that argues on report The Communism.” chapter under Holocaust final the Concealing revealing a includes Romania in Holocaust population. the for mainly destined were which Moghilev) (Vapniarka, camps Transnistrian to members, Guard Iron with side by Târgu transferred were and origin Jewish of were them of All end. tragic their found who communists also were there camps,

A detailed account of life in the Vapniarka camp and the contemporary search for the camp in a a in camp the for search contemporary the and camp Vapniarka the in life of account detailed A Inte , 336. , rnational Commission for Studying Holocaust in Romania (presided by Elie Wiesel), Wiesel), Elie by (presided Romania in Holocaust Studying for Commission rnational - Jiu, where the living conditions were decent and communist inmates lived side lived inmates communist and decent were conditions living the where Jiu, A ery s 95 te e rgm sgae ta i ws niln to unwilling was it that signaled regime new the 1945, as early ”As Studying for Commission International Wiesel the of Report Final The , , 111.

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extermination of Jewish and Roma Roma and Jewish of extermination

(Berkeley: University of California California of University (Berkeley:

Ioanid, Ioanid, Hirsch and Leo Spitzer, Spitzer, Leo and Hirsch The Holocaust in Holocaust The 135 dsie its despite ,

Mărculești, Final

nd 78 t i

CEU eTD Collection deportations beyond the Dniester, in completely deserted lands. When everything will be known about about known be will everything When lands. deserted completely in Dniester, the beyond deportations condemned were elders and children, women, men, of thousands of tens and Thousands them. pursue to made were employees state and soldiers the and organized were pogroms Official began. population Jewish the of extermination mass methodical 140 2011). CurteaVeche, Editura Leader) Communist a of Death show The Pătrășcanu. (Lucretiu Rajk/Slansky Comunist Lider Unui the Moartea of version Romanian the Justi of Minister was He 1944. 139 1940 Romania Jewsin of 138 77 1945), Patriotice, Apărării Editura (Bucharest: Patriotică, 137 state the acknowledged study successful the editions) high the of one 1940 Romania in Jews of Sufferings The Book. Black Jewish the on pages, con powerful the Lacking thousand Romania. in Holocaust one over of monograph, volume three lengthy Romanian antifascist of partisans. TREBLINK tomb the RABNIȚA: IAMPOL, VARTUJENI, assassinated. MĂRCULEȘTI, prisoners political 500.000 killed MAUTHAUSEN: 50.000 inmates. THERESIENSTADT: exterminated. were countries European all fi antifascist where camps, terror the DACHAU: AND BUCHENWALD tools. Antonescu’s by alive burnt or shot hanged, were innocent, citizens, Soviet 14.000 where ODESSA: […]. murdered mass were prisoners French th in asphyxiated citizens Hungarians Romanian, Yugoslav, Czechoslovak, Dutch, Belgian, French, Polish, accomplices”: his and “BELSEN Hitler of hoards “the about brought history” in slaughter

“After the individual and collective assassinations perpetrated by the Iron Guard, the Guard, Iron the by perpetrated assassinations collective and individual the “After Carp, urțu ărșau (1900 Pătrășcanu Lucrețiu Dr. Eduard Mezincescu, ”Secția de Asistență Socială (Social Welfare Section)” in in Section)” Welfare (Social Socială Asistență de ”Secția Mezincescu, Eduard Dr.

Cartea Neagră. Suferințele Evreilor Din România 1940 România Din Evreilor Suferințele Neagră. Cartea n 97 Mtta Cr, h Jws lwe tre historian turned lawyer Jewish the Carp, Matatias 1947, In rml oge Lbr l prri aroie Frt re oges f aroi Defence) Patriotic of Congress Free (First Patriotice Apărării Al Liber Congres Primul - BERGEN: 10.000 people burnt alive. burnt people 10.000 BERGEN: - at mmes Lcei Pătrășcanu Lucrețiu members, party

- 1944) A: therecord all 7.000.000victims.” of times, A: bestialityof -

raie rmnl cin aantteJws population, Jewish the against actions criminal organized - 1954) was the first Communist to become minister after August 23, 23, August after minister become to Communist first the was 1954) ce until 1948 when he was arrested and sentenced to death, in 1954 in in 1954 in death, to sentenced and arrested was he when 1948 until ce . gs hmes n brt n vn. IKNU where BIRKENAU: ovens. in burnt and chambers gas e

h Fnaetl rbes f Rom of Problems Fundamental The to death death to – 78. - ras See trials.

Uppercases kept from the original text. original from the Uppercases kept –

through hunger and frost and hunger through cept of Holocaust, he named it it named he Holocaust, of cept AUSCHWITZ: 4.000.000 Russian, Russian, 4.000.000 AUSCHWITZ: - Lavinia Betea, Betea, Lavinia 139 1944 (The Black Book. The Sufferings The Sufferings Book. (TheBlack 1944 ghters from Germany and from from and Germany from ghters - 1944

ulse i 14 (n three (in 1944 in published . 138

Rather an Rather Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu. Pătrășcanu. Lucrețiu ania –

by the mid the by published ,

n hc he which in systematic and and systematic

exception, (Bucharest: (Bucharest:

Apărarea Apărarea - 137 winter winter The

140

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CEU eTD Collection Antifasciști 142 8thGrade) for Secondary Textbook Unique Romania. 141 workers the “racism”, reaction same the were there enhanced, anti the behind Anti anti movement. disguised class but working was the view of fear a anti fear, i.e. deeper argument, a racial covering the only that stated time the at version Communist the However, beh argument Romania) of Problems of thousands the when [...]” Jewish river, born being Prut of the beyond and Moldova in execu 1941, June after happened that all the to temporarily territories.” occupied Soviet them deport to and inmates and prisoners the of rest the from inmates and “Another p political Jewish the separate to decision Party:diversionist the was measure fascist Communist the to affiliation political their to secondary always Treblinka,Auschwitz, Mau of camps death the in Hitlerites German the by committed crimes the with affinity its Guard Iron the acts, cruel these “By that is conclusion in only are mentioned Transnistria in camps which The up.” in locked up, were citizens set democratic of were thousands camps Concentration leaders. their and masses popular Guard Iron An the of “advent the 1947, in published school, secondary for manual Roma or Jewish the and communists at directed are crimes fascists’ the which in history a promoting in succeeded Roller Mihail historian supported Soviet The War. 194 in arrest his but

Mihail Roller, ed., ed., Roller, Mihail Ida Felix, “Râbnița,” “Râbnița,” Felix, Ida tonescu dictatorship signified the aggravation of terror measures directed against directed measures terror of aggravation the signified dictatorship tonescu tions will be revealed, without trial and without any other guilt of those thus killed than the fact fact the than killed thus those of guilt other any without and trial without revealed, be will tions ethnicity f vr h ehiiy f hs sn t Tasitin ap i mnind i is it mentioned, is camps Transnistrian to sent those of ethnicity the ever If

11 (March 1951): 15. 1951): (March 11 ind the criminal deeds of the Romanian government during the Second World War. War. World Second the during government Romanian the of deeds criminal the ind - Semitic organizations, as instigators and profiting from the agitations thus born and and born thus agitations the from profiting and instigators as organizations, Semitic

f h vcis s ee mnind Fr olr n i uiu history unique his in Roller For mentioned. never is victims the of ’

Istoria României. Manual Unic Pentru Clasa a VIII a Clasa Pentru Unic Manual României. Istoria movement, democracy and all progressive forces.” Ibid., p. 183. p. Ibid., forces.” progressive all and democracy movement,

Bcaet Scc 14) 211. 1944), Socec, (Bucharest: 8 would also mean the end of his of end the mean also would 8

oncin o h ipiomn o cmuit ad Roller’s and communists of imprisonment the to connection Buletinul Federației Naționale a Foștilor Deținuți Și Internați Politici Politici Internați Și Deținuți Foștilor a Naționale Federației Buletinul - Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, Pătrășcanu, Lucrețiu communism: ”It goes without saying that, in Romania, as everywhere, everywhere, as Romania, in that, saying without goes ”It communism: thausen, etc.”

ary forces that fought, once more, this time in the name of of name the in time this more, once fought, that forces ary 142 141

Probleme de Bază Ale României (The Fundamental (The României Ale Bază de Probleme

(Bucharest: Editura de Stat, 1947), 767 1947), Stat, de Editura (Bucharest:

Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu acknowledges the racial racial the acknowledges Pătrășcanu Lucrețiu - Antonescu dictatorship proved dictatorship Antonescu

version of the Second World Second the of version

- Semiti - a Secundară (History of of (History Secundară a sm, in Pătrășcanu’s Pătrășcanu’s in sm,

- Semitism was was Semitism different different – risoners 768.

80 -

CEU eTD Collection 144 Report 143 oligarchic The Doftana. in furors raised Vaida, Mr. of government the by introduced of “As 1934: as early as antifascism inscribed of map Bujor the on Gheorghe Doftana manner, foretelling strange a martyrdom In of place fascism. main by the inflicted also was country the of prison political main the Fascism of Victims amount todiminishingthe fight communist for over Nazi that fact German the of acknowledgment an threatening; still enemy but an defeated communism, recently of enemy ultimate the as defined was class Fascism the struggle. in position their by but ethnicity, their but defined be not could victims capital.>>” finance of elements imperialist most and chauvinistic most reactionary, most the of 1935 his dictatorship wasComintern. Fascism, <

See also Rabinbach, “Introduction.” Rabinbach, also See International Commission for Studying Holocaust in Romania (presided by Elie Wiesel), Wiesel), Elie by (presided Romania in Holocaust Studying for Commission International , 335. , n hs otx, edn si fo Dfaa o h Hmug eoil o the to Memorial Hamburg the to Doftana from soil sending context, this In the through all continues Holocaust the of reality the distorting of history The see t cnie Jw a rae tra ta cmuit wud only would communists than threat greater a Jews consider to seemed y

143

s acs ws eie i trs f ls ad cnmc po economic and class of terms in defined was fascism As makes sense makes

. If the vict the If . ims of ims o nraie codn t te political the to according narrative of s

fascism were the communists the communists the were fascism - coming fascism. r uig e te t this to them led using ere -

forward misleading, is misleading, forward May 1933, Hitlerism, Hitlerism, 1933, May 144

eot o the to report e, its wer, Final 81 n

CEU eTD Collection 147 and Rahikainen, and museums memorials, of 146 network a 145 of part as acting been had museum War World Doftana that argued Second be can It fascism? the of and war the of of victims the memorializing aftermath immediate the in inaugurated museums 1960s.” the during only developed II War World during committed atrocities from distinct program a as genocide Nazi of awareness an fact, In well. as groups other eradicate Naz include to expanded has it 1990s, the since Jews; all exterminate systematically to program Nazi the denote to word used widely most whentime were these efforts made. the narrativ Holocaust in not was Doftana there that including fact the of disregarding story, efforts Holocaust the for arguments find to trying been have ours.” from isutterlydifferent which totheir relatedcategories society, peculiar to lang actors’ the in articulated are inevitably that answers are retrieving evidence, new that terms of grounds the on using questions initial the modifies process research questions The anachronistic. from start “Historians observed created was museum Doftana the when 1950s and 1940s late the in used concept a not was “Holocaust” because network memorial Holocaust the of part a not was Doftana Doftana. about knowledge new bring not will answer Hitler firm outlaw the of branch a and annex an become apparently has beast pharaonic and

Marcuse, “Holocaust Memorials,” 53 Memorials,” “Holocaust Marcuse, Fellman in Today,” Craft, Historian’s the on Reflection A Theirs: and Words, “Our Ginzburg, Carlo Bujor, - Goebbels ht s hs h cneto bten otn ad te me other and Doftana between connection the thus is What “Holocaust”becomethe 1970sdid the until“Not MarcuseHaroldexplains, As of subcha this The question inthe title 147 Doftana

Historical Knowledge Historical , 28. , - Goering.”

145

, 108. , – 54.

pter needs to be rephrased; otherwise the the toberephrased; otherwise needs pter i programs to decimate or or decimate to programs i . As Carlo Ginzburg has has Ginzburg Carlo As . morials and and morials uage, and and uage, a the at e 146 82

CEU eTD Collection 151 Meaning and closed atrocity was of it exhibition but an Marcuse, camp up the put from administration objects American and The photographs refugees. German by then and trial 150 41. 1999), House, Camden NY: Culture(Rochester, and Linguistics, for proposed 149 one and 1948; in until 199 the but realized not 1944 in City implemented New York subsequently and happening, 1943, was in Uprising rebellion Ghetto the Warsaw as the even for conceived one 1943; in camp concentration Majdanek the 148 sometimes and years these in inaugurated museum.” “national a into Doftana reconstructing of beginning the with simultaneously 1947, in Birkenau the Doftana museum) e being Dachau in atrocities the of photographs (with story Doftana the in and 1958 Ravensbrück in inaugurated were camps concentration former GermanRepublic,1950s oreven Democratic thethreemuseums of inthe 1960s: main the for wait to had Doftana, of involvement financial and amplitude the of not was 1944), York New and 1943 Warsaw 1943, Majdanek (in unfolding was war the as even created be to monuments Holocaust three first the identifies Marcuse Although atrocities.” proceeded we can re thus are there Holocaust, the Europ these on information of important memorialisation the historicizing studies in boom recent a to Due memorials. Holocaust not and fascism of victims the to monuments by named monuments,

Huener, awaiting prisoners SS German by first 1960, until war, the after inhabited be to continued Dachau Fox, C. Thomas on monuments: three by represented is memorialization Holocaust of stage initial “The The former former The museum Doftana the of creation the that is discovery puzzling first The Legacies of Dachau of Legacies Auschwitz, Poland, and the Politics of Commemoration, 1945 Politics Commemoration, the of and Poland, Auschwitz, o ws otmoay o h etbihet f most of establishment the to contemporary was or ,

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 70. 1993), Press, University (New Yale Haven: 148 -

create the context in which in Doftanacontext emerged theasmuseum. create amemorial the creation of proper museums, even where the reconstruction wor reconstruction the where even museums, proper of creation the Stated Memory: East Germany and the Holocaust the and Germany East Memory: Stated 1961 Auschwitz 151

would not be not would -

te mmras epcal i fre cms wr being were camps, former in especially memorials, Other Sachsenhausen. their contemporaries memorials of antifascist resistance, or or resistance, antifascist of memorials contemporaries their ; James Edward Young, Young, Edward James ;

- iknu ap bcm Sae uem Auschwitz Museum State became camps Birkenau organized ean memory sites in the 1940s and 1950s and and 1950s and 1940s the in sites memory ean 149

Dachau, Romanian delegations would attend these attend would delegations Romanian 0s.” ibid., 55. ibid., 0s.”

as a memorialas space1950s. a the until The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials Memorials Holocaust Memory: of Texture The

fe Gra lcl poetd n 1955. in protested locals German after which was an important reference important an was which

, Studies in German Lit German in Studies , - - 1979

uhnad 1959 Buchenwald,

museums of “Nazi “Nazi of museums xhibited in xhibited e created in in created e erature, erature, 150 83

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CEU eTD Collection 152 the chambers, gas the ovens, six its with crematoria the barracks, The conditions. recent the and there, reigned that regime terror the mirror not did functioning, was it when even camp, the of aspect exterior the that said be should “It there: perpetrated crimes camp the of state current the and inmates camp’s the of character “political” the over debates the for accounts report Their Austria. in camp Mauthausen the of liberation the since because state Europ of area occupied Soviet the within were delegation Romanian these of The destinations witnessed. they events and things the on writing, in and verbally both detail, i these of some to representatives sending was FIAP the as Fortunately, 1940s. late the in Europe in inaugurated memorials the and FIAP of members Romanian between be knownas genre,” Holocaust “the to later museums, these of narratives and displays the in inspiration found have might they which to degree the and Europe over all fascism of victims the to memorials of internati an of part truly were museum Doftana the of curators The museums. proper constructing for lobbying and memorials these raising in involved actively usually were FIAPP of affiliates national The ceremonies. nauguration ceremonies, conferences, guided tours, it also required them to report in report to them required also it tours, guided conferences, ceremonies, nauguration

Marcuse, “Holocaust Memorials.” “Holocaust Marcuse,

, s lo h efrs f eoilzn Nz cie wr as mr lively, more also were crimes Nazi memorializing of efforts the also as e, In May 1949, a Romanian delegation is sent to the commemoration of 4 years 4 of commemoration the to sent is delegation Romanian a 1949, May In interaction the discuss to important is it question, this answer to order In restoration works have erased even more the traces of the hard living living hard the of traces the more even erased have works restoration which, because of restoration, does not adequately represent the horrendous horrendous the represent adequately not does restoration, of because which, - supported, in this partin this ofEurope.supported,

152

is anintri

onal network involved in the creation the in involved network onal guing question.

CEU eTD Collection 156 theRCP)” of Section Culture and Arts the at Chișinesvchi Liuba com. by conference Poland, in saw I (What PCR 155 154 f.72. 11/1949, file 1294, roll FIAP, fond ANR, camp,” Mauthausen the of liberation the of commemoration 153 suffered.” they where show h We stayed. comrades our where show yetto achieved, not have we something is This is. fascism what show to museum a constitutes place This [...] places. those saw we when day terrible a was visit: their of report Auschwitz to invited is delegation Romanian another 1949 In impressions. her of files FIAP the congres FIAPP the for Warsaw to went Chișinevschi Liuba 1947, September In camps. concentration former apolitical.” is “there that stressing president FIAPP the and victims, commemorating for but politics for place the not is this that warning representatives FIAPP the camps, the of restoration the politician local of accused the of booing the records also but speech, pastor’s a of character religious the denounces It discourses. their and speakers the plaque, commemorative are nowhere tobe texts or tables Explanatory appearance. harmless almost an have cells the and arrest

B. Roman, ”Report,” September 23, 1949, ANR, fond FIAP, roll 1294, file 11/1949, f. 129 file 11/1949, roll 1294, ANR, fond FIAP, 1949, 23, September Roman, ”Report,” B. ”Ce 74. Ibid., Rpr o te rp ae n a 6 May in made trip the on ”Report

- am văzut în Polonia, conferință rostită de tov. Liuba Chișinevshi la sectorul de Artă și Cutu și Artă de sectorul la Chișinevshi Liuba tov. de rostită conferință Polonia, în văzut am hs a nt h frt ii o FA rpeettvs o eoil vns in events memorial to representatives FIAP of visit first the not was This the wreaths, laying ceremony, commemoration the details report The Scânteia

- 154 using the former camp for his own electoral campaign and boasting about about boasting and campaign electoral own his for camp former the using Birkenau and this time their reactions are transcribed as they give an oral an give they as transcribed are reactions their time this and Birkenau

o a ta pol ipioe fr hi pltcl iw cud be could views political their for imprisoned people that way no , October 1947. 1, ,October

found.”

“What can be seen there exceeds all human imagination. [...] It [...] imagination. human all exceeds there seen be can “What s and visited Auschwitz, visited and s ave to work towards the creation of a museum to educate, to educate, to museum a of creation the towards work to ave 153

156

ic ti cnesto to pae ny months 2 only place took conversation this Since - 9 14 i A in 1949 19, 155

although there is no account kept inkept account no is there although sra n h ocso o te t year 4th the of occasion the on ustria

ră al ră 85

CEU eTD Collection 160 159 1. 1998), Press, Chicago of University 158 109 file 11/1949, 1294, roll FIAP, 157 rememberers,“ the of identity and experience the to according remembered are the to related ideologically not thus are Europe occupied political of Nazi in tragedy place Jewish massive the for “blindness” a this for reasons The martyrdom. as decades for memorialized was area, occupied Soviet the were Germans mainly prisoners, political where prison Plotzensee the at was Berlin in erected be to monument first The fascism. of perpetrated by theNazi/fascists. of sites but sites Holocaust consider not were camps concentration photos” atrocity II war “world called generally were they 1945, in atrocities. war other a Holo naturethe ofdistinct 1960srecognizethe the until not, would not is victims re the a merely of but part quality their on misunderstanding political and national the stress reports these interp Romanian a not is affiliations national their by victims thenationalities word (although Jews, isnevermentionedinher report). not w 92.000 of number the by impressed was and camp women’s former the Ravensbrück, visited Luncaș Eugenia Comrade Week. Peace the aware ofthe fact that Doftanawa quite where creators its that seems it museum, Doftana the of inauguration the before

Ibid. Young, Zelizer, Barbie “Imp Luncas, Eugenia

As James Young observed, after 1945, Germans saw themselves too as victims themselves after 1945,Germans Young saw too observed, As James Jewish countingthe tragedy,by national asHolocaust the of interpretation The of occasion the Germanyon to 1949, of fall the in documented is visit Another The Texture of Memory of Texture The Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera’s E Camera’s the through Memory Holocaust Forget: to Remembering When

ressions from Peace Week in Germany, September 9 September Germany, in Week Peace from ressions

the images of the liberation of the camps toured the world world the toured camps the of liberation the of images the - , 55. , 123.

s not actuallyRomanian homologue a Auschwitz. s not of imprisoned. - arto o a master a of narration omen that suffered there, of all all of there, suffered that omen Soviet occupation. “Victims occupation. Soviet 159

eain Tefc that fact The retation. Dachau, even if not in not if even Dachau, - caust, distinct from distinct caust, 14, 1949,” ANR, fond fond ANR, 1949,” 14, 158 -

a atrocities war s h former the as narrative that that narrative ye 157

(Chicago: (Chicago:

160

and 86 -

CEU eTD Collection Historical and Socio and Historical 162 denied, 1979 explicitly never although nationalities.” camp,other of the those at Jews the of ma fate the onremained the while memory, Auschwitz of 161 photo The into. fit to made was Doftana Party Communist Romanian the Socio and Historical for (Institute ISISP sites ofmemory tohonor political resistance claimed tofascism. that genuine the of one Doftana made and narrative Auschwitz the than narrative Doftana its on place taken ever had extermination racial no and fascists) and antifascists / communists both for (indeed, prison political a been truly had Doftana memorials. fellow its than revealing of peculiarity The 1960s. the until up such as acknowledged be to come not have Dachau, or Auschwitz temporary largely werethan Doftanaand thesame Auschwitz indeedstory. of parts case Poland’s in (more national even and political of but racial, of not “antifascists” named were Auschwitz of victims and Doftana of victims both as long As places. memorial of to network this of part Doftana a indeed become for possible it made that consensus strange this was It occupation. or of attributes political the and fascism to resistance the stressing in equallywereinterested Iron Curtain the of sides both rememberers,on the

As of 1952, Doftana is a section of the Institute for Party History, later History, Party for Institute the of section a is Doftana 1952, of As years two only of course the ”In ,35. The photographic archive that made that archive photographic The was Roma and Jews of extermination purposeful and massive the that fact The ignored after the Second World War is known today and the reasons for this this for reasons the and today known is War World Second the after ignored

biin have oblivion rgins of the more comprehensive commemoration of registered Polish prisoners and and prisoners Polish ofregistered commemoration morecomprehensive the rginsof - Political Studies of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. Communist ofthe Romanian Committee Central the Studies of Political

premises. The 1950s antifascist 1950s The premises. Doftana is that, in terms of discourse, it was more honest and and honest more was it discourse, of terms in that, is Doftana

Huener, Huener,

been thoroughly analyzed. Major Holocaust sites, such as as such sites, Holocaust Major analyzed. thoroughly been

[1945 162 Auschwitz, Poland, and the Politics of Commemoration, 1945 Commemoration, of Politics the and Poland, Auschwitz, ) - 1947 fond - ], Polish national sacrifice became the central element element central the became sacrifice national Polish ],

Political Studies of the Central Committee of Committee Central the of Studies Political is revealing for the international context that context international the for revealing is graphic sub graphic it to the National Archives as a part of the the of part a as ArchivesNational the to it

European consensus fit better the better fit consensus European - fond the victims of the Nazi regime Nazi the of victims the

I am referring to is called is to referring am I

to be renamed Institute for for Institute renamed be to and framed in a story a in framed and

161 ) martyrdom, )

87 -

CEU eTD Collection a hpd o elc a te ucso o Dj Cmsa rzdnil pnr Aaia D Analiza pentru Prezidentiala Comisia Dej. of 2008). successor the as Romania, din Comuniste replace to hoped had he whom Ceaușescu Nicolae by 1969 in leadership fromParty rejected was He War. World Second the Gheorghiu Gheorghe 165 Heroism) 164 general 163 the that nothing for not was “It Doftana: on discourse propaganda 1950s Apostol Gheorghe Heldentums revolutionären as German into translated was regime, Matichescu, Olimpiu Holocaust emerging the with pace keep to tried narrative Doftana the that studies, future for hypothesis working a as argued, be can it Ithink 1950s, the beyond go not does research this of scope the though Even ea 1940 devastating the exaggerated, greatly retrospectively if even Doftana, in been have might conditions living the harsh how matter No weakened. somehow was Doftana of story the knowledge, public as charactersmadebut alsoofimages. notonlywords inanarrative of supporting are Sachsenhausen Buchenwald, Gurs, Dachau, while character, main the is Doftana if as is It most. the at images 10 to 1 with documented are camps other (Vapniarka). camps concentration Romanian Dof However, with side by side stay (Tomsk) Union Soviet the or (Gurs) France Sachsenhausen), Buchenwald, (Dachau, Germany Gurs Văcăreşti. Conc Vapniarka Tomsk, or Sachsenhausen, TârguJiu, Doftana, Dachau, Caransebeş, Buchenwald, Camps and Prisons

Gheorghe Apostol was imprisoned in the interwar period, as a member of the RCP together with with together RCP the of member a as period, interwar the in imprisoned was Apostol Gheorghe ISISP fond ANR, Matichescu, Matichescu,

As decades passed and passed decades As .

tana is clearly overrepresented clearly is tana Doftana Simbol Al Eroismului Revolutionar (Doftana Symbol of Revolutionary Revolutionary of Symbol (Doftana Revolutionar Eroismului Al Simbol Doftana - -

Fototeca, sub Fototeca, Dej Dej 165 163

164 Raport Final Raport adds this piece of information that not was not to be found in thein found be to not was not that information pieceof this adds and he held different important position in the Communist government after after government Communist the in position important different held he and

n i cnan 35 mgs rm lcs s ies a: Aiud, as: diverse as places from images 325 contains it and

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fond Prisons and Camps. and fondPrisons

the horrors of the concentration camps were accepted accepted were camps concentration the of horrors the , ed. Dorin Dobrincu and Cristian Vasile (Bucharest: Humanitas, Humanitas, (Bucharest: Vasile Cristian and Dobrincu Dorin ed. , tqae a n mth o te a chambers. gas the for match no was rthquake Das Konzentrationslager Doftana, Symbol des des Symbol Doftana, Konzentrationslager Das

genre. The 1979 monograph on Doftana by Doftana on monograph 1979 The genre.

with 207 images of the 325 while all th all while 325 the of images 207 with

iaa Mse, Odessa, Mislea, Jilava, ge Gheorghiu rghe entration camps from entration

ictaturii ictaturii - Dej, Dej, 88 e

CEU eTD Collection accounts of Doftana former inmates and I could not find any such trace. suchtrace. any not find could I formerinmates and ofDoftana accounts the if plausible, prisoners Nazi Communist was himself director the of fight antifascists the made have might which prison the inside circulating rumors those of one be also might It territory. occupied German the throughout sent train might for personnel prison sent have might Interior 23. 2010), 166 prison in upsurge current visible a discussing When unanswered. remains Doftana for inspiration of sources possible the on question the then memorialisation, Holocaust museums,1.5. Prisons,memorials:zones contact the century ledabandonmentonce toits visitor, aruin. and into again, transformation, hidden their presenting in desirable, In thel narratives. case, Doftana’ and possible politically became it when succeeded, and narrative misleading the survived place the of power symbolic the atr the behind rationale racial the mentioning (barely atrocities fascist and struggle antifascist the stressing similar, quite was 1950s the in told they story the though Even memory. European of 1989, whileother unlawfulinmates who deeds.” suffered his that prison, Doftana the of S director appointed was he experience, of baggage heavy a with Romania, to Back prisons. those in prisoners antifascists and communist on used regimes and methods the experiment and study to Germany Hitler’s in sent wh man a chose Interior of Ministry the of Penitentiaries for Direction vnsu r a h ws ald y h pltcl n cmo law common and political the by called was he as Dragon>> <

Gheorghe Apostol, Apostol, Gheorghe be be f otn’ ceto i cneprr t te rain f majo of creation the to contemporary is creation Doftana’s If after dismantled, ultimately was and oblivion into sunk Doftana However, an echo of the fact that German guards themselves were trained in the Dachau camp and th and camp Dachau the in trained were themselves guards German that fact the of echo an

I could not verify this informati this verify not could I members Eu Și Gheorghiu Și Eu

- trained. If this were s were this If trained. ocities), in the cases of genuine former concentration camps, concentration former genuine of cases the in ocities),

of its network in the 1950s thrived and became major sites thrived and became inthe 1950s of network its

ack of any appealing narrative for the end of the20th theend any for appealingnarrative of ack - Dej (Me and Gheorghiu and (Me Dej on. I I on. o, traces of this rumor should have been found in other other in found been have should rumor this of traces o, find it highly unlikely highly it find 166 n i Gra pltcl prison political German in ing

- Dej)

(Bucharest: Asociația Scânteia, Scânteia, Asociația (Bucharest:

that the Romanian Ministry of of Ministry Romanian the that s and camps. This This camps. and s om they had had they om sts of sites r

89 en en

CEU eTD Collection 168 An Introduction Practice: and Theory 167 mere the beyond going affinities and similarities with modernity, of understanding nefarious in the from shielded and sanitized are artworks as insofar hospital the like is it and cells; categoric in inmates its isolates it that in prison the like is it regiment; to and educate Th tendencies. nomadic that state their nation curbing and them pigeonholing by objects spaces, persons, over control enforces bureaucratic the of institutions disciplinary the with compared ar museum and the store,” or department station, railway the prison, the as such types building to age in closer fact, wideof spread institution? type hybrid prison the made that suffering of places with fascination th current the it is date, birth similar their it Is it space? exhibitionary and concentrationary Is museums? quite transform into to seem smoothly prisons that though it is Why functionality. different a for transform to hard usually are purpose certain a for function to designed buildings, museums whichinto might bevery thisdiscussion. relevant for prisons transforming of history longer a ignore studies current memorials, on is focus the Because memorials. One War World sometimes or memorials Holocaust early b genealogy its traces only literature scholarly current museums memorial and

Maleuvre, ihea iblasn “h Acietr I te uem” in Museum,” the Is Architecture “The Giebelhausen, Michaela oh rsn n msu ae oen ntttos i te Foucauldian the in institutions, modern are museum and prison Both “ to known are Buildings Most frequently compared to the temple or the cathedral, the museum is, in is, museum the cathedral, the or temple the to compared frequently Most Museum Memories Museum fluence of extra fluence of htcue “ihfly t em, h taiinl uem a been has museum traditional the seems, it “Rightfully chitecture. 167

rts ihea iblasn a at itra o bt prison both of historian art an Giebelhausen, Michaela writes s h uem s ietesho i ta tprot bt to both purports it that in school the like is museum the us , 11. , - esthetic abuses.”esthetic

be resistant to change. Especially modern institutional institutional modern Especially change. to resistant be (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006), 41. (Malden,2006), MA: Blackwell,

acietr isl ta wrs oh as both works that itself architecture e 168

- museum a well a museum Janet Marstine, New Museum Museum New Marstine, Janet

- known and known ack to ack 90

CEU eTD Collection 169 of inventory violenceglobe.” the across dictatorships` past of memorialization the for excellence pas location the become increasingly has prison the 1970s, the “Since observed, has Mark James historian e grim the memorializing and memorial as function museums into turned prisons all almost suffering, of sites former generally, more or, camps concentration former prisons, Holocaust Memorial Museum). greaterwereeven event” of(such isthecase Stated realofthe site the is United onthe it if “as authenticity this create to efforts the event, the to unrelated site a on erected why reasons the importanc outermost of of one is authenticity is This occurred. event the where sites the of one itself memorial the and torture) imprisonment, genocide, (war, one traumatic Most alive. event the of memory the the keeping of purpose from the with event specific evolved a exhibiting memorial, museum of form a as museum memorial the define I last decades. the during exponentially increased importance whose museum memorial the andwhose consequences analyzed meaning, be purpose following will inthe pages. prison the institution, hybrid this creating mu into prisons turning more, Even moment. birth their of coincidence

Mark, Mark, uem scholar Museum Whi prison The The Unfinished Revolution Unfinished The e hr mgt e eoil uem wo r nt osd n former in housed not are who museums memorial be might there le

xsig memorial existing - museum is most of the times analyzed, if at all, as a subspecies o subspecies a as all, at if analyzed, times the of most is museum fe te vn mmraie i te memorial the in memorialized event the often

al ilas ulse i 20 a ams exhaustive almost an 2007 in published Williams Paul 169

, 90. ,

- et ta to pae nie h pio wls As walls. prison the inside place took that vents uem where museums

e in these museums and when the museum is museum the when and museums these in e - uem i i isl a oen process modern a itself in is museum,

he notes that “Of the institutional institutional the “Of that notes he - museums, emphasizing museums, seums and thus and seums - uem s a is museum - uem is museum

91 f

CEU eTD Collection 173 172 171 170 the as back far as museums into turned prisons of examples seminal the overlooked memorials war namely memorials, previous to institutions these of established, like theDoftana prison fit that memorial of diversity current the for account prison a these Establishing of genealogy museums. into of turned examples killing arbitrary space, and and torture time imprisonment, in distant, more analyze to view, my in isworthwhile, it of crimes Communism, genocidesand the war mass atrocities, like memorial and memorials genre a as emerged indeed have memorials memorial visitation” of practices “social the memori early these of memorials.” form the both War of importance the World emphasizes Williams of meaning and form the to response and in (positively negatively) shaped themselves are memorials Holocaust ”many claims he as are references other only his history into back further go to tries he While here.” analyzed exampled established less the for background essential the “provide memorials Holocaust that arguing memorialization Holocaust thes of genealogy the places analysis His prison.” former the is common most the museums, memorial into converted places

Marcuse, “Holocaust “Holocaust Marcuse, 5. Ibid., 3. Ibid., Williams, Genealogies of memorial Genealogiesof Holocaust that fact the on scholars among consensus growing is there While the genre but were inaugurated before any Holocaust memorial was ever ever was memorial Holocaust any before inaugurated were but genre the

- museums have subsequentlymuseums have upon. built Memorial Museums Memorial Memorials.”

- uem ta r o ddctdt teSoh u t other to but Shoah the to dedicated not are that museums - , 88. , museums beyond the Holocaust memorial genre might might genre memorial Holocaust the beyond museums

- museums have until now attempted to trace the roots the trace to attempted now until have museums - museum. 172

ht hy salse, patc o which on practice a established, they that memorial e

- museums and those memorial those and museums 173

whi

the First World War memorials, War World First the h oaas nlds even includes nowadays ch - uem i te otx of context the in museums

n hv thus have and

places of of places - museum als and als 171 170 92

CEU eTD Collection 176 175 Florence,” 174 discretionary same the power, of rhetoric similar a share They society. panoptical 18 late Foucauldian suchas the institutions, other along museum the include to reluctant actually is Bennett However, footsteps. Prison Ben of title The genre. same the in included be cannot or can museum the whether on cons and pro gathering society museum.” public modern the 1995 Bennett’s Tony convincingly describedFoucault already byMichelin 1975. society surveillance the of incarnation different a priso merely genre, same the the in museum include to some prompted that similarities revealed purpose and and organization functioning, their prisons institutions, as analysis compared Their museums. between connection structural only the not is write, I as fashionable contemporary prison Florence in National Museum Bargello the as museum a such of functioning the and practices century back traced be can museums into prisons turning of idea the however, century, 19

th Tony Bennett, TonyBennett, Foucault, Allie Terry, “Criminals and Tourists: Prison History and Museum Politics at the Bargello in in Bargello the at Politics Museum and History Prison Tourists: and “Criminals Terry, Allie

etr. eoilzn ms arcte mgt e caatrsi o te 20 the of characteristic a be might atrocities mass Memorializing century. mgt ugs ta te uhr s nlnd o eey olw n Foucault’s on follow merely to inclined is author the that suggest might , Both modern prison and modern museum were born around the same period, period, same the around born were museum modern and prison modern Both probably is arguments solid with claim this substantiate to attempt first The gro museums, turningprisonsinto of The practice modern th

Art History etr t ery 19 early to century Di scipline and Punish and scipline The Birth of of Birth The

33, no. 5 (December 2010): 836 no. 2010): (December 5 33, - 174

museums. The

bear the Museum: History, Theory, Politics Theory, History, Museum: the

Birth of the Museum the of Birth s 176 .

numerous similarities to the functioning and purpose of purpose and functioning the to similarities numerous th

Bennett starts a dialogue with Foucault’s disciplinary Foucault’s with dialogue a starts Bennett

nett’s books, a reverence to Foucault’s to reverence a books, nett’s etr, oehr ih n a isiuin o the of institutions as and with together century, prison.

– 855. , “a politically focused genealogy for for genealogy focused politically “a ,

(London: Routledge, 1995), 5. 1995), Routledge, (London: 175

wing more and more more and wing more Birth of the of Birth n and the the and n

to 19 to

93 th th

CEU eTD Collection 180 179 178 177 the museum, the of doors open the by symbolized people and state between relations pedagogic new the in won be to failed minds and hearts whose or schooling popular by promoted self the to relation tutelary the adopt to failed who those “For prison. the of preamble of sort a as society disciplinary the in museum the includes Bennett theeighteenthof thepeople ofpunishment thespectacle century.“ before in public general w the to opened doors their saw century nineteenth the but walls, within objects enclosed have may “Museums time. same the at view public enter museums modernity, with view public from withdrawn is punishment As prisons. things tothat andorder.” the toproducea placepeople for inrelation ability its organizenot in abilitypain and by but co to toinflict its exhibitiona the in embodied power of rhetoric the was “This similar: is prison and museums both in embedded power of rhetoric room. trial the in and museum the in but punishment, civic Moreover, prisoner. is adults, and children education,for the of soul and body the moulds and controls of, hold conduct,” public of norms new of requirements the with visitors’ the that order in and prisoners appropriating withtheir special onseeing vision emphasis and being seen. visitors/ of bodies the of usage itnesses whose presence was just as essential to a display of power as had been that that been had as power of display a to essential as just was presence whose itnesses

Ibid., 59. Ibid., Ibid. 67. Ibid., 24. Ibid.,

oee,Bnetcnius o e ao ifrne b differences major see to continues Bennett However, of and observation regulation museumasBennett space “a thepublic describes

body might be taken hold of and be molded in accordance accordance in molded be and of hold taken be might body

no longer given in front of the scaffold, as public as scaffold, the of front in given longer no ry complex complex ry a particularly modern way of of way modern particularly 178 177 –

ent are ta the that agrees Bennett a power made manifest manifest made power a takes prison the as just etween museums and museums etween - ordinate an order of an of order ordinate 179

180

Finally, 94 –

CEU eTD Collection no. 5 (2004): 436. (2004): 5 no. 183 182 181 opening closely, follow institutions other as Museums, was he another. by replaced being as of way the on was society panoptical even the that out pointing right was Foucault that concludes and museums contemporary b described network prison the of parcel and part is museum The museum. the for model the a emphasis] continuity not of is one prison but the analogy and of museum relationship the between relationship “The side: by side yougetgates theare part inside show.” of the Pan the 1901, becomepart they requires finallythat witnesses display tothegrandiose by powerorganized a state, spectacle of themodern are alike prisoners and Visitors yet. society against sinned not have who those for role refo even perhaps mould, to but objects) pr the of body the own and isolate to simply not is prison the of purpose the While institutions. both of dimension modern and prisoners between analogy The gates. their through enters that being human the to assignedrole the is it common as coined Bennett visitor the of inclusion the is power. Whereand began.” rhetoricfailed, instruction punishment close

Vincent Pécoil, “The Museum as Prison. P Prison. as Museum “The Pécoil, Vincent 68. in ibid., Quoted 88. Ibid., d walls of the penitentiary threatened a sterner instruction in the lessons of of lessons the in instruction sterner a threatened penitentiary the of walls d More recent critics are less reluctant than Bennett to put prison and muse and prison put to Bennett than reluctant less are critics recent More study, this of view of point the from analysis, Bennett’s in aspect crucial The

- American Exposition warned its visitors: “Please remember when you when remember “Please visitors: its warned Exposition American

the exhibitionary complex exhibitionary the

Fual [...].” Foucault y

in the creation and functioning of the museum, in what in museum, the of functioning and creation the in museum objects is too simple and does not reveal the the reveal not does and simple too is objects museum icipants, able to see and to be seen constantly. In constantly. seen be to and see to able icipants, ost Post ost 183 snr a mgt e the be might (as isoner rm its soul, the museum performs the same the performs museum the soul, its rm

icn Pci aaye te rcie of practices the analyzes Pécoil Vincent . If museum and prison have anything in anything have prison and museum If . 182 - Scriptum on Control Societies,” Societies,” Control on Scriptum

–

h pio system prison the

their gates and going out into into out going and gates their 181 case with museum museum with case

Third Text Third is

[authors’

um 18, 18, 95

CEU eTD Collection Enlightenment 185 184 the of spectacle ”the crime.” for see atonement and prisons visit to public general the for year a twice his in writes Warville lat in found be to is simultaneously also such drastic transformations. institutional of organizers the by even denied time the of most are that similarities into enquiry of The around. way starti a is othermuseums into prisons more the and more of transformation successful case this in function to seems changed, is building the of purpose the when impediments great poses building a of structure architectural diffic a seem initially might What cases. of number increasing ever an in museum to prison from transition unproblematic and smooth rather the for account saw aemergence of the sign ofwhathedescribed Deleuze Foucault, of wake the in which, in family’, school, factory, hospital, prison, environments confinement all in crisis ‘overall this in up caught also is museum sp and externalization the by replaced being Museum classical the by shared and factory the in visible particularly settings, confinement of project pr the in were we society of types are these that suggesting factors certainto pointed also societies disciplinary of analysis”Foucault’s surveillance: ubiquitous of places became themselves streets the as just streets the

Ibid., 441. Ibid.,

Quoted in Anthony Vidler, Vidler, Anthony in Quoted An early example of how prisons and museums can function subsequently but but subsequently function can museums and prisons how of example early An might Pécoil by described museum and prison between continuum The

(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Architectural Press, 1987), 78 1987), Press, Architectural Princeton N.J.: (Princeton, –

ou, pta dsrbto,tmoa arrangement temporal distribution, spatial focus, 185 Théorie de lois criminelles lois de Théorie

Architectural historian An historian Architectural h Wiig f h Wls Acietrl hoy n h Lat the in Theory Architectural Walls: the of Writing The

e 18th century France where Brissot de de Brissot where France century 18th e ed f hs fntoa apcs The aspects. functional these of read ocess of leaving behind; [...] The idealThe [...] behind; leaving of ocess

by ‘control theterm societies’.” (1781) of opening up prison gates prison up opening of (1781) thony Vidler analyzes his writing his analyzes Vidler thony – 79.

ult task, as the the as task, ult –

is gradually gradually is ng point point ng 184 96

– e

CEU eTD Collection 188 187 186 to museum, the 19 The sins. their expiate and confess to there brought prisoners the of soul the shake to hoping purposes, moral for prison, medieval the in G the enjoy and enter 1857 In Dante. of portrait a including frescoes, Giotto of school original the of rediscovery i until century, prison of effects the are What architecture ona prison is? prison a museum of kind what museum, the museum, a as serve to purposefully meaning.” museum “architecture that argues symbo an into overtly developed and bestow could antiquity resonances the foster to continued museum“the while utilitarian moredesignbecoming prison the divergedgreatly,with one the of or museum of case the (in willing or forced being human the on architecture importancearchitectureeffect inconceiving and of disciplinary the ofthe these spaces Vidler Both criminals. of souls and body the containing terrible architecture punishment, of design the describes vividly and period the of more many and

Ibid., 42. Ibid., 43. theIs Museum,” Architecture “The Giebelhausen, Michaela 73 Ibid., - a - - 1865 the site is transformed into a National Museum where everyone could could everyone where Museum National a into transformed is site the 1865 year tospendinside their time w tothe prison) visit Bargello medieval Florence,13th wasand torture the aprison since ever sitein actually architecture museum and architecture prison that arguing While –

82.

i bidn type,” building lic

bcm vstbe n h frt af f h 1t cnuy atr the after century, 19th the of half first the in visitable became t gaze at the same frescoes, for educational and cultural purposes. The The purposes. cultural and educational for frescoes, same the at gaze

iotto frescoes. The frescoes were ordered there in the first place, place, first the in there ordered were frescoes The frescoes. iotto that architects and theorists defined as the most suitable for for suitable most the as defined theorists and architects that 188 - museum?

lhuh h crany en te rhtcue built architecture the means certainly she Although is the museum: it is precisely architecture that gives the the gives that architecture precisely is it museum: the

187 one cannot help wondering, if the architecture the if wondering, help cannot one

r hsoin ihea iblasn actually Giebelhausen Michaela historian art

alls. century visitor is invited to invited is visitor century n Fual srs the stress Foucault and

186

the 97 is

CEU eTD Collection 192 191 843. configuration.”ibid., its ‘medieval’ be to believed was what to restored was architecture the The visitors. museum accommodate, transformed to spaces other Segoni Ferdinando and hal exhibition Mazzei into offices warden’s Francesco and rooms interrogation cells, of prison’s guidance the under restorers art and museum to a order as in serve restoration major needed ceilings and stairs, floors, walls, building’s the since startling, is museum to prison from site the of conversion rapid The institution. art leading a become has Bargello 190 840. 189 spaces the with engagement bodily their “Through site. torture former a inside being of thrill the but frescoes beautiful the not was them of most for attraction the fact, 19 chapel.” the of walls plaster cracked the to staircase the of gates the on content decorative the from vision, lingering of worthy site a becomes prison former the of c as framing this through interest’ visual of ‘objects as context new given and function utilitarian intended their from severed are themselves, memorial century t effect” “museum a object, museum a in building entire prison,but moreof“good broadlyartculturegovernment” Florence. and and of in o symbol the became now prison, Bargello same the in 1302 in death to sentenced himself been had who Dante, centennial. sixth experience th for aesthetic powerful a into translated was prison the in experience viewing criminal the to integral once was that violence the say, to is that encounter; visual the to integral i shift dramatic the “despite that concludes Terry Allie transformation, this Analyzing art. of works same the contemplate both they but body criminal the replaces visitor museum modern

th Ibid., 849. Ibid., 846. Ibid., Mus National the as reconfigured was Bargello the years seven “Within Florence,” in Bargello the at Politics Museum and History Prison Tourists: and “Criminals Terry,

etr vstr wr hgl aae f h trau the of aware highly were visitors century From a museological point of view, Terry described the transformation of the of transformation the described Terry view, of point museological a From 1865 in museum Bargello the of inauguration The

. After the prisoners were relocated to Le Murate, a team of architects, historians, historians, architects, of team a Murate, Le to relocated were prisoners the After . e viewer ofarte thenineteenth viewer within - museums. “The material artifacts of the prison, including the walls the including prison, the of artifacts material “The museums. te uine n te ucin f h st, ilne remained violence site, the of function the and audience the n

a eurcin o ol o te former the of only not resurrection a f ai hsoy f h bidn. In building. the of history matic - century museum.” ultural institution. Each aspect aspect Each institution. ultural 190 b pretd n h 20 the in perfected be o

was connected to Dante’s to connected was eum, and since that time the the time that since and eum, ls, permanent galleries, and and galleries, permanent ls, 189

192

191 The 98

CEU eTD Collection rbi (d., eec Sts Hrtg ad Future, and Heritage Sites. 201 Press, WIT (Southampton: Environment Defence (eds.), Brebbia Spectacularisation or 451 (2011): Museums,” History Penal Ontario’s and Tourism Dark Memorialization: 195 194 193 prison succession, Goin museums. into transformed been have that prisons prison of primary genre as The itself artifact. offers that building the visitor, the of position the architecture, appa the explain that here outlined elements important are There success. and smoothness equal with Europe modern in performed been had transformations similar that highlylikely is it but prison Bargello the known have unlikel highly is It boom. current the before built prison for framework historical a needed I dissertation, this of purposes research.academicsubjectofa in itself is museums sometimes institutions, and sufferingaepicenterFlorentine newcontemporariness.” of to imprisonment of place a from liberty, to prison a “From Murate Le of transformation a become to museum, the of inauguration the to due transferred been had Bargello of inmates the associate place a itwith former ofsuffering. the of unaware are them of majority vast the since city.” the in punishment of role judicial former the replaced that cleansing civic of form a performed visitors w encounter aesthetic the and atrocities former of

Quoted in ibid., 852. in ibid., Quoted 838. Ibid.,

For penal museums see Kevin Walby and Justin Piché, “The Polysemy of Punishment Punishment of Polysemy “The Piché, Justin and Walby Kevin see museums penal For h rao fr h cret pug in upsurge current the for reason The where place the Murate, Le Florence, in prison new a for time is it However, – 472; For transforming former prisons in heritage sites se sites heritage in prisons former transforming For 472;

cultural institution. In 2010, the mayor of Florence announced the the announced Florence of mayor the 2010, In institution. cultural - – uem as sae nme o caatrsis Te ulig is building The characteristics. of number a share also museums

nlsn te eiaiain rcs o Od rsn, in Prisons,” Old of Process Heritagisation the Analysing

193

This experience is unavailable for contemporary visitors, contemporary for unavailable is experience This

- museum is easily identifiable since it only includes includes only it since identifiable easily is museum 2), 231 2), – 243.

y that the curators of Doftana might might Doftana of curators the that y Series WIT Transactions on The Built Built The on Transactions WIT Series rnfrig rsn it cultural into prisons transforming

history of the building and do not do and building the of history ith the original decoration, these these decoration, original the ith rent easiness of the process: the process: the of easiness rent e Grete Swensen, “Concealment “Concealment Swensen, Grete e institutional this beyond g Punishment&Society 194

C. Clark & C.A. C.A. & Clark C. 195 - museums

13, no. 4 no. 13, Forthe 99

CEU eTD Collection this this post a is this that deduce safely can we 1965, in Museum Party the to assigned been has România, Democraticedin și Revoluționare Mișcării a Comunist, Partidului a Istorie de Muzeul România). din Democratice Jiu. RomaniaDemocratic Movement of Revolution the of Party, Communist the of History of Museum the of Branch Jiu Târgu in prisoners political the is this that for announces camp internment the of gates the on board Fototeca the Camp1.6. Failedmusealisation: Museum Jiu Târgu ends a with f chapter this while prison, Sărat Râmnicu the one, into transformed being of verge anti in transformed prisons Romanian more two analyze will chapters Subsequent place. neutral other in than prison a in objects seeing and story a hearing by transformed highly if experience visitor’s the a and prison, though a remains Even still somehow prison museum. the museum, other in than powerfully more discourse museum the is authenticity at claim The objects. museum a as visited/seen and exhibited restored, catalogued, object, museum a becomes it exhibit, main the Filială a Muzeului de Istorie a Partidului Comunist, a Mișcării Revoluționare și și Revoluționare Mișcării a Comunist, Partidului a Istorie de Muzeului a Filială World War Two internment camp was established during Ceaușescu’s regime? Ceaușescu’s during established was camp internment Two War World Among the images comprising the Prisons and Camps sub Camps and Prisons the comprising images the Among )

t h Rmna Ntoa Acie, hr i oe pu one is there Archives, National Romanian the at ailed musealisation attemptailed ofa musealisation camp. Romanian former concentration - 1965, a Ceaușescu a 1965, - omns msu, h Sge Memorial Sighet the museum, communist Museum of the Camp for Political Detainees in Târgu Jiu. Târgu in Detainees Political for Camp the of Museum The image is not dated; however, since this long name long this since however, dated; not is image The - era image. Could we also deduce that a museum of museum a that deduce also we Could image. era

(Muzeul Lagărului de Internați Lagărului dela Târgu Politici (Muzeul

stronger and underlines and stronger - zig mg: big a image: zzling uem r n the on or Museum - fond ( fond fond ISISP fond ary and and ary

some 100

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CEU eTD Collection nation Jiu Târgu made that site second the 1939, in later, years few a Just 1935. in Brancusi Constantin to state Romanian the by commissioned ensemble sculptural monumental Romania, Southern in Camps sub (museum). image Contemporary caption: Democratic Original andRomania. of Revolutionary Movement the of Party, Communist the the of of Section History Jiu. of Târgu Museum in Detainees Political for Camp the of Museum 1.13 Fig. about. But be could thephotograph trusted? the me, at back looking of trace visual the proof, the photograph, was, it there yet, And consulted. far so had I museums communist on sources and literature the all in museum this of trace or any mentioning internment campsduring were established and 1970sallover the1960s Europe. far not is possibility The ly aos perd n h tw’ mp te âg Ju ap a organized was camp Jiu Târgu the map: town’s the on appeared famous ally Târgu Jiu is a medium a is Jiu Târgu w amazement my However, - fond, T30.

a region known as Oltenia. It is nowadays most famous for a for famous most nowadays is It Oltenia. as known region a - fetched since many museums of former extermination and extermination former of museums many since fetched - sized provincial town, of just over 100.000 inhab 100.000 over just of town, provincial sized

Source: ANR, ANR, Source: hen seeing this photograph came from the lack of lack the from came photograph this seeing hen

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od ISISP fond -

Fototeca

Pios and Prisons ,

itants 101 ,

CEU eTD Collection Slavonic and East European Review East European and Slavonic Gheorghiu on Light Gheorghiu Gheorghe 199 of escape MihaiBurcea, Bosomituand The Power. to (Flight Jiu” 198 Infinite’,” 1945 Romania: Communist in penitentiaries the of ‘Column “Brancusi’s 197 Miller, Sanda Magazine Burlington Brancusi. to War World Constantin First the famous of heroes already the commemorating work monumental a commission to initiative Tătă Gheorghe time, the at minister prime Romania’s of wife the Tătărescu, Arethie 196 as Jiu Târgu mentions Holocaust Romanian the with specifically dealing literature the concentratio post the in even unchallenged up taken been has that terminology a detainees, political for war in the spent who those communists, “national” the among leadership his established Dej Doftana, alongside where, place the was camp Jiu Târgu that acknowledge historians Contemporary alliances. military Romania’s of changing the and Antonescu marshal o arrest the d’état, coup this organized historiography, era Socialist to according Dej, that camp Jiu Târgu the from is It Allies. the and Union Soviet the alongside war the continue to decided and Germany Nazi with alliance the quit Romania when day Ji Târgu the 1944) August Gheorghiu Gheorghe for imprisonment of place last the Tătărescu’s called simply they time that at which, Column Infinity Brancusi’s passed visitors their or inmates the camp, the to station train city’s the From cemetery. city’s the near

Tismăneanu, Tismăneanu, Lăcătușu, Dumitru ed., Muraru, Andrei Baruț - communist historiography, the fact that Târgu Jiu also served as a transit, transit, a as served also Jiu Târgu that fact the historiography, communist

Romanian prisons and Moscow. notin Romanian prisons u Arghezi, u As communist historiography keeps referring to the Târgu Jiu camp as a camp a as camp Jiu Târgu the to referring keeps historiography communist As historiography as communist in frequentlymentioned was camp TârguJiu The

u camp that Dej escaped just a few days prior to August 23 August to prior days few a just escaped Dej that camp u n and labor camp for Jewish deportees was, and still is, obscured. Only obscured. is, still and was, deportees Jewish for camp labor and n sausage Stalinism for All Seasons All for Stalinism 197

- Inaintea Uitarii (Before Forgetting) (Before Uitarii Inaintea and his fellow communists during the Second World War. It is from is It War. World Second the during communists fellow his and Dej’s Struggle for Dominance in the Romanian Communist Part Communist Romanian the in Dominance for Struggle Dej’s

122, no. 928 (July 1, 1980): 4 (July 1980): no. 1, 122, 928 “Fuga spre putere. Evadarea lui Evadarea putere. spre “Fuga Dictionarul penitenciarelor din penitenciarelor Dictionarul .

196

Spectrele lui Dej lui Spectrele

73, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 659 1, 1995): (October 4 no. 73, , 83, 100, 124; Levy, 124; 100, 83, , - 1967) .

70. (Iasi: Polirom, 2008), 486. Polirom, 2008), (Iasi:

199 Gheorghe Gheorghiu Gheorghe

România comunista : 1945 comunista : România

(Oradea: Mihai Eminescu, 1996), 59; It was It 59; 1996), Eminescu, Mihai (Oradea:

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, 70; Dennis Deletant, “New “New Deletant, Dennis 70; , - Dej din lagărul de la Târgu Târgu la de lagărul din Dej

- 1967 (Dictionary of (Dictionary 1967 rescu that had the the had that rescu rd y, 1944 y, , 1944, , - 49,” 49,” 198

102 The The The the f

CEU eTD Collection 203 202 201 1940 România Din 1940 Romania Regime, Deletant, Dennis 2009); Press, University Hopkins Nazi in Solonari, Vladimir 2011); Vashem, Comprehe 200 Jews the of Some Jews. were inmates camp the of majority the existence, its of detainee political for camp a it call and functioning while camp studies. eitherorinternational in Romanian Holocaust Jews the Jiu of Târgu the fate to brought and numbers the trace to difficult it make orders contradictory camp. had Jews practical their and Conducător the fulfillment. by important issued are orders there the that between acknowledge differences Holocaust Romanian the L of and Severin, historians Turnu Caracal, Craiova, in camps up set garrisons military certain and Interior the of Ministry the Jiu, Târgu to addition In camp.[...] the surrounding villages the and Oltenia in camp Jiu Târgu the to removed be rivers Prut eighteen other area camps thesouthern ofRomania. in thousands 1941, camp, concentration a

Ancel, 294 Ibid., Ioanid, Ioanid, Ioanid, 203 - lid Romania allied Although post Although able all that ordered Antonescu Ion 1941, 21, June as early “As - The History of the Holocaust in Romania in Holocaust the of History The sv Hsoy f h Hlcut Lnon: euae: nvriy f ersa rs Yad Press ; Nebraska of University Jerusalem: (Lincoln : Holocaust the of History nsive

The Holocaust in Romania in Holocaust The

h hsttos cnrdcoy res n dsrtoay uflmn o non of fulfillment discretionary and orders contradictory hesitations, The h Hlcut n Romania in Holocaust The to sixty to been evacuated from Moldova, some thousands of them to the Târgu Jiu Jiu Târgu the to them of thousands some Moldova, from evacuated been – 202 295.

The result of this order was that by July 31, 1941 some forty thousand forty some 1941 31, July by that was order this of result The

1944 (The Black Book. The The (TheBook. 1944 Black of Jews have been sent to the Târgu Jiu concentration camp and to to and camp concentration Jiu Târgu the to sent been have Jews of - year - 1944

- (Washington, D.C. : ; Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Wilson Woodrow Baltimore: D.C. : ; (Washington, war communist historiography insists on using its official name official its using on insists historiography communist war - 200 old Jewish males in all villages lying between th between villages lying all in males Jewish old

(Palgrave Macmillan, 2006); Carp, Carp, 2006); Macmillan, (Palgrave

n h cnet f state of context the in camp, while there is yet no comprehensive history of this this of history comprehensive no yet is there while camp,

Purifying the Nation: Population Exchange and Ethnic Cleansing Cleansing Ethnic and Exchange Population Nation: the Purifying , 111. , Ja Ancel, Jean ;

Sufferings of Jews in Romania 1940 of Romania Jewsin Sufferings , , 510 ilrs ogte Al In noec ad His and Antonescu Ion Ally Forgotten Hitler’s h Hsoy f h Hlcut n Romania in Holocaust the of History The

– 515. - raie dprain. trig in Starting deportations. organized

Cartea Neagră. Suferințele Evreilor Evreilor Suferințele Neagră. Cartea s, it is probable that for most for thatprobable is it s,

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CEU eTD Collection 206 205 back.”Ioanid, brought later and Romania 204 “ that acknowledges other each ignoring post and well quite for emerging, filed a Holocaust, Romanian camp’s the of picture accurate an compile to order in summoned be to have traditions historical Târgu political for 1.6.1. Campin inmates days Jiu a was extermination whose enemies legitimate militar military but political as only not framed thus were Jews The Bolsheviks. the of ally faithful most the as portrayed was borders those especially population, Jewish The enemy. Soviet the to loyal thus and communists anti his based himself Antonescu that is smoothly so worked tragedy communist a in tragedy Jewish the post the why reasons the of One Jew. Communist a being was that Transnistria. to deported be camp Jiu Târgu the in detainees Jewish all and Jews” “communist camps. Transnistrian to further Moldova, to back brought later were 1941 in deported

Solonari, Solonari, 115. Ibid., “4 - 5000 Jews from Dorohoi deported in the summer of 1941 of summer the in deported Dorohoi from Jews 5000 from the territories occupied from the Soviet Union, or living close to its its to close living or Union, Soviet the from occupied territories the from In want of a comprehensive history of the Târgu Jiu camp, two very different different very two camp, Jiu Târgu the of history comprehensive a of want In Jew, a being than Romania Two War World in worse something was there If - a cmuit itrorpy Bt hsoia prdgs em o enjoy to seem paradigms historical Both historiography. communist war Purifying the Nation the Purifying

life and functioning during the Second World War: the literature on the the on literature the War: World Second the during functioning and life 206

y dutythe Romanian army. of Non

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205 The Holocaust in in Romania Holocaust The

n uut , 92 noec ord Antonescu 1942 8, August On

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, 115. ,

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CEU eTD Collection 215 214 213 212 ha allegations. these for brought farbeen so evidence clear no but Siguranța police political interwar the of informer an been have to believed is Stancu Zaharia ”true.” as not is faces their on muzzles but with grapes harvesting peasants of fiction scene famous literary as not interpreted and influential journalis and scholars that description historical accurate so was novel This (1907). Europe in revolt canon is novel famous most His of regime. figure communist literarythe major a became later and views these for war the during imprisoned was He period. 211 wh Jew the the on dwell of characterout a makes he Thus, camp. the of characterspicturesque and exceptional to chooses writer the yet camp, the in interned was himself Stancu predom Zlătescuinmates was freed, Jews;” only are there live, I where cabin, fifth the “in popul narrative hardship political resistance. and of communist the fit not did certainly humor black and tragedy of mixture a in written Re Socialist major a became himself Stancu Zaharia that fact the despite regime, communist the of end the until reprinted been not historiographyhas communist of topic important an coveringalthough book, contested though famous, less no Stancu Zaharia writer Romanian the of memories the are culture, Romanian Interzi Fantomă o Jiu, Camp, aForbidden Phantom).” Târgu La De in “Lagărul reproduced 1942 Aura. in F.J. Stoenescu, Károlyi by camp Jiu Târgu of drawing Pencil 1.14. Fig.

Stancu, Stancu, ofthe camp. thewas commander Zlătescu 161. Ibid., Stancu, (1902 Stancu Zaharia ical account of the life of poor peasants in Romania around the year of the last major peasant peasant major last the of year the around Romania in peasants poor of life the of account ical ation he does state: “I can see that among the inmates the majority are Jews;” are majority the inmates the among that see can “I state: does he ation lhuh tnu isl de nt eoe o mn wrs o h Jewish the to words many too devote not does himself Stancu Although literary famous most The inance of the Jewish population is clear, at least for the 1942 the for least at clear, is population Jewish the of inance Zile de Lagăr (Camp Days) (Camp Lagăr Zilede Lag Zilede

o became a Legionnaire, an opportunistic yet tragic personage rejected by by rejected personage tragic yet opportunistic an Legionnaire, a became o ăr (Camp Days) (Camp ăr -

1974) was a Romanian writer Romanian a was 1974) 214

was glad. He was left again only with the Jews.” again withthe only glad. was He was left Vertical , 149. , 67. , 211

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alist writer. His description of the camp’s life, life, camp’s the of description His writer. alist , June 23,2010. , June Desculț

ts still feel the need to insist nowadays that the the that nowadays insist to need the feel still ts and journalist close to the left in the interwar interwar the in left the to close journalist and

(Barefoot), published in 1948, a typical and and typical a 1948, in published (Barefoot), 213 Camp days Camp

“when the group of political of group the “when

(Zile de lagăr). Thelagăr). de(Zile să (The Târgu Jiu Jiu Târgu (The să - 1943 years when when years 1943 215

The 106 212 s

CEU eTD Collection 171. and Legionnaires. the dead by shot attacked being being fear fear who who Jews Guardists, among Iron both among feeling predominant the is Fear book. the 219 290. 2008), Compania, (Bucharest: duri and kilograms communists other 30 the with lost but Jiu Târgu at section first the in resided never post he a in claims himself, interview Maurer Dej. of successor the as Ceausescu choosing in crucial was influence an Assembly National Great the of president as 1957 after influential 218 truth) of (Their part Manescu Corneliu cu ieri. de lumea si Maurer Convorbiri ; 217 216 members andsuch Bernea,as ideologues ErnestGyr orPanaitescu. Radu P.P. Guard Iron prominent alongside entrepreneurs Jewish also but politicians, former Stancu Zaharia as such writers accommodated food,” more and conditions living better had and month a lei thousand ten paid who those inmates camp, that “In sections. other the from inmates servants as employing including conditions, living better for pay to able were section first the of members The status. social and income Stancu Zaharia t which of all housed belonged, to section, first the Yet, legionnaires. the from separated were Jews the thieves; common the from separated were communists the inmates: d was campThe outside. world free the reproduced strangely which camp the of organization social members;IronandGuard both Jews

The chapter on the arrival of Ir of arrival the on chapter The 120. Ibid., Lavinia Betea, Betea, Lavinia o Gerh Mue ws lwe ad RP ebr n h itra pro. e became He period. interwar the in member RCP a and lawyer a was Maurer Gheorghe Ion

217

o Gerh Maurer Gheorghe Ion ata o d aea: lxnr Braen dsr Dj Cassu i Iliescu si Ceausescu Dej, despre Bârladeanu Alexandru adevar: de lor Partea the by brought offenses the on based theoreticallysections into ivided ng his two and a half years interment. Lavinia Betea, Betea, Lavinia interment. years half a and two his ng

were divided into two classes. In the first class there were were there class first the In classes. two into divided were he above, in far better living conditions, due to their higher higher their to due conditions, living better far in above, he on Guard members in the camp is probably one of the most salient of of salient most the of one probably is camp the in members Guard on

Marturii despre stalinizarea României ; Convorbiri neterminate neterminate Convorbiri României ; stalinizarea despre Marturii

(Bucha 216 218

he describes the prostitutes, the thieves and theandthe thieves prostitutes, describesthe he

eal. hs xlis h ti section this why explains This recalls. rest: Compania, 2008), 291. 2008), Compania, rest: Tdr rhz o Vco Etmu , Eftimiu, Victor or Arghezi Tudor , Stancu, Stancu, Zile de Lagăr (Camp Days) (Camp Lagăr de Zile d prim d

- minister until 1974. His 1974. until minister Partea lor de adevar adevar de lor Partea 219

, - 1989 157 107 –

CEU eTD Collection ărșau a ofrd u rfsd o ie n h bte scin a at hc dd o dces the decrease not did which fact a section, better the in Levy, group. Dej’s by felt resentment live to refused but offered was Pătrășcanu Tismăneanu, execution. and trial Pătrășcanu’s to led finally Gheorghiu by resented was interventions, family to due months eight only after released was ca Jiu Târgu in interned also Pătrășcanu, 221 220 a th petty only of memoires Stancu’s with conflicts strongly as camp political camp the of narration The historiography. communist emerging the to t with not prisoners. and section “intellectuals” the in reside IonGheorghe like Maurer, thatare mentioned, fewcommunists The or conditions. living activities names, their inmates, communist the mentions never Stancu Zaharia first the and inmates political communist the ISISP,fond Fototeca, 1/1943) Ceaușescu. Nicolae 1943. in camp Jiu Târgu the in inmates Communist 1.15. Fig.

Ibid., 85. Ibid., This division of the Târgu Jiu camp was not without consequences. consequences. without not was camp Jiu Târgu the of division This A wooden cross (troița) divides the camp and functions as a border between border a as functions and camp the divides (troița) cross wooden A 221

Stancu’s account of camp life in Târgu Jiu was certainly not of much use much of certainlynot was Jiu Târgu in life camp of account Stancu’s Source: Source:

Fototeca online a comunismului românesc, comunismului a online Fototeca

Ana Pauker Ana mp lived in a different section with better living conditions and and conditions living better with section different a in mplived , 136. ,

section. Stalinism for All Seasons All for Stalinism 220

he rest of the communist communist the of rest he It is one of the reasons why reasons the of one is It

Second from the left is is left the from Second The fact that Lucrețiu Lucrețiu that fact The ieves, prostitutes, ieves, , 11 ,

#E013 3; Levy claims claims 3; Levy

- (ANR, (ANR, Dej and Dej 108

CEU eTD Collection 222 considered politicians and intellectuals of cohort larger a and Stancu Zaharia with time same the at almost 1942, December in Jiu Târgu in interned was He parties.” those of fellow one however was he Romania, of occupation Soviet the After it. during certainly and war the before even left the to close been have to seems Rom Graur Nicușor the in deputy elected and journalist lawyer, A surprising. ( peasantists the the on of resistance insistence and activity the political Party, Peasant National the of member a is Graur Nicușor Stancu’s with consistent largely is index, on put soon but Camp,aForbidden(The TârguJiu Phantom).” in reproduced 1942 ( cross wooden The 1.16. Fig. I That whatJew. is am guilty of.” am I here? stay I do “Why asking: keep who Jews many and dealers market black

Stancu, Stancu, - rvlr ta te omnss sd o eto fo wti te “hist the within from destroy to used communists the that travelers

Another contemporary account of life in the Târgu Jiu camp, printed in 1946 in printed camp, Jiu Târgu the in life of account contemporary Another Zile de Lagăr (Camp Days) (Camp Lagăr Zilede Stoenescu, Aura. Stoenescu,

troița , 157. , 222

) in Târgu Jiu camp. Drawing by Károlyi F.J. in F.J. Károlyi by Drawing camp. Jiu Târgu in )

“Lagărul De La Târgu Jiu, o Fantomă Interzisă Fantomă o Jiu, Târgu La De “Lagărul Vertical ț ărăniști , June 23,2010. , June account. Since the author, the Since account. isd te ap s not is camp the inside ) na Parliament, anian

orical 109

CEU eTD Collection 228 227 226 225 224 alarmists>>.”Graur, 223 testifies. ( radio foreign forbidden broadcast. from extracted himself Graur that news as the acting for or couriers one section in peasantists the by clothes and money with supported rate second and personnel, cleaning of role their in inmates, rate second asappear only communist The camp. the inside and outside regime Antonescu national the fundament that story a to addition opportunistic an obviously “shipwrecks” as describes he that legionnaires the of that to opposed (as work political and behavior dignified their praises he where passages the narrative, his in national left.” the to enemy “nowas the us, and section second the peasantists,” in all hundreds, few a communists, pa two basically were “There peasantists: the group, his and communists the being as inmates involved politically and deserving most (cuziști).” Cuza A.C. of supporters legionnaires, communists, “i housed peacefully section the while personnel, cleaning as section first the in internees the by employed were communists The conditions. living in upgrade the for pay to afford could who those with camp defe the prophesying ”alarmists” simply or regime Antonescu the of enemies political epurată

Ibid., 326. Ibid., 295 Ibid., 260 Ibid., 253. Ibid., Ibid. Al hs wtot pltcl at bt odme fr oiia ofne wr cle << called were offenses political for condemned but party political a without those “All at of the allied German Army. German allied the of at

a te ecl oe n h cp fo te uhrs Uiest Library University Bucharest the from copy the on note pencil the as )

228 – –

306, chapter The LegionnaireShipwrecks. chapter The 306, 261. - 225

esnit ad any isl wo a efciey ogt gis the against fought effectively had who himself mainly and peasantists It is no surprise that the book was never reprinted, but actual but reprinted, never was book the that surprise no is It

united by what he coins he what by united In preajma altei lumi altei preajma In

226

No matter the author’s strive to strive author’s the matter No , 254. , 223

He was also interned in the first section of the of section first the in interned also was He

the Târgu the te ot oda o rltos alarmists, relations: of cordial most the n

- Jiu spirit Jiu rties represented in the camp: the the camp: the in represented rties

whose guiding principle guiding whose include the communiststhe include ally argues that it was it that argues ally 224 resistance fighters, fighters, resistance

e ecie the describes He ly “purged” ly 227 ) are ) 110 -

CEU eTD Collection 231 161 Ibid., Transnistria. 230 232. Ibid., wordsJiu. Târgu on creator’s” are who 229 agents the and playing band gipsy the with meal, restaurant festive final sto Romania, prim future the Maurer, Gheorghe Ion them of one inmates, camp the of future two and Graur part Jiu. Târgu in important life of version an peasantist this in is also experience, humor the narrative, Stancu’s in as well As 23, 2010. Fa o Jiu, Pencil 8.” September 942, Jiu Tg. F.J. Karoly Transnistria. to transferred 411 the of out group “A 1.17. Fig. Wh as appear also Jews the do inmates: thousand, three to two numbers, large in camp the to brought are legionnaires the when narrative, the of end the towards Only account. in obscured more even is camp the in Jews the of presence the this of because

Ibid., 296. Ibid., Jew of deportation the against protests Romanian rare the of one of author the is Graur Although Published on year later that Zaharia Stancu’s book, Graur acknowledges to have read “the elite elite “the read have to acknowledges Graur book, Stancu’s Zaharia that later year on Published ywhere preciselytherewere and here, somany somany Jews communists?” Stancu’s than political the on more insists account Graur’s 230 ntomă Interzisă (The Târgu Jiu Camp, a Forbidden Phantom).” Forbidden a Camp, Jiu Târgu (The Interzisă ntomă

“Especially in our section, where the vast majority of the Jews where […] where Jews the of majority vast the where section, our in “Especially p in Târgu in p – 167.

drawing reproduced in reproduced drawing

- Jiu just before their internment in the camp and organize one one organize and camp the in internment their before just Jiu

Stoenescu, Aura. “Lagărul De La Târgu La De “Lagărul Aura. Stoenescu, - iitr f Socialist of minister 229

Vertical n probably and

Graur’s Graur’s 231 , June , 111

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CEU eTD Collection de Lagăr (Camp Days) (Camp Lagăr de Stancu, winters. the during especially inmates, the of that than worse sometimes were conditions 239 Graur, press. ofthe printed central help with the dog lost ofsearcha 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 the of some as law, of court a by condemned been had inmates the of some Although and administrated Army successively the either by was guarded camp The Germany. with alliance war the himself Antonescu Marshall of regime, the of criticism which among offenses involved politically all not were inmates Moldova. from camp the to brought are Jews of contingents massive first the 1941 July and June In power. assumed Antonescu marshal after Germany went or Poland to returned not had that Poles Thus inmates. political for camp a into turned is camp the Defense, thousand andsix tenthousand people. hundre three to hundred years. two next the for them host September. in Poland of invasion escort. with his together lost papers theinternment theand agent without refuse him toaccept bureaucrats the because wire barbed the behind way his bribe to has he where himself Târgu in interned side. their by camp the to them escorting

Zaharia Stancu describes the deplorable deplorable the describes Stancu Zaharia Ioanid, Ibid. Jiu Tîrgu Muraru, 330 Ibid., 240 Ibid., iuo Gar a i was Graur Nicusor

233 The The Holocaust in Romania in Holocaust The

Dictionarul penitencia Dictionarul

– – (Bucharest: Sport (Bucharest: 334. 241. Târgu Jiu camp was created in 1939 to host Polish refugees after the the after refugees Polish host to 1939 in created was camp Jiu Târgu

- J , 151 , iu he loses his official escort on the train and goes to the camp by by camp the to goes and train the on escort official his loses he iu nterned for a pamphlet ridiculing Marshall Antonescu’s wife, Maria for her her for Maria wife, Antonescu’s Marshall ridiculing pamphlet a for nterned

– d people each, thus the camp could host somewhere between between somewhere host could camp the thus each, people d 155. - Turism, 1988). Turism,

239 relor din România comunista România din relor

to other European destinations, where surrendered to to surrendered where destinations, European other to

, 111. , or the Ministry of Interior, throu Interior, of Ministry the or 235 234

state of the recruited soldiers that guarded them; their living living their them; guarded that soldiers recruited the of state

The fifty wooden barracks had a capacity of two of capacity a had barracks wooden fifty The The Polish refugees built the camp which would which camp the built refugees Polish The 236

InFebruary1941, by Ministry of order the of 232

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gh the Gendarmerie. the gh 237

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238 112 Zile Zile

CEU eTD Collection In the first section, the barracks had stoves, a fact confirmed by both Zaharia Stancu and Nicușor Nicușor and Stancu Betea, years the facts. after himself50 places Zaharia Maurer as Communists other confir both authors by both confirmed hand, fact other the a On stoves, Graur. had barracks the section, first the In 240 years old: post a in camp, the in life remembers Maurer Gheorghe Ion As moments. some at thousands Phantom).” Forbidden a Camp, Jiu Târgu (The Interzisă Vertical Fantomă o Jiu, Târgu Source: camp. the of traces genuine few the of one remai The 1.17. Fig. bygovernment, the orthe the police Siguranța. ordersissued internment on basedwere interned others the of were, most Communists

The description fits the camp life on the other side of the wooden cross, in the Communists group. group. Communists the in cross, wooden the of side other the on life camp the fits description The - 99 neve we te omr omns prime Communist former the when interview 1989 h pplto o te ap a futat rnig rm eea hnrd to hundred several from ranging fluctuant, was camp the of population The beans.I theliving. That I 30kilograms.” was While stayedlost there, were barracks three found you if happy were you bowl, a Threein you to given was that soup bean winter. the during heated occupiedb not were which barracks wooden in slept We together. women and men locked were We Jiu. Târgu in twenty about were There there. po taken and all arrested simply not the were why reasons they the because know there not were do others I […] Communists. the of talk only was 2 were There was only “I , June 23,2010. , June

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ns of the sundial built by the Poles in Târgu Jiu camp in 1940, in camp Jiu Târgu in Poles the by built sundial the of ns - 300 inmates, not only Communists, although afterwards there there afterwards although Communists, only not inmates, 300

m Maurer’s presence in the first section, not with the the with not section, first the in presence Maurer’s m

Stoenescu, Aura. “Lagărul De La De “Lagărul Aura. Stoenescu, iiin. n y ae I was I case, my In liticians. - minister was already 92 92 already was minister Partea lor de de adevar lor Partea

- thirty Communists Communists thirty 240

, 290. , 113

CEU eTD Collection Report in help 243 great a is which indexed thoroughly 242 all are they research. translated, not are interviews the though Even Spanish. or Italian English, inRomanian, recorded were which themof 23 research my in include 241 w monstrosities once, them write to were someone If Valley! Jiului on perpetrated valley. Jiului on work to taken were fault? my is What fault? their was What camp. the in a now, do we as then, had “We inmates. camp the for labor hard of sites the of one and camp Jiu Târgu the to close was Valley, Jiului on mountains Bumbești the for railway working and other sites. stone break to sent when camp labor hard a as camp the experience to ones first the also were Jews the Jiu, Târgu of inmates the Among Vapniarka). as (such Transnistria in camps extermination proper to transferred ti this and Jews, which from camp transit a as functioned also Jiu Târgu camp, extermination an not Although camp. the in conditions living worst the to subjected and numerous most the were Jews them, Among Antonescu. Marshall by o enemies perceived the for camp labor and concentration Archive, History Visual Foundation Shoah USC Livezeni tra and labor hard Concentration, 1.6.2.

Deletant, listen only could I camp. Jiu Târgu the of inmates former of testimonies 34 holds archive The International Commission for Studying Holocaust in Romania (presided by Elie Wiesel), Wiesel), Elie by (presided Romania in Holocaust Studying for Commission International , 116 , h Bumbești The archived testimonies inthe when hearing theJewish Theredoubt, any ishardly

– Hitler’s Forgotten Ally Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940 Romania HisRegime, and Antonescu Ion Ally Forgotten Hitler’s 117.

- ieei ala, 0 ioees f ala ct hog the through cut railway of kilometers 30 railway, Livezeni

243

How many indignities, how many crimes crimes many how indignities, many How nsit camp in Târgu Jiu and Bumbești and Jiu Târgu in camp nsit 241 We were born Jews. born were We

ht âg Ju a bt a both was Jiu Târgu that f the Romanian state ruled ruled state Romanian the f

me only Jews, were Jews, only me lot of Jews inmates Jews of lot - 1944 , 196 , -

Livez […] We We […] – 198. Final 114

eni eni and and 242 ill -

CEU eTD Collection 246 Antifasciști Politici Internați Deținuți Și Foștilor a Naționale 245 Days) (Camp Lagăr Stancu, Jews. the with fraternizing for punished harshly is soldier The work. from back coming 244 22 June (on started war the after organized was labor hard the that remembers distinctly he but 1941 June early in camp Jiu Târgu the groups. first these among was he and railway the towards sent be are especially revealing. inmates Jewish the of accounts detailed the Camp, Jiu Târgu the in prisoners could be not taintedbyslave beingwith built labor. Bumbești the of inauguration 1948 November the administration, aga over all done be to had and argues, she quality, poor very of was work resulting the inmates, Communist the by efforts war Nazi the of sabotaging effective to due dismantled: was inmates t work the all volunteer siteas that whensite, aCommunist FIAP reopening the writes inthe journal Chivu Ecaterina In1948, obscured. been has camp labor forced a as site the historyof major and volunteering a became railway this constructing Since railway. the on work sabotaging Bumbești propagandaand forced not with labor. communist maybe and work voluntary with culture, Romanian in synonym, be to revealed!” be

Vasile Bordeianu, Interview 2775, May 23, 1995, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah F Shoah Archive,USC Visual History 1995, May 2775, 23, Interview Vasile Bordeianu, Camp the from (Aspects Lagăr de Viața Din “Aspecte Chivu, Ecaterina The story continues with a soldier taking back to the camp, with his truck a group of four Jews Jews four of group a truck his with camp, the to back taking soldier a with continues story Vasile Bordeianu was in the camp when the first contingents of Jews began to began Jews of contingents first the when camp the in was Bordeianu Vasile politi of testimonies in mentioned sometimes is labor hard Although Early Communist literature, from the late 1940s, mentions forced labor at the at labor forced mentions 1940s, late the from literature, Communist Early - Livezeni railway imposed on Târgu Jiu inmates but only in the context of context the in only but inmates Jiu Târgu on imposed railway Livezeni 244 a hd en oe uig h wr y ocd ao o te Târgu the of labor forced by war the during done been had hat

But no one ever did write this story and Bumbești storyand this write did ever one no But , 145 ,

propaganda event after the war, it is understandable why the early the why understandable is it war, the after event propaganda –

146.

in. 245

hs te lros civmn o te Communist the of achievement glorious the Thus,

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Life),” 246 - Livezeni continuesLivezeni -

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Zile de Zile - 115 Jiu Jiu cal

CEU eTD Collection 250 249 Foundation. 248 Archi Visual History 1996, December 15, 24196, Interview Nagel, Armin 247 organ strike a li Bumbești the recallsLitvac Fritz Transnistria, in Rom the by organized camps extermination the survived he and experienced Although Transnistria. to them deporting cars freight in boarded immediately was he distance, the all footed bare back, sent indeed was he When better. much was the through tunnels cutting Târ the to back sent be to hoping yearand railway the for mountain one spent Litvac Fritz as such Inmates camp. main the in than worse where conditions housing where testimonies) the in named the at inmates the keep to productive more it made example, for helping people their older work quota whipp blood!” your drink will I flesh, Jewish eat “I shouting: several in appears Trepăduș, lieutenant, Jews. the towards behavior sadistic Romanian his for testimonies A him. for it do to forced othe the quota, his fulfill not did inmates the of oneIf break. to stones of quota Bumbești at work the of Most them. of expected was labor difficult when worsened which problem we than calories more consumed we nothing did we if (”Even rations ves” and theTârgucam Jiu as“

Fritz Litvac, Interview 50214. Interview Litvac, Fritz 24196. Interview ArminNagel, Foundation; Shoah USC Archive, History Visual 1999, 12, August 50214, Interview Litvac, Fritz Emanuele Mises, Interview 48019, October 24, 1998, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Shoah USC Archive, History Visual 1998, 24, October 48019, Interview Mises, Emanuele ings where frequent and coupled with other discretionary punishments (for (for punishments discretionary other with coupled and frequent where ings Other types of inmates were also used for hard labor. Vasile Bordeianu tells of tells Bordeianu Vasile labor. hard for used also were inmates of types Other site labor the and camp the between distance kilometers 30 approximately The

ized by the Romanians in the camp for having the Jews brought back back brought Jews the having for camp the in Romanians the by ized - Livezeni consisted of stone breaking and each inmate had a daily daily a had inmate each and breaking stone of consisted Livezeni

the most destroyingthe most life.” - Livezeni labor as the “cruelty of our our of “cruelty the as labor Livezeni 249 labor sites (Bumbești Jiu, Meri are Meri Jiu, (Bumbești sites labor ).

247

One interviewee recalls him recalls interviewee One 250 248

ve, USC Shoah Foundation. Shoah ve,USC

hl hs etns and beatings his while gu Jiu camp where life life where camp Jiu gu received”) a a received”) anian state anian rs were were rs 116

CEU eTD Collection 256 Foundation. 255 254 253 Apostol, camp. Jiu theTârgu 252 251 Târgu Jiu. in workshops and factories in place taking mainly was it and for paid was work their politicas communists, the labor, forced comparedto sites. labor all in rule the were mistake minor every for whipping and food bad and Scarce shelters. night their to kilometers ten to eight walk and day every stone rememb Leib Manes As Valley. Jiului the along roads build be to reveals, testimony one as used, also were They camp. Jiu Târgu people werewa serving like checkers, white and red cloth table with tables food, decent get to month a lei 15000 “ colors. bright in remembers she that camp Jiu Târgu the in stayed both. even or Communist Jewish, were they if matter no conditions, living better far enjoyed inmates. of diversity the as well as grounds social in the camp because harsh of the conditi dying man one seen only have to declares testimony same The Jews. and Romanians between solidarity mentions also he and Romanians the of arrival the after improving Gheorghe Committee, Central Bumbești to brought also were labor. hard from

Manes Leib, Interview 843, January 24, 1995, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation. Shoah USC Archive, Visual History 1995, 24, January InterviewLeib, 843, Manes Wi Ehrlich Jeanette Foundation. USC Shoah Archive, Visual Historyn.d., Interview 15378, David, Victor 24196. Interview ArminNagel, in internment his during labor hard performing mention not does Apostol memoires his in Although 2775. Interview Vasile Bordeianu, Bumbești and financial on camp the of division the confirm testimonies Jewish The

254

P A 251 – ls Jws yug oa mkn hr a t Plsie briefly Palestine to way her making woman young Jewish olish

nogrom, Interview 42531, June 23, 1998, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Shoah USC Archive, History Visual 1998, 23, June 42531, Interview nogrom,

h eut ecam,ws httesrkr, any communists, mainly strikers, the that was claims, he result, The ieei a nt h ol fre lbr ie o te nae of inmates the for site labor forced only the not was Livezeni

Eu Și Gheorghiu Și Eu iters and the food was prettyitersfood andwasgoodfood.” the decent, very

– Apostol.

Livezeni, among them the future member of RWPs RWPs of member future the them among Livezeni, - Dej (MeGheorghiu Dej and ons. 252

h itriwe eebr te situation the remembers interviewee The

r, hy a t bek w tn of tons two break to had they ers, 253 al inmates, were also working but workingbut werealsoinmates, al

hs h a oe t pay to money had who Those - Dej) .

You had to pay to had You

256 255

117

CEU eTD Collection 258 Foundation. 257 could who those to restricted again life, camp’s the in event regular a be to seemed this narrative, her From gates. camp’s the through camp, the of out way her bribed gat the guarded who soldier the to given were wine of bottles three and money the of some while then, get to Bucharest from came taxi A group. the in included be to dollars 200 around paying them of 1944. in camp Jiu Târgu the from escape an includes also child) else’s somebody of care taking and pregnant alone, Palestine to way the all Turkey Romania, Hungary, through Poland, from way mention woman, young Jewish Polish the of story The Germany. Nazi with alliance the quit Romania before days few a camp Jiu Târgu the from escape spectacular a on 1944 23rd August stor the Gheorghiu testimonies. Jewish the in revealed also is communism, Romanian of history political hometown her from Jiu Dorohoi North in Târgu in arrived she when seventeen was Tuba abuse. soldiers Romanian of view plain the in for undressed being (when humiliation of feelings

Tuba Abramovici, Interview 44484, July 3, 1998, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation. Shoah Archive,USC Visual History 1998, July3, 44484, Abramovici, Interview Tuba Kornbluth Frida Another detail about life in the Târgu Jiu camp, from the point of view of the of view of point the from camp, Jiu Târgu the in life about detail Another young,youngyouThings…girls, canwe because imagine...” were What other things? “Then the on dwell but component labor hard the lack Jiu Târgu in experiences Female y of his crucial participation in the overthrow of the Antonescu’s regime on regime Antonescu’s the of overthrow the in participation crucial his of y

- Dej, Romania’s leader for the first two decades of socialism, constructed socialism, of decades two first the for leader Romania’s Dej, - Seinfeld, Interview 11633, F 11633, Interview Seinfeld, ed above, although spectacular in itself (she managed to make her her make to managed (she itself in spectacular although above, ed y washingand uswork, made other things... - Eastern Romaniaand sheEastern recalls:

A group of more than ten Jewish people escaped then, each then, escaped people Jewish ten than more of group A

e. She was eight month pregnant and she practically practically she and pregnant month eight was She e. 257 ebruary 4, 1996, Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Shoah USC Archive, History Visual 1996, 4, ebruary ) or hint at sexual harassment or even sexual even or harassment sexual at hint or ) clothes’ disinfection and left naked left and disinfection clothes’

258

118

CEU eTD Collection Bucovina 1944 County: Hunedoara 259 seen be best can Romania contemporary in ignored is knowledge such which to level The Regime. Antonescu’s Marshall of opponents political different and Jews for camp transit and labor hard concentration, that conclude to evidence more and longer enough is there became, a almost it museum the and camp the historyof provide contextualized to meant research preliminary a just is mine if even camp concentration war its through dra charcoal of Photograph ISISPonline a românesc, comunismului (ANR, #DA037 1944” 12, August of night the Gheorghiu Gheorghe com. of escape “The 1.18. Fig. that escapeswhereyear an occurringthelast in event war. of the Gheorghiu of context The it. afford

Dan - Simion Grecu, “Lagăre de Internare În Județul Hun Județul În Internare de “Lagăre Grecu, Simion h Tru i cm br te ae f cm fr oiia pioes all prisoners” political for “camp of name the bore camp Jiu Târgu The

XIII, no. 4 (n.d.) http://membres.multimania.fr/dgrecu/PDF/InternatiHD.pdf. no. (n.d.) XIII, 4 - time existence. Strange enough, it only officially became a a became officially only it enough, Strange existence. time

after Romania quit the alliance with Nazi Germany. Nazi with alliance the quit Romania after

- 1945),” 1945),” Târgu Buletinul Cercului de Studii Al Istoriei Poștale Din Ardeal, Banat Și Banat Ardeal, Din Poștale Istoriei Al Studii de Cercului Buletinul

- Jiu, between 1941 and 1944 did indeed function as a as function indeed did 1944 and 1941 between Jiu, - Dej’s escape is, I think, illuminated by the fact fact the by illuminated think, I is, escape Dej’s

when sixty years later, a local historian from from historian local a later, years sixty when edoara (1944 edoara - Dej from the Târgu Jiu camp on on camp Jiu Târgu the from Dej Fond - wing. Source: Source: wing. 1945) (Internment Camps in in Camps (Internment 1945) , 2/1944)

259

However, Fototeca 119

CEU eTD Collection 262 County: 1944 Hunedoara 261 Camp) 260 the to deported being to USSR. way their on people, thousand five around Germans, inmates. 9 November by and 1944 re officiallywas camp Jiu Târgu Thestates.” enemy of “citizens war, the of end the until considered, now were who Hungarians but closed, not however was camp The September. destruction,war: failedreconstruction musealisation and 1.6.3. a not was this that interview television concentration camp. lengthy a in posits briefly Jiu Târgu

Muraru, Muraru, Dan Șu in Jiu, Denisa in Târgu historyprofessor GheorgheGorun, - - Ruins Simion Grecu, “Lagăre de Internare În Județul Hunedoara (1944 Hunedoara Județul În Internare de “Lagăre Grecu, Simion 262 The inmates were liberated in August 1944, while some of them stayed until until stayed them of some while 1944, August in liberated were inmates The Television Documentary Television 261

Dictionarul penitenciar Dictionarul

fe te n o te a, h cm sre a a rni cm fr ethnic for camp transit a as served camp the war, the of end the After

the camp or ruins of the museum? The Târgu Jiu camp after the after camp Jiu Târgu The museum? the of ruins or camp the 260

- 1945).”

, 2009. , th

elor din România comunista România din elor

t eae ul o ht t a t so admittin stop to had it that so full became it

- opened for this purpose on October23 on purpose this for opened , 486. , ț ă, ă, sd o et for used Lagărul de La Târgu Jiu (Târgu Jiu (Târgu Jiu Târgu La de Lagărul

- 1945) (Internment Camps in in Camps (Internment 1945) hnic Germans and and Germans hnic g new new g 120 rd ,

CEU eTD Collection 264 Arghezi, other fate the g the of part is fact This from occupation. Nazi saved and war been the to had opposed men age army or the workers intellectuals, of their to values destined governments human neighboring the of part big a where place the a was, war, camp Jiu Târgu “The is: Romania wartime in camp the of role the of assessment 263 questions as ifnothing ever had happened…” the or church, little the or camp, the of nothing told locals The eagles. by mangled and rats by bitten corpse a of feeling the site the Bombshell […] barracks the of some of marks rectangular recognize b “A ground: the to razed been had barracks the anti for Jiu Târgu in poetry, interned Arghezi, Tudor poet famous of son the from disappears physically camp the Camp,aForbiddenTârgu Jiu Phantom).” 1942 in F.J. Károlyi by r drawing Pencil camp. Jiu Târgu the of 7 Section 1.19. Fig. eproduced in eproduced

Ibid., 67 Ibid., auu rhz set dy ih i fte, s vstr i te âg Ju ap n 93 His 1943. in camp Jiu Târgu the in visitor, a as father, his with day a spent Arghezi Barutu 263 From this moment on, the history of the camp becomes even more blurred as blurred more even becomes camp the of history the on, moment this From Inaintea Uitarii (Before Forgetting) (Before Uitarii Inaintea

– visited the site of the camp several years after the war and discovered that discovered and war the after years several camp the of site the visited 68.

Stoenescu, Aura. “Lagărul De La Târgu Jiu, o Fantomă Interzisă (The Interzisă Fantomă o Jiu, Târgu La De “Lagărul Aura. Stoenescu,

enerosity and profound humanist spirit of our people.” Barutu people.” our of spirit humanist profound and enerosity

(Oradea: Mihai Eminescu, 1996), 60 1996), MihaiEminescu, (Oradea: the cartography of Târgu Jiu. Baruțu Arghezi, Arghezi, Baruțu Jiu. Târgu of cartography the Vertical 264

are field with wild grass. One could One grass. wild with field are , June 23,2010. , June nae. hy et iet t my at silent kept They inmates.

– 61. - like holes gave gave holes like

ll through the the through ll - German German

121

CEU eTD Collection 267 1979). 266 20. 1969), 265 local press, neverexisted. ofa but museumthat the in apparent as think, to seem Jiu Târgu of dwellers contemporary the of b asmuseum was thetraces some inaugurated never ofthe sothe not barracks are camp, original the of reconstructions as built artifacts, museum were a not Jiu Târgu of outskirts the on seen was be now can that barracks The camp. the of there museum and was there ambivalent: is answer The camp? the of museum the that mention images inthemuseum oftheare formeralso camp. Târgu exhibited Jiu the with camp the from images publishes resistance antifascist mus a of mentioning no is there but Street, Cemetery on address, its gives and camp former the lists guide detainees.” political the of death and c former the of parts main the of reconstruction the for taken been have “Measures added: is information post the cemetery), town the the as ( identified Cemetery Heroes is camp former the Jiu, Târgu of guide tourist 1969 a In power.

Olimpiu Matichescu, Matichescu, Olimpiu Ancuța Elisabeta Cirstoiu, Cornel

What happened in the 1970s with the former the with 1970s the in happened What to accession Ceaușescu’s after 1960s, the of end the at lifted was silence The

- Tirgu Jiu. Mic Indreptar Turistic (Small Touristic Guide) Touristic (Small Turistic Indreptar Mic Jiu. Tirgu Rușinaru, Rușinaru, probably due to the fact that the camp, even today, is bordered by by bordered is today, even camp, the that fact the to due probably Apararea patriotica (Patriotic Defence) (Patriotic patriotica Apararea amp and the organization of a museum with aspects from the life life the from aspects with museum a of organization the and amp eum functioning there. functioning eum

Tîrgu -

war dismantling of the barracks is certified, but a new a but certified, is barracks the of dismantling war - Jiu

(Comitetul de Cultura si Educatie Socialista al judetului Gorj, judetului al Socialista Educatie si Cultura de (Comitetul 265

e yas ae, n 99 a iia touristic similar a 1979, in later, years Ten

266

In 1971 however, a history book on theon book history a however, 1971 In

camp? Was there a functioning a there Was camp? (Bucharest: Editura Stiintifica, 1971). Stiintifica, Editura (Bucharest:

(Bucharest: Meridia (Bucharest: rak, u the but arracks, 267

122 ne,

CEU eTD Collection Târgu Jiu, Abandoned by the Authorities),” Authorities),” the by Abandoned Jiu, Târgu open 268 to supposed was museum the that remembers who Grigore found, is professor old An museum. local the and historians local the with investigation an complainsinmates inTârgu alocal Jiu,” 2007. journalist in ANR, (museum)”. image Contemporary Jiu. Târgu in detainees political of “Camp reconstructe The 1.20. Fig.

Andrei Ionescu, “Fostul Lagăr de La Târgu Jiu, Abandonat de Autorități (The Former Camp in in Camp Former (The Autorități de Abandonat Jiu, Târgu La de Lagăr “Fostul Ionescu, Andrei fond ISISPfond It is the local press again who demystifi who again press local the is It one it, Beside Jiu. Târgu in cemetery municipal the near is construction “The political and refugees of camp the from left is barrack wooden one “Only were all the others, but nothing reminds one of the thousands of Polish Polish of thousands the leadersCommunist which later became heads ofstate.” of one reminds nothing writers, culture, of men important the all of then and war, the fleeing refugees, but others, the boards wooden all of made were is barrack The there. still is one only Târgu camp, the Jiu formed that buildings the all Of forgotten. are left testimonies the barrac another history, country’s our of in episode important an represented camp pylons the Although cement the see can Haidău, a distant relative of the former camp commander Leoveanu, commander camp former the of relative distant a Haidău, -

Fototeca

, Prisons and, Prisons Campssub brak o Tru i i te 1970s. the in Jiu Târgu of barracks d

Gazeta de Sud de Gazeta es the above allegations by conducting conducting by allegations above the es , September 11, 2007. 11, , September - fond, T31. k perished in a recent fire. fire. recent a in perished k

268

n 91 o te 50 the on 1971, in

rgnl caption: Original

Source: Source: , as , 123 th

CEU eTD Collection and visitors are conducted from one to another. There remains a feeling of unreality. These are are These unreality. of feeling close a in life of E proximity.”Jenny horror remains the or filth the There of sign no another. is There new. and to clean is wood one The reconstructions. from conducted are visitors and examples contains which Wohnbaracken or barracks reconstructed a is Dachau in offered are we what fact, “In reconstructions. also are barracks the example, for Dachau, 270 interzisa. Phantom),” 269 in Museum Regional the inside Târgu diorama camp Jiu Târgu Contemporary 1.21. Fig. local the in Târgu Jiu. by abandoned totally not museum history regional the was inside camp the of diorama a made who museographers idea the failed, museum camp the ( administration Party to given be should knows) everyone that barracks (the made we construction the and museum no be will there said and inauguration the before days few a just came Maurer me, doe memory my if then, and place everythingin put constructed,polished, “We erected. was name museum the with sign a and reconstructed were barracks two started, work The Party. the to gift a as RCP the of creation the of anniversary

Aura Stoenescu, “Lagărul de La Târgu Jiu, o Fantomă Interzisă (The Târgu Jiu Camp Jiu Târgu (The Interzisă Fantomă o Jiu, Târgu La de “Lagărul Stoenescu, Aura f ina If Jiu. © Muzeul ©Muzeul JudețeanJiu. TârguJiu ugurated, Târgu Jiu would not have been the only camp to exhibit reconstructed barracks. barracks. reconstructed exhibit to camp only the been have not would Jiu Târgu ugurated,

Vertical 270 dkins, “Authenticity and Memory at Dachau,” Dachau,” at Memory and “Authenticity dkins, Jn 2, 00 http://www.verticalonline.ro/lagarul 2010, 23, June ,

gospodăria de partid de gospodăria

).” Cultural Values Cultural 269

of all three types of accommodation accommodation of types three all of

Even if the inauguration the if Even - de - la

- 5, no. 4 (2001): 407. 4 no. (2001): 5, targu - jiu s not betray not s , a Forbidden Forbidden a , - o - fantoma 124

of -

CEU eTD Collection 271 Târgu resistance, o insisting and tragedy Jewish the downplaying of post immediate the in Even struggle. antifascist the of museum a and site Jiu’ Târgu in history be and should momentrememberedas it such. important an is it but harsher, much where later these as pre all as camp, this prior that stating by Ceausescu,narration his closes He Nicolae example). for imprisonment, of activity political of lack the (on arguments and rumors spread widely some summons professor history the camp, the in life hard the of narrative Communist the refute To mind. to first come to seem Stancu Zaharia Tu which among personalities, cultural the on insists narratives the as camp the in interned were that Jews the of mentioning further no is there connection, w Holocaust sites. association plausible the invite to not cautious thus and of aware camp, extermination an nor camp, concentration a not was this that stresses historian The 1940s). the of not 1970s, the of relic a is barrack the that made is mentioning no bar surviving only the of background the on Gorun Gheorghe professor history local one interviews basically TV, Gorj television, local the for 2009 in made documentary television minutes forty A camp. the of inmates as if even Jiu, Târgu politic and intellectuals Romanian many so for chance a and history country’s the in moment important an considered is camp The one. positive a mainly

Ș - uță, 1945 prison were not to be compared with the communist prisons that will follow, that will prisons communist the comparedwith be to not were prison 1945 Lagărul de La Târgu Jiu (Târgu Jiu Camp) Jiu (Târgu Târgu La de Lagărul The question remains why Doftana was preferred over Târgu Jiu as a memory a as Jiu Târgu over preferred was Doftana why remains question The any deny to only history, Holocaust with connection brief this After is Jiu Târgu of press contemporary the of camp the towards attitude The

- Jiu would have proven a more fitting memory place even if only for for only if even place memory fitting more a proven have would Jiu

Television Documentary Television te niacs ad anti and antifascist the n .

ians to reside in in reside to ians dor Arghezi and and Arghezi dor rack (although rack ith camps as as camps ith - war context context war o his to - Nazi 125 271 s

CEU eTD Collection potential competitors which made the master narrative on Doftana go practically practically unchallenged. go Doftana on narrative master the made which competitors potential only had Doftana Communists the stories, of multitude spirit term the coined already had peasantists The dangerous. potentially thought simp or regime the of opponents other liberals, and peasantists 1943), early in months few a for camp the flooded thousand few (a Legionnaires Communists), being of pretext the with interned them of (some Târgu in stories competing of multitude the in reside might reason second A impressive. un probably and harmless appeared gates) main the through out way their bribing 194 in camp the escaped (Gheorghiu fence wire barbed perfect not the andbarrackswooden the TârguJiu’s walls, stone Doftana’sthick provided cells individual for small scenography the watchtowers, the darkness, the reconstructed, though even walls, thick the representation: popular in mean to supposed was prison a what of experience powerful more a provided simply building be Doftana The should museological. is camp reasons the of Jiu One twofold. are Târgu not, or former memorialized the whether on 1940s late the in discussion 1940. pr a as functioning stopped Doftana and while war regime Antonescu’s the through all functioned actually having of argument chronologic the

- n hc te omns vie a ol oe f h cor Cmae t this to Compared choir. the of one only was voice Communist the which in Jiu. This was a place for i for place a was This Jiu. blee h raos o ti uqetoe coc, s cud o fn any find not could I as choice, unquestioned this for reasons the believe I

a narrative of seclusion, imprisonment and suffering. As opposed to opposed As suffering. and imprisonment seclusion, of narrative a 4 by crawling under the fence to the neighboring cemetery or or cemetery neighboring the to fence the under crawling by 4 - nternment not only for Communists but also for Jews Jews for also but Communists for only not nternment e, n mn ohr a rvae i ti chapter, this in revealed as others many and Dej, ly those whom Antonescu’s bureaucracy bureaucracy Antonescu’s whom those ly

the common law inmates as inmates law common the sn n November in ison - so - well Târgu Jiu Târgu - guarded 126 -

CEU eTD Collection 272 moment the for remain obscured. built, physically actually, was museum the after stage, Th camp. the of museum a into Jiu Târgu turn to 1970s early the of attempt the place should we that context international this in probably is It memorialisation. War World Second of site THE memori camp concentration more As two). chapter see monument, this for sent was Doftana from (soil monument the to brought was sites these from soil again, and listed were camps fascis entrance.” courtyard the near places camps concentration the from soil with urn an and erected, wall inscribed an restored, and imprisoned been had was prison the 1952, Berlinsenatein the “By of act an Nazism. opposing forexecuted prisoners political German where Prison Plotzensee the was war the after Berlin in opened memorial first The camps. former the outside happened possible, when memorialisation, and fate) Jiu’s Târgu to (similar camps or camps refugee in transformed simply were camps former the of many war, the of aftermath immediate Inthe War. World Second the during atrocities that 1960s the in starting only means no by

Young, Young, m, inaugurated in 1949 was placed in Ohlsdorf cemetery was concentration placed inOhlsdorf m, inauguratedwhilethe in1949 It is also worth mentioning that in the late 1940s late the in that mentioning worth also Itis The Texture of Memory of Texture The

als and museum opened up in the 1960s and 1970s, the camp becomes camp the 1970s, and 1960s the in up opened museum and als a

uoen salse st o memorialisa of site established European

e reasons why this plan was abandoned, and in such a late late a such in and abandoned, was plan this why reasons e , 50. ,

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eae o yblz Hlcut n Nazi and Holocaust symbolize to became abr Mmra t te itm of victims the to Memorial Hamburg the ( the tion of antifascism. It was was It antifascism. of tion concentration rsnr f war of prisoner )

camp

was was 127

CEU eTD Collection

128

CEU eTD Collection h rcprto o te pre the of recuperation the 1 writing. history Romanian of re the of thus and historyRomanian on notes Marx’s Karl of historian, Polish a by Amsterdam, in discovery the death, Roller’s Mihail by marked is 1958 historiography, Romanian of history the For territory. Romanian from troops Soviet withdr the of year the is 1958 history, political For communism. Romanian permanent and oftheirs thecountry’s display past. in reached consensus the re is Museum Party the when year the is 1958 Museum). Freedom] [for Struggle People’s Muse Party the Romanian the ofinauguration 1947 the museums, national of the organization1946 law regarding regimelegitimize withthe theCommunist started effo The life. museum in turmoil of decade a than more of but chapter this of only not and final climax BoulevardParty point palace no.3 sumptuous onKiseleffisthe inthe

”Such an apparently minor event had a tremend a had event minor apparently an ”Such Chapter 2 t t cet a uem ipaig vrin f oain itr wih would which history Romanian of version a displaying museum a create to rts - inaugurated in a central location, with a new permanent exhibition testifying to to testifying exhibition permanent new a with location, central a in inaugurated A meaningful coincidence makes 1958 also a landmark in the larger history of of history larger the in landmark a also 1958 makes coincidence meaningful A Workers’ Romanian the of Museum History the of inauguration 1958 The m n ya ltr udr h tastoa nm o Mmns f the of Moments of name transitional the (under later year one um . The First Museums ofCommunism inRomania and

- Soviet museology.Soviet omns itrrtto o history of interpretation Communist side the Romanian Workers Party as to the appropriate appropriate the to as Party Workers Romanian the side

Historians Cristina and Dragoș Petrescu emphasized emphasized Petrescu Dragoș and Cristina Historians ous influence on historical writing, because it allowed allowed it because writing, historical on influence ous

1946

- 1958. – which emphasized Romanians’ Romanians’ emphasized which

- Russian museum and of and museum Russian - nationalizati awal of of awal 129 on

CEU eTD Collection Europe 2 Europe Eastern (eds.) Apor Péter Trencsenyi, Post Balázs of Analysis Critical A Past: the with provid one Tsarist the including empires, adversarial neighboring the against struggle the of nature conservative the of preconception the from profiting while chapter, this in discussed museums the However, institutions. museum of nature conservative even and twenty fifteen, to extend can span life whole exhibition, permanent a of idea very The exhibitions. permanent displayto and preserveacquireand collections to is goal,whichand definition their in narrative the of these of unfolded exhibitions changes inthemuseums. permanent dramatic and renaming reorganizations, several the in precisely life museum in visible are regime established newly the of tribulations and uncert The history. of version its and itself promote to order in organized and inaugurated regime the that museums new the for also but reorganized, incoherently and severely also were they although museums, existing already for difficult only per adjustment The Party. Workers’ Romanian the of Museum History the liketimes, changed supervisinglocation institutions name,andseveral their have to or Romanian the like disbanded, then and inaugurated be to museums there short, was span time the Although Romania. Communist in the regime of establishment the during through went museums adjustments S Russian/ 1948 the which, of out stages, three in historiography Communist Romanian divided they as 1958, of role landmark the

Sorin Antohi, Balázs Trencsényi, and Péter Ap Péter and Trencsényi, Balázs Antohi, Sorin ed by Marx himself.”Cristina Petrescu and Dragoș Petrescu, “Mastering Vs. Coming to Terms Terms to Coming Vs. “Mastering Petrescu, Dragoș and Petrescu himself.”Cristina Marx by ed

(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007), 314 2007), University Press, Central European (Budapest: Museums are known to be hig be to known are Museums difficult and struggles the on light shed to is chapter this of purpose The lavic/ Soviet componentlavic/ Soviet inRomanianhistory.

(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007), 315. 2007), Press, University Central European (Budapest:

Nraie Ubud Hsoia S Historical Unbound: Narratives , - Communist Romanian Historiography,” in in Historiography,” Romanian Communist - hly conservative institutions. This is embedded is This institutions. conservative hly 1958 one is defined by the insistence on the the on insistence the by defined is one 1958

or, eds., or, eod wny er, otiue t the to contributes years, twenty beyond

Historical Studies in Post in Studies Historical – 315. 2

uis n Post in tudies was time for some some for time was - – Russian Museum, Russian

- by using arguments arguments using by Communist Eastern Eastern Communist oi Antohi, Sorin iod was not was iod - communist communist ainties ainties 130

CEU eTD Collection and generally not 50sis negative. post the life, cultural of fields other in Unlike museums. Romanian of life the in a milestone crucial became order socialist new the masses, the for education and tools propaganda crucial a the never of concern were museums Although history. museum influenced naturally museums. old laws for 2.1. New 1946. a thatisvisitor, shift will the on focusing to object the on focusing from practice, museum in shift an important emphasizing pilgrim” Socialist “the call I which visitor, museum socialist the forefr loses again Romanian object in texts of museal The object. the of) (authenticity overabundance the for disregard s and museums the communist as such practices, museum behind and 1930s and main 1920s the in the USSR the describes in born chapter was it This as museology, Soviet museology. of characteristics Soviet was way new this and it telling of way new whole a but proposed was that narrative new a only not was it for co and form in proposed they innovation the public, the to proposed museums by that createddisbanded thepolitical context and them. ultimately institutions renewable highly fact in were museum, h nw oil n pltcl re etbihd n oai atr 95 has 1945 after Romania in established order political and social new The new these displays the of analysis an with concerned equally is chapter This

the impact it had in 1950s Romania. It reveals the solid theoretical basis theoretical solid the reveals It Romania. 1950s in had it impact the - 99 assessm 1989

new socialist regime, always mentioned somewhere between mere mere between somewhere mentioned always regime, socialist new ont when confronted with the visitor. This chapter describes chapter This visitor. the with confronted when ont observed museology ininternational inthe only 1990s. n o te asv msu tasomto o te 1940s the of transformation museum massive the of ent

, forced into constant innovation constant into forced ,

ntent; 131

CEU eTD Collection 5 thesis. PhD Regi 4 87. 1994), Museion, 3 art, of museums “all city: capital archaeology Romania’s in ethnology and art, history, of museums all engulf and unite to was Archaeology and Art of Museum National new I Carol King Museum National the by occupied still and built (originally 3 no. Kiseleff Boulevard on building the in Bucharest, in Archeology and Art of Museum National rigid were policies, almost none centralization ofitsdecisions putinto ever its in appears it as drastic as museums: Romanian to a regards in letter, plans of intention statement an of more is museums national of organization the regarding the However, control. state and centralization on based reform strict a oferasingpoint structures all previous and heritage. since.” attained been al can museums of effervescence never has 60s early and 50s the of word) the of meaning proper the (in effervescence>> << creative the life, museum mus of researcher of Historyenjoy“unprecedented after development tohave 1944.” Museum Transylvanian the example, for claims, He profession. museum the for hope modernizi a as seen collections of centralization the with period, benefic a it considers Opriş

See subchapter on the Romanian Peasant Museum for its prehistory as the National Museum Carol I. Carol Museum the National as itsfor prehistory Museum Peasant Romanian the on subchapter See Cornel Constantin Ilie, “Regimul Comunist Si Muzeele de Istorie Din Romania (The Communist Communist (The Romania Din Istorie de Muzeele Si Comunist “Regimul Ilie, Constantin Cornel Ioan Opriș, Opriș, Ioan ). However, this was not meant to be a mere renaming or institutional replacing. The replacing.The institutional or renaming mere a be to meant not was this However, ). me and History Museums in Romania)” (Universitatea Valahia Targoviste, 2012), 25, unpublished unpublished 25, 2012), Targoviste, Valahia (Universitatea Romania)” in Museums History and me The text of the law opens with the establishment of a grand, all encompassing all grand, a of establishment the with opens law the of text The at aiming 1946 as early as approved and drafted was museums for law new A Ioan museums, Romanian of history a attempted have to scholar only The

ng reform and the inauguration of new museums as a sign of vitality and vitality of sign a as museums new of inauguration the and reform ng , history and ethnography and public picture galleries in the capital, are capital, the in galleries picture public and ethnography and history , soi Mzeo Dn oâi (h Hsoy f oain Museums) Romanian of History (The România Din Muzeelor Istoria

eum history, Cornel Constantin Ilie writes “We could say that, in that, say could “We writes Ilie Constantin Cornel history, eum

so be read as centralization and reorganization to the to reorganization and centralization as read be so

h dvlpet and development The 3

His student, also a 803/1946 law law 803/1946

practice. (Bucharest: (Bucharest: 132

CEU eTD Collection anyone. Th anyone. almost by from profited and seen be cannot which art folk of collection rare some hide them, exploited 9 8 2468 pp. 1932, April 14th 7 Oficial 6 rather anyoneof if their museum existence. minor collections, knew a constructing at attempt in found no be to were artifacts valuable and important with museum, national representative initiative, personal of outcome the mainly the but such, Inawhere country museums their collections. possibilitycentrallycontrol to as museums the of functioning the not been have to seems makers law the of concern major a that purpose.” law the of text the and through reading when noticeable, nature their to according cities, provincial the and capital the in museums national our in collections of classification and concentration this while incapable” even and incomplete law 1932 previous the that argues Livezeanu Octav Arts of ministry I, their activity that regulate to Museums of Council Superior one and city each in museum big one done, be to was centralization specific this which in manner simplistic over the probably the wonderthat regions. Archaeologymuseum activitythesurrounding Artand and controlling engulfingall in cities major two authorities” public other on rely they administratively if even Archaeology, and Art of Museum National the of part

Law no. 803/1946 re 803/1946 no. Law museums public and libraries communal organizing for Law of organization the regarding 803/1946 no. Law Wie es motn stlmns h ejyd h piiee f oe el f nbe ( noble off well some of privilege the enjoyed who settlements important less ”While

no. 288, October 14, 1946, p. 11046 11046 p. 1946, 14, October 288, no. In its report attached to the project of the law when presented to King Michael Michael King to presented when law the of project the to attached report its In no thus is it societies; socialist of keywords the of one been has Centralization is is the case of the Sever Bocu collection from Lipova (former Ministry of Banat in the the in Banat of Ministry (former Lipova from collection Bocu Sever the of case the is is same centralization has been attempted in museum life. However, it is life.However, museum it in attemptedbeen has centralization same , Iași and Cluj, who were also endowed with National Museums of Museums National with endowed also were who Cluj, and Iași , accounts for thefailure ofthisspecific project. garding the organization of National Museums. National of the organization garding

- 2470.

h sm smlsi shm ws ple t other to applied was scheme simplistic same The –

11052.

National Museums National

e lw rmtd te rnil of principle “the promoted law new , published in published ,

, art. 5, published in published 5, art. ,

Monitorul Oficial Monitorul 9

8 7

It is indeed indeed is It was “faulty, “faulty, was boier) had been Monitorul Monitorul

no. 89, 89, no.

who 133

CEU eTD Collection 10 CCPCR al government).” Maniu on confusion the and Boulevard Kiseleff on building the repairing for necessaryfunds of lack involvement, “political was it that argues Ilie Cornel Historian years. few was project the law, to according functioning museum a for made were preparations Although law. 1946 the by imagined was it as network museum the of stone foundational the Archaeology, and Art of Museum National the remains Howe function. properly to never were that Council Museum Superior a and Museography of School National a established also it years; the over accomplished be to was that decision a one, possess not did that city capital system.” museum Romanian whole the of and institutions of evolution the in factor progress a “constructive, be to law 1946 this considers Opriș Ioan same the However, items. col their as replicas of museum of status a the as decades, to relegated weremuseums local the reality,finallybecame museums central,national next the During law. same the of creations institutional the than f with and important more far center, to periphery from collections of transfer massive a legalizing country’s thus interest,” general the “serve which items collection those administration its into transfer T list. patrimonial complete their year a within submit to Museum, National a of section a overnight museum, became local which every for obligation the was initiators, its by even forgotten soon

Ioan Opriș, Opriș, Ioan The 803/1946 law stipulated the creatio the stipulated law 803/1946 The importance The 10 –

Propagandă și Agitație, no.88/1949, f.2. no.88/1949, Agitație, și Propagandă Istoria Muzeelor Din România (The History of Romanian Museums) Romanian of (TheHistory România Din Muzeelor Istoria Report of the Commission for Reorganizing Museums in the Country the in Museums Reorganizing for Commission the of Report

of this 1946 law, putting aside the National Museum that was that Museum National the aside putting law, 1946 this of he same law granted the state the possibility to to possibility the state the granted law same he urther reaching consequences for museum life life museum for consequences reaching urther

lections no longer contained any valuable valuable any contained longer no lections

n of local museums in every county’s county’s every in museums local of n e, hs a’ bget fiction biggest law’s this ver,

, 62. , aborted within a a within aborted

, ANR, fond ANR, , 134

CEU eTD Collection Arts in the First Communist Decade),” Decade),” Communist First inArts the 13 8 in Romania),” HistoryMuseums Regimeand in (Romania 12 Calafeteanu Ion Honorem H Minorities, Diplomacy, Relations. International In Istorie. Minorităţi, Diplomaţie, Internaţionale. Relaţiile 11 art. national proposals of its principle, centralization the supports museum formally commission the Although a facto, de already, was which building Kiseleff the in Nat of Museum a and a Palace Royal former the establishing in Art Universal of for Museum is proposal Their law. 1946 the with centralization contradiction in and schemes solutions propose centralization, for need the acknowledging a collectors artists, (mainly themselves Committee the of members the more, Even law. 1946 the with disregard total in was Committee the by recorded situation the Museum, National bigger a of section a one each and Museums gu the under be to supposed were museums all law law. 1946 the issued who Arts of Ministry same the by up set was Museums Reorganizing for Committee a 1948 In making. policy museum mus to regards in least at plans, the created it and instruments andmeans guiding for museumactivity.” units strong in collections spread unified it history; country’s museal Romanian re necessityto a andreality a as museum national imposedthe it organization: in attitude new a promoted it because all of first significance, special a has 1960 in only abrogated law, “The positive: overall also is Opriș, Ioan law, the of consequences the of assessment his However, Museum. Stalin Lenin the for building Kiseleff the and Museum Art National a for Palace Royal former the use to decision the by given was project the to blow final the that argues collections” of reorganization the

Cristian Vasile, “Evolutia Artelor Plastice in Primul Deceniu Communist (The Evolution of Plastic Plastic of Evolution (The Communist Deceniu Primul in Plastice Artelor “Evolutia Vasile, Cristian Communist (The Romania Din Istorie de Muzeele Si Comunist “Regimul Ilie, Constantin Cornel in Arheologie” şi Artă de Naţional Muzeul efemer: proiect ”Un Ilie, Constantin Cornel The level to which the new regime was confused about its own decisions and and decisions own its about confused was regime new the which to level The

Revista Arhivelor Revista 11 us cn e en n rcn sbeun ses in steps subsequent tracing in seen be can eums,

that led to the final failure of of failure final the to led that – 9. istory)

(Târgoviște: Cetatea de Scaun, 2010). Scaun, de Cetatea (Târgoviște: no. 1 (2008): 257. (2008): 1 no. idance of the Superior Council of of Council Superior the of idance 12

Although according to the to according Although d r ciis although critics) art nd

the project. He also He project. the

România În România following ional Art ional flect the the flect

135 -

CEU eTD Collection Muzeelor Din România (The History of Romanian Museums) Romanian of (TheHistory România Din Muzeelor 19 25. in Romania),” HistoryMuseums Regimeand 18 siistorice artistice Monumentelor Monuments 17 of Council Ministries. the of Establishment Cultural for Committee the 16 of Council Ministries. the on depending 15 di this Boulevard),” the by Museum La Şosea(The de “Muzeul of 4 chapter See unique. quite is I Carol King Museum National 14 and museums old of diversity the to in addition when, complete became chaos The commissions. and committees supervising more and Archaeology, and Art of Museum National the as institutions, fictitious man it that is network very different institutions. upon depend and belong to continue institutions museal as to answer would museums of coordination central no is there 1951. in RPR of Academy the by Monuments Artistic and Historical and Museums for Commission th of Establishments 1950, in Art of Ministry the replacing grass at reform at attempts renewed re inertia; institutional heavy of because mainly year. notabl only next the the reality become to was which Palace Royal quo; the in Museum Art the is addition status the maintaining of direction subtle the in go rather

Ioan Opriș lists at least 3 different institutions that supervised museums in 1949. Ioan Opriș, Ioan 1949. in museums supervised that institutions different 3 least at lists Opriș Ioan Communist (The Romania Din Istorie de Muzeele Si Comunist “Regimul Ilie, Constantin Cornel Artis and Historical and Museums for Commission Scientific the of functioning the for Regulations 501/M HCM Tzigara Alexandru as such example An ported stable situation, in the years following the Second World War, despite despite War, World Second the following years the in situation, stable ported ere 6/uy 0h 15 fr h etbihet n ognzto o te omte fr Art for Committee the of organization and establishment the for 1950 10th, 166/July Decree

h fnl rn o tee eetd teps t etaiain f h museums the of centralization at attempts repeated these of irony final The systematization and centralization at attempts resisted network museum The pbihd in published , ay 5th, 1950 regarding the organization, functioning and establishing assignments for for assignments establishing and functioning organization, the regarding 1950 5th, ay 17

s itra CC Ii rgtul osre, t es utl h 1960s, the until least at observed, rightfully Ilie C.C. historian As

Cucl f iitis lo n 1950 in also Ministries of Council e aged to confuse the museum scene even more, adding more more adding more, even scene museum the confuse to aged Monumente si Muzee. Buletinul Comisiei Stiintifice a Muzeelor si si Muzeelor a Stiintifice Comisiei Buletinul Muzee. si Monumente 19

I (1958), 283 (1958), I

- Samurcas who actively tried to save his life his save to tried actively who Samurcas museums, - ot n cnrl ee: h Cmite o Art for Committee the level: central and root - 284.

rain h Cmite o Cultural for Committee the creation Martor. Supliment Martor.

18 this seems to be the main reason for a for reason main the be to seems this

o udn isiuin o hc all which to institution guiding no , 63 , olcin, h Cmuit Party Communist the collections, – 64.

ssertation and Petru Popovăț, Popovăț, Petru and ssertation

4 4 (1999). 16

n te Scientific the and

- long project, the the project, long Istoria Istoria 136 tic tic e

CEU eTD Collection below in this chapter. inbelow this Lenin the like museums, 20 Soviet of branches actual were museums these of Some scholarship. academic in analyzed or described far so been not has influence the however Romania, in established regime communist new the of constraints ideological the and practice museological Soviet by influenced 2 Illegalthe Printing House. of Museum inaugurated never but organized the musealisation, failed a with closes Lenin the and (1949) museum prison Doftana the this in appearance their of R the are: not dissertation), the (but in inauguration here, their discussing of am order I chronological communism of museums first the enumeration, Party de Communist Romanian the inside from initiatives all are they that postulate only can researcher The archives. the in survived have creation their to related documents all not as haze, in hidden often very is museums these creating incentive The Museums. of Council Superior the to nor Arts of Ministry the to nor Archeology, and Art of Museum National the to neither answering and belonging network, museum the schemeof approved the outside fell all Romania, inauguratedin com of museums first very the museums, new these all say, to Needles old, the than confusingly more and even purpose changed names, administrators whose museums Party of network own its building starting .2. Sov

Although the Romanian the Although velopment is intimately linked with the development of the RCP/RWP. In a short a In RCP/RWP. the of development the with linked intimately is velopment Romanian museums inaugurated in late 1940s and 1950s were no doubt doubt no were 1950s and 1940s late in inaugurated museums Romanian iet itsimpact museology museums onRomanian and

- Russian Museum is strangely enough prese enough strangely is Museum Russian omanian

- Russian Museum (1947), The Party Museum (1948), (1948), Museum Party The (1947), Museum Russian - Stalin Museum (1955). The chapter The (1955). Museum Stalin nted as a private initiative, see see initiative, private a as nted concrete impact of this this of impact concrete

bourgeois 20 munism to be to munism

hl their while

museums. - Stalin Stalin

137 for for

CEU eTD Collection orei at n vle, h agmn ge. t a te ueurt, h politicians the bureaucrats, the was It goes. argument the values, and sym art these bourgeois of rid get to wanted Soviets the of state young the in emerging movement artistic radical The 1917. of Revolution Bolshevik the after disappearance with threatened were museums Soviet believe critics some that noting Revolution 2 museological international the landscape theera. postwar of in museum of kind particular a museums Soviet 1917, since ever adjustments, and transformations radical of result the was 1950s the in museologymeant Soviet whatand USSR in decades the greatlyover changed had museology Soviet that though note to important is It practice. museum as such manuals imported ofpopular inthe countries democracyafter theSecond War? World in emerge museology Romanian in museology Soviet did How museologies? other from differ museology Soviet Soviet did How museums. implementing for available sources the where thi the as Romanian such the or Museum Revolutionary/Party braches, unofficial as acting possible as closely as model Soviet the emulate to trying were others while strict, very where them building for instructions and Moscow, in Museum Lenin Central the of branch a Bucharest in Museum .2.1. Bullets against museum against .2.1. Bullets Reinventing museums walls? after the Bolshevik s subchapter to establish what was this model they were trying to emulate and what what and emulate to trying theywere model this was what establish to subchapter s It is useful to start this brief overview of mus of overview brief this start to useful is It oit uelg ws sd s cnet n oain n h 15s and 1950s the in Romanian in concept a as used was museology Soviet

ae o Sve Museology Soviet of Bases

the Soviet Union and what was the form in which it was was it which in form the was what and Union Soviet the

- 15) hr p where (1957) Russian Museum. It is the purpose of of purpose the is It Museum. Russian eology in the Soviet Union by Union Soviet the in eology bihd n ue in used and ublished os n hms of homes and bols

ht made that

138 the the

CEU eTD Collection (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), 8. 2008), Press, University Spectacles Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Discourses, Histories, Culture: 24 Museum Eds., Rogoff, 23 Irit and 147. 1994), Press, Minnesota of University (Minneapolis: Sherman J. Daniel 22 1994). in 21 aesthetic the toward labors his that meant beautiful the on gaze to museum a to go to proletarian a For eat… not does work not does who he which in society a in place with connected was museum the contemplativa, of institution very the that conviction museum walls.” ran bullets time “it’s declared Mayakovsky, Vladimir poet, revolutionary crypts.” mortuary these for texts explanatory the composing of task the have art part their for and robbers, grave indefatigable those graves historians,’ ‘art “And gravediggers: to museums comparing was Tarabukin, Nikolai columns?” Greek of crutches the on supported towns, clay of copies old need we Do comprehension? new our of heights the in pilot the Is Pyramid? Cheops the or Rubens need we “Do museum a producing to close so came discourse this that Russia revolutionary in only was it however, century; avant international the of anti the that acknowledges He Groys. Boris philosopher avant Russian the by conducted institutions subordinated tobureaucracy ratherthan tocreativity. as fate their sealed time, same the at and, museums Soviet saved that

Tarabukin quoted Tarabukinquoted Mu the Against Struggle “The Groys, Boris Fetishism,” Commodity and Aura, Museums, Art “Quatremère/Benjamin/Marx: Sherman, J Daniel Evgeny Dobrenko, Dobrenko, Evgeny uem utr: itre, icuss Spectacles Discourses, Histories, Culture: Museum

Oe oo o Sve avant Soviet of topos “One “ of story This

understood as a purely consumerist attitude toward life deserving life toward attitude consumerist purely a as understood 24 in ibid., 150. ibid., in

tlns Cnm ad h Pouto o Hsoy uem f h Revolution the of Museum History of Production the and Cinema Stalinist

the ideological struggle against the museum and museum art art museum and museum the against struggle ideological the -

ad movem garde

- free reality, as painter Kazimir Malevich was writing: was Malevich Kazimir painter as reality, free - garde” is convincingly told by art critic and and critic art by told convincingly is garde” - ad ciiim” ry epan, ws the “was explains, Groys criticism,” garde seum; or, the Display of Art in Totalitarian Space,” in Space,” Totalitarian in Art of Display the or, seum;

n i te is dcds f h twentieth the of decades first the in ent

(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Press, Minnesota of University (Minneapolis: 22

Another Russian avant Russian Another

depraved Venus necessary to the the to necessary Venus depraved - museum discourse museum

itras to historians g out against out g - garde artist, garde 21

was partwas 23

The vita vita 139

no no

CEU eTD Collection 28 27 2009). Press, 1918 Heritage, 26 25 mus the of transformation another by The not came dilemma this to walls. solution its outside life from museum the estrange further to managed Soviets the museum, the for specifically art commissioning by propaganda, into museums of beauty and truthfulness the reflect not did they that was appearedfrom ofview.” useful adidacticpoint the in historical specific and characteristic, original, considered be might that artifacts and bourgeois objects present to the not became museum of conceived newly this ashes of goal “The the museum. from reborn was museum the that material didactic propaganda of form the in is it Consequently, government. Soviet established had inherited.” they artworks of mass the with done be to was what explain to failed it because only if authorities, Soviet the satisfy to failed view of point radical this beginning, very transformation. socialist the of needs the subsidize to sold be could or of nu immense the that reason the for only if museum the saved that bureaucracy Soviet life itself.” mu avant The failed. had itself life of transformation

Ibid. 145. Museum,” Against the Struggle“The Groys, Boris eds., Salmond, R. Wendy and Odom Anne 145. Museum,” Against the Struggle“The Groys, Boris mber of artworks inherited from the former regime were not to be easily disposed disposed easily be to not were regime former the from inherited artworks of mber seum

What was problematic about bourgeois museums, from a Soviet point of view, of point Soviet a from museums, bourgeoisabout problematic was What tothe newly also appealed have museummust ofthe The potential propaganda was It people.” “the than radical less once for seemed leadership Soviet The - as development of art; rather, it was to present only those elements that that elements those only present to was it rather, art; of development 25

- temple

- 1938 27

(Wa - of

- shington: Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens; University of Washington Washington of University Gardens; & Museum Estate, Hillwood shington: beauty exclusively as compensation for an absence of beauty in in beauty of absence anfor compensation asexclusively beauty

Treasures into Tractors: The Selling of Russia’s Cultural Cultural Russia’s of Selling The Tractors: into Treasures 28

- garde aesthetic understood the the understood aesthetic garde life. Yet, by transforming transforming by Yet, life. eum but by a a by but eum 26

“From the the “From and and 140

CEU eTD Collection h Slig f usas utrl eiae 1918 Heritage 167. 2009), Press, Washington of University Gardens; Cultural Russia’s of Selling The th During 31 30 29 museologyinsights Soviet into cangained.and be 1930s ofthe 1920s avant ofstudying thecontext Russ the se,museology topicper is in fashionable it a isnot Lunacharskii.” Anatolii of leadership liberal the under institutions full a into novelty experimental an from evolve would museum War of years (1918 the Communism “During that, argues actually museums Soviet on scholarship New objects. not words on focus a and inspiration, not and education on focus a with particula a saved actually it institution, as museum the “save” highly potentially only The bureaucracydidnot innovativeand Soviet dangerous. thus avant the what and museums despised atmosphere societies type.” found of intotalitarian theStalinist aesthetic specific very the creates that them outside lies what with museums in is that from indistinguishable art with milieu the filling physically by accomplished milieu, museum surrounding their of and equalization exhibits of sort a by but museum the destroying by not problem division the overcoming of than likethemuseum exhibit society the future.” of a like more look to came itself communism “Soviet itself: reality of transformation

Ibid., 157. Ibid., Ibid. Konstantin Akinsha and Adam Jolles, “On the Third Front: The Soviet Museum and Its Public Public Its and Museum Soviet The Front: Third the “On Jolles, Adam and Akinsha Konstantin -

garde, which still holds fascination for both historians and art historians, that historians, art and historians both for fascination holds still which garde, What Groys fails to take into consideration is the f the is consideration into take to fails Groys What goal same the preserved aesthetic Stalinist “the concludes, Groys essence” “In e Cultural Revolution,” in Revolution,” Cultural e

- 91 ad h Nw cnmc oiy (1921 Policy Economic New the and 1921)

between art and life. However, it undertook to solve the solve to undertook it However, life. and art between

Anne Odom and Wendy R. Salmond (eds.),Treasures into Tractors: Tractors: into (eds.),Treasures Salmond R. Wendy and Odom Anne

in museums. It is this strategy of equalizing what equalizing of strategy this is It museums. in - garde conceived as a role for museums was was museums for role a as conceived garde - 1938

(Washington: Hillwood Estate, Museum & & Museum Estate, Hillwood (Washington: 29

act that not all avant all not that act 30

kn o institution, of kind r

- blown federation of of federation blown - 31 98, h Sovi the 1928),

Although Soviet Although

- garde 141 ian et

CEU eTD Collection 1938 (eds.) Salmond R. Wendy 36 1970). Press, University [Eng.]: Cambridge 1917 October Lunacharsky, Under Arts the and 35 Re 34 33 474 1992), Publications, International Sovie and Russian 32 masses thattheessential museumis them.” to the “show to tried have to known is he as museums Russian saving in essential was Enlightment, for Commissariat People’s the Narkompros, of head the Lunacharskii, left.” was what preserve and collect and damage the assess to country the into sent were teams travelling revolution, collec French the in As […] art fighting. the during and museums protect to <> appointed took Bolsheviks they the power, day very the “On Stites. Richard historian generation older art heritage inthe new proletarian museums cr Russia’s Tsarist preserving of process the of part are narrative, her in members, garde avant contrary, the On museums. abolish to intention real any mention not does and post immediate the that Svetlanalife” ofPainterly mentions Dzhafarova Museum Culture, ofthe also Moscow museum as suchthat theytheircreated own. bourg considered they what avant against Russian the that proves It Kandinskii. and Rodchenko avant by exclusively run was it Culture Painter of Museum

More in Sheila Fitzpatrick, Fitzpatrick, Sheila in More 475 Ibid., in Culture,” Painterly of Museum the of Creation “The Dzhafarova, Svetlana uahrki utd n aai Smnv, A oit uem xeiet” in Experiment,” Museum Soviet “A Semenova, Natalia in quoted Lunacharskii volution Richard Stites, Stites, Richard

(Washington: Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens; University of Washington Press, 2009), 65. 2009), Press, ofWashington University & Gardens; Museum Estate, (Washington: Hillwood hs artv o peevn rte ta dsryn i srnl spotd by supported strongly is destroying than rather preserving of narrative This the is arguments Groys’s contradicts existence whose institutions the of One

(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 76 1989), University Press, (New Oxford York: – 476.

t Avant Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Russian the in Life Experimental and Vision Utopian Dreams: Revolutionary y utr (1919 Culture ly

- garde, 1915 garde, Tesrs no Tr into ,Treasures - eouinr era revolutionary The Commissar The

– - 481. 1932

eois museums but cared enough for the idea of of idea the for enough cared but museums eois (New York: Guggenheim Museum : Distributed by Rizzoli by Rizzoli Distributed Museum : (New Guggenheim York: - cos Te eln o Rsi’ Clua Hrtg 1918 Heritage Cultural Russia’s of Selling The actors: 1929). Initially called the Museum of Artistic Artistic of Museum the called Initially 1929). iat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organization of Education Education of Organization Soviet Enlightenment: of iat - 1921

- a a ae hn uem “proliferated” museum when age an was 32 ad atss uh s aln Malevich, Tatlin, as such artists garde 36 , Soviet and East European Studies (Cambridge (Cambridge Studies European East and Soviet ,

eated afterrevolution. the While eventful discussing“brief but the

– 77.

- garde was virulent virulent was garde The Great Utopia: The Utopia: Great The Anne Odom and and Odom Anne 33

Anatol tions tions 142 35

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CEU eTD Collection 38 Post Fren 37 “The creation. of also but preservation of place a only not is museum the that idea audi the to speak to inspire, to illuminate, to capacity its and artifact the object, the with fascination a and artists the of hands the in totally left administration museum a itself, life and art cont are museum new this of traits main The museology. Soviet as 1950s the in known be will what on imprint avant things all with along bureaucracy, Soviet the by rejected the Bolsheviks build. to sought society socialist revolutionary, the suit better would museums of kind what but exist to continue not should or should museums whether not was Soviets the of state young word, same the using while institutions masses?” the of work creative t that institutions

Svetlana DzhaSvetlana Stites, - ch Revolution see Deborah Jenson, Jenson, Deborah see Revolution ch revolutionary France revolutionary The avantThe of kind same the protect to wanted Lunacharskii museums the are But of network “a continues, Stites Richard War,” Civil the of end the „By Bolsheviks resembledtheanti the In selectivity, their antiquarianism. and demythologizing, order,disarming, an the was Bolshevism power. oppressive and luxury of order exploitative an of and genius national a of both emblems as them view to were who masses the to gift a as them offered ne them, depoliticized regime the museum, people’s the in regalia imperial and thrones, crowns, placing By supporters. its thatdynasty estheticand of graphicallyand treasures the tosave the France, Revolutionary in as museum Thus, […] public. the to opened were imperial past the of treasures private the that remains fact the maladministration, and museums, of paucity a abroad, objects precious of carting much looting, T theSoviet Unionwasmuseums in fully[...] operating. Revolutionary Dreams Revolutionary farova, “The Creation of the Museum of Painterly Culture,” 480. Culture,” ofPainterly ofthe Museum Creation “The farova,

solved the dilemma posed by the desire to <> Russia to desire bythe posed dilemma the solved - ence. The avant The ence. e avant he gard

e proposed a new, radical type of museum that, althoughfinally that, museum typeofradical new, a proposed e (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 30 2001), Press, University Hopkins (Baltimore: Johns , 78; For the emergence of the Musée des Monuments Français after the the after Français Monuments des Musée the of the emergence For 78; , - inuous transformation, according to the transformation of of transformation the to according transformation, inuous ad cetd fr h ilmnto o te prt n the and spirit the of illumination the “for created garde

Trauma and Its Representations: The Social Life of Mimesis in in Mimesis of Life Social The Representations: Its and Trauma 38 - garde museum produced the absolutely innovative absolutely the produced museum garde

r te nt akn aot aial different radically about talking not they Are - iconoclasts of the French revolution.”iconoclasts ofthe utralized their former symbolic power, and and power, symbolic former their utralized museum ? I believe that the discussion in the in discussion the that believe I ? –

by means of guides and rituals rituals and guides of means by hough there was much - garde, did leave its its leave did garde,

– 55. ti -

iconoclasm of iconoclasm 37

143 –

CEU eTD Collection 40 39 and museums art museums, of type all in presence mandatory a became text The visitor. the of interpretation free the to 21 the in museums Romanian in also but era socialist the of museums Romanian in only not seminal still was that genre a as emerged museums” “talking Stalin’s that years duri was It 1950s. the of museums Romanian the for relevant highly is 1933) 2 would survive even museum of type new this of principles basic the Stalinism, Soviet by rejected finally trade…” creativethe and spirit the of illumination the for but education the for not is Culture Painterly of Museum .2.2. Talking museums:.2.2. Talking textmuseum as artifact

Jolles, “Stalin’s Talking Museums,” 432 Museums,” “Stalin’s Talking Jolles, in ibid. Asquoted st

century. Stalin’s talking museums were “selfexplaining” in as much as nothing was left was nothing as much as in “selfexplaining”were museums talking Stalin’s been had argued, has Stites Richard as Lenin, under effort the “If Five first the during museums Soviet for found solution The avant the as museum Soviet the though even And to establish what its own cultural commissars would refer to as as to refer would commissars cultural own its what ‘selfexpl new establish a of rise to the to witness bears Union Soviet the pushin It withthe one coextensive thatis exhibition, species of museology. Russian in place taking the of issue, this space resolving to interior relevant austere highly is traditionally museum the into text didactic of The invasion contemplation? spiritual or aesthetic detached for reserved traditionally introduce to Stalin and under emblems drive the characterize we might then how Russia, Tsarist of heritage cultural rich,preserving the still but neutralising collections, private centralising and by seizing and insignia, museums the <> 39

aining’‘talking muzei).” museums’(samogovoriashchie or

in the strictest socialist in the

work of the masses, for the nurturing and building of the artist’sthe of building nurturingand the formasses, the of work

– h sgs f ls srgl drcl it spaces into directly struggle class of signs the

434. historical museum alike. As explained by Victor Victor by explained As alike. museum historical

- realist museologicalrealist eras.

- garde envisaged it would be would it envisaged garde

as it signals a major shift shift major a signals it as - Year Plan (1928 Plan Year

ng these these ng

144 to -

CEU eTD Collection rcos Te eln o Rsi’ Clua Hrtg 1918 Heritage 43 Cultural Russia’s 172. 2009), Press, ofWashington University & Gardens; Museum of Selling The Tractors: Its and in Revolution,” Museum Cultural Soviet the During The Public Front: Third the “On textual Jolles, of Adam independently and form Akinsha of Konstantin history assistance.” the glean to ability public’s the of administrators museums 42 41 an adopted They Union. Soviet the for forms new establish to efforts their in failed group Octyabr the and Kurella where precisely succeeded museums talking Stalin’s post avant very the in invented forms borrowed actually museology new anti and museums bring ideological tolight significance the ofform.” the could materials supplementary and explanations discursive with them exhibiting t be not could images and objects that is debates ensuing the in clear becomes “What untrustworthy. and dangerous potentially as them framed constantly and power their undermined actually that used contrar the quite Union, iconophobic. as characterized been also has visual, highly although culture, Soviet that context this in is It text. the of drawings, and photos.” plans, designs, maps, as such exhibits, illustrative ‘supplementary’ of kind every and posters, labels, inscriptions, by acquired is importance great exhibits of disposition l explanatory the only reading own, his on every museum whole the over look to possibility givethe knowledge, seeking peasant, or worker to is task “Its museology: new the of advocates the of one Grinevich,

Jolles, “Stalin’s Talking Museums,” 438. Museums,” “Stalin’s Talking Jolles, 438 in ibid., quoted Grinevich Victor Sc piieig f et pas nobel t a evsv ioohba a ep distrust deep a iconophobia, pervasive a to undoubtedly speaks text of privileging “Such - ad msus ht hy ee rig o elc ad odm. “Arguabl condemn. and replace to trying were they that museums garde Although, the prototype for “Stalin’s talking museums” wer museums” talking “Stalin’s for prototype the Although, between conflict The - avant - garde museums, as explained by Adam Jolles in the same article, the the article, same the in Jolles Adam by explained as museums, garde

; t s oe h cnet n hc te wr dslyd and displayed were they which in context the more is it y; text and object/image is thus decisively resolved in favor in resolved decisively thus is object/imageand text

– 439. rusted to complete this task independently. Only by by Only independently. task this complete to rusted 42

Anne Odom Odom Anne

It is not that images were banned in the Soviet the in banned were images that not is It bl ad otr. hs bsds the besides Thus, posters. and abels and Wendy R. Salmond (eds.) Salmond R. Wendy and - 1938

(Washington: Hillwood Estate, Estate, Hillwood (Washington: 43

e the anti the e - revolutionary ,Treasures into into ,Treasures - religious among among 145 y,

CEU eTD Collection 46 evident parallels midinthe striking the observe to moment a and Stalin for under museology Soviet between here pausing worth is it and Germany, Nazi 1932 around Union, Soviet the in moment thetalk the precisely at that then, surpriseno “It as shouldcome after1933. 45 44 their to One “selfexplaining”museums. Soviet of uponlylegacy the not however is This demise. regimes socialist of museologies in prevail to continued artifact over hi class exhibiting of manner organic more slowly museums Five first talking the of end the that by disappeared suggests Jolles developments. conservative and specific these beyond contexts contexts. ideological certain in born techniques or forms exhibition retain to ability their in precisely lie may institutions these of conservatism long the at looking by argue, to possible thus is It communism. Romanian condemn to seeks that exhibition an in communism Romanian during developed forms narrative and museological final post in observed be also can it preceded that regime and museology the precisely refute del is it which through forms the with odds at strikingly seems often installations these animates that rhetoric the Thus, platform. critical conservative aggressively an with desig exhibition and graphic dynamic the upon part large in modeled format installation

Ibid. museums Nazi and museums talking Stalin’s between comparison a for arguing by continues Jolles 436. Ibid., ivered.” - 99 oai i te anti the in Romania 1989 ns of such avant such ns of

chapter of this dissertation precisely from this point of view: the use of of use the view: of point this from precisely dissertation this of chapter Soviet museology contin museology Soviet to designed museology innovative apparently an between contrast same The -

1930s.” ibid., 452. ibid., 1930s.”

- garde predecessors as El Lissitsky and Rodchenko, and paired it Lissitsky pairedand El it garde predecessorsand as Rodchenko,

itr o msu transformation, museum of history – 33, it seems to have re have to seems it 33,

- ued to transform in this mixture of both revolutionary both of mixture this in transform to ued communist museums which will be analyzed in the the in analyzed be will which museums communist German museum policy under the National Socialist party party Socialist National the under policy museum German - Year Plan replaced by “Socialist Realism’s “Socialist by replaced Plan Year story” - 46 emerged in only slightly modified form in in form modified slightly only in emerged

yet the preference of explicit text explicit of preference the yet 45

ht h inherent the that ing museum waned waned museum ing 146

CEU eTD Collection <Marxism. to 50 49 48 47 sociologism,” “vulgar as condemned be later will what critique” scathing to subject overvaluing of guilty found curators reproductions; and copies for willingly opted juxtapositions for needed they styles period of examples procure to unable “Museums replica. the with museology this towards purpose. step a is texts explanatory of (over)use the and understandable thus inte high The museum. the in displayed saw he events the of witness of role the assigned is visitor the practice, Romanian into museology translated Soviet in apparent become int investigation statistical and education museum for responsible departments internal created museums Soviet leading the 1927, in “Beginning museums: talking the with understand wascomplywith the needs andaninnovation public contemporary oftheir 20 the currently sovereignty.” calledvisitor sometimes “the orthodoxy new of of end the by museology international in trait defining developed that practice museum of imperative

“Vulgar sociologism” is a term coined in 1930s USSR in order to condemn the sociological approach approach sociological condemn the to order in USSR 1930s in coined term a is sociologism” “Vulgar 172. Ibid., 177. Front,” Third “On the Jolles, Adam Akinshaand Konstantin “Expanding Mu Macdonald, o the preferences and demographics of their constituents.” their of demographics and preferences the o rest in finding the best ways of conveying their message to the visitor the to message their conveying of ways best the finding in rest A less internationally successful characteristic of this phase of Soviet Soviet of phase this of characteristic successful internationally less A museums for need the and visitor the of role central the Recognizing

of Soviet museum administration, was still able to boast that both permanent displays and and displays permanent both that boast to able still was administration, museum Soviet of s onlyn te uem bet o h lvl f qaig h original the equating of level the to object museum the downplaying is

h oiiaiy n uiuns o ojcs n hi cletos were collections their in objects of uniqueness and originality the

seum Studies: An Introduction,” 8. AnIntroduction,” Studies: seum 49

. Fedorov A. - ayo, n o te edn fgrs of figures leading the of one Davydov, in late 1920s USSR would become a a become would USSR 1920s late in

ious accusations like the following: the like accusations ious

- accused curators of “object of curators accused Davydov, one of the founding founding the of one Davydov, 48

By the 1950s, as will as 1950s, the By th

etr a i is it as century 47

- witness is is witness 147

to -

CEU eTD Collection Museology. Manual for Internal Use) Internal for Manual Museology. 53 Exhibit) Museum 52 Boris classes>> exploiting dominant the to 51 away given were past Strugg “The Groys, the of achievements the all and yearsthe tocome. in museology Romanian of fundaments the become will and use” internal “for printed both were they before; years two USSR in printed edition an from 1957 in translated volume collective the while edition, Russian exhibit museum Mihailovskaia’s the of A.I. technique Romania. and Organization in inaugurated already were museology Soviet the Cultu by of Ministry 1957, Romanian respectively and 1954 in printed and Russian from translated were museology Soviet of textbooks first The theory. in then only and museums, actual 2 the museology after for War, ofSovietfollow. satellites theSeconddecades World to and museology, Soviet pervaded and stronger was legacy their deviations, as mid the by if “tal the and sociologism” Davydov’s“vulgar Even museology. Soviet of phase this in rooted thus is 1950s the of museums Socialist with concerned researcher any haunts the of revolution cultural the accompanying measures the of one another collections, balance to order in museums among objects transferring of policy the opposing and collections their in objects “bourg a and fetishism” .2.3 The textbooks of Sovietmuseology textbooks.2.3 The of Romania in

A.I. Mihailovskaia, A.I.Mihailovskaia, 174. 169, Front,” Third “On the Jolles, Adam Akinshaand Konstantin Galkina P.I. et al., al., et P.I. Galkina Sovi et museology was introduced in Romania first in practice, by building building by practice, in first Romania in introduced was museology et

(Bucharest: Ministerul Culturii,1954). Ministerul (Bucharest: le Against the Museum,” 155. theMuseum,” Against le

Organizarea Şi Tehnica Expoziţiei de Muzeu (Organization and Technique of the the of Technique and (Organization Muzeu de Expoziţiei Tehnica Şi Organizarea aee uelge Sovi Muzeologiei Bazele

eois feeling of property” of feeling eois e qie fw er atr h frt uem bsd on based museums first the after years few a quite re, First Five First

(Bucharest: Ministerul Culturii,1957). Ministerul (Bucharest: - Year Plan. The dilemma of authenticity that that authenticity of dilemma The Plan. Year

tc. aul etu z nen Bss f Soviet of (Bases Intern Uz Pentru Manual etice. king museums” were already condemned alreadywere museums” king

51 Base

when over when 52 o Sve Museology Soviet of s

a tasae fo a 1951 a from translated was

- 90, oh Fedorov both 1930s, treasuring the original the treasuring

was 148

CEU eTD Collection 56 55 54 main of essence the unveil not could They modes. production the of notions no life life, of aspects exterior presenting only o life the of aspects interior the were they is, that interiors, the were these exhibitions, these of authors the to According periods. historical different of traits characteristic mirror “These eras: historical represent to wher order exhibitions in dioramas interior of display the “anti and sociologism” “vulgar of accused Museological Soviet first the C and Pokrovsky N. M. of school sociological The fightmuseums must the lack ofcriticism.” approa objectivist the against trends,apolitical fightagainst must museums Soviet science[…] bourgeois of crisis the reflect which museums foreign from also and curiosities of collections av an is continues, education.” communist for thus and view world communist ideas, communist for means propaganda efficient “an as them defines class,” working the of means education active communist “most the sociologism” as museums “vulgar Soviet 1930s defines Mihailovskaia of museums. mistakes ideological the museological on in insisting deviations possible practice, of criticism harsh a provide and museums

ongress of 1930 is mentioned only to be aggressively criticized. Pokrovsky is is Pokrovsky criticized. aggressively be to only mentioned is 1930 of ongress Mihailovskaia, Mihailovskaia, al., et P.I. Galkina Mihailovskaia, f people belonging to different classes of society. In reality, such interiors were interiors such reality, In society. of classes different to belonging people f oh aul mnin ny o eue rvos rns n uem exhibition. museum in trends previous refute to only mention manuals Both educationa the stating by open volumes Both Organisation and Technique of the Museum Exhibit Museum of the Technique and Organisation Exhibit Museum of the Technique and Organisation e based on the idea of presenting ‘pieces’ of real life in order to to order in life real of ‘pieces’ presenting of idea the on based e Bases of Soviet Museology Bases Soviet of ant h n osqiuns t bugos utr. ial, Soviet Finally, culture. bourgeois to obsequiousness and ch

- garde museum: “it is different from bourgeois tsarist museums, tsarist bourgeois from different is “it museum: garde

, 3. ,

56 - scientific approach” because he promoted promoted he because approach” scientific

- conditions of different classes, but gave but classes, different of conditions 54 55

The Soviet museum, Mihailovskaia museum, Soviet The while ad rpgnitc oe of role propagandistic and l ae o Sve Museology Soviet of Bases , 7. , 5. ,

149 of of

CEU eTD Collection 58 57 cultural our in have museums function new the “[…] journal: arts fine a in review 1959 this as such the unassuminggreater wereisusually it visitor probably acknowledged. than ha displays museological new these effect the that possible is it and form in also but content in only not new were 1950s the of museums new The museology. Soviet by provided forms museological new the using by this achieve to also but science or through art, history, recent and distant on represent narrative new totally a only not exhibitions and embrace as to artifacts supposed were benign museum apparently Romanian such dioramas. from result might that effects mista devastating political and “distortions of possibility the on awareness raise to been have must overviews historical apparently these on insisting for reason possible only the takeover, communist the before museology Romanian and politicaland mistakes.” even sometimes todistortions ideological the of decrease a to leads often forms of form exhi the museum in mistakes by accompanied also were personnel sociologizing, museum vane oriented towards that harmful congress the [museological] to first due the of exhibitions, guidelines museum soviet the of content ideological the mista “The museums. in appear can that mistakes political dangerous the the class struggle.” histo

Mihailovskaia, Mihailovskaia, al., et P.I. Galkina rical periods, of socio of periods, rical Romanian museologists were quick to pick up on the new language in texts texts in language new the on up pick to quick were museologists Romanian term authors Soviet the what Although on insists Petrov F.N. by signed textbook, Mihailovskaia’s to introduction The is [] h iaiiy o u te dooia cnet n appropriate in content ideological the put to inability The […] bits. Organisation and Technique of the Museum Exhibit Museum of the Technique and Organisation revolution, through the radically different purpose of educating and and educating of purpose different radically the through revolution, Bases of Soviet Museology Bases Soviet of 57

- economical formations, of correlations between classes, of classes, between correlations of formations, economical

, 175. ,

“vulgar sociologism” never influenced never sociologism” “vulgar - theoretical level of the exhibition the of level theoretical kes” in museums and the the and museums in kes” , 3. , 58

kes made in made kes

folklore d on d 150

CEU eTD Collection 62 61 60 1 23 AfterAugust inRomania 59 museum. the in alive, or dead communists, preeminent from quotes and texts suitable plac and approved having drafting, with concerned were museum, based artifact and complex quite a although chapter, previous the in presented museum, Doftana the of building the concerning documents the of half than more Probably Roma in texts of importance the underestimate to hard is text conclusions, correct the draw and manner correct a in exhibits the examine visitor So postwar the in present still is interpretation its for eye wit presented to is visitor the exhibitions, the “In events: historical certain to connected objects original the eye an into turned be to is 1950s the of museum Soviet of visitor call they as material” concrete “the object, original the of importance the emphasize 1950s the of textbooks The re to return conservative a be to and “color and procedures” formalist symbolism.” construction “pure using and exhibitions in objects on theoften su not content, and chronology of principles the on based exhibitions in domain this in Marxist on based experience Soviet The public. the forming

Ibid., 177. Ibid., 176. Ibid., al., et P.I. Galkina Art <> August 23 După Rominia in Plastice <

quotes and a system of texts by the authors are introduced in the exhibition.” the in introduced are authors the by texts of system a and quotes witness the strikes at the beginningat witness thestrikes ofthe 20 However, the deep mistrust in the object presented without textual guidance textual without presented object the in mistrust deep the However, original place to refusing for criticized also is 1930s the of museology Soviet

bjective and misleadingbourgeoisand bjective lineagesof museums.” Bases of Soviet Museology Bases Soviet of

944>>),” 944>>),” 60 h the concrete materials he could have seen, where he the the he where seen, have could he materials concrete the h

From this perspective, the perspective, this From

- it, for the effect of authenticity on the visitor. The The visitor. the on authenticity of effect the for it, Studii placing the object at the center of museum practice. museum of center the at object the placing

12, no. 4 (1959): 398. no. (1959): 4 12, , 175. ,

century.”

museology of the 1950s seems 1950s the of museology it uelg: T hl the help “To museology: viet

nian museums of the 1950s. the of museums nian 61 - Leninist aesthetics is felt is aesthetics Leninist

- witness after seeing seeing after witness 59 ing the most most the ing

62 151

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ANR, fond Comitetul Pentru Presă și Tipărituri (Committee for Press and Printing), dossier 60/1966, dossier Printing), and Press for (Committee Tipărituri și Presă Pentru Comitetul fond ANR, Printing). and Press for (Committee și Tipărituri Presă Comitetul Pentru fond ANR, Press for Department General the 1949, In

i i nt h pae o ics frhr h fntoig f esrhp in censorship of functioning the further discuss to place the not is his

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exercise State control towards defending state secrets and for the political political the for and secrets state defending towards control State exercise p. The DGPT employees were visiting the Museum of Party of Museum the visiting were employees DGPT The p.

to and Printing (Directia Generala a Presei si Tipariturilo si Presei a Generala (Directia Printing and - date date and, if confused about the ideological ideological the about confused if and,

still powerful instrument of the the of instrument powerful still

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CEU eTD Collection 67 66 widely used. and 50s, early and 40s late the nam of sequence swift its also but Stalinism full in discourse its replicate only not would museum this of USSR. ofthe Museum of theRevolution t first called be will what of basis the form would and 1922 in opened was Moscow” “Red called 1917. April in formed was Revolution the of Museum the of Society mu a establish to initiative the museum, the of site the to According Russia. of History Contemporary of Museum Central State The of 1998, of as name, new the under day this functioningto still and 1924 in Moscow in established Revolution the of Museum master The museum. real a into transformed easily be could that recipe existing an suggests establishment their of haste The camp. Soviet the entered region the after immediately almost Europe Eastern in appeared movement 2 .3. The Party.3. The 1948 Museum.

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succession of of succession

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( Așezămintele Bălcescu Așezămintele em o te R Pol’] eouinr Struggle Revolutionary People’s] PRR the [of seum uel oet dn ut rvlțoaă poporului a revoluționară lupta din Momente Muzeul ) report of the Committee for Reorganizing Museums, two Museums, Reorganizing for Committee the of report

) closed for reorganization 1951 ) closed for reorganization ; n 98 eoae t Kslf Bv n. (see 3 no. Blvd Kiseleff to relocated 1958 in );

) or Moments from the Revolutionarythe fromStruggle Moments or ) ( uel e soi a atdli ouit a Comunist, Partidului a Istorie de Muzeul t ( nt ; nomly ald h Revolutionary the called informally ); unist Party, of the Revolutionary and Revolutionary the of Party, unist șzmnee Bălcescu Așezămintele ; oeie called sometimes ); )

s Party s - 1954.

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CEU eTD Collection of Great Romania. ofGreat t 71 ff. 2 Agitație,no.88/1949, și Propagandă 70 Nicolae figure, revolutionary 1848 of name the bearing establishment cultural library Brătianu the and family Brătianu the of palace former a in location its of because Establishment Bălcescu The called ( of Museum into changed officially was name the and title the from dropped were “moments” the when 1950 until Freedom for Struggle People’s our from Moments as to referred sometimes was it adaptations: M Struggle People’s the of Moments of moments, of collection a accurate, strangely name, initial its use to was, it history; national of museum a nor history party of museum a neither was museum and stories secrets, spots, whose blind characters of full unwritten, was se per party Communist the historyof yet the power, to accession its legitimize to museum a needed Party The pe the of simple or knowledge museum the naming in uncertainty of the of reflection a lack probably most is It precaution? fear, to owed it is museum the name to members of the recently inaugurated Bălcescu Esta exception the with provinces, the in those as wanting for much as leave capital] the in [museums thesesystematization, organizationand of pointview “From of the context: ransforming Romania into a kingdom, gaining independence and achieving the post the achieving and independence gaining kingdom, a into Romania ransforming Muzeul luptei revoluționare a poporului din RPR din poporului a revoluționare luptei Muzeul

The Brătianu family was an important dynasty of politicians, leading the Liberal Party, involved in in involved Party, Liberal the leading politicians, of dynasty important an was family Brătianu The eot f h Cmiso fr eraiig uem i te Country the in Museums Reorganizing for Commission the of Report But what is the Bălcescu Establishment? The reluctance of the Committee’s Committee’s the of reluctance The Establishment? Bălcescu the is what But pe h cetd t tetp irrh o te oain omns Party. Communist Romanian the of hierarchy top the it, created who ople

post

- mortem fate had not yet been decided upon. Thus, the new new the Thus, upon. decided been yet not had fate mortem useum. The peculiarity of the name gave way to numerous numerous to way gave name the of peculiarity The useum.

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blishment.”

71 the RPR people’s revolutionary struggle struggle revolutionary people’s RPR the

transf ). It was evasively and informally and evasively was It ). re b te e pwr no a into power new the by ormed 70

, ANIC, fond CC al PCR PCR al CC fond ANIC, , - 1918 unification unification 1918 156 –

CEU eTD Collection 1933): 257 1933): 73 hundred one of socialism. Romanian throughall lei, bill, Romanian valuable most the on printed was image Bălcescu’s 31 1983), Verlag, Comm Romanian of Case The History. and (Politics Români anti vehement Georgescu, Vlad regime. Communist the throughout publication his although movement, socialist the predecess the among listed proudly propaganda, Communist by regarded well very consistently 72 of requirements the answer to Antonescu Petre same the by built and designed co important most the considered were holdings Its name. husband’s her bearing a library open public to books the and money the building, the donated wife his 1927, in death Museum functioned between here 194 Party turned Museum Revolutionary The Library. National the of branch abandoned Fig. neo Bălcescu.

George Fotino, “Biblioteca I.I.C. Brătianu (I.I.C. Brătianul Library),” Library),” Brătianul (I.I.C. Brătianu I.I.C. “Biblioteca Fotino, George Nicolae Bălcescu is one of the leaders of the 1848 revolution in the Romanian provinces, provinces, Romanian the in revolution 1848 the of leaders the of one is Bălcescu Nicolae -

Romanian style as the future location of the museum, onKiseleff futureRomanian of style as themuseum, the location 2.2. The building was initially built as the residence of Ion. I.C. Brătianu. After his After Brătianu. I.C. Ion. of residence the as built initially was building The

– 72 h fre Blec Etbihet fre Băin plc, n 03 an 2013 in palace, Brătianu former Establishment, Bălcescu former The 273.

h bidn ws eind y rhtc Pte Antonescu Petre architect by designed was building The llection of historical and rare books in the country. A new wing was was wing new A country. the in books rare and historical of llection

8 and 1958. Photographand Bădică 1958. by Simina 8 - Russian writings had to be withdrawn from from withdrawn be to had writings Russian unists) Politică Și Istorie. Cazul Comuniștilor Comuniștilor Cazul Istorie. Și Politică , 2nd ed. (Munchen: Jon Dumitru Dumitru Jon (Munchen: ed. 2nd , Boabe de Grâu de Boabe Boulevard. 73

IV, no. 5 (May (May 5 no. IV, n h same the in .

ors of of ors 157

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Ibid., 1. p. Ibid., Libr Historical Best "Romania's h iagrto o te eouinr msu i te omr Brătianu former the in museum Revolutionary the of inauguration The was ones new with institutions old replacing and names changing of haste The

- vr n hsoia mp s h fnl poin final the as map historical a on over

as an attempt to metaphorically and physically erase the past. past. the erase physically and metaphorically to attempt an as 74 a a rpgna uem I i lkl ta, hl the while that, likely is It museum. propaganda a as e

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CEU eTD Collection uem f h Rmna Wres Pry osiue a iig ok f u pol’ fgt udr the under fight, people’s our of book living a constitutes Party Workers’ Romanian the of Museum 81 Historica) Series Apulensis Universitatis Române Istoriografiei „stalinizarea” Historiography),” Romanian Şi of ‘Stalinization’ Roller “Mihail Pleșa, Liviu also History Nation: the and Historians, polit both survive 9 the during criticized severely is historian party a as activity M.Roller’s History. Party of Institute the of president (1949 Academy R.P.R. the of president 80 79 (1955 Romania in Communism 78 77 1948. 5, Doftana),” in Cell H the to Body Horea’s Broke That Wheel theFrom People. Romanian the of History True the About Museum (A Doftana Dela H, Celula La Horea, Lui Trupul Zdrobit Fost 76 book history living t of museum The techniques. museological specific with Romanian rigid most historian new the of 1947 in publication the with that chapter, official the Georgescu Vlad of writings early the From subject. academic researched well a is party Communist Museum 194 in 2 of history ”true a of Romanians” idea the for way making and freedom for struggles fought .3.1.1. Darkness. to Avisit the the of People’s Moments Freedom] Struggle [for

“Through its exhibits its “Through Roller Georgescu, Vlad Român. Poporului a Adevărată Istoria Despre Muzeu “Un Nămolaru, Victor Rle ws deputy was ”Roller

odn rsin ao, Saiim Hsoin, n te ain History Nation: the and Historians, “Stalinism, Iacob, Cristian Bogdan

, The the of benefit the for and eyes the through history Romanian of rewriting The History of Romania of History - -

13th, June 1958 plenary session of the PMR. Roller gradually loses influence. He did not did He influence. loses gradually Roller PMR. the of session plenary 1958 June 13th, Russian relations throughout relations Russian the centuries. narrative have been traced. It is enough to mention for the purposes of this this of purposes the for mention to enough Itis traced. been have narrative Moments axs itrrtto, ae o cas tuge wt a ou o tight on focus a with struggle, class on based interpretation, Marxist 76 -

in that had been previously them. that hadfrom been hidden ically and physically to the change in party in change the to physically and ically Politics and History and Politics 8 77 - chief of the regime, Mihail Roller, Mihail regime, the of chief

to the recent analyses of Bogdan Iacob, Bogdan of analyses recent the to - he o te rpgna eto o te oain okr Pry n vice and Party Workers Romanian the of Section Propaganda the of chief 81 –

museum attempts to display this new narrative in a vivid manner manner vivid a narrative new in todisplayattempts this museum documents, objects, graphics, models, sculptures and paintings and sculptures models, graphics, objects, documents, hr eiecs f h nrae ps bcm tnil ad the and tangible become past narrated the of evidences where .

- 1966),” 2010, PhD thesis, Central European University. European Central thesis, PhD 2010, 1966),” - production Under Communism in Romania (1955 Romania in Communism Under production

10, no. 1 (2006): 165 (2006): 1 no. 10, - 94. n 95 h ws demot was he 1955, In 1954). Annals of the University of Alba Iulia History (Annales (Annales History Iulia Alba of University the of Annals History of Romania of History - line.” Bogdan Cristian Iacob, “Stalinism, “Stalinism, Iacob, Cristian Bogdan line.” – 177. 80

Romanian history acquired its acquired history Romanian

he 1950s is meant to be a a be to meant is 1950s he

the main coordinates of coordinates main the d o h psto o vice of position the to ed t (ial olr n the and Roller (Mihail şti Dela Roata Pe Care a Care Pe Roata Dela - production Under Under production 79 - 1966),” 105; See 105; 1966),”

edited by the by edited

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the History History the , , July 159 - -

CEU eTD Collection 83 hero. national 82 P.M.R. RWP),” of Museum History (The Roman Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de “Muzeul T., Ion Ardeleanu, party.” heroic its of leadership FebruarySource: Buletinul FIAP, 1950 the of concern outmost museum with the for ofthe intentions museumcurators. translation narrative a considered be can itself article the guides, museum ex the of part integral an as trusted be the in articles the However, on. rely to material archival and visual little unfortunately with press written from was tortured todeath. Horea which on wheel original the display to claims Horea to dedicated room The moment. revolutionary 1848 the and (1821) rising Vladimirescu Tudor the (1784), rebellion, Doja Gheorghe for first The displayed. successfully be chosen could scenography moments a script whose The moments conflict, of power. moments are museum the additional in representation acquire historian the of words

Victor Nămolaru, “Un Muzeu Despre Istoria Adevărată.” Istoria Despre “UnMuzeu Nămolaru, Victor Hungarian a György, Dózsa as equally, is he as name, his of version Romanian the is Doja Gheorghe

IV, no. 4 (August 1958): 56. 4 no. (August IV, 1958):

Fig. 2.3. Ana Pauker's cell reproduced in the Revolu the in reproduced cell Pauker's Ana 2.3. Fig.

Information ont 82

olwd y h Hra Coc ad rșn esn riots peasant Crișan and Cloșca Horea, the by followed Scânteia

nll Isiuuu d Ist de Institutului Analele

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he original display only ofthe comes museum

orie a Partidului de Pe Langa C.C. Al Al C.C. Langa Pe de Partidului a orie moment

in the museum is the is museum the in tionary Museum. tionary

160 nd nd

CEU eTD Collection continue to be used for important political prisoners by the Communist regime. Communist the by prisoners political important usedfor be to continue prison Doftana abando been had ruins the and before years seven earthquake the in collapsed 87 reconstructe be to cells Gheorghiu to the belonging cell sectionincluding the Among begun. yet not had prison Doftana 86 1948. July7, 85 2002. in inaugurated House) (Terror 84 the otherSărat. from Râmnicu Doftan from brought one genuine, are cells the of doors the that insist curators the was scenography, their to Pauker authenticity more add Ana to if As where darkness.” ”deep in penitentiary imprisoned Sărat Râmnicu from 32 no. cell and years Gheorghiu Gheorghe where miserable” “narrow, prison, Doftana from 7 no. cell displays museum the Doftana, from cell H generic the Along persons. real byprecise inhabited cells particularrecreating at aim they props, mere Althoughcells. walls. prison the on drawings and writings the seen and Doftana in cell H the in been really had they if as feel must Visitors emotions. originaland adorned withprisonprops,heavy doors and feet hand recr three than less no enter can visitors The years. illegal their during communists of fight the to dedicated sections last the

At the time of the opening of this museum, July 1948, the reconstruction works on the ruins of the the of ruins the on works reconstruction the 1948, July museum, this of opening the of time the At C Fata “In Nămolaru, Victor prison concerns what In h vrct o ti ifrain s ihy eaal. h cl o Gheorghiu of cell The debatable. highly is information this of veracity The The replica The lamp gas a corner, the In Darkness. staircase. iron narrow steep, a climb ”You house terror real a becomes museum Moments 1948 The One has drawn on the wall aOne hamm has onthe drawn wall part, another in writing, same the strong: are words The hopes. and thoughts yet earth an and necessitiesbowl prisoner’s the for bucket a Only Airless. dark. and humid Always Doftana. from cell H famous the recreated have we us, of front r cold, are guide the of words The flame. weak a with burns

oiia dties aae t wie t ly n h pio’ wls their walls prison’s the on lay to write, to managed detainees political - (strachina) museum), while the Râmnicu Sărat penitentiary was still a functioning prison and will will and prison functioning a still was penitentiary Sărat Râmnicu the while museum), - cell, including fake scratching on the fake walls, aims at stirring at aims walls, fake the on scratching fake including cell,

cell recreation, it can arguably be a forerunner of the Budapest Terror Háza Terror Budapest the of forerunner a be arguably can it recreation, cell

for food. No bed. No food. for elulei H Dela Doftana (In Front of the H Cell in Doftana),” Doftana),” in Cell H the of Front (In Doftana Dela H elulei

Dej. [...] You look inside the cell. Darkness. And Darkness. cell. the inside look You [...] ae cls al n rfud akes with darkness, profound in all cells, eated Down with fascist terror!, Long live RCP! live Long terror!, fascist with Down er ” and a sickle...

Long live the Soviet Union! Soviet the live Long 86

The three cells three The 85 d were those in the H and B B and H the in those were d

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However, it is not fear that the museum seeks to indu to seeks museum the that fear not is it However, high of group “A antifascists imprisoned the to dedicated rooms two the and cells recreated The - Scânteia uem 0 k aa fo Bucharest. from away km 100 museum

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Retroactive Justice Retroactive Narrators on both sides of the Iron Curtain agree that the museum is “arranged is museum the that agree Curtain Iron the of sides both on Narrators strange the Among was one, Romanian the for model the Moscow, in Museum RevolutionaryThe - - 1 e41230b9e36a - 2 - 23755; Records of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute: General General Institute: Research Liberty Europe/Radio Free Radio of Records 23755; n they led in battle against their perpetrators, they would all recognize in in recognize all would they perpetrators, their against battle in led they n Moscova Leningrad. Muzee Și Monumente Și Muzee Leningrad. Moscova - visit to the to Revolutionary Museumvisit Bucharest in

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(Bucharest: Cartea Rusă, 1957), 69 1957), Rusă, Cartea (Bucharest: 92

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CEU eTD Collection part of transnational anti transnational of part 97 96 acc at available record Electronic m she present, at LONDON or PARIS in be Ana PAUKER should that, implied also We original?>> the from different so reconstructed were they as purposes, propaganda for up set only were explained? be difference this could How reconstructed. were which those from indeed different very were condition original their in still cells few the and restored, been had imprisoned the thi to of result a as conditions deplorable reply no had andvery be impressed seemedto He themuseum. in sawwe illustrations the in being cells the remember not did and ago, months seven than more no there were we that him, told We there. been had he that admit to had he castle?>> DOFTANA the to been ever you have << him: asked we “When conversation: tensed most a triggered cells reconstructed The visit. this reporting when name his mention to not them asking and in lived he terror ackno by visitors his of sympathy the gained that host same The host. any fact, in and, Images changes. Pauker Ana of mentioning political recent to due removed been have rooms.” successive the in presented be will which enormities, the for public preparethe to intention the with apparently,noted, be objective considered be well very cannot de these which way “The it. of convinced much very not himself seems he although narrative museum’s the of authenticity the of visitor the convince to unsuccessfully tries, who assistant Roller’s Mihail is group anonymous

Ana Pauker, the unofficial leader of the RWP after the war, alongside Dej, was purged in 1952 as 1952 in purged was Dej, alongside war, the after RWP the of leader unofficial the Pauker, Ana 1. Ibid., essed May 30, 2013. May30, essed s. We also added that the cells where PAUKER Ana, GHEORGHIU etc. were etc. GHEORGHIU Ana, PAUKER where cells the that added also We s.

Jewish purges i purges Jewish http://hdl.handle.net/10891/osa:5e072177 97

had disappeared from the museum, as explained by their by explained as museum, the from disappeared had s poal ol hv o a a e hns regarding things few a say to have would probably ost n the Stalinist parties. Levy, Stalinist parties. nthe –

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Quoted in Bennett, p. 68 p. in Bennett, Quoted 100

For Tony Bennet Tony For , which plays ofmuseums Socialist in roleinthestory Romania. animportant Pan 1901 the of entrance the at warning The

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Patrick T. Houlihan, “The Poetic Image and Native American Art” in Karp and Lavine, Lavine, and Karp in Art” American Native and Image Poetic “The Houlihan, T. Patrick 68 p. Bennett, 24 p. Bennett, , 206. , In a more recent example, Patrick T. Houlihan observed the unsettling unsettling the observed Houlihan T. Patrick example, recent more a In in visitor the of role the of analysis Bennett’s Tony with started have I 103 ws that this is not a totalitarian trait enforced on the museum world by an an by world museum the on enforced trait totalitarian a not is this that ws

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n ti icuin f h visitor the of inclusion this And 102

Bennett would rather speak ofspeak rather would Bennett - mrcn xiiin the Exhibition, American Exhibiting Exhibiting - after after 167

CEU eTD Collection 105 838 104 the former punishmentthecity.” in role of judicial replaced that cleansing civic of form a performed visitors these decoration, original the and atrocities former of spaces the with engagement nineteenth the within art of viewer the for experience aesthetic powerful a into translated was prison th to integral once was that violence the say, to is that encounter; visual the to integral remained violence site, the of function the and audience the in shift dramatic the Despite transformed. necessarily was beholding v museum to criminal from shifted walls Bargellothe within bodies participatory the As museum. the of frames behavioral and material the by provoked stimuli sensory of aware made were that and walls its inside displayed th to travelled voluntarily that bodies were These society. of class elite the of part as cultivated were Bargello the within bodies the century nineteenth the of half second the “In that, explains Terry Allie historian t the analyzing inWhen convincing. is museum Florence national a now prison, former Bargello the of example the The of prisoner. body the by inhabited previously place the takes visitor the of body the as visitor The itself. prison the is which artifact and exhibit main the into swollen engulfed, actually is but exhibit an only not is visitor the grasp: to easier perhaps is complex exhibitionary the in visitor the of warned she the play entering isaboutto role changingwhen of a museum. post these of visitor

Ibid., 838. Ibid., Bargello the at Politics Museum and History Prison Tourists: and “Criminals Terry, – 840. In the case of prison of case the In

- etr museum.” century

- oen ad sal eprmna ehbtos i uuly not usually is exhibitions, experimental usually and modern, - museums analyze museums

104 literally takes the place of the former prisoners, prisoners, former the of place the takes literally

h cnlds ht “hog ter bodily their “Through that, concludes She e Bargello to view the works of art art of works the view to Bargello e ransformation from prison to museum, to prison from ransformation d in the previous chapter, the position position the chapter, previous the in d e criminal viewing experience in the the in experience viewing criminal e 105

isitor, the physical experience of of experience physicalthe isitor, aesthetic encounter with the with encounter aesthetic

in Florence,” Florence,” in 168

CEU eTD Collection 108 1979). Pedagogică, 107 106 collective ”the museum, Soviet the for is, masses,” the with working of form main entertaining and educating of methods to dedicated entirely masses” the with work “Museums’ to dedicated Romanian to Russian 2 (the performs socialist collective visitor witnessing visits), and pilgrimage. ideal an trace attem my is It pilgrim. a and witness a becomes visitor socialist becomes.The visitor socialist the learns, or sees or does, only not visitor socialist The citizen. socialist the for transformative is visit museum a insist; professionals museum jus not is museum socialist a to visit A museums. in visitor the by played post almost activityan museum in of focus main the as masses” “the on insistence an is regime communist the throughout unchanged masses,” in the enlightening museum and the educating is of society purpose contemporary essential “the citizen: socialist the culture bringing and moral high of formation qualit spiritual the goal final its as set must it abstract, propaganda be cannot Museum work. ideological of sector a is museum “the education: of educati .3.2.2. The collective.3.2.2. The visit

Galkina P.I. et al., al., et P.I. Galkina al., et P.I. Galkina Corina Nicolescu, Nicolescu, Corina onal institution. In the 1950s, the accent falls more on the ideological accents accents ideological the on more falls accent the 1950s, the In institution. onal Soviet museology, as presented in one in presented as museology, Soviet an as theoreticians and creators its by defined usually is museum socialist The - ye oils vstr osrce aon te ocps f collectivism of concepts the around constructed visitor Socialist type e i Sve men.” Soviet in ies

Bases of Soviet Museology Bases Soviet of Museology Bases Soviet of uelge eeaă Gnrl Museology) (General Generală Muzeologie

108

is especially concerned with the museum visitor. Thechapter visitor. museum the with especiallyconcerned is

106

hl i te 90 euain s en oe as more seen is education 1970s the in While . 245. ,

of the manuals translated in 1957 from 1957 in translated manuals the of - modern insistence on the crucial part crucialpart the on insistencemodern Mna e aă muzeelor a masă de (Munca

Bcaet Eiua iatc și Didactică Editura (Bucharest:

the Soviet visitor. As ”the ”the As visitor. Soviet the pt in these pages to pages these in pt 107

ht remains what

a visit, a t ) is is ) 169

CEU eTD Collection 110 109 does that public of kind the attract to need the museums, socialist to visitors of number the increase to need The levels. multiple on explained be can visitor” “unorganized MuncitorescPartidului Româ Fig. political consciousness.” their form to helping of but knowledge, scientific new with visitors the enriching only vis collective the with concernedargument, is main its substantiated,” scientifically and oriented politically visit,

Ibid., 245. Ibid., Ibid., 2.4. not normally pass museum gates (workers and peasants) and a fascination with fascination a and peasants) and (workers gates museum pass normally not The importance of the collective visit, as opposed to the individual visit of the of visit individual the to opposed as visit, collective the of importance The 243. “Working people visit Doftana”. From the album Muzeul de Istorie“Working Doftana”. visit de From album Muzeul people the a

110

Muzeul Doftana . Bucharest: Editura 1960. Politică, it. “The visit has the goal of not not goalof the has “Thevisit it. 109

the bulk of this chapter, this of bulk the

170

CEU eTD Collection 113 112 What Next? Comes and 111 is ultimategoal the but texts explanatory and guidebooks with her providing by accommodated be can visitor unorganized The visitor.” “isolated the or visitor” “unorganized the labeled is she while chapter, the of end the towards or lower the voice. raise to how pencil), or finger hand, the never (and stick elegant an use to how group, the within discipline the maintain to how on guide the to given also are instructions this. regulate to instructed firmly is guide The visit. guided thematic the of part not are that exhibits examine to stop to not are visitors the advance, in explained men.” in qualities spiritual and moral high of formation the goal final its as set must it abstract, be cannot propaganda Museum work. ideological of sector a is museum bur concrete the around ( masses the mobilize to is guide the of duty “The visitor: the as character a important as is guide the museums, Soviet in masses guideand the the of presence the where visit, collective the during experience visitor’s the over control of degree high the is factor important most the believe I however Romania), a the of form one as decoded be also might visit collective The time. leisure of organization individualistic bourgeois the to opposed as activities collective sarcini dfnd y nhoooit ahrn Verdery Katherine anthropologist by defined s

Ibid., 258 Ibid., al., et P.I. Galkina in Romania,” Ceauşescu’s in Time of ‘Etatization’ “The Verdery, Katherine 112 The and established firmly be to had theme whose visit, collective the During of chapter this In ) that stand before the Soviet people. The guide must not forget that the the that forget not must guide The people. Soviet the before stand that )

– 259. Bases of Soviet Museology Soviet of Bases strict schedule arestrict schedule crucial.

Bases of Soviet Museology Bases Soviet of 113

(Princeton: Princeton University Pr University Princeton (Princeton:

ae o Sve Museology Soviet of Bases

, 245. , (1957) deals with th with deals (1957)

ess,1996). 111 , concerned with engaging the the engaging with concerned ,

tu, o lt communist late for (true,

e individual visitor only visitor individual e to actually organize the the organize actually to etatization of time of etatization What Was Socialism, Socialism, Was What ning duties duties ning

Detailed Detailed

Soviet Soviet 171

CEU eTD Collection Sfatul Popular al Sfatul Popular museums) region Cluj of 115 114 concl museologists Romanian finally When museum. socialist the of purpose and structure school Romania: History Romania) History. (Meeting of Movement Democratic România and Revolutionary the of Party, Communist Din the of Museum Democratice Şi Revoluţionare Mişcării Lupescu. Ioan album Fig. of organized andthe themes visits ofthese visits.” theisolat informmust We systematized. bemust visitors isolated the for visits of kind this “Providing activities: collective other and visitors of groups joining of possibilities the of informed be to is She visitor. unorganized

Nicolae Dunăre, ”Legătura muzeelor din regiunea Cluj cu masele” (The connection with the masses masses the with connection (The masele” cu Cluj regiunea din muzeelor ”Legătura Dunăre, Nicolae 275. Ibid., 2.5. d ta “h vst s cetv poes” hy r rfrig o h creativity the to referring are they process,” creative a is visit “the that ude Two “essential categories of visitors” are identified by socialist museology in in museology socialist by identified are visitors” of categories “essential Two Guided visit to the Museum of Party History in the early 1970s. From the the From 1970s. early the in History Party of Museum the to visit Guided . Bucharest: Arta Grafică,Bucharest: Arta 1 .

Regiunii Cluj, Sectiunea Culturala, 1955), 76 1955), Sectiunea Culturala, Cluj, Regiunii - hlrn n proletarians, and children

Întîlnire Cu Istoria. Muzeul de Istorie a Partidului Comunist, a Comunist, Partidului a Istorie de Muzeul Istoria. Cu Întîlnire i Atvtta uelr osr (rm u Msus Activity) Museums’ Our (From Noastre Muzeelor Activitatea Din

974.

115

etfig o h esnily didactic essentially the to testifying 114 –

77.

ed visitors about theschedule visitors ed

(Cluj: (Cluj: 172

CEU eTD Collection the agenda of t of agenda the 117 116 witness. becoming into world the for is, D.C. Washington in memorial Holocaust The atrocities. past highly quality soughtafter especiallydealing contemporary with of museums, inthose herselfagent transform an ofthe become and knowledge this spread to it, to witness bear to able be to knowledge, this internalize to able be to has she but eye, own her with sees she narratives and eye an into transformed be to has She transformed. be to has visitor The inspiration. Soviet on Romania, in regime socialist established newly the by organized man, new the of museum the by transformed be part is museum the to as experience, is visitor The in. came she person same the 2 their through mind his in engraved remain which impressions direct content, and strong the through assimilates easily visitor the museum, organized scientifically a “In consideration: into taken not is information received the with dealing creative whose but controlled and seized be to has attention whose information of recipient mere a perceived as is visitor The visitor. creativitythe the of to not and guide the requiredof .3.2.3. The Socialist visitor: apilgrim Socialist .3.2.3. The and witness

“Finally, words of warning written next to the federal government’s American eagle symbol sum up up sum symbol eagle American government’s federal the to next written warning of words “Finally, 3. Ibid., intensity.” - witness. It is not only tha only not is It witness. The expectation of the visitor witnessing while visiting museums is still one still is museums visiting while witnessing visitor the of expectation The museum the ofpremises the leave not should museum socialist a to visitor The

- acclaimed and equally criticized museums precisely for forcing the visitor visitor the forcing for precisely museums criticized equally and acclaimed he museum: <> And, having turned turned having And, witness.>> bear must we living, the and dead the <

117

h wtes n te da f eoig ins, actually witness, becoming of idea the and witness The

ation she has underwent. t the visitor has to be convinced of the things, objects objects things, the of convinced be to has visitor the t

and parcel of the transformative plan, the creation the plan, transformative the of parcel and

example, one of one example, 173

CEU eTD Collection 120 119 118 46. 2002), Press, ofMinnesota liv continued or death that Luke, W. to met Timothy camps.” witness soul bear now this must whether visitor discovering the persona, fate, Holocaust person’s her or his for Pass one’s of pages the the in presence the and authenticity of issue the museology, Soviet on subchapter 20 the of beginning the at strikes the of witness eye the he were seen have would he that materials concrete the Museology Soviet of Bases serious very one is witness a into visitor the transforming of goal The discourse. exhibitionary its constructing ideal the uses museology socialist Romanian on later categories.” juridical and categories ethical of confusion tacit “the with concerned is Agamben it.” to witness bear h who something, word, second The party. third a of position the in is parties, rival two between suit law or trial a in who, person word, first The <>. for words two are there Latin, “In witness: term the of meanings two discerns Agamben it). refute to only if (even witness of concept the discusses Hol the of experience the radical most and ultimate challenges the to witness bearing Agamben ever of possibility Giorgio As witnesses. of existence the of because and help the with mainly uncovered, slowly were camps concentration the in committed atr the of extent the as War World Second the after concept crucial a became

Galkina P.I. et al., al., et P.I. Galkina 18. p. Agamben, A cut bcmn a ulm a living a Muslim, a becoming ocaust, gamben, gamben, oit mus Soviet testi Remnants of Auschwitz of Remnants 119

s , from which our word our which from ,

Bases of Soviet Museology Bases Soviet of as experienced an event from beginning to end and can therefore therefore can and end to beginning from event an experienced as 118 ooy a tasae fr h ue f oain uelgss and museologists Romanian of use the for translated as eology,

The confusion between the two meanings exists to this day, and day,this to exists meanings two the between confusion The Museum Politics. Power Plays at the Exhibition the at Plays Power Politics. Museum

superstes states this clearly: “In the exhibition, the visitor will see will visitor the exhibition, the “In clearly: this states th ly assumed purpose of socialist museums. The manual manual The museums. socialist of purpose assumed ly

, 18. , c entury.”

dsgae a esn h hs ie through lived has who person a designates , testimony , 176. , 120

- s t a be aray icse i the in discussed already been has it As ed n cnetain ap h also he camp, concentration a in dead

derives, etymologically signifies the signifies etymologically derives, - ye f visitor of type ing in the aftermath of the the of aftermath the in ing

(Minneapolis: University University (Minneapolis: - ins in witness ocities ocities 174

CEU eTD Collection 124 Mausoleum),” Red a as Witness Raised Be Then 123 Munca de Planuri 1948. from 122 Walls),” Doftana’s Under Killed Fighters Class Working 121 endlesscommunists’ man.” battles for thehappiness of “re visitor the 1955, in Bucharest Homeland.” our in exist never will Doftana new a that so strength your all with fight to have you that better even learn you school this in enemy, class the more even hate to learn you school this In visit. should socialism of constructor young every that school A school. a is museum thi why is “This fighters: future breeds also it but witnesses breeds museum Doftana [ reports and there held were meetings Doftana, in terror greatest the of middle the in that seeyou will and walls these at“Look walls: the from testimonytake to visitors invites supplement newspaper 1948 A 1949. in inauguration Doftana’s at RWP the of Committee Central the of member Drăghici, Alexandru of anti the of suffering of decades the a witnessed havewalls down torn these where“Here witness. bear remainedto walls the But gone. are Doftana survive not did who ones the understanding, Agamben’s in witnesses, impossible the witnesses, true The witnesses. become themselves visitors wall the seeing by and, martyrs communist the of suffering and struggle the of witnesses the been had that walls the is It visitors. and walls between place takes purposeby of producinexplicit the but fetishism object bourgeois a by not justified thus is objects original of exhibition

V. Bîrlădeanu, “Prin Muzeul Lenin “Prin Muzeul Bîrlădeanu, V. Dfaa Frăeț nar ș ueă” Dfaa Bak n hmd otes new fortress) humid and Black (Doftana. umedă,” și neagră Fortăreață “Doftana. P Lcl otni tni Se Atunci Doftanei Locul “Pe “ Comemorarea Luptătorilor Clasei Muncitoare Uciși Sub Zidurile Doftanei (Commemoration of of (Commemoration Doftanei Zidurile Sub Uciși Muncitoare Clasei Luptătorilor Comemorarea Romania Libera magazin Libera Romania In the case of the Doftana museum, a translation of the witnessing qualities qualities witnessing the of translation a museum, Doftana the of case the In )

in AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2500 ( i2500 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, in - nălța

- Stalin,” Stalin,” - 123 a a atr n o Mausoleu Roș Un Martor ca va g eye - fascist political prisoners [...]” prisoners political fascist - lives in a few hours, the touching history of of history touching the hours, few a in lives

n h Lenin the In Scânteia - Scânteia Tineretului Scânteia witnesses. , February , 1955. 13, Scânteia

- tln uem iagrtd in inaugurated Museum, Stalin 124 , November 11, 1949. 11, November ,

no. November 12, 1949 (n.d.). 1949 12, November no. referate m (In Doftana’s Place Will Will Place Doftana’s (In m

121 wr written.” were ] Comemorare Doftana Doftana Comemorare

goes the speech the goes spaper clipping clipping spaper s, the the s, 175

122 ll s

CEU eTD Collection an attempt to kill Tsar Alexander III in 1887 and was hanged on this charge. See Philip Pomper, Pomper, Philip See charge. this on hanged was and 1887 in Revolution October the of Origins the Brother : Lenin’s III Alexander Tsar kill to attempt an 127 126 125 Russia.”bloody orthodox ruled tsars thathad the of one of life the ended had century, last the of end the at he, after brother Lenin’s s and exhibition goingthe visionsthroughhas visitor the pilgrim,believerandtrue a As museum. the in lived has he whatof writings throughhis witness, bears he as also and events” memorable “relives he as Agamben, by observed meanings both in witness a becomes visitor The museum. Moscow the of halls the through her walks and hand the narrative his in uses p things.” sacred as them at look We bullets. by riddled (“Flags terminology piety.” of respect, of feelings by alwaysoverwhelmed exhibits, museum study We events. memorable relive We relics. pr these among silentlywalk we veneration, profound of feelings with emotion, with “filled 1945) after Europe Eastern over all Museums Revolutionary all for type ideal the became it 1923, in (inaugurated Museum Revolutionary Moscow the enters L and Moscow of monuments and museums the reader Romanian the then narratefor andsee to onmissionofficial journalist, a is he asmore even ; pilgrim Socialist of role assigned the into steps easily 1950s the in museums Soviet visiting distri and printed widely then the where Russia seen Soviet of had museums who those of narratives the possible, not was experience direct the If sites. pilgrimage worthwhile more even where museums Soviet to visits possible eeing objects of torture: “You fell as if you truly see in these handcuffs the hands of of hands the handcuffs these in see truly you if as fell “You torture: of objects eeing uts himself in the shoes of a pilgrim finally able to see the holy relics, but he also also he but relics, holy the see to able finally pilgrim a of shoes the in himself uts

Ibid., 70; Lenin’s brother, Alexander Uly Alexander brother, Lenin’s 70; Ibid., 72. Ibid., Mihalache, The Socialist pilgrim did not only visit Ro visit only not did pilgrim Socialist The

Moscova Leningrad Moscova

we , the first person plural, as if he takes the reader by the the by reader the takes he if as plural, person first the , , 69. ,

125

anov did not kill the tsar of Russia, but he was involved in in involved was he but Russia, of tsar the kill not did anov religious with infused language his is only Not 127

(New York: W.W. Norton & co., 2010). & co., Norton (New W.W. York:

manian museums. Whenever it was was it Whenever museums. manian ue. Romanian A buted. eningrad. He He eningrad. 126 ) as he as ) ecious

176 -

CEU eTD Collection de Munca de 129 Walls).” Doftana’s Under Killed Fighters Class Working 128 bourgeois regimes prison.” inthis anti and 14 communist November the on Doftana, of to commemorating pilgrimage the in part take to asked commemoratio November Doftana’s to invitation official prison.” this of walls the beneath ago years 9 fallen class working the of heroes the of graves the to Doftana, to place took pilgrimage the t in 1949, announced thus In is Doftana of events. commemoration the of actors time the the at is pilgrimage term it the contrary, used the that On themselves 1950s. the of events the of analysis scholarly

Invitation Cmmrra uttrlr lsi Mu Clasei Luptătorilor “Comemorarea The concept of organizing mus organizing of concept The ),f. 192. , 1948, AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2500 ( i2500 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, 1948, ,

129 ncitoare Uciși Sub Zidurile Doftanei (Commemoration of of (Commemoration Doftanei Zidurile Sub Uciși ncitoare

eum visits as pilgrimages is not a post a not is pilgrimages as visits eum

- fascist fighters assassinated by the the by assassinated fighters fascist he papers: “Yesterday morning, a a morning, “Yesterday papers: he 128

Comemorare Doftana 1948. Planuri Planuri 1948. Doftana Comemorare One year earlier, in 1948, the 1948, in earlier, year One ns read: “You are kindly kindly are “You read: ns th

1948, for for 1948, - factum factum 177

CEU eTD Collection dossier no. 50/1955, 4, f. 47. p. 50/1955, no. dossier May 130 simi completely not is situation the although History. party Communist Lenin the and museum Doftana the with together museum, Party the twist: rhetorical mere a not is museum propaganda a as Museum Party the discussing Thus, RCP. of CC the Par of Institute the Romanian of section a thewas Museum Party the existence, of its of most For Committee Party. Communist Central the of Section Agitation the and of archives Propaganda the in found be only can 1958 in Boulevard Kiseleff on building monumen the in installation its before museum, the of years early the regarding un because (ANIC), Archives National Inand the Museum Party the through sometimes and for fought struggles internal the in seen be can past the controlling on insistence communists’ The point. contestation a becomes better a for fighting individuals and groupsvarious with organization dynamica but monolith, strugglesPartyMuseum at the(1948 2 .3.3. “The museum.3.3. “The myestate.” is

Information regarding the the regarding Information - eebr 1954 December - tln uem wh museum Stalin As the archive of the former Party Museum is unavailable for research at the at research for unavailable is Museum Party former the of archive the As a as seen be to not is RWP the if yet Party, the to belongs Museum Party The

130 position inside the organization, than the coordination of the Party museum museum Party the of coordination the than organization, the inside position stitute of Party History. ofPartystitute

nt o te oooos uem i Cehsoai i revealing is Czechoslovakia in museums homologous the on note A ty History, itself a branch of the Agitation and Propaganda Section of Section Propaganda and Agitation the of branch a itself History, ty , ANR, fond CC al PCR PCR al CC fond ANR, , - state. In the 1950s, they were all part of the Institute of Party Party of Institute the of part all were they 1950s, the In state.

activity of the Institute of Party History by the CC of RWP in the period period the in RWP of CC the by History Party of Institute the of activity

ere all part of the propaganda system organized by the the by organized system propaganda the of part all ere

Institutional developmentsInstitutional internal and – –

1958) Propaganda si Agitatie (Propaganda and Agitation), Agitation), and (Propaganda Agitatie si Propaganda - archived, some scattered information information scattered some archived, lar: “Museum play an important role, role, important an play “Museum lar:

178 tal

CEU eTD Collection 134 PCR al fondCC 133 thesis. PhD unpublished Propaganda. 132 C.C. P.M.R. Al Langa Pe Manual,” History Party New the of Preparation the and 131 history, thematic diligen its which unfolding, in only not part important an played team, museum’s the of part not although Roller, Mihail History. Party of Institute the of documents other and reports people’s PRR the of Museum name revolutionary struggle ( the bear will it and movement workers’ the of history the regarding part the in especially enlarged be will It History. Party poporului) a revoluționară lupta din Momente of the people’srevolutionary struggle: 1951 May in activity its began Institute the PWR, of CC the by 1950 in Created History. Party of Institute created newly the of section a into transformed is it when inauguration Prop but institutions, party ideologicallyfollow our leadership.” standalone institutes’ they are they view of point organizational an from

Roller, Roller, History Party of Institute the of creation the regarding Decision Project t of Activity the “On Reiman, P.

aa le “rpgna oiiă Tplgi i ri e aietr (1945 Manifestare de Arii Şi Tipologii Politică. “Propaganda Ilie, Oana aganda Section of the CC of RCP can only be found in 1950, 3 years after its its after years 3 1950, in found be only can RCP of CC the of Section aganda The names o names The ( struggle revolutionary people’s the from Moments museum “The and Agitation the of archives the in museum Party the of mentioning first The 134 op.cit. 132

u as i is aaeet a h i rpre t hv si drn an during said have to reported is he as management, its in also but Typol

with a subsection of 15 employees in charge of the re the of charge in employees 15 of subsection a with

–

Propaganda si Agitatie, dossier no.64 dossier si Agitatie, Propaganda ge ad aietto Aes” Uiestta i Bcrsi 21) 108, 2010), Bucuresti, din (Universitatea Areas)” Manifestation and ogies

f those in charge of the museum are to be found scattered among among scattered found be to are museum the of charge in those f

IV, no. 2 (1958): 139. IV,(1958): 2 no. Muzeul luptei RPR revoluționare din apoporului tly followed the narrative of his 1947 manual of Romanian of manual 1947 his of narrative the followed tly

he Party History Institute of the Czechoslovak Communist Party Party Communist Czechoslovak the of Institute History Party he

/1950, f. 1. /1950, will be taken care of by the In the by of care taken be will Analele Institutului de Istorie a Partidului de Partidului a Istorie de Institutului Analele 131

, January 18th 1950, ANR, 1950, 18th January , - baptized Museum baptized - 1958) (Political (Political 1958) ).” 133 stitute of of stitute

Muzeul Muzeul 179

CEU eTD Collection president of Centrocoop (after 1952). In 1955 he is subject to an internal RWP investigation, investigation, RWP internal an Agiu,1955).” Constantin Caseof The in Illegality. Communists Former to subject Pa is de “Disciplina heCătănuș, 1955 In anti his 1952). concerning (after Centrocoop of president Politica Antifascist Former of Federation National the of secretary (1945 Agriculture of Ministry par is he 1945 After Doftana. in imprisoned himself was he and Foris Stefan secretary party by promoted 139 138 121. 137 Museum. theParty Party of Institute the of committee scientific the memberof such after as 1945, system propagandistic and cultural the in positions several held has years, illegality interwar the 136 PCR Section Agitation and Institute the of work the Academy. the to History Party of Institute the from museum Party 135 museum about also but displays: party the of politics the to related opinions unjust have museum, the of head the Varga, at Agiu replace to Vasile one the and by museum the of employee reported is Agiu Constantin section. AgitProp the of archives Agiu. Constantin by headed Revolu called informally People’s now the the from 1953, Moments In the Museum. Struggle in life prison on focus the and display their in similarities the samemight the management account for museums wereunder actually pr Doftana the of creation the was which year, director Vaida’s museum as A.G. appears 1949, In Varga. Vasile and Agiu Constantin Vaida, A.G. my estate.” is museum ”The Mihailovici, Cuşnir Clara Institute, the of director the with argument

See chapter on the creation of Doftana prison of theon creation chapter See History Party of Institute Goldenberg A. vice was Roller Mihail As o te omns amnsrto bt ee i vr hg pstos sae sub state positions: high very in never but administration Communist the of t osatn gu (1891 Agiu Constantin

–

Propaganda si Agitatie, dossier no.29/1955, 4, f. 40. p. no.29/1955, dossier Agitatie, si Propaganda “I have lately noticed that com. Agiu director of the People’s Revolutionary People’s the of director Agiu com. that noticed lately have “I 195 and 1949 Between tuge uem ipas rn ad nut pnos ih ead o our to regard with our opinions and unjust Party’s and wrong displays Museum Struggle

135

- Va - Party (antipartinice) activities and sanctioned with a reprimand (vot de blam). blam). de (vot reprimand a with sanctioned and activities (antipartinice) Party ida (1910 ida , written by Clara Cușnir Clara by written ,

of Party History, due to unjust methods of work practiced by the Propaganda Propaganda the by practiced work of methods unjust to due History, Party of rtid Si Fostii ilegalisti.Cazul Constantin Agiu, 1955 (Party Discipline and and Discipline (Party 1955 Agiu, Constantin ilegalisti.Cazul Fostii Si rtid - , ANR, fond CC al PCR PCR al CC fond ANR, , 1961) joined the Romanian Communist Party in its illegality years, years, illegality its in Party Communist Romanian the joined 1961) oenets oiis Tu, n h ocso o a ii to visit a of occasion the on Thus, politics. government’s - president of the Academy of RPR, he tried (but failed) to transfer the the transfer to failed) (but tried he RPR, of Academy the of president - - 1965), a writer and member of the Romanian Communist Party since since Party Communist Romanian the of member and writer a 1965), 98, rsdn o te ra Ntoa Asml (98, general (1948), Assembly National Great the of president 1948), 139 137

4, three people are consecutively heading the museum: museum: the heading consecutively are people three 4,

The data comes from an informative note kept in the in kept note informative an from comes data The hc i cnitn wt hs aall sinet that assignment parallel his with consistent is which - - al CC fond ANR, 1955, 25th February on Mihailovici museum. –

Propaganda si Agitatie, dossier no.51/1949, f. no.51/1949, dossier Agitatie, si Propaganda ison

- museum. l Prisoners and Inmates (FIAP), and (FIAP), Inmates and Prisoners l Note regarding some difficulties in in difficulties some regarding Note

History (ISISP) or director of director or (ISISP) History 138

The fact that the two the that fact The inr Msu, is Museum, tionary - secretary in the the in secretary 136

name 180 to

CEU eTD Collection 47 May 144 – 6 April institutions, state some to Institute History Party the of museums some 143 142 f. 188. no.53/1954, 17 September on held History Party 141 Agitatie si Propaganda 140 and challenged finall are input) Slavic/Soviet the on importance the and struggle class and Roller Mihail when time the is app museum. Party the host to prepared being is building new a and History is Party of Institute narrative the of researchers new the by constructed The museum. the of content and the thematic the of in change Museum drastic from change, name the par Workers’ Romanian and the of Museum History to Struggle Revolutionary Institute the of favor in taken History. Party of Institute the and Roller, Mihail 1954 until Academy Romanian the between over fought is museum haswork everworkedfor iswhy andthis poses amany difficulties. museum his the of section museums the of head already is Varga Vasile 1954, in year, next the that coincidental not probably is It

Secția de Propagandă și Agitație, no.27/1954, f. 14. no.27/1954, și Agitație, Propagandă de Secția

Information regarding the activity of the Institute of Party History by the CC of RWP in the period period the in RWP of CC the by History Party of Institute the of activity the regarding Information Minutes Minu Minutes 48. nomtv nt witn y aie Varga Vasile by written note Informative arently benign institutional affiliation are described by historian Bogdan Iacob. It Iacob. Bogdan historian by described are affiliation institutional benign arently - December 1954 December y defeated, as a part of the political struggles that finally“national” the that promoted political struggles ofthe y a part as defeated,

tes In 1954, the museum is “reorganized.” For a few months, the Revolutionary the months, few a For “reorganized.” is museum the 1954, In otn, o h msu, eadn te rbe ta t that problem to there Gheorghiu comrade was Gh. the no Arriving regarding [...] if <

of the meeting held at the Party Control Commission, f.196. Commission, Control Party at held the meeting the of of the meeting held at the Party Control Commission Control Party the at held meeting the of of Institute the of leadership the with Commission Control Party the at held meeting the of

, ANR, fond CC al PCR PCR al CC fond ANR, , , dossier no.89/1953, ff. 1 no.89/1953, dossier ,

1953, com. Agiu declared that “the people are hungry,” hungry,” are people “the that declared Agiu com. 1953,

1954 , ANR, fond CC al PCR PCR al CC fond ANR, , Institute, rollerism –

Propaganda si Agitatie, dossier no.50/1955, pp. no.50/1955, dossier Agitatie, si Propaganda - , November 3rd 1953, ANR, fond CC al PCR PCR al CC fond ANR, 1953, 3rd November , 2.

- Dej?>>” 141

144 (that historical narrative centered on on centered narrative historical (that

confessing that it is the first time he time first the is it that confessing

h pltcl ate bhn this behind battles political The

, f. 186 and and 186 f. , 140

– , whose vice whose ,

Propaganda si Agitatie, dossier dossier Agitatie, si Propaganda 143

Finally, the decision in decision the Finally, Regarding the transfer of of transfer the Regarding th

1954 here too many many too here , fond , - president was was president ty means a a means ty

CC al PCR PCR al CC

142 4 - 5, ff. 5,

181 –

CEU eTD Collection February 25th 1955, ANR, fond CC al PCR ANR,CC PCR al fond 1955, 25th February Agi and Propaganda the by practiced work of 148 PCR ANR,CC al fond 1955, 22nd 147 movement. workers’ Communist Partythe and Romanian the of history the on volumes several of publication the supervised She 1955). (1951 History Party of Institute the 146 (1955 Romania in Communism 145 Hist Party of Museum the that conclusion the to points sources various from information museum, the of archive the consult to able being not While visiting. for open still it was long how and doors closed behind un is It reorganized. necessarily thus reportcom.for asked Roller.” by the write to forced was I [...] etc.) estate>>, my is museum (<

Note regarding some difficulties in the work of the Institute of Party History, due to unjust methods methods unjust to due History, Party of Institute the of work the in difficulties some regarding Note Institute the of Committee Scientific the of enlargement the for Proposals Cușnir Clara

odn rsin ao, “Stalin Iacob, Cristian Bogdan

In the second half of the 1950s, the museum is moved to another building and building another to moved is museum the 1950s, the of half second the In the that so [...] Institute the over Roller com. by exercised pressure “The Cușnir Clara 1955, In - Mihailovici (1903 Mihailovici

- 1966),” n. 42. 128 1966),”

- –

1987) was one of the most important Party historians, director of of director historians, Party important most the of one was 1987)

Propaganda si Agitatie, dossier no.29/1955 , f. , 17. no.29/1955 dossier Agitatie, si Propaganda - - 93, n th and 1953), History Nation: the and Historians, ism, Mihailovici 148

rollerism

– clear however, if the museum was reorganized reorganized was museum the if however, clear

Propaganda si Agitatie, dossier no.29/1955, p. 4, f. 40. 4, p. no.29/1955, Agitatie,dossier si Propaganda tation Section tation 145

ory was actually not open to the public for for public the to open not actually was ory n euy ietr f h sm isiuin (1953 institution same the of director deputy en

146 olr os o sced n gaining in succeed not does Roller , and, in this informative note from 1955, from note informative this in and, ,

s ietr f h Msu o Party of Museum the of director is f h Isiue n h discretionary the on Institute the of , written by Clara Cușnir Clara by written , o to the RPR Academy is is Academy RPR the to o 147

She tries to delimitate to tries She

number of offences offences of number f at History Party of - production Under Under production

- Mihailovici on on Mihailovici , June June , 182

CEU eTD Collection Party) 149 had Museum Art National the museum, museum This life. rural and national ethnography on focusing a museum, a house to especially 1940 and 1912 between built Roma of capital the in buildings museum beautiful most the of one in reopened is Party Workers’ Romanian Museum. 1958. 2 modelsandcompetewith their Soviet East ineffectiveness and purpose their meet to enough good were 50s the in created museums political because yet, And not museographers. not were were museums 1950s Party creating people the the as in historians history Party writing people the of Most work. museum ever its with history for before before some time building. 1958 toanother moving again and 1952) July in place took pages previous the in analyzed visit foreigner’s the between reorganization for closed was it that certain is It open. than closed often more museum the having for excuse perfect a reorganizations of succession the made probably museum the in displayed be to narrative approved the Luca), Vasile and Pauker Lucrețiu Ana like Pătrășcanu, leaders of demise (the levels Party highest the at struggles the internal and History Party of Institute the at struggles internal The 1950s. the of most .3.4. The museu.3.4. The

Muzeul de Istorie a Partidului Muncitoresc Romîn (History Museum of the Romanian Workers’ Workers’ Romanian the of Museum (History Romîn Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de Muzeul

(Bucharest, 1960), last page. 1960), (Bucharest, Under the leadership of Clara Cușnir Clara of leadership the Under Par of field the in especially 1950s, the in writing history of difficulties The

f hi tut n ue, eie ad h jsns o Pry euain, the regulations, Party of justness the and recipes rules, in trust their of

m as history book. The new m new the The permanent of ashistorybook. exhibition Party -

changing past, are doubled by the special difficulties entailed by entailed difficulties special the by doubled are past, changing nia. The neo The nia.

- Romanian palace on Kiseleff Boulevard had been been had Boulevard Kiseleff on palace Romanian - Mihailovici, the History Museum of the of Museum History the Mihailovici,

uncertainty as to what was the the was what to as uncertainty

1951 and 1954 and 1951 - European counterparts.

149

(although 183

ty ty

CEU eTD Collection 150 early and medieval the ignores It Museum. Revolutionary previous the than later betwe Romania in socialism building of history recent very the with space of amount same the occupies floor first the while 1944 to up Romania in movement workers’ the of development the of story the tells floor former the of half side, left entire the practically halls, big nine occupies Museum Party 1958 The 1960. in only guidebook pre the for permane two the compare to hard habit ofputting eggs other its insome bird’s nest. cuckoos’ the as described was museum National the of building the of appropriation Aft significance. symbolical without not is History Party of Museum Lenin ideological highly the by first replacement state and developed most b the from removal its of time the at museum, ethnographic an mainly although I, Carol Museum National the museum, history national a lacking still was Romania While museum. representative most its for it chose regime new Buchares in building museum important most the was post the discussing when chapter, last the in provided is building the of history detailed th at made already were building same the in PartyHistory of Museum the move toplans the that plausible it makeswhich building – build the from away chased been already

V.I. Stalin museum. The Lenin The museum. Stalin V.I.

Irina Nicolau and Carmen Huluță, Huluță, Carmen and Nicolau Irina - 1989 Romanian Peasant Museum, it is for the moment important to note that this that note to important moment the for is it Museum, Peasant Romanian 1989 The lack of visual documents of the exhibitions before 1958 makes it very very it makes 1958 before exhibitions the of documents visual of lack The - 1958 museum: the first images of the exhibits were gathered in a museum a in gathered were exhibits the of images first the museum: 1958

- upre poet o a oain ainl uem Its museum. national Romanian a for project supported

Dosar Sentimental Dosar - Stalin museum only occupied the right wing of the the of wing right the occupied only museum Stalin nt exhibitions. No museum guide had been printed printed been had guide museum No exhibitions. nt

building of the National Museum. The ground The Museum. National the of building ing in 1952 to be replaced by the I.V. Lenin I.V. the by replaced be to 1952 in ing

(Bucharest: Liternet, 2003), 70. 2003), Liternet, (Bucharest: e beginning of the 1950s. As a more more a As 1950s. the of beginning e en 1944 and 1958. The narrative starts narrative The 1958. and 1944 en - 150 Stalin museum and then also by the by also then and museum Stalin

t and it is not by chance that the the that chance by not is it and t uilding, represented the the represented uilding, er 1989, this this 1989, er

184 -

CEU eTD Collection Partidului Comunist Din Rominia (Actions of the Institute of Party History of CC of RWP Related to to Related RWP of CC of History Party of Institute the of (Actions Rominia Din Comunist Partidului Crearea La de Ani de 40 a Aniversarea Cu Legatura in PMR Al CC Langa Pe Pe Partidului a Istorie de and Bucharest in Museum Party the of employess the by prepared fact in been had exhibits, 800 section, whole The Galați. in Museum History Regional the 151 museums. local the to such as exported then and in museum Party the by prepared actually were sections these Sometimes, small. or big how matter no museums, Romanian in mandatory became Socialism” of construction “the entitled section a of inclusion the Soon, museums. in events past old the in trained professionals museum for challenges greatest thing inRomaniabefore theyabout thatmuseumswar, were the werepast. the lacki formerly characteristic a certainly is of theRomanianThe people. museum insistence contemporaneity onpresenting inthe status economic and cultural raising the republic, Romanian new the of relationships of first abolition the the nationalization, reform, monarchy, agrarian the regime: new the of achievements cultural and economical political, the detail halls next the while hall) sixth (the hall exhibition de is Germany Nazi with alliance 23 August him. awaits achievements Socialist isthemain War focusWorld ofthe fifth hall. res antifascist the while 1933 in strikes workers’ railway the with culminates hall fourth the in exhibition The hall). (third Romania in Revolution by E in revolt peasant last the on time some for dwells hall), (first socialists Romanian first the with 1848 in begins and conflicts modern

- On May 13th, 1961 a section dedicated to the history of the workers’ movement was inaugurated at inaugurated was movement workers’ the of history the to dedicated section a 1961 13th, May On passes the First World War by focusing on the influence of the Bolshevik Bolshevik the of influence the on focusing by War World First the passes h icuin f h peet n uem ws etil fl a oe f the of one as felt certainly was museums in present the of inclusion The of story detailed the where floor first the to up climbs then visitor The

tailed, with maps, texts and images in one entire entire one in images and texts maps, with tailed,

n scn fv ya pas te diplomatic the plans, year five second and ng in Romanian museums. If there is one one is there If museums. Romanian in ng

then sent to Galați. “Manifestari Ale Institutului Institutului Ale “Manifestari Galați. to sent then 151 rd

Begun in the 1950s, it was in the in was it 1950s, the in Begun 94 Rmnas xt rm the from exit Romania’s 1944, urope in 1907 (second hall) and hall) (second 1907 in urope istance during the Second Second the during istance school of presenting presenting of school

Bucharest

185

CEU eTD Collection museum departments and exhibitions supposedly changed the essence of the museum institution institution 154 museum the CommunismBefore About Presentations Museum of essence the changed “Forget Sharenkova, Radostina functions.” didactic its from it depriving without supposedly exhibitions and departments museum The future. the about ideas Party’s the into itself integrating now, and here happening immediately or past recent the in actions economic and political to refer to used Bulgaria in museums a of concept the through Museum the defines usually thinking associative general The presentations. museum in contemporaneity address To?),” Where Museums, (History Istorie? 153 de Muzeele Muzeelor “Incotro, Revista Pavel, Anghel See abandon should communism. museums national regional the in that history Romanian also present and and history regional achievements special Communist add the to had to museum archaeological dedicated an rooms even that meant It day. present the to prehistory from nati Romanian the of history the present to museum historical every of obligation the of expression 152 LangaC.C. P.M.R. Al Pe de Partidului a Istorie 40t the di silently was museum Stalin five current the of achievements the include yearsto few every added where halls new Museum, PartyInthe to. addedand incentives all over are tobeseeninmuseums the bloc. Socialist similar as inspiration Soviet of but national, not again was initiative The performance. th to dedicated space same the to compared yearsas 15 last the to space exhibition its of half dedicated Romania, over all museums historical for model the museum, Party the If 1950s. the of museums Romanian in prevalent sometimes the and imposed was present on stand definite a such when context the in past, the for only not present the for relevant museum the making museum, the in issues contemporary of inclusion the S tour” “complete the of imposition the by museums Romanian in achieved almost was uniformity that though 1980s and 1970s ocialism. e century preceding these 15 years, smaller museums could only strive to equal the equal to strive only could museums smaller years, 15 these preceding century e

“Manifestari Ale Institutului de Istorie a Partidului.” Istorie de AleInstitutului “Manifestari to attempt such no been had there general in Museum the of birth the since that argue would “I The “complete tour” is term introduced in the 70s and 80s in the museum profession as an an as profession museum the in 80s and 70s the in introduced term is tour” “complete The h Anniversarry of the Creation of the Communist Party in Romania),” Romania),” in Party Communist the of Creation the of Anniversarry h Exhibiting the pr the Exhibiting mantras, museologies’ contemporary of one study to interesting certainly is It

no. 8 no. – 10 (1990): 44 (1990): 10

esent also meant that the exhibition was constantly updated updated constantly was exhibition the that meant also esent nd attitude to the Past. ‘Socialist construction’ departments and and departments construction’ ‘Socialist Past. the to attitude nd – smantled (1966) and the Party museum practically practically museum Party the and (1966) smantled 48.

- year plan. year

VII, no. 3 (1961): 141 no. (1961): 3 VII,

1989,” 64. 1989,” 152

n te bqios etos f building of sections ubiquitous the and

154

This was possible after the Lenin the after possible was This

narrative specific to the 1980s national 1980s the to specific narrative – 143.

153

- Analele Institutului de de Institutului Analele me( - not): Visitors and and Visitors not): opening of such such of opening 186

on -

CEU eTD Collection RWP),” 56. RWP),” 156 Adevărată.” Istoria Despre “UnMuzeu Nămolaru, 155 the of history the in events significant most the portray halls museum the visitor, the to opened book living a “As statement: similar a with our people’sthel fight, under – “Through exhibits its movemen workers’ the of history the of resume more and review museum a of less sure, be to is, which review, detailed his ends He History. Party of Institute the of review the in museum the of depuArdeleanu, future fear, Ion museum. andseen read in/as the or reviews historyare abook writtenof as resume the touch see, feel, to visitor the urged 1948 in visits narrative re its at and 1948 in opening its at museum, Party the of exhibitions the about written texts The emotions. stirring towards than books history become towards more the all leaned museums the with text written the ab book, museums’ the of authority the combine to had It manner. convincing more and concise more shorter, a in reads visitor a the that be book to history supposed was museum The book. history the was 1950s the in museums smaller museums whose space, wasexpertise sogenerous. personnel andnot of expected was performance same the But space. exhibition its doubled

the History museum of the Romanian Workers’ Party constitutes a living book of of book living a constitutes Party Workers’ Romanian the of museum History the Ardeleanu, Ion T., “Muzeul de Istorie a Partidului Muncitoresc Roman (The History Museum of of Museum History (The Roman Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de “Muzeul T., Ion Ardeleanu, th of Front (In Doftana Dela H Celulei Fata “In Nămolaru, Victor A review published next year in the prestigious historical journal historical prestigious the in year next published review A writin and in working those of metaphors preferred the of One

ility to create emotions. However, as the regime gained in stability, stability, in gained regime the as However, emotions. create to ility

- – opening in 1958 differ greatly from this point of view. If the the If view. of point this from greatly differ 1958 in opening ty director of the museum, writes a lengthy 30 page description lengthy page a museum, writes30 the directorof ty

documents,graphics, objects, models, paintings sculptures and t as approved by the RWP at that moment, with the words: words: the with moment, that at RWP the by approved as t eadership party.” ofheroic its

okr’ oeet n our in movement workers’ 156 e H Cell in Doftana)”; Victor Victor Doftana)”; in Cell H e

Studii 155

h 1958 the g about about g , opens , 187

CEU eTD Collection 158 Stud 157 andimagesa bookdisplay,where inalinear, text are typeset coherent narrative. bi mainly paintings subjects and historical depicting museum, the for produced photographs documents, are exhibits predominant the while halls exhibition the in displayed rarely are Objects museum. Party 1958 the in artifact an as pr documents, newspapers, artifact: an as also but text explanatory of form the in present only not is Text exhibition. permanent this in combativeness.” strengtheni in level, ideological their raising in people working for support efficient an constitutes Party Workers’ Romanian the of Museum History the party, the of history fighting the from class, working the of past glorious the from kn precious sipping walks, one pages whose of front in book open an in if as “Exhibiting, similarly: ends review the later, pages ten metaphors, country.”

Ibid., 375. Ibid., RWP),” the of Museum (History Romîn Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de “Muzeul Ștefănescu, L. ii. Revistă de Istorie de Revistă ii. The metaphor of the history book is certainly related to the abundance of text text of abundance the to related certainly is book history the of metaphor The 157 - dimensional exhibits greatly influences the display which indeed looks like looks indeed which display the influences greatly exhibits dimensional

As iftostrengthen interpretationthe museum, this ormaybe lack of for of 158

XII, no. 4 (1959): 365. (1959): 4 XII, no.

inted or handwritten text is framed is text handwritten or inted . The fact that the artifacts are are artifacts the that fact The . ng their revolutionary their ng weg ad wisdom and owledge

188

CEU eTD Collection no. 1 (1972): 35. (1972): 1 no. History),” Contemporary Local of Museology the to Related Problems (Some Locale 159 paper.” on fullymirrored trulyand are question in epochthe tormented that problems political economic, social, big The […] calling a manifesto, the prefer we movement, a proletarian of of leader or politician a of object the to Compared photographs)[…] prints, other and press printed documents, (meaning paper from come onlycan problem the to solution e to want and argue would we much how matter “No history: contemporary exhibiting when paper of importance the on 1970s the in made were arguments And museums.” “paper deemed unofficially were landm a become Workers’of the Romanian Party) album the From Fig.

osatn lșă “îea rbee eae e Prezent de Legate Probleme “Cîteva Cloșcă, Constantin

2.6. The insistence on bi on insistence The

Framed texts, images and maps as exhibits as maps and images texts, Framed

ark of Romanian museography up until 1989, while of its museums its of while 1989, until up museography Romanian of ark Muzeul de Istorie a Partidului Muncitoresc Romîn (History Museum Museum (History Romîn Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de Muzeul

- dimensional exhibits, especially paper exhibits is going to goingto is exhibits especially paper exhibits, dimensional

. Bucharest, 1960. hbt three xhibit

paper on which a law was written, a written, was law a which on paper area Muzeistică a Istoriei Contemporane Contemporane Istoriei a Muzeistică area

- iesoa pee, h efficient the pieces, dimensional

t h at uem n 1958. in Museum Party the at 159

An appeal to creativityappealto An Revista Muzeelor Revista 1 89

CEU eTD Collection 370 161 308. Exhibitions),” History Contemporary Organizing on (Considerations 160 guidebook printed in1960. the museum of illustrated richly the in seen be to even not is cell Doftana recreated the scenography, objects. torture and cell the by than strikes Grivița 1933 the of diorama the by impressed more be to seems visitor narrator the contrary, the On exhibition. the of climax emotional an provide to seem bi a to cell prison the even reducing if as symbolically walls museum the on be exhibited door, cell a will to reduced cell recreated this 1970s the By cells. recreated three were been also can cell Doftana a of recreation the example, For preserved.are exhibition 1948 the from artifacts powerful diverse inthe most it ways.” special as obligation, the have we era, contemporary the paper the that “Admitting history. contemporary of exhibit the is paper that acknowledgment of issue subsequent a in made is

L. Ștefănescu, “Muzeul de Istorie a Partidului Muncitoresc R Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de “Muzeul Ștefănescu, L. Anghel Pavel, “Consideraţii Privitoare La Organizarea Expoziţiilor de Istorie Contemporană Contemporană Istorie de Expoziţiilor Organizarea La Privitoare “Consideraţii Pavel, Anghel –

371. In the 1958 new permanent exhibition of the Party Museum, some of the most most the of some Museum, Partythe of exhibition permanent new 1958 the In

- document, in its multiple forms, constitutes the main exhibit in illustrating in exhibit main the constitutes forms, multiple its in document, - dimensional exhibit. In exhibit. dimensional

161 160

As if to confirm loosing the spotlight in the museum the in spotlight the loosing confirm to if As seen in the 1958 exhibition, although in 1948 there 1948 in although exhibition, 1958 the in seen the reviews however, the recreated cells no longer no cells recreated the however, reviews the eit Muzeel Revista

omîn (History Museum of the RWP),” RWP),” the of Museum (History omîn or ist museographers, to valorize to museographers, ist

yet also starting from the the from starting also yet eit Muzeelor Revista

no. 4 (1972): (1972): 4 no. 190 -

CEU eTD Collection Romania (The Communist Regime Communist (The Romania 162 Romanian the of Museum History the with Museum Party the of merger the was Nic of decisions last the of One history. national with blended history Party period, nationalist its entered communism Romanian as Slowly, soil. Romanian 19 the longer no poi starting the was exhibition 1966 new the in change important RCP. the of level highest the at discussions intense quite of outcome the was museum the of tile the in comma a having of occurrence of Movement Democratic and Revolutionary the of Party, its Communist the of Museum to History designation, lasting changed longest and longest name its while 1966 in reorganized again was Museum Party the Bucharest:Grafică,1974. Arta IoanBucharest: andLupescu. Meridiane, 1960 in the PartyImages Mihalache. Museum. from Marin Fig.

Document published by Cornel Constantin Ilie, “Regimul Comunist Si Muzeele de Istorie Din Din Istorie de Muzeele Si Comunist “Regimul Ilie, Constantin Cornel by published Document 2.7. Although beyond the time frame time the beyondAlthough From tridimensional to bi to From tridimensional th

etr, u peitr ad h frt ros f ua lf on life human of proofs first the and prehistory but century,

1958 and History Museums in Romania),” 126 Romania),” in Museums History and

- dimensional exhi of this this of Întîlnire Cu Istoria (Meeting CuIstoria History) Întîlnire dissertation oai. h rte uncommon rather The Romania. bit, theDoftanabit, displayed cell as Muzeele DinBucurești 162

eie te il, h other the title, the Besides , it is important to note thatnote importantto is it , – 127. nt of the narrative, narrative, the of nt

olae Ceaușescu Ceaușescu olae . 1974 191

CEU eTD Collection the National History Museum (personal conversation). (personal Museum History theNational at researcher Ilie, Constantin Cornel by confirmed is information Ghosts)”.The Communist of Temple’ ‘the Conquered Peasant Romanian (The Comuniste Fantasmelor ‘templul’ Cucerit a Român “Ţăranul 163 East in forgotten largely are communism of museums If disappear. museum a make to easy not it that admit must One destination. building of change sudden subtle in organized was dismantling de own very its started socialism Romanian when However, power. cultural and political of proof displaywasimpressive and location central their while 1955 respectively and 1947 in ceremony, great with Lenin the and Museum Russian sometime yet longevity; ensure a be can museums to and stability inspire to meant are Museums existed. never had they if as forgotten and dismantled be to first the and Romania war Museum 2 accommodate. hi party of fusion a as dictator, Romanian last the by envisaged manner the in not history, national becoming finally wasParty Communist Romanian the historyof The demise. alre was Ceausescu, Nicolae leader its with along Party, Communist Romanian the then 1990, January in signed be to supposed was decree The Republic. Socialist .4. EphemeralMuseums: the Romanian

- codn t Rd Craă fre drco o te ainl itr Msu, utd n Surcel in quoted Museum, History National the of director former Coroamă, Radu to According Sovietization, in the early 1960s, these museums silently disappeared; their their disappeared; silently museums these 1960s, early the in Sovietization, ady history. Yet the projected fusion was taking place in spite of its initiators’ initiators’ its of spite in place taking was fusion projected the Yet history. ady Museums of clear Soviet influence where the first to be inaugurated in post in inaugurated be to first the where influence Soviet clear of Museums story and national history, but as an unwanted relic that national history had to to had history national that relic unwanted an as history,but national and story

s ephemeral as the regimes that established them. The Romanian The them. established that regimes the as ephemeral s

their importance for a regime that was establishing its establishing was regimethat a importancefor their - Stalin Museum were both inaugurated in Bucharest in inaugurated both were Museum Stalin

as uh s egr ih te ntttos or institutions other with merger as such ways - Russian MuseumRussian the Lenin and

163 - - Central Central Stalin

but by but 192 - - ,

CEU eTD Collection “The Attitude of Museums to Socialism in the Period of Bulgarian Transition to Democarcy,” 26. Democarcy,” to ofBulgarian Transition Period in the Socialism to AttitudeofMuseums “The 165 1963). (Dimitrie Imagini in Opera 164 Romanian re to Roller, by Mihail led historians, Romanian by made efforts Eas the with collaboration friendly by and peaceful countries emphasizing occupied the of histories national the rewriting in they consisted and mainly camp Socialist the over all built were Union Soviet the with friendship accordin built museums those of one definitely Romanian 2 and Democ Revolutionary Kiseleff the of Party, 3 Communist the no. of Museum on History new neighbor the Boulevard, former its by swollen practically is it when 1966 in Leninthe early on publication 1963 its is Museum Romanian the of trace last The era. the of documents the engulfs that silence end their while 1950s the of guidebooks touristic in one surprise can names their found; be to nowhere are archives Their silence. of seal double a under be to seem power in still was communism while disgrace in fell that after down closedhurriedly were they asEurope .4.1. The Romanian.4.1. The

The Museum of Bulgarian of Museum The cra Clmci Vaii Bok ad ln Georgescu Elena and Block, Vladimir Calimachi, Scarlat

h smtms ald uem f Romanian of Museum called sometimes The - - - Stalin Museum, alreadyMarx renamed Museum, Stalin oit redhp uem Te Romanian The Museum, Friendship Soviet Russian relationship as a history of friendship was most of all hindered by by hindered all of most was friendship of history a as relationship Russian ratic Movement ofRomania. Movement ratic

- Russian Museum. 1947 Russian atmr Lf ad et i Images) in Death and Life Cantemir. - Soviet friendship was inaugurated in 1953. Ignatova and I. Gancheva, Gancheva, I. and Ignatova 1953. in inaugurated was friendship Soviet

- oen rne iire Cantemir Dimitrie prince modern - 1963.

1989, these museums of communismof museums these 1989, - t a oit eie Msus of Museums recipe. Soviet a to g Engels - can only by dated by the sudden the by dated by only can Ionescu, Ionescu,

- usa Finsi, r the or Friendship, Russian Bcaet Mzu Romîno Muzeul (Bucharest: Lenin is not even mentioned even not Leninis - Russian Museum was was Museum Russian Dimitrie Cantemir. Viata Si Si Viata Cantemir. Dimitrie - en neighbor. tern narrate the history of historyof the narrate - 164 Russian Russian 165

while

- The Rus, Rus, 193

CEU eTD Collection 169 168 Yesterday),” 167 50. in Romania),” HistoryMuseums Regimeand 166 exhibitin by brought, museum The museum. the of discourse and appearance the reconstruct to available 1950), in reprinted (and occasion this on printed is philosophical and historical of sciences. field the in achievements outstanding for Prize Academy Romanian the received year,museum the next The museum. the of birth the Romanian of week the museum. documents” the “researching are others, among Romania, USSR in the ambassador Kavtaradze, S.I. and Pauker Ana Groza, Petru photograph, page front towards East the from peoples the by shown support constant the proving documents historical original “15.000 holding for praised was museum in recorded was inauguration The officials. Soviet and Romanian of plac firsttook apart The inauguration each other. from housewives. and peasants workers, also but professors and architects lawyers, of comprised initiators of group the received have to claimed it Instead, museum. post the long the wintersSecond War. of World e facing Army Soviet and Romanian the of memory recent very the

Institutul de Studii Româno Studii Institutul de 1. Ibid., Cornel

Ei S “Eri - war Bucharest but RCP graciously denied having the initiative for such a a such for initiative the having denied graciously RCP but Bucharest war The museum was not open for visitors though until November 1948, during 1948, November until though visitors for open not was museum The Romanian The

Constantin Ilie, “Regimul Comunist Si Muzeele de Istorie Din Romania (The Communist Communist (The Romania Din Istorie de Muzeele Si Comunist “Regimul Ilie, Constantin

An illustrated bilingual Romanian bilingual illustrated An

- Dshs uel Romîno Muzeul Deschis a Scânteia , March 28, 1947, 3. 1947, March , 28,

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186 2.10.

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est on February 12, 1955, 12, February on est

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h 18 gie pn hc ti ifrain s ae as lss the lists also based is information this which upon guide 1980 The

- Propaganda si Agitatie (Propaganda and Agitation), dossier 53/1954, f. 241 53/1954, dossier Agitation), and (Propaganda si Agitatie Propaganda inaugurated in 1936 as Central Lenin Museum. In 1980, it occupied it 1980, In Museum. Lenin Central as 1936 in inaugurated - 190

1980) was born in Chișinău, Bessarabia as a Romanian Jew named Kimberg Kimberg named Jew Romanian a as Bessarabia Chișinău, in born was 1980)

5, f. 2. 5, ANR, Collection 53, dossier G154, vol. 1 and and 1 2. vol. G154, dossier 53, Collection ANR,

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achievements in the victory of socialism socialism of victory the in achievements Scânteia –

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review of the event. However, However, event. the of review lovakia, two in Finland, one one Finland, in two lovakia,

– closed by 1980, most of of most 1980, by closed 8.

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189 187 , ANR, ANR, , s as of of as s Ș tefan

201 but the

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2.11. - Stalin museum was but a smaller replica of the central mu central the of replica smaller a but was museum Stalin Due to the hasty disappearance of this museum, its archives were not given to to given not were archives its museum, this of disappearance hasty the to Due

Ilya photo#753757. Pitalev, - rhvd ad hs nvial fr research for unavailable thus and archived,

the national archives after after archives national the seum in Moscow can can Moscow in seum - utd 1954 quoted 202

CEU eTD Collection Partidului de Pe Langa C.C. Langa P.M.R. Al Pe de Partidului 196 32. 195 194 193 192 for Tourism. Fig. models and documents manuscripts, ( “graphics, exhibited mainly museum small and sculptures paintings, graphics, maps, original photographs, texts, brochures, printed and and newspapers manuscripts of “copies rooms, ten in display, on had assem be to in museum Galati, the for exhibition entire an 1961 in preparing was Museum Party the USSR. from to them sent was that materialanyonethe see let not else would Grosu director that complains Șoimu comrade director, deputy the as criticism and so wechanges.” made some machete

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2.12. - size models of models size 194 ).”

the Lenin Museum in Moscow sent to Bucharest an exhibition that had only had that exhibition an Bucharest to sent Moscow in Museum Lenin the

First exhibition hall in the Lenin the in hall exhibition First

196 bled. The artifacts were, by necessity, mainly reproductions. The museum museum The reproductions. mainly necessity, by were, artifacts The bled. Muzeele

important buildings (machete).” buildings important Oraşului Bucureşti ofBucharest) (Museums Oraşului Muzeele Oraşului Bucureşti (Museums of Bucharest) of (Museums Bucureşti Oraşului Muzeele 192

Access to Soviet directives is also directivesAccess is subject Soviet ofdiscontent to

– no. 1 no.

I.V. Stalin” Din Bucuresti,” Bucuresti,” Din Stalin” I.V. – 2 (1955): 124. (1955): 2 - Stalin Museum. Source: Museum. Stalin

195

According to its director, the director, its to According Analele Institutului de Istorie a a Istorie de Institutului Analele . Bucharest, n.d. . Bucharest, National Office Office National

(Bucharest, n.d.), (Bucharest, 193

Just asJust

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Ibid. Antoine Baudin, “<

Shores The status of the Lenin the of status The museums the in place preeminent a such gained reproduction and replica The , AMȚR (Archive of the Romanian Peasant Museum), Administrative archive, dossiers dossiers archive, Administrative Museum), Peasant Romanian the of (Archive AMȚR ,

(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997), 236. 1997), Press, DukeUniversity (Durham,N.C.:

- 198 1953,” in 1953,”

- Thomas Lahusen and Evgeny Dobrenko (eds.) Dobrenko Evgeny and Lahusen Thomas Stalin museum as a branch of the Lenin Museum in Museum Lenin the of branch a as museum Stalin - related topics. The museum did not have not did museum The topics. related 197 pitns A ntd y itra of historian by noted As paintings. t

Exhibiting the Exhibiting the museum. On average, 30 to 40 to 30 average, On museum. the

Alexander Gherasimov, Boris Boris Gherasimov, Alexander est where administrative administrative where est

Soviet originals was, originals Soviet 199 , Socialist Realism Realism Socialist ,

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Cornel Constantin Ilie, “Regimul Comunist Si Muzeele de Istorie Din Romania (The Communist Communist (The Romania Din Istorie de Muzeele Si Comunist “Regimul Ilie, Constantin Cornel

2.13

Visiting the Lenin the Visiting . s actually curatings actually and ownexhibitions collections. its Bucharest: Meridiane, 1960.

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Source: Marin Mihalache. Marin 200

This is due to the to due is This

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Dan „V.I.Lenin “Muzeul Grosu, Petre Lenin “Prin Muzeul Bîrlădeanu, V.

203 rated. In fact, the Communist leadership was already looking for a solution to solution a for looking already was leadership Communist the fact, In rated. - The occasion came in May 1966 with the reorganization of the Party Museu Party the of reorganization the with 1966 May in came occasion The the continuing of promise the while death, Lenin’s with ends “reading” The revolutionary and life Lenin’s of reading visual a basically was museum The Lenin Museum. No reorganization of the exhibition has been made since “the “the since made been has exhibition the of reorganization No Museum. Lenin

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- Stalin and Party Museum had been administratively merged as as merged administratively been had Museum Party and Stalin

(Bucharest: Meridiane, 1962). Meridiane, (Bucharest: peoples’ happiness. It is from this book that you read […] […] read you that book this from is It happiness. peoples’

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Stalin.” I.V. Stalin” Din Bucuresti,” 171. Bucuresti,” Din Stalin” I.V.

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odn rsin ao, Saiim Hsoin, n te ain History Nation: the and Historians, “Stalinism, Iacob, Cristian Bogdan mpted to build such a museum in Bucharest concomitantly, and with the same same the with and concomitantly, Bucharest in museum a such build to mpted A Museum of the Underground Printing House of 1905 of House Printing Underground the of Museum A variety surprising a had system museum Soviet The and theDoftana inaugurating museum. s only in 1966 that the Lenin museum actually closed its doors under the the under doors its closed actually museum Lenin the that 1966 in only s

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CEU eTD Collection 210 Manual.” History Party ofthe New the and Preparation 209 208 207 206 205 inaugura the 10 November and 6 November “Between Bucharest: in but Doftana in not anothermuseum, of inauguration the however is plan action the of action first The destruction. earthquake Doftana’s of commemoration the drafts (FIAP) Inmates and Prisoners Political Antifascist Former of Federation National the of Committee Central the by issued 1949) autumn (probably document undated Un responsibility. all in made were homologueinaugurated museumwas in1950and kept2000. openuntil Vrutky, in 1950s Czechoslovakia. the in functioning press revolutionary the of museum another nowadays, public 1905, and 1901 house mu functioning still are them of some enough, Interesting Union. Soviet the of borders the outside and inside both space, Soviet the over all the of Revo Museum former the Russia, of History State Contemporary the of of Museum section Central a as functions and Street Lesnaya 55 on located is museum pressmen.” the for accommodations furnished as also but owners shop the of of disguise a as only not used were which premises inhabitable the to glass old with salesroom the http://spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs/spomenik.php?id=536 Party Communist Czechoslovak the of Institute History Party the of Activity the “On Reiman, P. http://www.visitperm.ru/en/tourists/attractions/museums/perm/861 http http://eng.sovr.ru/museum/history/ http://eng.sovr.ru/contact/typography/ lution, renamedlution, soinSeptember 1998. ://visualrian.ru/ru/site/gallery/#744802 - uem n au Aebia where Azerbaijan Baku, in museum The preparations for the the for preparations The 20 the in inaugurated were printing underground of museums Other 207 209 208

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212

Comemorare Doftana 19 Doftana Comemorare –

The new museum already had a detailed catalogue of its of catalogue detailed a hadalready museum new The plan for November 10, 1949. Doftana Commemoration”, AMNIR, AMNIR, Commemoration”, Doftana 1949. 10, November for plan

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CEU eTD Collection 217 216 215 ( 214 ( 213 would come torevie November3 mention discussions The MIPH. the of opening scheduled the to prior weeks two just 1949 be to need that things some are hidden there since photomontage a into made be to warneed the frommaterials “all theywere:as exhibited be not could artifactsthese of h printing illegal the when time the from objects original other and items furniture 250 and objects press printing 300 about available, were objects original many MIPH the no my IDs, fake to how [on teaching provide might “they afraid were they as Committee Central RWP’s the of approval the sought they and curators the to problems caused exhibit Their 1944. August in Army Red the of arrival the to due anymore needed not that use future a for preparation in made or making the in left unfinished, were permits. bicycle even and passes train domicile, changed of proofs certificates, medical to army, the from exemptions rel and certificates nationality and civil both certificates, marriage and birth from ranging were cards identity fake The them. produce to means the and papers identity fake collection comprised the of section interesting an paper, of types different type), metal (cast Comemorare Doftana 1948 si 1948 1949) Doftana Comemorare si 1948 1949) Doftana Comemorare ouse was actually functioning in the building. the in functioningactually was ouse

te].” Ibid, p. 7 7 ofthe document p. Ibid, Ibid. Ibid. Mu fond AMNIR, material.” Printed “Inventory. 1949), (probably FIAP, “Transcript of the meeting on October 21, 1949”AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2501 i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond 1949”AMNIR, 21, October on meeting the of “Transcript

.” 214 Unlike the Doftana museum who was confronted with a scarcity of objects, for objects, scarcity a of with confrontedwas who Doftanamuseum the Unlike 216

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“Work plan for arranging the printing house” AMNIR, fond Muzeul Partidului, file i2501 i2501 file Partidului, Muzeul fond AMNIR, house” printing the arranging for plan “Work 2.14 Another plan, undated but which can be dated 1948 according to documents to according 1948 dated be can which but undated plan, Another The house on 34 Scoala Floreasca Street, Bucharest, location of the Museum Bucharest,Floreasca Museum Scoala Street, of the house on34 The location Source: ANR, Source: Romania Liberă Romania

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e memorial houses listed by the Institute for Historical and Socio and Historical for Institute the by listed houses memorial e

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left as it is, while the dog, used for for used dog, the while is, it as left

Source: ANR, ANR, Source: - Political Political 212

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of the huge residential problems in 1950s Bucharest. 1950s in problems residential huge the of - room, a room they barely used, as inherited from the museum. It is highly highly is It museum. the from inherited as used, barely they room a room, t revealed that the children who grew up on that street, now in their their in now street, that on up grew who children the that revealed t al. His parents, though, paid rent all their lives to the private owner owner private the to lives their all rent paid though, parents, His al. he late 1950s). he late

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Simina Radu Simina Apost Tănase, Tănase, - century during which they were running the Romanian world. They remained remained They world. Romanian the running were they which during century Besides being a glorious page of the pre the of page glorious a Besidesbeing - .

communist museum of an underground printing house can now be visited in Lithuania. The The Lithuania. in visited be cannow house printing underground an museumof communist

(Budapest: CEU Press,CEU (Budapest: Clienții Lu’ Tanti Varvara. Varvara. Tanti Lu’ Clienții , accessed April 10th, 2013. April 10th, accessed , he illegal printing activities continued to be a concern of the communist communist the of concern a be to continued activities printing illegal he - Bucurenci (Bădică) and Gabriela Cristea (Nicolescu Cristea Gabriela and (Bădică) Bucurenci

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223 iter

to gain legitimacy, not even for one day in the almost day one in for noteven gain legitimacy, to xedn a eso o hsoy ht h communist the that history of version a extending -

tuned Istorii – 303; and Rév, Rév, and 303;

- Clandestine (Aunt Varvara’s Clients. Clandestine Clandestine Clients. Varvara’s (Aunt Clandestine historian claims, “have run the country for for country the run “have claims, historian - 1944 history of Romanian communist communist Romanian of history 1944 Retroactive Justice Retroactive ), “Raising the Cross. Exorcising Exorcising Cross. the “Raising ), Oksana Sarkisova and Peter and Sarkisova Oksana 224

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CEU eTD Collection strive toconvey past. communist about the they argument basic the in architecture, and space of usage their in exhibitions, the inf whose context memorial specific a in constructed were they Yet p.m. 6 to a.m. 10 from day every communism exhibit that institutions museum only the still day this to are Museum Peasant Romanian the and co the dealingwith exhibitions permanent 1990s, troubled the in establish, to courage and determination the had black holeparadigm th to confined remained has communism alth Romania’s and, metaphor this up taken have communism o “out were Romanians when time a as history, Romania’s in hole” black “a as described 1945 the that 1990s the in was It analysis. academic than fashionable more were past difficult country’s the of accounts metaphorical when the was It heard. rarely was voice historian’s the which in debate private and 3.1. Memorialthe 1990s:the hole black paradigm context of hsoy” y ruet s ht post that is argument My history.” f This chapter will mainly deal with two important museums, the only ones that ones only the museums, important two with deal mainly will chapter This public heated of subject a was past communist Romania’s 1990s, early the In

eet at r crety oe une, h patc of practice the nuanced, more currently are past recent Chapter 3. .

Communism inmuseums 1989 after untry’s communist past. The Sighet Memorial Museum Memorial SighetThe past. communist untry’s ese dichotomies and to what I describe as Idescribe what to and dichotomies ese luence is visible in the curatorial concept of of concept curatorial the in visible is luence

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CEU eTD Collection omns. n h Ciiu o Pscmuit icus)” in Discourse),” Postcommunist of Critique the On Communism. 3 9 2008), Cartier, (eds.) Rogozanu in Analysis),” Historiographical An Report: Comission (Tismaneanu Post Istoriografică in Abraham Florin see Memory Romania, in communism” of and “process Politics Truth? Quarterly Vanishing European “The Stan, Lavinia de surrounding myths The writings. Stan’s Lavinia in offered is Europe 2 Academy American the of ANNALS 1 relationsh its by defined period a is it that suggests follo fact, post about comprehensively written era. criminal a as era whole the describing and crimes Communist on mainly focusing anti Romanian pushed Communism Romanian investigation.Itdenial argumentof myconstant access is real story” “the thatthe to of position amnesia of “politics a calls Tismăneanu Vladimir what establishing thus country, the of past communist the on debate the opening least at or uncovering at initiative any discouraged actively power neo the put, Briefly life. academic and cultural political, on effects immediate with matter contemporary crucial, a into regime Communist the of legacy the about debate the turned Romania, in democracy establishing of charge 3.1.1. Welcome history! back,

Boris Buden, Buden, Boris n xeln oeve o te eoy tuge oe de over struggles memory the of overview excellent An Vladimir Tismăneanu, “Democracy and Memory: Romania Confronts Its Communist Past,” Past,” Communist Its Confronts Romania Memory: and “Democracy Tismăneanu, Vladimir 2

Romanian post Romanian a with 1990s, early the of context political The f hs wo et h ne fr s for need the felt who those of ig oi Bdns bevto, h vr nm o post of name very the observation, Buden’s Boris wing “In Ghetele Comunismului. Comunismului. Ghetele “In – , Iluzia Anticomunismului. Anticomunismului. Iluzia , 13 .

L n. (eebr 06: 383 2006): (December 4 no. XL,

- communism has attracted the attention of scholars who have who scholars of attention the attracted has communism . ”

of Political and Social Science Social and Political of 1

h rsl ws i m ve, radicaliza a view, my in was, result The - communism’s relation to the communism past. In past. communism the to relation communism’s Despre Critica Discursului Postcomunist (In the Boots of Boots the (In Postcomunist Discursului Critica Despre etr Ciie l Rpruu Tismaneanu Raportului Ale Critice Lecturi uch a historical, political and even moral moral even and political historical, a uch - – omns it a aia real radical a into Communism 408; For a slightly different story of the the of story different slightly a For 408; , “Raportul Comisiei Tismăneanu: Analiză Analiză Tismăneanu: Comisiei “Raportul , - communization in Romania and Eastern Eastern and Romania in communization p o h cmuit regime communist the to ip

no. 617 (May 2008): 168. (May 617 no. 2008): Adrian T. Sîrbu, Alexandru Polgar Polgar Alexandru Sîrbu, T. Adrian

- neo communis - - Commun Communist Europe,” Europe,” Communist - omns pwr in power Communist ation are analyzed in in analyzed are ation Vasile Ernu, Costi Ernu, Vasile ist established established ist - communism in n the in tion

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CEU eTD Collection (Nicolescu), “Raising the Cross.” the “Raising (Nicolescu), 7 Europas Osten Und in Vergangenheitsbewältigung?,” 6 HISTORICA 1989),” after Romania in Memory Social 5 European the 569 2011), http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp_home/index.en.aspx?issue=078, and Past the of Uses the Ci Politics, Identity Museums: National European from Proceedings EuNaMus, Conference Museums National in Revisions and Traditions Past. the of Narratives in Museums,” National European Eastern in History Contemporary of Narratives “Master Apor, Péter 2008); Cartier, Report) Tismăneanu the of Readings Critical Anticommunism. of Illusion (The Tismăneanu 4 59 2009), Print, of (eds.), representations museum that fact the for account also may perspective This solutions. museal innovative and interesting to birth given have perspective historical particular museu this that arguing also am anti the I of characteristic writing). history from not (but history from past particular that deleting at aims it past, the with concern deep a on based anti Romanian anti of understanding the 1989, after Communist narrating of trait defining afore the with agrees analysis communism.” Romanian ofrepresentation public “hegemonic becomethe indeed post the to only belonging 1945 the on historiography>><

See Vasile Ernu and Costi Rogozanu, eds., eds., Rogozanu, Costi and Ernu Vasile See lrn baa, Itrorfe i eoi Soci Memorie Şi “Istoriografie Abraham, Florin e m co my See tizen, Paris 29 June June 29 Paris tizen,

Dragoș Petrescu and Cristina Petrescu, “The Piteşti Syndrome: A Romanian Romanian A Syndrome: Piteşti “The Petrescu, Cristina and Petrescu Dragoș - 99 period,” 1989 eelgi l Pscmnsuu, Gnaois f Post of (Genealogies Postcomunismului, Ale Genealogii s s h atmt t peet h hsoy f omns Rmna n n a an in Romania communist of history the present to attempts the as ms

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nw artv of narrative new e - preeminent figure of the the of figure preeminent Communist Romanian Romanian Communist 21 e 1990s, while I was a a was I while 1990s, e

hs historians those - communism, communism, 223 23 n

CEU eTD Collection competences (like exhibiting the history of the communist regime, regime, communist the their exceed of who To?).” Where Museums, (History history Istorie? subjects de Muzeele “Incotro, with the deal to exhibiting forced (like be not competences and specializations original their on focus to presen the to prehistory from nation Romanian the of history the present to museum historical every of obligation 26 museum the of 25 “restructuring is program this of objective main The Collections. 1 October on held meeting the of Frame a of publication the with museums, in transformations necessary the on debate the complet). (circuitul tour” complete “the museums the in involvement dis political heavy the to points He into. found themselves museums crisis the of causes the to hint to trying museology Romanian of through. were or through going where museums transformations the to hint the of issues 1990 early these in nothing is there 1990 5, February on Iliescu Ion by signed Collections and Museums for Commission the the from Apart politics. and society the Romanian in change of immense sign no show 1990 of issues first the as journal, the of issue 1990 October August the in published was It transition. societal and political general the of result museums transformations the with engages actively that 1990 in published text statement thefirst part is of show the from removed were objects of copies the of most and revised is section eli history were quotations>> <

The complete tour is term introduced in the 70s and 80s in the museum profession to define the the define to profession museum the in 80s and 70s the in introduced term is tour complete The Istorie? de Muzeele “Incotro, AnghelPavel, course, the excessive centralization and the obligation of having in every museum museum every in having of obligation the and centralization excessive the course, - Program ( Program In this article, Anghel Pavel attempts an honest evaluation of the last 15 years 15 last the of evaluation honest an attempts Pavel Anghel article, this In historical of situation the Revolution, December 1989 the after year a “Almost

t day. Anghel Pavel argues for abandoning this concept and thus allowing regional museums museums regional allowing thus and concept this abandoning for argues Pavel Anghel day. t program

- cadru

) for museal development museal for ) st

(History Museums, Where To?),” 45. To?),” Where (HistoryMuseums, 90 y h Cmiso fr uem and Museums for Commission the by 1990 26

It is only the last issue of 1990 that opens that 1990 of issue last the only is It Revista Muzeelor

Revista Muzeelor Revista minated and the texts were texts the and minated . The program is the result the is program The . for example). Anghel Pavel, Pavel, Anghel example). for

(Museums’ Review) in Review) in (Museums’

were undergoing as a as undergoing were

decree organizing decree

preparing - cases.”

that might might that 25

o go to

This 224 -

CEU eTD Collection 28 Development),” 27 1993 in byinitiative privateestablished Memorial, Sighet the and Bernea Horia artist of direction the under 1990 February in initiative state by established Museum, Peasant Romanian the were institutions with dealing of necessity the on debate a open least at to managed and museal, and societal heritage, communist the with engaged disco a assumed who ones the were sphere, 199 early museums, the Two in professionals. established museum from come not did past the with dealing be to directed tow seems museums Romanian in effort museological main archaeology the and but history museums” of remaking thematically and completing “revising, of long the past, the recent countries, African 1991 for scheduled voyage four in expedition ethnographic an of through acquisitions art proposes contemporary also program The Commerce! of Museum or Museum Museum, Cinematography museum, Automobile Museum, Sports topics: of range bewildering a with museums new of the establishing with concerned is program the of point Another unaccomplished. largely day etc.).” realities, political development, religious deliberately of personalities, themes of (reflection past some the in including excluded […] museums archaeology and history of special with […] network

Ibid., 118. Ibid.,

arl Srflau “Program Sarafoleanu, Gavrilă t s o odr ht i ti cnet te org ad ntaie f creatively of initiative and courage the context, this in that, wonder no is It

ards veryards different African from museumsto topics: expeditions. hunting Revista Muzeelor Revista 27

The deadline fo deadline The

- awaited program keeps silent; it only alludes to the necessity necessity the to alludes only it silent; keeps program awaited attention to revising, completing and thematically remaking remaking thematicallyand completing revising, to attention - 1992.

no. 11 no. s y rfsinl cmn fo otie h museum the outside from coming professionals by 0s

- ar d Dzotr Mzaa (Frame Muzeala Dezvoltare de cadru r this part of the program was 1993 was program the of part this r 28 – 12 (1990): 117. (1990): 12

On the issue of dealing with and representing t representing and with dealing of issue the On as a result of resultas a past, communist the on urse the past in the museum space. These These space. museum the in past the

the efforts of the Civic AcademyCivic the effortsof the vain uem Hunting Museum, Aviation - rga fr Museal for Program - 1994; it is to thisto is it 1994; boldly boldly 225 he he

CEU eTD Collection the researched department of the Romanian Peasant Museum in 2006. Museum Peasant Romanian the of department theresearched 29 revolutionary was discourse their that was curators, the for even outcome, surprising ne a proposed also it but time) same the at old being (while museum new a only not was Museum Peasant The dissertation. this of chapters previous the by provided context pre and communist its to its relationsh its emphasizing while shaped discourse its analyzing am I discourse. museologic that history complicated its precisely is it that arguing while museum this of history fascinating the unravels chapter This History. Party of Museum the R Socialist of museum propaganda important most the by used being building the of years 40 almost includes also history institutional this since unusual more even halls. exhibitions own its historyin its engageswith that museums Romanian museum, young a t of one is it and century a Although than more of history a claims it 1990, in established museums. Romanian acclaimed internationally the radical oftheanticommunism period. to specific perspective criminalizing a on however insisting past, the of dimensions unknown uncover to determined were initiatives museums two these past, communist above the to connected very subsidy state with supported partially yet Rusan, Romulus husband her andBlandiana Ana writers of especiallyandFoundation

After working with the musem as a volunteer during my undergraduate studies (1999 studies undergraduate my during volunteer as a musem with workingthe After w museology who fiercely opposed the Soviet museology so far described. The The described. far so museology Soviet the opposed fiercely who museology w The Romanian Peasant Museum is probably one of the most well most the of one probably is Museum Peasant Romanian The Communis3.2. Exorcising

- communist past. It is important to place this story in the the in story this place to important is It past. communist -

mentioned group promoting a a promoting group mentioned m. Peasant Romanian Museum. The

ever since 1997. Although intellectually intellectually Although 1997. since

lc hole black -

2003), I joined I joined 2003), view on the the on view

- known and known 29 omania,

he rare he This is 226 ip

CEU eTD Collection 30 belonging tradition.” tothe local museum a with Party Communist Romanian the of Museum the as such museum fake a of ghosts the exorcise to useful symbolically Ghika seemed It museum…. by ethnography designed was of building but imagination, That of effort memory. an of result the not was boulevard the on building cul re of of idea “The decision: his explained minister the Pleşu, Andrei exorcised. be to needed which Museum, Peasant the of building the haunting still “ghost” a was museum old the sharper: even wastakendistance the alevel, discursive On objects. communist thi but objects, the with dialogue a through built was museum new The objects”. “fake were objects its therefore museum”; “fake a considered was museum communist former The truth. and fakery were museum b the level, museographical a On way. peculiar very a in distance this establish to chose Museum Peasant the at team The regimes. two worlds, two eras, two between was established be to distance History Party Communist the of of Museum the predecessor, its with contrast continuator sharp in and Museum National interwar a as identity The its regime. construct Communist to was Romanian Museum the Peasant Romanian of demise the after month one barely on theEuropeanand internationalmap. again museology Romanian put that prize prestigious a Award, Year the of Museum standar European East by only not

Irina Nicolau and Carmen Huluță, Huluță, Carmen and Nicolau Irina h oainPaat uemws re was Museum Peasant Romanian The ds. In 1997, the Romanian Peasant Museum received the European European the received Museum Peasant Romanian the 1997, In ds. - European standards but it was also pertinently innovative by by innovative pertinently also was it but standards European

. It was not only a question of institutional succession; the the succession; institutional of question a only not was It . asic concepts in dealing with the heritage of the old old the of heritage the with dealing in concepts asic

Dosar Sentimental Dosar 30

establishing a museum of ethnography in the the in ethnography of museum a establishing , 39. , - salse n 90 nFbur 5th, February on 1990, in established vr daou ws eid o the to denied was dialogue very s

- uet epcal t b a be to especially Budeşti ue t ht moment, that at ture 227 n

CEU eTD Collection 32 31 cour of and University Sciences, of Academy Parliament, required: state modern a institutions the all almost had map European thus understood as ofa “the result memory effort.” wa building same the in Museum Peasant Romanian the of 1990 in establishment Lenin the with it replaced and Museum National the evacuated politics state of control took party Communist was building the as section) ethnographic the for (except building the in installed actually never project was exhibition This objects. peasant and art religious vestiges, roman and prehistoric included art national where b to meant was family, royal the by supported and Samurcaș Tzigara Alexandru by projected as century, 20th early the of Museum National The Museum. National the for 1912 in laid been had stone foundational whose building NationalArt3.2.1 The Museum 1906 deathupon his 2000. in museum the left only and 1990 in appointed was He installation. last his art, of work and admirer bridge an than more theanything been never had who painter a Bernea, Horia spectacular. prove under days; present and communism. period interwar the between bridge

Andrei Pleșu quoted in ibid., 39. in ibid., quoted Pleșu Andrei 54. Ibid., At the beginning of the 20th century, Romania, a new but vivid state on the on state vivid but new a Romania, century, 20th the of beginning the At Mu (National) Peasant Romanian The talked Nicolau Irina bridge the be to was Museum Peasant The

keen visitor of museums, managed to make the Peasant Museum his last his Museum Peasant the make to managed museums, of visitor keen 31

h hiefrtedrco fti oh e n l msu would museum old and new both this of director the for choice The

- 1952

se, a National Museum. The National National The Museum. National a se, em a etbihd n 90 n the in 1990 in established was seum 32

only after the Second World War it it War World Second the after

fini shed e a national art museum, art national a e - Stalin Museum. The Museum. Stalin in 1938; 1938; in bu, the about, when the the when 228 – s -

CEU eTD Collection 35 39. Boulevard),” 34 3. 1936), Nationala, Imprimeria 33 Ethnographic Tzigara Alexandru 1906, 1st October on year, same the in for successful, was he And list. priority state’s project in those to memorandums and publications in century, the of turn the at subject the on extensively wrote He productions. national with greatness mu national of kind new a of promoters successful royal family,oneAlbanian and was the boyars familysmall of friend the of out already collecti the was museum this of collections the behind and mummies.” Egyptian and instruments music frescoes, costumes Church rescued folk Romanian pottery, Chinese America, South jewels, from objects Romanian cult “old with crowded w paintings, famous rooms of reproductions and paintings objects, contemporary few a in building, the in University found be to was Ghica, Mihalache boyar by 1834 in established Museum,

Ibid., 37. Ibid., l Tzigara Al. lxnr Tzigara Alexandru . In example,. hismemorandum 1906,for ng internationally mightng bea greatness. ofnational internationally sign The examples of Romania’s neighbors were meant to put the problem on the on problem the put to meant were neighbors Romania’s of examples The N a of lack “The Alex we can ofever catching barely hope up.” antiquities which with museums Hungarian of speak to admirable Not also. us ahead well are anSerbs together put they less no years a and museum ten than less In activity. states. civilized cultural this in us surpassed among have Bulgarians that acknowledge must entered we Sadly recently more even neighbors, younger our also matter pride this in national inferiority obvious in Our remain to needed. us allow not urgently does is institution an such of establishment

andru Tzigara andru - Samurcaș quoted in Petru Popovăț, “Muzeul de La Şosea(The Museum by the the by Museum Şosea(The La de “Muzeul Popovăț, Petru in quoted Samurcaș

uem f National, of Museum - - Samurcaș, Samurcaș, Samurcaș becomes director of what will be initially called the the called initially be will what of director becomes Samurcaș

ational Museum is a shame of which we are all aware. The aware. all are we which of shame a is Museum ational -

Samurcaș (1872 Samurcaș uegai Rmnac (oain Museography) (Romanian Românească Muzeografie

precious museum of ethnography and national art. The The art. national and ethnography of museum precious eoaie n Idsra Art. Industrial and Decorative - 195 em a uem ht xiis national exhibits that museum a seum,

2), an art historian from a Romanian a from historian art an 2), 34 to t

he ministryargues: ofCulture

the position to support the support to position the

- of - fashion idea that that idea fashion 35 33

h ln and long The

The principle The eapons and and eapons

(Bucuresti: (Bucuresti: towards

229 -

CEU eTD Collection 37 36 the on stone in carved be to was MUSEUM>> <

Ibid., 96. Ibid., 66. Ibid., h fudtoa soe f h bidn ws ad n 92 y ig ao I Carol King by 1912 in laid was building the of stone foundational The plans glorious of history complicated a has also museum the of building The Museum National the for project realized never The

antiquities antiquities - Romanian style was born at the end of the 19th century out of a a of out century 19th the of end the at born was style Romanian - Samurcaș himself.

and 37

This vision of the National the of vision This

curiosities

neo

and were striving to construct a new national new a construct to striving were and - Romanian style by architect Nicolae Ghika Nicolae architectstyle by Romanian ural style and it was thus natural that the that natural thus was it and style ural

uem, aig hm etos f the of sections them making museums, Museum never became reality, became never Museum hibit them under the close close the under them hibit ao I Carol

Carol I. Carol

was to reunite reunite to was 36

- Apparently roman art, art, roman

and 230 he he -

CEU eTD Collection tlnsi A eae f onal 1940 Downfalls Between Architects of Decade (A Stalinisti (1940 Prabusirilor short the during 39 38 Lenin V.I. the museums, propaganda Communist chas is it 1952 In Republic. Socialist Romanian the of Museum Art Popular into then Art, Popular of Museum Tzigara director its of Na into abolished, I Carol LeninV.I. new, a establish to place perfect the as appealing more much seemed though building The rulers. communist new the by appreciated much so not central building suffered a lot 1934 in resumed only was which construction curated exhibition ethnographic the with visitors for opened is building new the of wing south the 1930, restart works The roof. no practically constructi the 1912, in enthusiasm with Started will. own his at plans architectural the changing architect,the with evendisputesnumerous in engaged he that createdhe finally was that detail architecturalomitted. one is this but museum, the of frontispiece

Ibid., 67. Ibid., h cmuit wr nt h frt o ae Tzigara make to first the not were communists The The first step towards the gradual disappearance of the National Museum Museum National the of disappearance gradual the towards step first The National the finds regime communist The building exhibiting and exhibiting building

Apparently, Alexandru Tzigara Alexandru Apparently,

was changing its name, in 1948, immediately after the monarchy was was monarchy the after immediately 1948, in name, its changing was on works are stopped in 1914, leaving an unfinished building with with building unfinished an leaving 1914, in stopped are works on –

I.V.Museum (described inthe previous Stalin chapter). - ie National lived - Legionnaires and Stalinists) and Legionnaires 1950). Vietile Pictorilor, Sculptorilor Si Arhitectilor Romani Intre Legionari Si Si Legionari Intre Romani Arhitectilor Si Sculptorilor Pictorilor, Vietile 1950). tional Museum of Art and Archaeology and the forceful resignation resignation forceful the and Archaeology and Art of Museum tional y Tzigara by

- from earthquakes(1940) Allied bombings and from (1944). Samurcaș. - einar sae e a a was he state Legionnaire

- d wy rm t bidn, aig om o two for room making building, its from away ed

aucș Te et f h bidn ws tl under still was building the of rest The Samurcaș. inte 39

The name is soon to be changed again in National in again changed be to soon is name The - resting ethnographic collection ethnographic resting 1950. The Lives of Romanian Painters, Sculptors and and Sculptors Painters, Romanian of Lives The 1950. ed

(Bucharest: Compania, 2005), 251. Compania,2005), (Bucharest: -

Samurcaș was so involved with the museum museum the with involved so was Samurcaș after the end of the war and on October 1st 1st October on and war the of end the after - Samurcaș resign from his position. In 1940, 1940, In position. his from resign Samurcaș n fnse i 13. h damaged The 1938. in finished and Museum lso dismissed. Mihai Pelin, Pelin, Mihai dismissed. lso –

.. tln uem n the and Museum Stalin I.V. communist museum, the the museum, communist ao I Carol

whose value was was value whose

in 38

beautiful, a thus greatlythus

Deceniul Deceniul 231

CEU eTD Collection ee upie t dsoe n cpls n ace. hr wr ln ros some rooms, long square were There arches. no cupolas, no discover to surprised were outsid the “On 1990 museum the at anthropologist visual a and department research the of head exhibi that take not did fight physical The Communism. of ghosts the with struggle spiritual a and meaning, or purpose any the that transformations the with struggle physical a struggle: a of story the as staff new the by told is Museum Peasant the of story The museum. communist the of staff the museum inheriting/re just than powerful more were Museum 3.2.2. Fake and fake objects. walls 1990. remained another ofmuseum just history. piece Museum National the Pleșu, Andrei Culture of Minister by 1990 in performed effort” “memory the for not If Museum. Village the by collection Museum National former the Museum, Art Popular mea this practically, Museum; Village the with united is Museum Art Popular the 1978, In Party. Workers’ Romanian the of Museum History building underwent as a communist museum and with all the objects that had lost lost had that objects the all with and museum communist a as underwent building , told me in an interview the story of the rediscovery of the exhibition rooms: exhibition the of rediscovery the of story the interview an in me told , h lns oncig h Rmna Paat uem n te omr Party former the and Museum Peasant Romanian the connecting links The in om ad rnfrig h ojcs o te isiuin. on Popescu, Ioana institutions. other to objects the transferring and rooms tion - ish, some like wide halls that you walked through, with straight walls on each on walls straight with through, walked you that halls wide like some ish, inherited the exhibitions, the collections, the library and, not least important, least not and, library the collections, the exhibitions, the inherited , h bidn hs rhs n neo in arches has building the e,

long: only a few months for dismantling, cleaning the the cleaning dismantling, for months few a only long:

- Romanian style. On the inside, we we inside, the On style. Romanian ao I Carol - occupying the building. The The building. the occupying nt the disappearance of the the of disappearance the nt , and taking over of its its of over taking and , ao I Carol

w ould have have ould

since since 232

CEU eTD Collection 42 any 41 with objects as 40 regarded even not were museum former the of exhibits the of most However, past. the erase to done: had communists the what do to want did they and history recent of part a were they since carefully museum old the of collections the treated they that recalls She handled. was Museum Party Communist werecon removed.” been have they after craters like holes leave They eternity. for last to meant walls, the of EncycSoviet volumes blue the in and Ceaușescu of works this red in the in participated float “We actively process. museum the of researchers The them. dismantle to work moneyand time, of amount enormous an took it that made solidly so were walls Decorativa the splendid interior architecture.” t realized we Then side.

Ioana Popescu, Interview. Popescu, Ioana Huluță, Carmen and Nicolau Irina Interview. Popescu, Ioana rn Nclu a dfeet eois f o te ifcl hrtg o the of heritage difficult the how of memories different has Nicolau Irina which collections, old the against was struggle physical the of part Another exhibitions, former the installed and designed had that company same The objects from us. But they were no longer here so we answered with dignity dignity with answered we that we wouldnotsel so here longer communist no buy were they to But us. wanted from that objects institutions or persons private from abroad, from offers received we Later, Horrors. of Chamber the call still we that room basemen the in put we take, to wanted nobody What <> called we what trash, this of most them to over throw to tried we and Archives State the with p and History Nationalof Museum the with it discussed we So clear…. The books. communist away we thrown that realized we Then away. had we that noticedwas everythingit when attacked be couldwe because that do couldn’t throw to wanted we first, “At sidered “trash” by“trash”museum. sidered theresearchersandof thenew museographers 41

was hired to dismantle them. They discovered that the panels and the fak the and panels the that discovered They them. dismantle to hired was

lopedia. The panels of the former exhibitions are exhibitions former embedded deeplyinthe the panels The of lopedia.

hat the walls were not real: they were only fake walls hiding hiding walls fake only were they real: not were walls the hat l ourcountry.”

Dosar Sentimental Dosar 40

, 50. , olitical moment was still not very very not still was moment olitical

t, in a in t,

233 not

CEU eTD Collection 1990 to “exorcise the residue of the decades of communist oppression.” oppression.” communist of decades the of Exorcism,” Group residue of Reminiscent Circus Cheap a into Transformed Been Has Communism Condemn to Meeting Solemn the Era,” an “Exorcising “exorci an as press the by covered was “exorcise regime communist the of condemnation presidential 2006 The 2013. 30, August toaccessed http://cimam.org/exhibition/3443/, 1990 45 3/1998 Peasant Romanian the of Museum the 44 byBerman),” Iosif (1929/1930 Bucharest and Sighet on Reports the of Symbolism (1929/1930 “ Ciuciu, been recently Anca See books. has and articles several He of subject the Court.” became and scholarship Royal Romanian by rediscovered the of “photographer last the as also but photography reportage 43 886) (cTz Museum Peasant Romanian the of Archive Visual © (1991). Party Communist Fig. of 1991, tocall on the in decided, Bernea Horia when metaphor a than more became “Exorcism” post of also and museum, the of narrative Iosif Berman, by photographs interwar of collections the with case the was This research. of focus the became and preserved discovered, were items interesting collections fake of museum a as of thought was Party Communist the of Museum History The value. patrimonial

h r ru uRA ClnDn a iăin,IsfKrl) wa Király) Iosif Mihălianu, Dan Dan, (Călin SubREAL group art The Popescu, Ioana (1892 Berman Iosif

3.1. The metaphor of exorcising the communist ghosts is a recurrent theme in the in theme recurrent a is ghosts communist the exorcising of metaphor The Nostalgia Unei Lumi Pierdute. Simbolismul Reportajelor Despre Sighet Şi Bucureşti Bucureşti Şi Sighet Despre Reportajelor Simbolismul Pierdute. Lumi Unei Nostalgia 43

Priests are sprinkling holy water inside the former History Museum of the of Museum History former the inside water holy sprinkling are Priests -

1939) de F. BruneaFox Şi Ilustrate de Iosif Berman (The Nostalgia of a Lost World. The World. Lost a of Nostalgia (The Berman Iosif de Ilustrate Şi BruneaFox F. de 1939) curatedresearched and by Iosif Be Iosif Gardianul Holocaust. Studii Și Cercetări Și Studii Holocaust. vnmnu Zilei Evenimentul priests tochase a in religiouspriests away these spirits ceremony. photographs and fake objects. However, among the inherited inherited the among However, objects. fake and photographs - 91 ws Rmna phot Romanian a was 1941)

rman: A Photo A rman: , Dece , mber 19, 2006. mber19,

Dcme 1, 06 La ea ad uiia atl, “The Castali, Luminița and Bejan Lia 2006; 19, December , -

Album. Supplement to Martor. The Anthropology Review of Review Anthropology The Martor. to Supplement Album.

Ioanaherself. Popescu , , 1998.

4 (2011): 197 (2011): 4

- omns Rmna scey t large. at society Romanian communist gahr f eih rgn kon o hs social his for known origin, Jewish of ographer – sm.” Laura Gafencu and Anca Simina, Simina, Anca and Gafencu Laura sm.” - 1939) by F. Brun F. by 1939) 212.

s founded in the summer of summer the in founded s eaFox and Illustrated Illustrated and eaFox

sp ring 234 45

CEU eTD Collection 47 46 Itfor ourmuseum. veryget them was for by hard usto know to name.” of thinking were we framework the in place their find not would they That another. or way one leave, to have would they and place their taking were we that clear was ea greet to managed finally We hatred. declared stated, clearly a with us received “They museum: former the of staff the also but collection, communist the of objects” “fake the and building the only not included which environment, hostile felt They halls. exhibition the museum, the enter to allowed even not were they period, early the In Nicolau. Irina and Bernea Horia around gathered team

Ibid. Interview. Popescu, Ioana

“While the dismantling took place, Horia Bernea had the idea that we needed needed we that idea the had Bernea Horia place, took dismantling the “While oqeig h sae f h msu ws hs n o te is tss f the of tasks first the of one thus was museum the of space the Conquering metal fence.” now theresurrounded dismantling, the of remains the still and rubbish the among is it and courtyard museum’s the to dragged was it finally so transport special for money no had we anywhere, it send couldn’t we so huge int the in up ended busts triple these of One it. destroy would they this by if as water with it flooding throwing, were Lenin and Engels Marx, of heads the holy When in water. everything flooded They sprinkling. off were break they to when going shoulders were their arms their that water seemed It holy muscles. their of in strength buckets huge with came water who holy with sprinkled have be to had we all we corner; because there little every all were We room, there. all were we that see to interesting is it And storage that. of pictures every entered They museum. some brought He us…. sprinkle among to came lived who prelates and in sneaked have must that spirits bad the of also but objects, fake and walls fake of only not space the clean to 46

fudtesle n rn o htfmu cltr f the of sculpture famous that of front in themselves found y

the holy water ( water holy the -

there was one in almost every room every almost in one was there erior courtyard of the museum. It was was It museum. the of courtyard erior

aghiasmă ee pikig ih l the all with sprinkling were ), to clean the whole whole the clean to ), …. And the priests priests the And ….

surrounded by a a by surrounded 47 ch other but it but other ch

by a square square a by -

they they 235

CEU eTD Collection 49 Review Anthropology Peasant Romanian the of “healing 48 a both be to have would outcome The museum. the of name new the to meaning give would that theme a for searching exhibition, permanent the of think ( bands music traditional hires and museum the outside objects patrimony takes which museum, innovative an hand them of most booklets, little unconventional abasicmuseum is landmarkanyonewould try for nation.” who this tounderstand The future. the for testimonial a as serving also while is, and was man traditional this what about museum national a capital, its in anthropology of museum a have must Europ of eyes the in it protect effectively can which civilization only the in pride much so takes which country a a “Understandably, as 1993: as early as it museum national about talking was Bernea Horia 2007, in only name its to tag national the nation. Romanian the a on as statement read always was peasant Romanian the on statement a thus and War, World Second the before least at peasants, of nation a nation, rural a themselves stated considered clearly than implicit more was identity on national claim the propaganda; Communist by abused severely been had image whose peasant, Romanian the rehabilitate to was aim stated Their techniques. exhibiting of several “Chair eggs, Easter painted by icons, of displays followed Toys” “Clay was one first The 1990. existence, of year first museum: healing 3.2.3. The avictory communism over

Horia Bernea quoted in ibid., in 16. ibid., quoted Bernea Horia Man,” Authentic the and Museum Peasant Romanian “The Mihăilescu, Vintilă Th its as early as exhibitions temporary organize to began Museum Peasant The

msu bgn to began museum e

l ăutari

) to play on the streets of Bucharest. They began to to began They Bucharest. of streets the on play to )

organize 48

vni h Rmna esn Museu Peasant Romanian the if Even

no. 11 (2006): 15 (2006): 11 no. vns n ehbtos t produce to exhibitions, and events s,” all experimental and daring in terms in daring and experimental all s,” - made, to establish its reputation as reputation its establish to made, – 29.

. Romanians had always always had Romanians . Martor. The Museum Museum The Martor. added m 49 236

e, e,

CEU eTD Collection Martor. Martor. 50 the in world Romanian the in imagine not could he that normality a normality, certain induce to try to a wanted as simply it He use weapon. to or Communism, of horrors the cover to either Cross, The by want, not must cross the on discourse the that idea the with started “We remembers, Popescu Ioana As rule. communist under altered and mystified been had that everything about time, a for silent, keeping by of image abused previously the in truthfulness and normality of sense a reinstall to staff new the to necessary seemed supposed tobe found. “r where period interwar the to more back reach easily to order in brackets, into put forgotten, be to had that hole black a as intelligentsia: Romanian by early1990s the in viewedwas past communist the how of of lack total byits past communist the about more spoke probably exhibition the that observed Althabe Gérard museum, the of Cross The t reference anymake to refusal deliberate t in reflected as past, this to reaction initial the Paradoxically, regime. Communist the of memory thought fundamentalist anddelicate. museum, disturbing and healing ( ( museum” muzeu mărturisitor muzeu

Gérard Althabe, “Une Exposition Ethnographique: Du Plaisir Estéthique, Une Leçon Politique,” Politique,” Leçon Une Estéthique, Plaisir Du Ethnographique: Exposition “Une Althabe, Gérard After cleaning the museum and removing the traces of the communist past, it it past, communist the of traces the removing and museum the cleaning After th of component “healing” The The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review Anthropology Peasant Romanian the of Museum The , was inaugurated on April 19, 1993; the French anthropologist and friend friend and anthropologist French the 1993; 19, April on inaugurated was , muzeu vindecător muzeu e is praet xiiin wa exhibition, permanent first he ) as Horia Bernea wished. And it did become, in my view, both a a both view, my in become, did it And wished. Bernea Horia as )

) as Irina Nico Irina as )

the peasant. And this normality could only be reached reached be only could normality this And peasant. the e museum was obviously aimed at the traumatic traumatic the at aimed obviously was museum e be a vindictive discourse. Horia Bernea did not did Bernea Horia discourse. vindictive a be o recent history. The first exhibition, entitled exhibition, first history.The recent o lau wanted it and a “testifying museum” museum” “testifying a and it wanted lau

eal” Romanian history and identity was was identity and history Romanian eal” reference to it. to reference - provoking, annoying and beautiful, beautiful, and annoying provoking, absence of the cross. A cross that he that cross A cross. the of absence s an apparent indifference to it, a a it, to indifference apparent an s no. 2 (n.d.): 144 (n.d.): 2 no. 50

Actually, it rather spokerather it Actually, – 158.

237

CEU eTD Collection 51 happyworkers its with mosaic the and removed the coveringwas So invisible. mosaic c the that realized suddenly they courtyard the in assembled was church wooden old small, a After structure. wooden a with it cover to was solution first Their art. of work a considered was it because rem has mosaic realist Socialist huge a when facades museum’s use the Althabe of one Gérard On victory. and implicit this Popescu describing Ioana both that example one is There Fig. thereCross victory beC should the the cross of over The exhibition the in that moment a for think not did We speech. normal and calm A peace. make to wanting by started he So order…. and balance of element an as saw

Ioana Popescu, Interview. Popescu, Ioana 3.2. However, there is an idea of implicit victory that Ioana Popescu speaks about. speaks Popescu Ioana that victory implicit of idea an is there However, Entrance to the hall HolyEntrance tothe Relics (

ie. h msu saf a nt loe t tk i down it take to allowed not was staff museum The ained.

hurch became the main point of interest, interest, of point main the became hurch Moaște

making

238 the the

CEU eTD Collection 54 53 52 rationale behind beyond choosingthemwent arecent quarrel history. of anti the into fit well very be may They Sch Great the before one the a Christian”, “real is the it of man”, peasant; “traditional Romanian the of the museum of less much and peasant the of museum a not is Eu view, this in Eurocentrism.museum, Theinto nationalismtransform to map, a Christian on peasant Romanian the put to attempt an as cross the of choice the explains He 1990s. the in proposed Museum Peasant Romanian the that revolution” (2005 museum the of director and Mihă Vintilă museum. the of principle organizing the became cross over an be would it However, anti of symbol typical a was cross Christian the how vic the to dedicated monuments analyzing through “the mise enChristianity victorious scène resistance ofthe Communism.” of over Popescu Ioana y isthere,it claims though that,even there. still is children happy by surrounded mothers socialist and

Vintilă Mihăilescu, “T Vintilă Mihăilescu, SiminaRadu 155. LeçonPolitique,” Une Estéthique, Plaisir Du Ethnographique: Althabe, Exposition “Une Gérard ism. In an article published with Gabriela Cristea (Nicolescu) in 2008 we show, show, we 2008 in (Nicolescu) Cristea Gabriela with published article an In 54

hitaiy n is ybl ae hs uh oe hn anti than more much thus are symbols its and Christianity - Bucurenci (Bădică) and Gabriela Cristea (Nicolescu), “Raising the Cross.” the “Raising Cristea(Nicolescu), Gabriela and (Bădică) Bucurenci he Romanian Peasant Museum and the AuthenticMan.” the and Museum Peasant heRomanian

- simplification to say that this is the reason why the the why reason the is this that say to simplification - 2010), wrote about was he terms the “conservative the terms he was about wrote 2010), ou no longer see it. Gérard Althabe considers this Althabethis see considers Gérard it. nolonger ou - omns dsore f h 19s u the but 1990s the of discourse communist tims of Communism in Romania, Romania, in Communism of tims - omns i te 1990s. the in Communism

ilescu, sociologist sociologist ilescu,

- communism.

ropean 52 239

CEU eTD Collection Romanian People) Romanian 56 Apprenticeship) 55 is example One there. are world id his however, museum, the of in discourse the mentioned with connection often not is name His 1935. in joined he which Romania, interwar causality. peasan Romanian on extensively wrote He Bucharest. of school sociologicalGusti’s Dimitrie in ethnologist an as period interwar me.” followed C the Again Cross. the affirm to wanted I megalomania, human of act an only “Through satellite). Earth’s the the from Wall, visible constructions Chinese the with (together Moon the from visible d of dreaming was he 1970s the in interview, an in remembers he As cross. the of symbol the to commitment long Peasant Museum. Fig.

Ernest Bernea, Bernea, Ernest Horia Bernea interviewed by Mihai Sârbulescu in Mihai Sârbulescu, Sârbulescu, Mihai in Sârbulescu Mihai by interviewed Bernea Horia

3.3. n utas nt neetmt esnl hie. oi Bre a a life a had Bernea Horia choices. personal underestimate not also must One

56 Splendor

He was equally an Iron Guard ideologue, the popular fascist movement of movement fascist popular the ideologue, Guard Iron an equally was He

(Bucharest: Anastasia, 2002), 120. 2002), Anastasia, (Bucharest: 55 Spatiu, Timp Si Cauzalitate La Poporul Roman (Space, Time and Causality for the the for Causality and Time (Space, Roman Poporul La Cauzalitate Si Timp Spatiu,

(Bucharest: Humanitas, 2005). Humanitas, (Bucharest:

Horia Bernea’s father, Ernest Bernea (1905 Bernea Ernest father, Bernea’s Horia

hall fr hall

om the om esigning a huge cross over the Carpathians that would be would that Carpathians the over cross huge a esigning

Christian Law Christian rânduiala ross! Only now do I realize that It has always has It that realize I do now Only ross!

: approximately translated as “order,” it it “order,” as translated approximately : try, its views on time, space and and space time, on views its try,

thematic ground floor. © Romanian © floor. ground thematic - 1990) was active in the in active was 1990) eas about the peasant the about eas

epe cnce (On Ucenicie Despre - made made 240 -

CEU eTD Collection 60 Crossings) and Materiality Quantities, Museum, on 59 1991). Romania See 1989. after Verdery, included, Katherine Christianity rehabilitated, fully be would vision Their books. reedited such th in reedited were national Romania’s 58 Crossings) and Materiality Quantities, Museum, on perfect in peasant, the of 57 existence timeless The story. different a tells Museum Peasant Romanian the countries, these for history of out step a was regime socialist the to contrary Quite communism.was answers clearly:veryit Museum Peasant Romanian the ofdiscourse lost” elsewhere Ages Middle European of relic Indiathat can Bretagne,” be traced from to back civilizations to world, Mediterranean the to bound organically civilizations, ancient about expa space its while museum, the the of of inauguration time the at least at proposing, was Museum Peasant the that discourse the right (extreme) interwar an to traced be thus can peasant years,forIron three1935to1938,an rânduiala seeks museography (“Organic museology his explaining in it uses and floor first the in exhibition permanent the of concept unifying the as it. of outside achieved be cannot “good” the as place its has everything which in nature, and life to relating of way traditional special, a to refers

Irina Nicolau and Carmen Huluță, Huluță, Carmen and Nicolau Irina Bernea, Horia Bernea, Horia oe f h ultra the of Some

the European traditional man, “profoundly Christian, formed in continuation of continuation in formed Christian, “profoundly man, traditional European the What could What re suddenly was that dimension Christian The Sceis n Clue n East in Culture and Societies ,

had also been an important concept for his father Ern father his for concept important an been also had Câteva Cuvinte Despre Muzeu, Cantitaţi, Materia Cantitaţi, Muzeu, Despre Cuvinte Câteva Thoughts (Few Încrucişare Şi Materialitate Cantitaţi, Muzeu, Despre Cuvinte Câteva The Cross The e 70s and 80s. However, the Christian dimension was carefully deleted from any any from deleted carefully was dimension Christian the However, 80s. and 70s e - National Ideology Under Socialism: Identity and Cultura and Identity Socialism: Under Ideology National communist period. Most of these writers, like Ernest Bernea or Constatin Noica, Noica, Constatin or Bernea Ernest like writers, these of Most period. communist - ainls/acs wies f h itra pro wr rhblttd during rehabilitated were period interwar the of writers nationalist/fascist make this timeless, profoundly European and Christian peasant, “a peasant, Christian profoundlyandtimeless,this Europeanmake

black , was very much a much very was ,

oe paradigm hole

Dosar Sentimental Dosar - Central Europe 7 (Berkeley: University of California Press, Press, California of University (Berkeley: 7 Europe Central dd beyond nded - Guardcultural publicationnamed , 6. , (Buchar -

historical. Time stood still in the halls of of halls the in still stood Time historical.

previously described, claiming that the the that claiming described, previously , 105. , 59 60

oain odr. t s museum a is It borders. Romanian est: Liternet, 2003), 17. 2003), est:Liternet, as Horia Berneaas explained.

step back into history? The visual The history? into back step - litate Şi Încrucişare (Few Thoughts Thoughts (Few Încrucişare Şi litate icvrd n h Romanian the in discovered rânduiala - wing tradition. wing Horia Bernea proposed it it proposed Bernea Horia est Bernea who edited edited who Bernea est l Politics in Ceausescu’s Ceausescu’s in Politics l , not order” not ,

Rânduiala 58

Howe

57 ). But ). ver, ver, . 241

CEU eTD Collection (cyclical) time and is as timeless as the rest of the permanent exhibition. permanent ofthe rest as the is astimeless and time (cyclical) 61 didn’t you which in balance, peasant of museum a museum, serene “a was composed need the did finished, less or more was display permanent the after Only him. about timeless was what peasant, Romanian the about harmonious and beautiful was what museum the Red3.2.4. The Plague: uglinessa discourse on Peasant Romanian © Museum door!” the Open Dare! begins. time door, this “Behind reads: Fig. collectivization process. the with concerned ones the are present very is component time the where Museum Peasant Romanian the in rooms only The regimes. communist the of establishment a was nature, and God with harmony

Notwithstanding the little room called called room little the Notwithstanding 3.4. 3.4.

It seemed more urgent for Horia Bernea’s team, in the early 1990s, to bring into bring to 1990s, early the in team, Bernea’s Horia for urgent more seemed It

Entrance to the ex the to Entrance for a discourse on ugliness become urgent. The museum that they had had they that museum The urgent. become ugliness on discourse a for

hibition hall hibition

Time Time , which thematizes the peasant peasant the thematizes which , bruptly pushed into history through the the through history into pushed bruptly

t h oainPaat uem It Museum. Peasant Romanian the at

understanding of of understanding

242

CEU eTD Collection 64 63 62 Gheorghiu Gheorghe of pictures large room, the of corners or walls the or other each facing Stalin and Lenin of busts Scânteia drops” blood like look still they blue, of strip a on oil in “painted sickles, and hammers red t of part upper The world”. peasant the causedto collectivization suffering and pain the of memorial “A entrance: the at notice small the on is visitor the to given explanation only The toilets. the reaches one before just It exhibition. permanent the of part 2013, in day, this exhibition, Sta Lenin, of busts bronze sunken the among bath the imagined I bath asteamy dirty and mirror a tiles, broken with bathroom a former rooms and ba technical the in up set exhibition Bucharest any in communism museum. on exhibition permanent only the day this to is it basement tocommun dedicated counter This serenity. its all to counter athought, Nicolau Irina needed, it misleadingandand fakebecoming take everything had who peasants dead people, dead on walking bones, on walking fact in were you that notice

Ibid., 132. Ibid., Irina Interview. Popescu, Ioana

Nicolau and Carmen Huluță, Huluță, Carmen and Nicolau 64 The Plague The an of dreaming was “I 1990. as early as it about thinking was Nicolau Irina

, bearing lists of peasants imprisoned for imprisoned peasants of lists bearing ,

hl te oe pr i cvrd ih sus f h cmuit newspaper communist the of issues with covered is part lower the while

The Plague –

- Political Installation Political ue ild ih ae i wih l nwppr wud float would newspapers old which in water with filled tube , is not very, isnot farIrinafrom what Nicolauin1990. imagined

n away from them.” from away n

Dosar Sentimental Dosar ist crimes during collectivization. Inaugurated crimesist during collectivization. in1997, - balance was going to be be to going was balance - e ae qezd n ey ls o te ae red same the on close very in squeezed are Dej sement, where we could isolate four small, damp small, four isolate could we where sement,

was opened for public in 1997 and it is to is it and 1997 in public for opened was 62 , 72. , lin and Gheorghiu and lin

From this point of view, it was itself was it view, of point this From he walls of the room are painted with painted are room the of walls he

resisting collectivization. Numerous Numerous collectivization. resisting is a small room in the basement, basement, the in room small a is The Plague The - Dej.” , a room in the the in room a , 63

The existing The - balance balance - tube. tube.

243 -

CEU eTD Collection assaulted by the strong, viole strong, the by assaulted The beauty, and harmony breathe to meant was museum the in everything While sharper. Peasant Museum.© RomanianPeasant Roald Aron. Museum and Fig. dismantled in1966andkept ever of inthe since basement theParty museum. o collections the from came installation this in used objects the of Most process. collectivization the through suffered who peasants of testimonies booklet, a by accompanied was exhibition The hatre and collectivization of benefits the about write learnand to forcedthatwere children compositions short and featuresadult”poems to child from class collectivization “The entitled board green A vase. the surrounds that hug Four times. four room the tour to has one inscription, Union Soviet the with Relations Tightening for Association Romanian the from gratitude and love of sign a Stalin, I.V. comrade “To inscription: a by occupied is room the of center The wall. painted

Plague 3.5. h contrast The ei fcn hmef Te lge 19) xiiin al t h Romanian the at hall exhibition (1997) Plague The himself. facing Lenin

is immediately striking in its ugliness. Walking through it the visitor is visitor the it through Walking ugliness. its in striking immediately is

ewe ti ro ad h rs o te uem ol nt be not could museum the of rest the and room this between nt colors and the “fake objects” on display. One of the the of One display. on objects” “fake the and colors nt h Rd Ox Red The d towards the kulaks ( kulaks the towards d huge porcelain vase with the with vase porcelain huge e ashtrays support the cord cord the support ashtrays e f the Lenin the f

” . To be able to read the the read to able be To .

, consisting of the the of consisting , - Stalin museum Stalin chiaburi

244 ).

CEU eTD Collection 66 Roumain,” 65 aime have should we reaction the is This end. should writer on stands hair their and freezes readers the of blood talentedthe that such years those describe a that said “Pasternak collectivization: not Communism, this about Bernea, Horia and Nicolau Irina between conversation published a In Romania. in rule communist of decades first the of attributes defining as fakeness and absurdity ugliness, the on Communism, about only necessarily not ugliness.” its exhibit to tried we regime, the of lies the exhibit couldn’t we As bias. political any myself patrimonial forbade I the where with objects, dialogue the to opposed “As reality. unreal an of past, fake a of objects necessity, by were, They Museum. Party Communist the in exhibited be freed this ignored totally they dialogue, attentive preconceptions.” always any without provoked, accepted, an objects, the with dialogue of Hori display. the in place appropriate most their find and space the conquer for them speak letting themselves, objects the letting objects: the with dialogue was Museum Peasant the the stairs, toget basement. ofthat out to.” back come you that one is museum real “a is Museum Peasant Romanian the of slogans

Ibid. Horia Bernea and Irina Nicolau, “L’installation. Exposer Des Objets Au Musée Du Paysan Paysan Du Musée Au Objets Des Exposer “L’installation. Nicolau, Irina and Bernea Horia

The troubling thing about the “political installation” of installation” “political the about thing troubling The by proposed discourse museographic new the of points strongest the of One Martor. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review Anthropology Peasant Romanian the of Museum The Martor. 66 The Plague The

a Bernea claims that “The Romanian Peasant Museum was born out born was Museum Peasant Romanian “The that claims Bernea a

seems to contradict this by making you want to climb back up up back climb to want you making by this contradict to seems

65 om of the object. The objects in this exhibition used to used exhibition this in objects The object. the of om olciiain I i a icus o te er of years the on discourse a is It collectivization.

n h cs of case the In

preconceived ideas, here we absolutely need a a need absolutely we here ideas, preconceived exhibition, the main theme is representing representing is theme main the exhibition, d for, but we obviously did not succeed. succeed. not did obviously we but for, d The

Plague

xiiin h confessed, he exhibition, The

no. 3 (1998): 225. (1998): 3 no. Plague

is that it is it that is

245

CEU eTD Collection 68 in th werehanged people how about stories to listening and watching elevator, descending slowly a in minutes long three for visitors keeps inHouse Budapest Terror The realised. been meantime the has in feel, but understand 67 ac booklet the in metaphors harsh used Bernea Horia end or “the Plague been have Bernea. Horia by imagined collectivization on exhibition the for names possible of list a contains It clearer. even display the behind intentions Fig. water,without fooda or for week.” hygiene up locked there them kept and ugly aggressively all are which objects the among room exhibition the into visitors closed had we if only it obtained have could We

Irina Nicolau and Carmen Huluță, Huluță, Carmen and Nicolau Irina 224 Ibid., 3 .6. ltl set f ae kp ad ae pbihd y rn Nclu ae the makes Nicolau Irina by published later and kept paper of sheet little A To talk about Communism in 1997 was indeed “breaking the silence.” To this To silence.” the “breaking indeed was 1997 in Communism about talk To The Plague (1997) exhibition hall. ©RomanianThe Plague exhibition Peasant (1997) Museum. –

entitled “the breaking of the silence”, “essay on death”, “essay on murder” on “essay death”, on “essay silence”, the of breaking “the entitled 225. The idea of keeping the visitor “prisoner” for a while a for “prisoner” visitor the keeping of idea The 225. at very building. . building. very at -

the breaking ofthe silence.” the

Dosar Sentimental Dosar 67 68

, 134. ,

companying the exhibition: the companying The Plague The , in order to make him not only only not him make to order in ,

could as well well as could

246

CEU eTD Collection 69 build help to her summoned Bernea Horia when 1990 to up Greek), half Aromanian, ( Aromanians the of ethnography and history the with concerned mainly Andrei who re Pleșu same the by led and initiated Bucharest, in studies advanced for institute organized 1 in written was Country European East an in Experience Museum a of History Nicolau’s Irina Bucharest. in Museum Ro of that engagespolemic text of therarea withthediffic challenges examplesofand non practicepracticallyweremuseum debateson and andsilenceimmovability, low perplexed in situation the and quite singular is Museum Peasant the of experience the that forget not must one seducing indeed storyis the If it. put already some as miracleRomanian a transition, Romanian antidote3.2.5. The museum. Nicolau. Irina to destroy themulti attempt an reservations; no with affirmed hatred, absolute evil; shameful lowof exaltation the to comfortable spirit, the against orientation sect”; life the to opposed is “atheist destructive a life; against oriented totally it stupidity, <> an convention; soul; and society of disease a is “Communism

Ibid.

manian museums in post in museums manian The story of the Rom the of story The rn Nclu (1946 Nicolau Irina 994 when Nicolau was a fellow of New Europe College, the recently the College, Europe New of fellow a was Nicolau when 994 - millennial attempt at spiritualization; asinister utopia.” attemptmillennial at spiritualization; -

established the Peasant Museum four years the Peasant fourestablished Museum before. - 02 hd been had 2002) anian Peasant Museum is one of the rare success stories of of stories success rare the of one is Museum Peasant anian

- communism h vs mjrt o Rmna museum Romanian of majority vast the - quality uncontroversial exhibitions. Theories Theories exhibitions. uncontroversial quality Me and the Museums of the World: The The World: the of Museums the and Me n tngahr l hr rfsinl life, professional her all ethnographer an

also comes from the team of the Peasant the of team the from comes also

- existent in 1990s Romania.One 1990s in existent

er parts of man; the the man; of parts er (published in French) in (published

herself 69

- s giving

ulties ulties

half half was 247

CEU eTD Collection to either epic failures or great achievements such as the Peasant Museum was. Museum Peasant suchas the great achievements failures or epic either to likewith team a in working and questions unconventional ask track, beaten the first learn could and projects her of some inwho involved been them had amongst myself people, young of group a also but museum) antidote the as (such concepts 70 Fig. the as such times, Romanian 1990s. difficult in healing and change about bring can they how and contexts cultural different in function b can they how are, museums what on arguments also she museologists, fellow her unlike and, exhibitions creating innovative of decade a for research. way and museology made thus and agreed finally she museums, becau job the take to Reluctant Museum. Peasant the

Upon her untim her Upon 3.7. IrinaherMuseum i office in at Nicolau the Peasant ely death, she left behind not only books, original exhibitions and new museological museological new and exhibitions original books, only not behind left she death, ely

n e ls dcd o atvt se eae neetd in interested became she activity of decade last her In

- hand how c how hand se of her lack of experience with experience of lack her of se n 2000.Personal archive. uriosity, an ability to ignore ignore to ability an uriosity,

- minded people can lead lead can people minded ogt fresh rought 248

CEU eTD Collection de L’est,”37. de 73 72 L’est,”in de 71 appropriated badly of occidental museology.” danger the by and ideology Communist of consequences t Nicolau explains context, broader a Providing museology. Romanian current in problems thosequestions to already themindof present in visitor. not does which text a text, of use creative very no its for famous became Museum Peasant the Nicolau, Irina of ideas early these practice into Putting text. didactic excessive, of framing the without to reluctance certain a and texts explanatory of talking “Stalin’s of legacy museums” the chapter, previous the in explained As museums. ove the and museums in objects of lack the museums: Romanian of fundamentalproblem this pinpoint and perceive to Nicolau led that 1989 before work museum in experience of lack her more even and li you that objects see mother The society.” hyper explan objects father and

Irina Nic Irina Museums.” “Stalin’s Talking Jolles, Pays Un Dans Museale Experience D’une L’histoire Monde. Du Musees Le et “Moi Nicolau, Irina - mei twrs hc te ahr uem ps u, oehr ih l our all with together us, push museums father the which towards amnesia tos poue esnn, dct…h mother educate…The reasoning, produce ations, oee, h tx de nt ipit oit uelg a te ore of source the as museology Soviet pinpoint not does text the However, mother of concepts oppositional the text this in develops Nicolau – olau, “Moi et Le Musees Du Monde. L’histoire D’une Experience Museale Dans Un Pays Pays Un Dans Museale Experience D’une L’histoire Monde. Du Musees Le et “Moi olau,

72 a “h Rmna msu i i a obe rss pooe b the by provoked crisis, double a in is museum Romanian “the hat - New Europe College Yearbook 1994 Yearbook College New Europe appropriated although remaining unknown unknown remaining although appropriated

uem “s poe t mother to opposed “As museum:

could still be seen in Romanian museums of the 1980s in the abundance the in 1980s the of museums Romanian in seen be still could

- museum is the prototype of the museum as “A place where you where place “A as museum the of prototype the is museum ke.” 73

It is probably the lack of training in formal museology formal in training of lack the probably is It

wemn ddci tn o te ae object same the of tone didactic rwhelming

(Bucharest: Humanitas, 1996 Humanitas, (Bucharest: - uem, hr you where museums, exhibit the artifact, when available, when artifact, the exhibit

explain the object but rather adds adds rather but object the explain – - style is an antidote to the the to antidote an is style

h father the ), 18. ), - label policy and a a and policy label

et unknown meet museums give give museums - museum - free free 249

CEU eTD Collection 74 yearsachieved bycome inthePeasantMuseum. to its of point everysingle that is important makes What objects. patrimonial to granted freedom even and attention special the and visitor the with communicated and spoke it way only but orthe told inthe storyobject it thenon exhibited in it u be would that museum a of conceive to managed anti direct a Without socialism. of fall the after experienced museum Romanian convalescence of period the identified correctly churc (the resembled existence its of times museum, Nicolau a composes text this in Nicolau

Ibid., 38. Ibid., Nicolau correctly identified the institutions to which the museum, in different different in museum, the which to institutions the identified correctly Nicolau 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. by developed concept polemic, because interesting, most the perhaps But

from toprevent totime time the blasé museumsyndrome.” antidote the <>, illness’ the After The antidote invest imagination andtime. antidote The pamper.antidote The The Inantidote the to see them again. antidote the to comes One freeany object stereotyped of interpretations. the antidote The neither to a nora school,cemetery. or a tribunal, hospital a antidote the to go doesn’t One diversity and mobility. antidote The political convalescence periods). (transition antidote “The antidote

the antidote museum antidote the - - - - - museum cure can last from one to three yearsmuseum cure can from onetothree last museum is the museum of <

Decalogue oftheantidote - museum tires. museum

- museum to see the objects. To discover them or them discover To objects. the see to museum

Decalogue of the antidote the Decalogueof . Without explicitly defining the antidote the defining explicitly Without . - h, the school, the cemetery) and she also she and cemetery) the school, the h, - museum as one would go to a church, church, a to go would one as museum communist, resentful argument, Nicolau Nicolau argument, resentful communist,

nlike any Romanian museum, not not museum, Romanian any nlike

- rn Nclus 94 et so text 1994 Nicolau’s Irina museum: e - museum must be rehearsed rehearsed be must museum

right: therightright: see. to

- didactic and inquisitive didacticinquisitive and that! >> Its exhibitions exhibitions Its >> that!

- museum .

would be would

250 -

CEU eTD Collection was first suggested to me by Prof. István Rév during the early years of my PhD studies at Central Central at studies PhD my of years early the during Rév University. European István Prof. by me to suggested first was communist a event the called that staff museum of some by against spoken overtly was experiment the that note to important Although Mihailescu. Vintila director of support strong 75 by enjoyed most was section pottery The visitor. the by discovered be to objects 20 to up summing thus room, the of theme the to according exhibition, permanent view. plain in while hiding an exhibition permanent the of display the imitating contrary, the on or, contrast creating objects, peasant the among exhibition, permanent the in back yearsbrought twentywerebefore halls exhibition the awayhastilyfrom so taken been Communist the of Some museum. the to entrance free the alongside one a Museum, Party the 20 the also thus and Museum, Peasant Romanian heritage. communist museum’s the on exhibition an curating museums, by objects on dangerous and ghosts ideas my explore to tried and department research its joined I thus inn maybe and fail try, to opportunity the given be and breathe could you where Bucharest in institution only the like seemed still Museum Peasant Romanian the there, longer no were Bernea Horia and Nicolau enoug fortunate were who and mentor their Nicolau Irina considered who people young 3.2.6. Experimenting communist with objects years 20 after

I curated this exhibition, in close collaboration with Cosmin Manolache and Ioana Popescu, with the the with Popescu, Ioana and Manolache Cosmin with collaboration close in exhibition, this curated I h to spent time with her and be and her with time spent to h n eray 00 o te 20 the on 2010, February In t to outsider an not am I

history of the building in the current permanent display of the Romanian Peasant Museum Museum Peasant Romanian the of display permanent current the in building the of history profanation

of Horia Bernea’s original exhibition. The idea of inserting clues of the the of clues inserting of idea The exhibition. original Bernea’s Horia of - ek xeietl xiiin a ofrd o h visitors the to offered was exhibition experimental week

his story of emerging museologies. I was one of the of one was I museologies. emerging of story his n ojc ws netd no vr ro o the of room every into inserted was object One

involved in her projects. In 2006, even if Irina if even 2006, In projects. her in involved th

ovate in both research and curatorship. And curatorship. and research both in ovate anniversary

not the concern of this article, it is perhaps perhaps is it article, this of concern the not th

anniversary of the dismantling of of dismantling the of anniversary

of the establishment of the the of establishment the of

objects that had that objects tu actually thus d 251

CEU eTD Collection the history of museums and the necessary succession of exhibitions, on the the gaze.taken inandoutofthe visitors’ on exhibitions, of succession a necessary context the of importance the and museums of history the on also but general, in society Romanian and building the of past communist the on Șantiere Între entitled experiment The reasons). financial to due postponed meantime the in was reconstruction (the exhibition winning award this of future the on questions posing sta to supposed was work reconstruction important an as museum the of future the in milestone a also Museum, Feb pottery. peasant among F and curatorscaught unawareexperiment. by the vis ig. ig. itors while the icons section triggered overt disapproval from museum researchers museum from disapproval overt triggered section icons the while itors 3.8.

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state of this system. Just as the Doftana museum half a a half museum Doftana the as Just system. this of Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth in Imagination Historical The Metahistory: ainl uem, tes rvt iiitvs The initiatives. private others museums, national - museums exhibiting communism usually define define usually communism exhibiting museums at puts the repressive system at the center of a a of center the at system repressive the puts at 78

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79 orials and memorial

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Nikolai Voukov, “The Unmemorable and the Unforgettable. Museumizing the Socialist P Socialist the Museumizing Unforgettable. the and Unmemorable “The Voukov, Nikolai Laignel Alexandra ae E Yug “h Counter “The Young, E. James – 334. um established in 1949 to commemorate the suffering and death of communist of death and suffering the commemorate to 1949 in established um

18, no. 2 (Winter 1992): 267 1992): 2 no. (Winter 18, - The memorial function of the museum has been intensely contested especially especially contested intensely been has museum the of function memorial The museum:3.3.1. Memory thecontested in a relationship

memorials Henry Rousso (ed.) Rousso Henry th

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in order to properly represent and remember what is sometimes is what remember and represent properly to order in 82

Museum to the Victims of Communism and to the Resistance the to and Communism of Victims the to Museum cam ht h Dfaa uem a oain memorial Romanian a museum, Doftana the that claim I

Stalinism and Nazism: History and Memory Compared Memory and History Nazism: and Stalinism ic/curatorial and memorial model both institutions seem to to seem institutions both model memorial and ic/curatorial -

Monument: Memory Against Itself in Germany Today,” Today,” Germany in Itself Against Memory Monument: – 296.

Communism in Romania. The Comparative Stakes and and Stakes Comparative The Romania. in Communism 84

, Past for the Eyes. East European European East Eyes. the for Past , - museums and memorials into memorials museums and raumatic memory of events events of memory raumatic

(Budapest: CEU Press, 2007), 2007), Press, CEU (Budapest:

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of communism, especially memorial especially communism, of ostcommunist Discourse),” 59. ostcommunist Discourse),”

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A he common places of the discourse on communism in Eastern Europe Eastern in communism on discourse the of places common he

Companion to Museum Studies Museum to Companion s Susan Crane considers museums as “externalizing the mental mental the “externalizing as museums considers Crane Susan s

century, which gave birth to a specific kind of museum, the museum, of kind specific a to gavebirth century,which 88

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at they function as a mnemonic tool that might help might that tool mnemonic a as function they at n of having to be anti be to having of n 87

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Report of the Presidential Commission for the Analysis of Communist Dictatorship in Romania in Dictatorship Communist of Analysis the for Commission Presidential the of Report Walsh, Kevin http://www.presidency.ro/?_RID=htm&id=83 Even for educated visitors, visitors, educated for Even a is question in past the when relevant more the all seem considerations These ofessionals would like to think that they are “bringing the past to life” in life” to past the “bringing are they that think to like would ofessionals 89

The The ersnain f h Ps. uem ad eiae n h Post the in Heritage and Museums Past. the of Representation

tant narrative of one’s nation’s deeds. The Gordian knot of of knot Gordian The deeds. nation’s one’s of narrative tant 90

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at understanding and reflecting upon upon reflecting and understanding at

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Daniel Barbu, “O Istorie Naturala a Comunismului Romanesc (A Natural History of Romanian Romanian of History Natural (A Romanesc Comunismului a Naturala Istorie “O Barbu, Daniel - communist country bearing in mind that thes that mind in bearing country communist All three prison three All Sigh attempts musealisation early and prisons Functioning 3.3.2. relationship difficult The et, R Va âmnicu Sărat sile Ernu, Costi Rogozanu (eds.), Iluzia Anticomunismului. Lecturi Critice Ale Ale Critice Lecturi Anticomunismului. Iluzia (eds.), Rogozanu Costi Ernu, sile

(Chișinău: Cartier, 2008), 79. 2008), Cartier, (Chișinău:

- museums under scrutiny, Doftana, Sighet and Râmnicu Sărat Râmnicu and Sighet Doftana, scrutiny, under museums

between the museum and its artifacts/ its subject subject its artifacts/ its and museum the between 91

mentioned context. mentioned

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century. All three have been been have three All century. tricted object with limited with object tricted

Doftana, : 263

CEU eTD Collection being “built by the bourgeois regime with the purpose to destroy and exterminate the exterminate and destroy to purpose the with regime bourgeois the by “built being Gheorghiu Gheorghe promin some least at with prisons elite as narrated be to ability their was musealisation for chosen prison particular these why reasons the that argue would I eliminate. to sought reg particular a of victims only not were inmates whose prisons,” “elite as Sărat) Râmnicu of case contemporary images. (center Fig. theirpurposes originalfrom sodiverseassignment. served all they which during century a construction, their after century a than more even similar so look them makes that plan architectural specific the in grasped be can moment birth contemporary their today, Even criminal. former the to attitude moral new a induce loneliness and silence plus education, let and inmates other from separat by inmate the reform morallyto meant system cellular the on designed

3.10.

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accessed September 3rd, 2013. 3rd, September accessed

during which he also reprieved three inmates. This prison is the smallest of the of smallest the is prison This inmates. three reprieved also he which during as 130 inmates. From its inauguration up to 1938 it was a common law prison law common a was it 1938 to up inauguration its From inmates. 130 as Râmnicu Sărat prison was also built at the end of the 19th century though it it though century 19th the of end the at built also was prison Sărat Râmnicu 1896 in built was prison Sighet The zabo, “9 Ani de La Prăbusirea Doftanei (9 Years Since Doftana’s Collapse),” Collapse),” Doftana’s Since Years (9 Doftanei Prăbusirea La de Ani “9 zabo, reș, Dumitru Lăcătușu, and Cristina Roman, Roman, Cristina and Lăcătușu, Dumitru reș, 49. As detailed in the first the in detailed As 49. - - 97 Dcinr o Pntnire i Cmuit oai: 1945 Romania: Communist in Penitentiaries of (Dictionary 1967 1955. Human Profiles),” Profiles),” Human 1955.

no. XLVI (2007): (2007): XLVI no. – 463. le even for those involved in musealising it to find the exact year of exact the find to musealisingit in involved those for even le

rne rvltoay movement.” revolutionary tronger - 1955). Profiluri Umane (Administrative Personel of the Sighet Sighet the of Personel (Administrative Umane Profiluri 1955). Dictionary of Penitentiaries of Dictionary

401, f.1. 401,

chapter of the dissertation, this was simply not true as the the as true not simply was this dissertation, the of chapter 94 Yearbook of the Institute of History „George Bariţiu” Bariţiu” „George History of Institute the of Yearbook

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accessed September 3rd, 2013. 3rd, September accessed - 95 1897 by the Hungarian authorities on the the on authorities Hungarian the by 1897

h bidn ws T was building The itoau Pntnirlr i România Din Penitenciarelor Dictionarul al inmates. al ts “esnll diitai Al Administrativ “Personalul rtös, , is the royal visit of Carol I in Carol of royal the visit is , 92

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Ibid., 439 Ibid., ome a political prison, together with Râmnicu Sărat and other Romanian prisons. Romanian other and Sărat Râmnicu with together prison, political a ome ânc Srt rsn hs ucl cm t b prevd s pae of place a as perceived be to came quickly thus prison Sărat Râmnicu pris political in Sărat Râmnicu and Doftana both of transformation The the in detailed As – 442. 97

h goig rn ur mvmn. h frt tep t transform to attempt first The movement. Guard Iron growing the

dr f h caimtc edr f h Io Gad Movement, Guard Iron the of leader charismatic the of rder first l fourteen inmates murdered by the prison guards. One One guards. prison the by murdered inmates fourteen l

hpe o ti dsetto, otn pio ws also was prison Doftana dissertation, this of chapter th

century, designed to be the most modern prison of prison modern most the be to designed century, ons 266

CEU eTD Collection 98 pilgrimage A Romania. Communist of leader informal future the Pauker, Ana group, Râmni in been detained already had activity communist for convicted prisoners women some 1940, October In museum. the of organization the prepare to taken were measured few a b to was that prison the in communists, prisoners, political were there published, and asks that: newspaperIron Guard 6, 1940inthe on Octoberis published Antonescu, Ion general to addressed Codreanu, Zelea Corneliu Elena with beginning l the of families the by written short the during War, World Second the before back dates museum a into Sărat Râmnicu ecome a legionnaire museum. The new administration took the request seriously and and seriously request the took administration new The museum. legionnaire a ecome

Buna Vestire Buna - ie National lived The irony of the situation has it that, at the very moment this letter was written written wasletter this moment very the at that, it has situation the of irony The Legionnaire want We soul: the of request a allow please this, Besides nights the of reconstruction the museum, the of organization internal the For B 21/22 and be should 1938 film documentary A November 3. 28/29 of nights the of reconstruction The 2. R penitentiary special The “1. eside this, we ask that the photographs and films that are made must not be a a be not must made are that films and photographs the that ask we this, eside

isolated from society but in nowayisolated from society but tortured.” fo suffering more no be should there soil country’sour On countries.their to sent be to areforeigners who those sincere more Weamong wantpoliticaland belief. prisoners no Romanians, the R our for of script representatives the as of accept writing you that the IonicăthoughtsIonand prof. dr. Șerban Milcoveanu. ask and we place film, took documentary crimes the when should projected, when which, shake Romanian consciences. cliché a trivialize not must and business someone withthemand whowassuffered inside withthem. there by but written be should script the that ask We […] there sufferedwalls that soul the the show only not should that film a Hospital, Military Brașov September 1939 be should our representative. done inthe presenceof legionnairemonument andbecomea museum. , October 6, 1940. 6, October , mna o rn al u rset o h hmn en a wl a t any to as well as being human the to respect due all grant to omania cu Sărat for a few months; among them, and the leader of the the of leader the and them, among months; few a for Sărat cu -

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made of the Râmnicu Sărat prison and the the and prison Sărat Râmnicu the of made r ideas, and those arrested should be should arrested those and ideas, r 98

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Levy, “When the legionnaires legionnaires the “When Ibid., 53. Ibid.,

way for the envisaged museum. The information is confirmed by Robert Levy, Robert by confirmed is information The museum. envisaged the for way Ana Pauker Ana It is also Ana Pau Ana also is It to order in prisons other to transferred were prisoners the afterwards Soon the On all. at badly behave not contrary, nice.>>”were quite they did they surprise, my to that, I know Communist?’ should a you ‘Were me: asked was ‘I answered: He peephole. the opened and cell my to came one <> [he] five <

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, I am and I will be.’ To which he retorted: ‘Bravo.’ . . . You . . . ‘Bravo.’ retorted: he which To be.’ will I and am I , ker’s biographer that provides information on prison life in life prison on information provides that biographer ker’s

iography. Marc Levy has interviewed fellow fellow interviewed has Levy Marc iography. 99

s cell, but to the astonishment of all, they all, of astonishment the to but cell, s they felt they - Sărat, where many had been jailed by jailed been had many where Sărat, - year . -

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Levy, ei Pte “nhsae Ramnicul “Inchisoarea Petre, Nesia - uem te me the museum, Râmnicu Sărat prison was never never was prison Sărat Râmnicu Doftana the of inauguration the before and war the after years first the In as it as Ana Pauker Ana

/translation continued to function as one of the most terrible po terrible most the of one as function to continued , 52. ,

no. 6 (February 1950): 25. (February 6 1950): no. morialisation of the antifascist fight was quite diverse and and diverse quite was fight antifascist the of morialisation in te msu spaces museum other y, numerous texts were written discussing separately the the separately discussing written were texts numerous y,

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On t On 70. Ibid., Mark, Williams, h tase fo Jlv t Dfaa s recall is Doftana to Jilava from transfer The he Jewish ghettos in Sighet in 1944 see Hannah Berliner Fischthal, “Jewish Ghettos in Sighet Sighet in Ghettos “Jewish Fischthal, Berliner Hannah see 1944 in Sighet in ghettos Jewish he to cne fr es n atfsit e rue o emn n Polish and German to route en antifascists and Jews for center ation hr i hwvr o vdne o a ta te rsn a be ue as used been had prison the that far so evidence no however is There towards located is prison Sighet the of existence the in part controversial The The Unfinished Revolution Unfinished The

Memorial Museums Memorial 107

; and documents of his stay in Doftana in stay his of documents and ;

106 Studies in American Jewish Literature Jewish American in Studies - Codreanu spent a few months in 1938 in Doftana in 1938 in months few a spent Codreanu 105

- They deduce that the lack of any mentioning of the building’s the of mentioning any of lack the that deduceThey Sărat was wheretobe hisassassination organized. t was a deliberate omission on the part of the curators: “the “the curators: the of part the on omission deliberate a was t

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108 pel o h sfeig f h vcis of victims the of suffering the to appeal

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31, no. 2 (2012): 149 2 no. (2012): 31,

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Although some of the lectures of the summer schools organised yearly by the Sighet Memorial are are Memorial Sighet the by yearly organised schools summer the of lectures the of some Although Wiesel, Elie The complex histories of these prisons tuned into museums do not usuallyfind not do museums into tuned prisons these of histories complex The silence3.3.3 Râmnicuof Sărat, prison 109 The confusion was probably created in international scholarship between the the between scholarship international in created probably was confusion The Prison of silence (1945 silence of Prison

Night no. 13 201. (2007): 13 no. mânia (Sighet (Sighet mânia

(Macmillan, 2012), 11. 2012), (Macmillan,

110

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The Capital of the Holocaust and of the Gulag in Romania),” Romania),” in Gulag the of and Holocaust the of Capital The - 1963)

. While the chosen period might have been the the been have might period chosen the While .

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CEU eTD Collection alaet Dcme 18 Ion Vişa, Augustin Lugoşianu. Velţeanu, Cornel Puiu, Ion Hagea, Constantin Diaconescu, Ion Bratu, Alexandru Bal Mihai Coposu, Corneliu December Anca, (Romanian 114 Romania in 113 Dictatorship Communist http://www.presidency.ro/?_RID=det&tb=date&id=8288&_PRID of Analysis the Parliament, for Commission Presidential 112 111 former Mihalache, Ion After died. them of most until people elderly mostly these to Sărat. Râmnicu to brought were condemnations heavy with alreadyParty, Peasantist National former the re was prison Sighet a (just 1955 in Starting narrative. the of bulk the provide that 1955 following Dictatorship becomingCommunist adespite Museumofrich its history. history rich its for chosen not thus was prison Sărat Râmnicu society.” open the of values the of affirmation an and memory of place a both be would Washington, in Memorial Holocaust the “like that Dictatorship Communist include Romania in Dictatorship Communist of Analysis the for Commission Presidential the of Report the of recommendations final criminal” and “illegitimate as regime communist mo few a by followed decision Communism. of Victims the for Museum Memorial a into the it transforming 2007 6, of purpose June the with 1963) since on functional (not prison decision former the of administration Government by given was (IICCMER) Exile the of Memory the and Crimes Communist Investigating for Institute The curators. the to interest of became prison the which in context the in lies histories alternative and previous obscuring for reasons the prison, the of history the in one dramatic most

Among them Ion Mihalache, Ilie Lazăr, Victor Rădulescu Pogoneanu, Nicolae Adamescu, Victor Victor Adamescu, Nicolae Pogoneanu, Rădulescu Victor Lazăr, Ilie Mihalache, Ion them Among dinRomania, Comuniste AnalizaDictaturii pentru Prezidentiala Comisia the of Report the Presenting of Occasion the on Băsescu, Traian President, Romania’s by Speech http://www.iiccr.ro/ro/proiecte/proiecte_muzeale Even within the time frame chosen for musealisation, it is only the eight years eight the only is it musealisation, for chosen frame time the within Even

114 -

A harsh regime of solitude, silence, hunger and cold was ap was cold and hunger silence, solitude, of regime harsh A of elite the of part large a prison), law common as functionalized ica, Jenică Arnăutu, Ioan Barbuş, Ion Ovidiu Borcea, Mălin Boşca, Boşca, Mălin Borcea, Ovidiu Ion Barbuş, Ioan Arnăutu, Jenică ica,

ts h lt 20 ofca cnento o the of condemnation official 2006 late the nths th

, accessed August 20, 201 20, August accessed , 112 te rain f Msu of Museum a of creation the d 06, vial at available 2006),

by the Romanian president. The president. Romanian the by

accessed August 20, 2013. 20, August accessed but for its potential for for potential its for but Raport Final Raport 3.

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mposed of the members of the Antonescu government, condemned for war crimes war for condemned government, Antonescu the of members the of mposed Petre, “I Petre, http://www.memorialulramnicusarat.ro/comunicarea http://www.memorialulramnicusarat.ro/gheorghe ates. One famous former political prisoner, Corneliu Coposu is said to have spent spent have to said is Coposu Corneliu prisoner, political former famous One ates. h oeacig ocp fr uelsn te rsn s rsn f Silence, of Prison is prison the musealising for concept overarching The nchisoarea Ramnicul nchisoarea the inmates as communication be communication as inmates the ăcințeanu, framed, condemned and killed in detention for the the for detention in killed and condemned framed, ăcințeanu,

ch as Ana Pauker where imprisoned in Râmnicu Sărat Râmnicu in imprisoned where Pauker Ana as ch 116

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- trials, like Luca.Vasile - - eort at ( fellow (a Party Democrat placinteanu eye even or detainees the tween - intre - st Party, fallen in disgrace in the the in disgrace in fallen Party, st detinuti , accessed August 20, 2013. August 20, accessed , th , accessed August 20, 2013 August 20, accessed ,

century Romanian prisons. Romanian century - e’ daughter. Dej’s

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Introductory text to the exhibition “Râmnicu Sărat: Prison of Silence (1945 Silence of Prison Sărat: “Râmnicu exhibition the to text Introductory S tefan, tefan, The Sighet Memorial Museum is a paradigmatic case for exhibiting exhibiting for case paradigmatic a is Museum Memorial Sighet The Memorial3.3.4. Sighet Museum di IICCMER 2016, in memorial the inaugurate to Promising Mediul Penitenciar Romanesc. Romanesc. Penitenciar Mediul - esnit itm o cmuim A te cetfc ietr f the of director scientific the As communism. of victims peasantist rest, June2011. rest, 119 - peasantist imprisonedinRâmnicu peasantist

) point to the narrow representation of the site’s complex site’s the of representation narrow the to point )

, 221. , Cultura Si Civilizatie Carcerala (Romanian Penitentiary Penitentiary (Romanian Carcerala Civilizatie Si Cultura

ad vial vrul or f h prison the of tour virtual available and )

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CEU eTD Collection Vergangenheitsbewältigung?,” 563. Vergangenheitsbewältigung?,” 125 Romania,” Museum, 124 123 122 121 July2013). Europe, 16, Sighet Romania),” 120 of museum comprehensive a into commu it transform to attempt do Sighet in of communism curators of museum a be to not aims Romania.” it and not is “it that claim they post a in place “necessary a Sighet consider who Petrescu suffering. marginalizing women’s and regime communist the under action political of representation symbolism Christian of usage and martyrdom national on one, Communist the preceding trauma Jewish the silencing authenticity a as functioning its Sighet: in discourse visual the of aspects various analyzing criticallyare which articles scholarly texts journalistic mostly are which it commend that texts the between made be Sighet The critic andequally is praised Memorial studies. rhetorical and communication of scholars even and scholars studies museum critics, cultural anthropologists, also but museums, in communism not is It disciplines. earliest built in the former museumscommunism of states Socialist the of one as analyzed been has in focused, more and globe the around memorials

SiminaRadu 67 Ibid., Mark, in Communism of Museum (The România Din Comunismului “Muzeul Diaconescu, Ioana as Such Alina Haliliuc, “Who Is a Victim of Communism? Gender and Public Memory in the Sighet Sighet the in Memory Public and Gender Communism? of Victim a Is “Who Haliliuc, Alina

Dragoș Petrescu and Cristina Petrescu, “The Piteşti Syndrome: A Romanian Romanian A Syndrome: Piteşti “The Petrescu, Cristina and Petrescu Dragoș -

20 de Ani de La Înființare (Sighet Memorial Memorial (Sighet Înființare La de Ani de 20 museology a on capitalized have Sighet of creators the that argue also I nism. various from come Sighet on written been have that texts of corpus The The Unfinished Rev Unfinished The – oâi Literară România 71. 125

- This final statement will be challenged in this chapter as I argue that the that argue I as chapter this in challenged be will statement final This Bucurenci (Bădică) and Gabriela Cristea (Nicolescu), “Raising the Cross.” the “Raising Cristea(Nicolescu), Gabriela and (Bădică) Bucurenci Aspasia

124

mainly

dvret oc i ta o hsoin Dao ad Cristina and Dragoș historians of that is voice divergent A

olution 7 (2013): 108 (2013): 7

no. 33 (August 19, 2011); Vladimir Tismăneanu, “Memorialul de La La de “Memorialul Tismăneanu, Vladimir 2011); 19, (August 33 no.

historians that are concerned with the representation of of representation the with concerned are that historians

, 67 , – utrl orro o communism, of courtroom cultural 69. –

131. ized in these articles. However, a distinction can distinction aHowever,articles. in these ized

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CEU eTD Collection 126 high and military politicians, former fifty and hundred one around Sighet, to brought important an that 1950 May in starting only was In USSR. the from prisoners war of repatriation the for used was it when War World usuallyas ismost it case. the andnotthe thepolitical, on narrative its acase museumimposing of unique probablya is it importance; great of was state Romanian the of act official this to Foundation Academy Civic the and Museum Sighet the of contribution The 2006. condemnation official the with past, communist the on narrative official state of level the to recentlyrisen has it but established was museum the when 1990s, early the in marginal seemed have might narrative Such sacrifice/resistance. narrativ a providing identity, national Romanian on claim strong memorial the of narrative The borders. Hungarian and Ukrainian state most dealingmuseums elegantlywith eve avoid that one is Romania in regime Communist the museum, the of matter subject the that certain is It controlled. society civil still is it since, ever accordingly the as in recognized has it been though meantime even and, Foundation Academy Civic the precisely more society, civil by established museum Romanian major only the probably is Resistance Doftana muse communist the with Romania in started which prisons musealising of genealogy a in prison the of

Marcuse, “Holocaust Memorials.” “Holocaust Marcuse, The Sighet prison ceased to be a common law prison at the end of the Second Second the of end the at prison law common a be to ceased prison Sighet The the to close country, the of north far the in situated is Memorial Sighet The Memorial Sighet The - museum which not only fits the Holocaust genre Holocaust the fits only not which museum um.

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a ie f ainl importance national of site n now, well the21 into n now, ru o pltcl rsnr was prisoners political of group 126 st

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Sighet 277

CEU eTD Collection 129 (Adminis 128 =ro http://www.memorialsighet.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=93&lang 127 but history own site’s the revealing of direction the in not but did focus year narrative five the the from expand down, further shown be will it As project. museological the of import these housed prison the when 1955 to 1950 years, five The Sărat. Râmnicu in than shorter even is Sighet in represented and memorialized being is that span time the Again, 195 in closed was prison political The prison. political former the being as memorialized is building whole The display. museological current the in grasped be cannot prisons detainees. law common housed Penitentiary Sight (County) Regional the and inmates political housed which Penitentiary, Sighet Principal the building: same the in functioned institutions two Sărat National the of leader the Maniu, Iuliu was memorial Sighet the of symbol a currently and notorious Shadows.” scared. Ciolpan Vasile wea Old, prison, brought. were people the “83 1950, May of of beginning the director remembers former As Sighet. at regime detention harsh the in lives their lost some and age of years 60 over were inmates the of Most proximi its to due chosen was prison the that made been have Arguments elite. former country’s the of prison a became then Sighet clergy.

Ibid., f.2. 401, Ibid., (1950 Sighet Penitenciarului Al Administrativ “Personalul Fürtös, Andrea , accessed August accessed 24 , 5, while the building continued to function as a common law prison until 1977. until prison law common a as function to continued building the while 5,

a decade later). The prison was never an exclusively political prison. Between 1950 and 1955 1955 and 1950 Between prison. political exclusively an never was prison The trative Personel of the Sighet Penitentiary 1950 SighetPenitentiary ofthe Personel trative of encompassing more and more the history of the Romanian and East East and Romanian the of history the more and more encompassing of ant interwar political, religious and even intellectual leaders are the basis basis the are leaders intellectual even and religious political, interwar ant

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the whole of Romania was a huge prison during the communist communist the during prison huge a was Romania of whole the us on the victims who lost their freedom and and freedom their lost who victims the on us

279

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132 s hr pitd n ht ad oe f h cls were cells the of some and white in painted where ls

n the 1950s. The effect of the improvised museum, at effect theimprovised of The n the1950s. econstruction was granted by the Council of Europe but private private but Europe of Council the by granted was econstruction ons from my visit, recent virtual visits on the 3D virtual virtual 3D the on visits virtual recent visit, my from ons pression. 1997 was not only the year of of year the only not was 1997 pression. th , but also the year when the the when year the also but , ieo ntoa importance national of site e Sighet Memorial had been had Memorial Sighet e

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3.12. 3.13.

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Ioan Opriș, “O Luminare La Memorialul Victimelor Si Al Rezistentei Dela Sighet (A Candlle at the the at Candlle (A Sighet Dela Rezistentei Al Si Victimelor Memorialul La Luminare “O Opriș, Ioan het Memorial),” hetMemorial),” Ioana Diaconescu, “Muzeul Comunismului Din România (The Museum of Communism in in Communism of Museum (The România Din Comunismului “Muzeul Diaconescu, Ioana Ever since 1997, the museum has been s been has museum the 1997, since Ever

Revista Muzeelor Revista he Romanian president mentioned the need to establish a Museum Museum a establish to need the mentioned president Romanian he

no. 1 no. – 3 (2000): 10 (2000): 3 - cells dedicated to the victims of the prison), the prison), the of victims the to dedicated cells - European Communism, with exhibition with Communism, European – 13. triving to encompass more and more and more encompass to triving

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3.14. hs edn i cnret ih h vso o te raos f h memorial, the of creators the of vision the with congruent is reading This children two telling: very thus is Memorial Sighet the of poster official The nding the Romanian communist pastthe communist is theRomanian nding prisoncell window. -

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orial, Ana Blandiana writes, “What makes the the makes “What writes, Blandiana Ana orial, tand nowadays Romania? Visit the Sighet Sighet the Visit Romania? nowadays tand alyzing communist crimes but alsoalyzing crimes communist but

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Mark, Mark, Astazi? de Romania Intelegeti Sa Vreti Majorat. La Sighet “Memorialul AnaBlandiana, ction that objects belonging to the pre the to belonging objects that ction Thus, even everyday objects collected and displayed in rooms such as room 76room as inroomssuch displayed everydayThus, even and collected objects Memorial SighetThe Th e Unfinished Revolution Unfinished e

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tand Nowadays Romania?),” Romania?),” Nowadays tand 135 - e wall of silence that is being built around built being is that silence of wall e 1989 era might still hold [...] They were were They [...] hold still might era 1989

- communist discourse proposed by the the by proposed discourse communist - mentioned difficulties of dealing dealing of difficulties mentioned es the only appropriate only the es 136 Revista 22. Supliment 22. Revista

n pof o the of proofs and e the case that the the that case the e meant tospeak. meant (The Sighet (The 284

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CEU eTD Collection 138 137 c private a in remarked, once Mihăilescu, Vintilă sociologist and Anthropologist profession. the outside from observed mostly been they has This means deploy. museological the for attention of lack their is museums communism museums, in interest of bit little for a place with common anyone a like seem may It exhibition. the of form the i.e. story, their tell they way the through also but exhibition, the of content the i.e. tell, they narrative the with interact Museums true. holds observation mistakes.” political and distortions to even sometimes and exhibition the of level theoretical l the often forms appropriate put in content ideological to inability The […] exhibits. museum of form the in “mistakes possible 3.3.5. Re 1989. and artifacts museological prison by the shared analyze techniques will Communist of subchapter but next objects, The Communist museology. of not power residual the is Museum wherebe powercontained.” could their places in displayed be should Communism of remnants physical the that concerned

Mihailovskaia, Mihailovskaia, 62. Ibid.,

The manuals of Soviet museology published in 1950s Romania insist on the on insist Romania 1950s in published museology Soviet of manuals The the in troubling is what concern, this Notwithstanding sidual power ofmuseology:sidual cellsreconstructed prison

138

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eads to a decrease of the ideological the of decrease a to eads e wa i srkn aot post about striking is what yet ir visitors not only through the the through only not visitors ir , 3. ,

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Jolles, “Stalin’s Talking Museums.” “Stalin’s Talking Jolles, director and anthropologist social Romanian Mihăilescu, Vintilă with (2007) conversation Private - 2010) of the Romanian Peasant Museum. Peasant ofthe Romanian 2010) n o te esn fr h cneprr sces f prison of success contemporary the for reasons the of One recent the represent museums that Romania contemporary in common is It paaoy et ad eeat uttos sronig n sfoaig the suffocating and surrounding quotations, relevant and texts xplanatory meaning. A similar argument can be made about Doftana and Sighet Sighet and Doftana about made be can argument similar A meaning. 139 nt labels. nt labels.

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Ibid., 572. Ibid., Museums,” National European Eastern in History Contemporary of Narratives “Master Apor, Péter Rév, the case of Terror Háza, if one carefully reads the accompanying texts, the fact that fact the texts, accompanying the reads carefully one if Háza, Terror of case the http://www.memorialsighet.ro/index.php?option=com_co

ors the real experience. Probably the best known contemporary examples are the the are examples contemporary known best the Probably experience. real the ors Retroactive Justice Retroactive These reconstructed cells are interestingly enough personalized prison cells. In cells. prison personalized enough interestingly are cells reconstructed These An even stranger museological practice in the case of these prison these of case the in practice museological stranger even An cells prison communist of exhibition “the that observes Apor Péter Historian

accessed September 3, 2013. 3, September accessed

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3.18. 3.17. Equally powerful artifacts in these museums are the prison furniture, the the furniture, prison the are museums these in artifacts powerful Equally

The room of maps (fifth hall) in the Sighet Memorial Sighet the in hall) (fifth maps of room The Mp f rsn i wih h cmuit hv be ipioe i the in imprisoned been have communists the which in prisons of “Map

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. Bucharest: Editura 1960. Politică, ruh t maintain to brought Source:

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ht the that 291

CEU eTD Collection 148 639. 147 146 174. 145 museum Sighet the contrary, the On inspiration. direct to due not is museum Doftana other episodes and ofmassrepression ineastern Europe.” killing technique the that believe They Holocaust. the of museums of formats effective the rather but museums, national traditional own their imitate to seek not do curators and Scholars Europe. historic new and ministries memory the for inspirations sense, literal most the in are, Vashem Yad and Museum Memorial Holocaust States United “The exception: Romanian a Washington. in be to theHolocaust Memorial out the model was pointed regi communist Romanian the condemning speech presidential 2006 the during a build to proposal officialthe When suffering.” on reflect to which in spaces and names victims’ of walls authorities, taken photographs prisoners’ of banks of creation the included which Holocaust, the remembering to devoted sites western mainly from derived genocide of iconography visual recognized internationally an upon drew sites terror “many ourselves.” asked we Communism? on research of center twin a undertaking about think not Why Europe. of Council the by sponsored ce a Auschwitz, to visit At a Poland. after was “It camp. concentration former Auschwitz the to visit a after her to came memorial Sighet the building for inspiration the that saying Blandiana ded museums

Timothy Snyder, “Commemorative Causality,” Causality,” “Commemorative TimothySnyder, Communi of Analysis the for Commission Presidential the of Report Mark, Laignel

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because they both refer to buildings that are designed with a specific a with designed are that buildings to refer both they because in eae hie ht egt haiy n h crtra cnet s this as concept curatorial the on heavily weights that choice berate 1 -

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ae o e uem ulig. y eerh hw ta the that shows research My buildings. museum be to case 3

rm h msus icse i ti dsetto, the dissertation, this in discussed museums the From ded for their specific museum or, more generally, a a generally, more or, museum specific their for ded

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earthquake. The same is true f true is same The earthquake. was The reconstruction of reconstruction The precisely museum the for requisitioned is building the extreme, other the To truly

hidden as itr ( cnuy n h cs o Sge) ncie i their in inscribed Sighet) of case the in century (a history

the vaults and arcades walls. and straight became squares

prisons in order to serve as museums is also constrained also is museums as serve to order in prisons

se museums seem to entertain less. The dissertation The less. entertain to seem museums se focused on the five, ten, fifteen years at the most most the at years fifteen ten, five, the on focused lf democratic or again dictatorial), I have looked looked have I dictatorial), again or democratic lf g, h smlrte ae ay Satn fo the from Starting many. are similarities the ugh, or the prison now housing the Sighet Memorial Sighet the housing now prison the or as their most valuable artifact. As I consider the consider I As artifact. valuable most their as er prison torn down by the the by down torn prison er - museum of the late 1940s late the of museum s

osd n former in housed - museums 297

CEU eTD Collection 5 4 the museums,” continuing talking In “Stalin’s text. in explanatory established the practices on museological emphasis the placing by object that communist argue I labeled. and personalized mapped, recreated, exhibited, is it way the artifact, as cell prison the at example, for look, I 1990s the and 1950s the of museums th is museum in exhibited then and researched classified, collected, are that objects walls. museums walls,” its of out crept literally museum the of memory long the “fake as exhibited are artifacts object its museum, defeated a ideology, defeated a as presented is it true, be To museum. the outside and inside both exhibited, is building a on focusing Although entirety. its in building the of history the address to choosing by continuities museological with broke concept curatorial communist the museum, a propaganda by years forty for occupied then but museum ethnography an be to was that building a in 1990 in Established Museum. Peasant Romanian the buildingsmuseum disregarded they the inhabited. narra challenging, even

nd trying to “build a bridge” to the interwar period, the communist history of the the of history communist the period, interwar the to bridge” a “build to trying nd Jolles, “Stalin’s Talking Museums.” “Stalin’s Talking Jolles, History.” Recovering Art of The Memory. Its and “A Museum Michael Fehr, ojcs te rgnl bet ta vi that objects original the objects, e

s,” yet I argue that this is, museologically, an innovative project as compared to to compared as project innovative an museologically,is, this that argue I yet s,” Museum objects are thought to provide the raison d’être of museums. It is the is It museums. of d’être raison the provide to thought are objects Museum on chapter final the in analyzed is building the appropriating of way third A - practiced silence over uncomfortable subjects. uncomfortable over silence practiced

n hs dissertation this in

museology, starting in the 1950s, has changed the status of the museum the of status the changed has 1950s, the in starting museology,

tives are silenced just as the 1950s communist propaganda propaganda communist 1950s the as just silenced are tives

generally

took a great deal of trouble to silence these these silence to trouble of deal great a took ios oe o see to come sitors

In Michael Fehr words, “the words, Fehr Michael In 4

n I ol ad ht the that add would I and

. In comparing the the comparing In . 5

Romanian

designed s

and it and 298

CEU eTD Collection 6 contemporary ever museumof(anti)communism inestablishing since 1990s. use the unproblematic apparently its is genre” communism of “museum this of success the created they genre museum the successfu refuted, been has narrative their though even that, argue I genre. new a emergenceof the toward working equallyand museology in East in museums of anti an as all, at if mentioned, only and forgotten, largelycommunism, of museums 1950s early These possible. them made that networks and influences transnational the unravels also but complex,” “exhibitionary museum’s the reading for seminal is understanding whose museums. Holocaust contemporary to as well as 1950s the of museums communist the to linked Memorial Sighet the is text of use intensive makes still that museum one contrary, the On interpretations. predesigned of object the “free” would which labels without museology a of conceived 1990s Peas Romanian the of director the Bernea, Horia that museology anti overtly the in communist of landmark Romanianmuseumsa overabundance became in such oftexts museums” “paper these of manuals translated through Romania in available became it which in forms the museology, this of origins Soviet the analyses level the to labels replicas used increasingly museums

Bennett, h dsetto aaye tee uem nt ny n hi ntoa context, national their in only not museums these analyzes dissertation The The Birth of the Museum the of Birth The lly survived the demise of communist regimes. An important argument for for argument important An regimes. communist of demise the survived lly

- model are interesting as part of, probably the first, organized netwo organized first, the probably of, part as interesting are model that - Central Europe, incorporating both Soviet and European tradition European and Soviet both incorporating Europe, Central

they were sometimes called “paper museums.” The The museums.” “paper called sometimes theywere .

- rpoutos n vros om o txs and texts of forms various and reproductions , uem hs gnaoy a tu b clear be thus can genealogy whose Museum

of Soviet museology and hints to the heritage heritage the to hints and museology Soviet of - communist museums. The The museums. communist ant Museum in the in Museum ant dissertation 299 rk rk ly ly

CEU eTD Collection 8 7 the Sighet, and Doftana that affiliation transnational this of because is It museology. in genre” “Holocaust the of creation the of part thus was and memorials Holocaust Roma argue, I European a 1950s,the In join. but to sought Doftanawhich memorials War World Second of network Doftana curating in impact greater a had that museology Soviet af prison Doftana analyze I chapter first the transnational constructed be to continued museology Europe, dividing Curtain national(i similar. strikingly was museologically and narratively both discourse, their time some for and Politiques) Prisonniers Anciens des Internationale (Fédération FIAPP the as such creators and of initiators common museums, shared sometimes these Holocaust, the of of or Some communism coincidence. mere a not is birth their of timing the Holoca first memorial the when time same the at republics socialist the of system propaganda the party of part as founded were communist revolution, of museums or history of museums called usually communism, of Museums Europe. sociali “real while 1989, before museums Holocaust and communism of museums between relation the is analyzed been not far arguments. these support I and for argued successfully been already has

Mark, Mark, Memorials.” “Holocaust Marcuse, ter the end of the Second World War. Contrary to what one might expect, it was not was it expect, might one what to Contrary War. World Second the of end the ter The Unfinished Revolution Unfinished The Museums are a transnational phenomenon even though they became very very became they though even phenomenon transnational a are Museums The connection between connection The

sing) institutions. This dissertation argues that even in the context of the Iron ofthe thecontext thateven dissertationsing) institutions.This argues in s

were created. This common history deserves a historian’s attention since attention historian’s a deserves history common This created. were nian Doftana became part of what will latter become a network of of network a become latter will what of part became Doftana nian

; Williams,

anticommunist museums and “the Holocaust genre” Holocaust “the and museums anticommunist Memorial Museums Memorial - museum in the years of its construction, just construction, its yearsof the in museum m ws tl i pwr n East in power in still was sm” .

ust museums and and museums ust 8

What has so has What - Central l . In y. 300

7 ,

CEU eTD Collection 9 re their by defined Kirshenblatt Barbara by characterized thus is 1990s museology” “new The upon. remarked previously been not has that something pilgrim” rules, remained and powerful prac Russian the of dismantling silent the in seen be best can (as history discourse of out deleted The is influence Soviet and Romania. Slavic the and changes in practice museological of basis the form to continue museol Soviet year, same the around end to said is communism Romanian of era Soviet/Stalinist the and 1958 in Romania left Army Red the though even that, is research future for hypothesis My clarifications. necessary this without understood museum Romanian in situation the 1950s, this Although people. Soviet the with friendship of museums and museums Lenin history, party of museums as such Socialist of part are chapter second the in analyzing am I museums The Sovietization. this of limits the were what equally and museums for meant Sovietization what understand to attempt first the is research My 1950s. the “everyth that claims mainstream historiographical yearsinspired byfifty inspired by Auschwitz after Doftana was Auschwitz. anti and communist

Peter Vergo, Vergo, Peter tice, probably because of its technical qualities and the easiness of following strict offollowingeasiness strict and the ofitstechnical qualities because probablytice, The position of the visitor in Soviet museology, a role that I call “the Socialist Socialist “the call I that role a museology, Soviet in visitor the of position The The chapter. second the in analyzed is network transnational Soviet The

n te noain f utn te iio a te etr f h msu is museum the of center the at visitor the putting of innovation the and The New Museology The lationship to objects ... Today they are defined more than ever by by ever than more defined are they Today ... objects to lationship -

co mns prison mmunist

(London: Reaktion Book (London: Reaktion it is still used isstill it

dissertation - museums are so strikingly alike. Sighet was was Sighet alike. strikingly so are museums in post s

rud h fl o soci of fall the around does not expand it analysis beyond the beyond analysis it expand not does - Romanian museum in 1963) yet the the yet 1963) in museum Romanian - s, 1989). s, ing” in Romania was Sovietized in Sovietized was Romania in ing” 1989 Romanian museums. - Gimblett: “Museums were once once were “Museums Gimblett: ewrs f iia museums similar of networks

alism cannot be be cannot alism

ogy will will ogy

of the of 301

CEU eTD Collection 11 34. (January 1 no. 2012): 10 are that buildings and objects institutions, people, the that also is It (miss)interpretati and facts both exploring into drawn always is historian pre history, recent very exhibiting of business the in much very were 1950s the of museums that only not is It unwritten. just are histories other repres best probably is history political while and written fragmentarily only is 1938 in starting regimes authoritarian of succession the the and War, Holocaust, Romanian World Second the of history the that though is problem The necessary. adde that war, lost the especially and authoritarian crisis economic the the them, regimes, preceded what by marked so are 1950s The War. Second World and interwar the on research primary into forced being without Romania abou write cannot decent historian A 1944. in does, historical the that usually it as starts, discovered narrative the if impoverished I is socialism state of understanding frame. time even and arguments hypothesis, mo many were there and different quite Romanian Peasant. revolution” “conservative revolutionary T preoccupations. museum of center 1950s, the as early as museology” decades previous Soviet and 1950s the in museums Socialist for true equally was it 1990s, visitors.” to relationship their

Vintilă Mihăilescu, “The Romanian Peasant Muse Peasant Romanian “The Vintilă Mihăilescu, Quote d in Bronwyn Labrum, “Historicizing the Museum’s Recent Past,” Past,” Recent Museum’s the “Historicizing Labrum, Bronwyn in d s ot eerh f h sae f dsetto poet m iiil ln was plan initial my project, dissertation a of scale the of research most As abi conservativ albeit , .

oain uem ee ofotd ih fr o “new of form a with confronted were museum Romanian

s xlie i te ia catr n h Msu o the of Museum the on chapter final the in explained is 10

If this was true for museums all over the world in the in world the over all museums for true was this If at least in what concerns putting the visitor at the the at visitor the putting concerns what in least at e he 1990s were museologically characterized by a a by characterized museologically were 1990s he

r tr twrs h msa ojc. This object. museal the towards eturn ments when I had to totally reshuffle my my reshuffle totally to had I when ments um and the AuthenticMan.” the umand t the immediate post immediate the t - 1945 history, and thus the thus and history, 1945 Museum History Journal History Museum

functional kolde is knowledge d - war period in period war ons of facts. of ons museums in museums

in the the in ented ented 302

CEU eTD Collection of Ephemerality: Time, Memory, and Museums.” and Memory, Time, ofEphemerality: 12 un yet a, when inauguration to up organized were museums Both House. Printing fa to two with end subchapters chapter second the two and first dedicate The existed. actually to never that chosen museums have I later. dossiers few a air thin into disappear to only shape take to seemed names museum other two museum, this on their archiv During disappearance. their of conditions the and exhibition history, on data basic provides that work academic first the is this museum Russian Lenin the museum, Party the museum, Doftana the For providing for thefoundation anhistory museums unwritten of research thefragility was have names their ruins, in abandoned or reassigned been have buildings their archive, public any in available not are archives their memory: public from absent also are museums These literature. scholarly past museums the of none Museum, Peasant Memorial Sighet contemporary the for Except conversations. scholarly from absent only not are dissertation this in museums the keep to managed barely they that is research my of museums the about surprising is what Yet stability. form material pre usuallya the1950s. defining has influence ontheir in behavior this and war the before and during there also were 1950s

The ephemerality of museums has already been remarked upon by Susan A. Crane, “The Conundrum Conundrum “The A.Crane, Susan by upon remarked been already has museums ephemerality of The ld uelstos te âg Ju ap uem n te uem f h Illegal the of Museum the and Museum Camp Jiu Târgu the musealisations: iled Thus, besides the broader theoretical arguments of this this of arguments theoretical broader the besides Thus, Museums –

as objects, of an era or of a community. Museums are synonyms with with synonyms are Museums community. a of or era an of objects, as

are institutions built to protect the valuable memories, in their their in memories, valuable the protect to built institutions are

ir own memory alive, the memory of their existence. The The existence. their of memory the alive, memory own ir 12

of these institutions. apparently stable

in this this in Museum and in lesser degree the Romanian Romanian the degree lesser in and Museum been forgotten. What was striking during this this during striking was What forgotten. been

dissertation -

tln n te Romanian the and Stalin appear in contemporary or or contemporary in appear

in communist Romania. in communist Romania.

dissertation

- omns history communist , I am also also am I , al research research al 303 - -

CEU eTD Collection building museum building museology about brought that conditions the to as remains still question and grown has history post The life. museum of center the to present the brought and revolution museum own its started had which Russia Soviet of exception busin the in post majorthe in museums for focus a past recent the made that reasons the about unsure still am I dissertation. the of existence ofcamps masked as had “politicalmade. (even been camps”) recognition historical no where country a in inaugurated be not could was Jiu Târgu a such camp a of museum A scanty. extremely been had activities illegal wer country a in inaugurated be not could states, Socialist neighboring the of many in A present although house, museums. printing illegal into the of turn museum power, imaginative their all with not, could communists hi the ofspeak also projects failedThe TârguJiu. prison about thinking for argument my with together go camp former the of barracks two rebuilding actually The discourse. Doftana’s complementing former prison a of been have could musealisation It momentum. the gaining was when camps concentration 1970s early the in organized was example, importan reveal to projects failed believe I project. museal whole the cancelled decision documented, I am equally uncertain about the context that made prisons a fertile place for place fertile a prisons made that context the about uncertain equally am I this in answered been have research during emerged that questions the all Not .

s o peevn ad rsnig h od n etariay wt the with extraordinary, and old the presenting and preserving of ess dt fr nesadn te ns ht ucee. âg Ju for Jiu, Târgu succeeded. that ones the understanding for data t s. I discuss earlier attempts and the specificities of this new prison new this of specificities the and attempts earlier discuss I s.

it is still extraordinarily powerful in current museology but the but museology current in powerful extraordinarily still is it - museums as a genre which Doftana fitted much better than better much fitted Doftana which genre a as museums - war era. Up until the Second World War museum were museum War World Second the until Up era. war esn fr bnoig h poet after project the abandoning for reasons storical narratives that the Romanian the that narrativesstorical - war trend of musealising recent recent musealising of trend war e the interwar communist interwar the e this major change in in change major this

- museum 304 -

CEU eTD Collection research. a not is this argumentan the is that This function. not anti An harmony. in world particular particular a serve to born been have practices curatorial certain contrary, the On context. social of independent developed art an or craft a not argueis to tried have I Museology, museums. active politically less for even holds argument reg communist the of victims memorializes Sighet while bourgeois regime the of victims communist praises Doftana narratives. opposing exhibit level, narrative a on that, museums analyzing by this argued have I museums. history conte influences still that 1950s the in established they museology the is it name their by remembered even not todayare institutions the short apparently amuseumprison after into 1945? re the explain to enough that is but museum, the for way make to 1940 of autumn the in Sărat Râmnicu from transferred were they as plan the of Co the of Some museum. Legionnaire a into prisonSărat Râmnicu transform to 1940 of initiative Guard Iron the is find could I predecessor only The Romania. in museum a into transformed be to prison first the actually was whe museum propaganda a for choice obvious an seems museum Doftana The for. unaccounted still is War World Second the after genre this of flourishing extraordinary the yet genre, museum h scess n fiue o Rom of failures and successes The

dissertation - view. For museums to function, the content and the form must work must form the and content the function, to museums For view. lived if one looks at the long lives of other famous museums. Yet, if Yet, museums. famous other of lives long the at looks one if lived - communist museum organized with communist museology does does museology communist with organized museum communist

n looked at from the 21 the from at looked n n uem tde, t eurs ie ad oe focused more and wider requires it studies, museum in

dissertation anian communist museology were were museology communist anian st

century. Yet, in the late 1940s it it 1940s late the in Yet, century.

is tryingfunda is to prr crtra cocs in choices curatorial mporary mmunist inmates were aware aware were inmates mmunist

- histor building of Doftana Doftana of building ime. However, the the However, ime. ical moment, a moment, ical ment yet, since ment 305

CEU eTD Collection itm. s utrs f eoy upat ocr fr itr, h dne i that is 13 danger the history, for concern supplant memory of cultures As victims. its of image realizable aesthetically an only catastrophe, the of explanation adequate p commemoration with histories.” synthetic in causal as present to convenient most is it which that becomes commemorated frequently and effectively most is which that whereby place taken had that event an elsewhere, inthe neighboring notonRomaniansoil) but countries, as (conceived Holocaust the to similar project, Memorial, educatedanti Sighet the of creators The one. epistemic an put model museal a only not was Holocaust the on discourse The models. tested already of appropriation the by possible made was regime socialist the on undertaken almost when time a at Romania 1997 in inaugurated be could communism of museum a that fact The case). the usually is it as around way of other the not (and political the on narrative its imposing representation museum historical the for the arguedin As consequences communism. without not is Holocaust the of representations museal from drawn largely is communism of representation m of ways new and history writing of ways new but transition, of periods in needed are that histories new and museums new only not is It change. societal and political the of body dissertation

Timothy Snyder, “Commemorative Causality,” 77. Causality,” “Commemorative TimothySnyder, aking museums. The fact, explored in this dissertation, that the museal museal the that dissertation, this in explored fact, The museums. aking Historian Timothy Snyder recently defined “commemorative causality causality “commemorative defined recently Snyder Timothy Historian the of conclusions the believe I writing, history of forms are museums As

o e eeat eod h msu wrd A i hs en shown been has it As world. museum the beyond relevant be to - dissertation communist elite, sought to explain the communist regime as a genocidalregimea the ascommunist explain to soughtelite, communist

receding historical work is that “Commemoration requires no no requires “Commemoration that is work historical receding msus eoe ihy eeat ntttos n ie of times in institutions relevant highly become museums ,

d issertation , the Sighet Memorial is a rare example of a of example rare a is Memorial Sighet the , o eiu shlry eerh a been had research scholarly serious no

representative .

The problem The for

highly highly n the in 306

CEU eTD Collection 14 transformation. are writing, history other any as change to inherent not are They longevity. context and moment the to pointing practices, these historicizes dissertation This clarity. or coherence for desire a of out history one’s of parts obscuring text, explanatory with it neutralizing questions, ended our expanding than rather open for place no leaving past, the hindering to approach didactic a past: the of understanding for responsible are that writing history of holdimportant communism parts ofhistory their institutional as un pre had museums 1950s all Almost consideration. under events and people place, the of history 1945 pre the in made are inquires the when appear details illuminating pasts, traumatic muse general, more or, commemoration is subject the when even above, stated As consideration. into taken are frames time permeable convey.” themselv find will historians

Ibid.

and museology both in practices, of number a are there that belief my is It 14

h dnes f cmeoaie aslt” a b cnand f more if contained be can causality” “commemorative of dangers The

- 1945 histories they sought to silence, as silence, to sought they histories 1945 gaining in self in gaining a reluctance to exhibit objects/historical evidence without without evidence objects/historical exhibit to reluctance a

historically determined practice determined historically

f hi apaac ad rig o id xlntos o their for explanations find to trying and appearance their of

s rw t epaain ta ae h smls to simplest the are that explanations to drawn es - awareness and are thus on the verge of substantial substantial of verge the on thus are and awareness museology

or to history writing and are subject to subject are and writing history to or . I believe museums, as forms of forms as museums, believe I . al representation of the recent recent the of representation al almost all 1990s museums 1990s all almost - representable. 307

- -

CEU eTD Collection Jeanette Ehrlich Winogrom. Interview 42531, June 23, 1998. Visual History Archive. Archive. History Visual 1998. 23, June 42531, Interview Winogrom. Ehrlich Jeanette Shoah USC Archive. History Visual 1999. 12, August 50214, Interview Litvac. Fritz Kornbluth Frida USC Archive. History Visual 1998. 24, October 48019, Interview Mises. Emanuele 15, December 24196, Interview Nagel. Armin Interviews Records: General Institute: Research Liberty Europe/Radio Free Radio of Records ISISP fond ANR, PresăANR, Pentru for fondPrinting) Comitetul Press șiTipărituri (Committee and Deținuți PoliticiANR, Antifasciști fondFoștilor Asociația ANR, fond Apărarea Patriotică ANR, al fond CC PCR Party) Communist Romanian the of Committee (Central PCR al CC fond ANR, dossiers (Party partid de Dosare 53. Collection Archives), National (Romanian ANR AMȚR (Archive PeasantAdministrative the archive Romanian Museum), of Muzeul fond Museum), AMȚR (Archive PeasantVisual thearchive Romanian Museum), of History National Romanian the of (Archive AMNIR Archival fonds Bibliography USC Shoah Foundation.USC Foundation. Archive. Shoah USC Foundation. Shoah Foundation. Shoah Foundation. University, European Budapest. Central at Archives Society Open Items; Information comunismului românesc, Cancelarie (Office) of deceased Party members) Partidului

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–

CEU eTD Collection *. P Lcl otni At Doftanei Locul “Pe ***. ***. Doftana).” at Museum (National Doftana La Național “Muzeu ***. ***. in PMR Al CC Langa Pe Pe Partidului a Istorie de Institutului Ale S ***.“Manifestari Unde de Reia Se “Istoria ***. S “Eri ***. ***. “Editoria ***. Lenin Muzeului “Deschiderea ***. Anglo Imperialismului Doftanele La Fasciste Doftanele La “De ***. Doftanei Zidurile Sub Uciși Muncitoare Clasei Luptătorilor “Comemorarea ***. Primary (printed) sources Interview.Ioana Taperecorder,2004. Personal April Popescu. archive. 26, USC n.d 15378, Archive. Interview David. Victor History Visual 1995. 23, May 2775, Interview Bordeianu. Vasile InterviewTuba Abramovici. 44484,JulyVisual Shoah HistoryUSC 3,1998. Archive. Histo Visual 1995. 24, January 843, Interview Leib. Manes

Musée Lénine. Guide Central Din Activitatea Muzeelor Noastre (From Our Museums’ Activity) Museums’ Our (From Noastre Muzeelor Activitatea Din Muzeul de Istorie a Partidului Muncitoresc Romîn (History Museum of the the of Museum (History Romîn Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de Muzeul otn’ Pae il hn e asd s ins a e Mausoleum).” Red a Witness as Raised Be Scânteia Tineretului Then Will Place Doftana’s Workers’Romanian Party) March 10,1948. P.M.R. no. 3(1961): 141 Al C.C. Langa Pe de Partidului a Istorie de Institutului Analele Romania).” in Party Communist the of Creation the of Anniversarry 40th the Histo Party of Institute the of (Actions Rominia Din Comunist Partidului Crearea La de Ani de 40 a Aniversarea Cu Legatura Stopped? Inaugurated Yesterday).” Popular al RegiuniiSectiunea Cluj, Culturala, 1955. Scânteia 35. 1940 noiembrie 10 (Doftana 10 Antifasciști ȘiInternațiPolitici Deținuți Federației aFoștilor Naționale Anglo of Doftanas the to Doftanas Fascist Scânteia Walls).” Doftana’s Under Killed Fighters Class Working of (Commemoration Accessed July 10,2013. Shoah Foundation. Foundation. Foundation.

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. Cluj: Sfatul Cluj: .

Buletinul Buletinul

no. 9

VII, rom rom 309 – – ,

CEU eTD Collection lșă Cntni. Ctv Polm Lgt d Peetra uesiă Istoriei a Muzeistică Prezentarea de Legate Probleme “Cîteva Constantin. Cloșcă, Cornel. Cirstoiu, Life).” Camp the from (Aspects Lagăr de Viața Din “Aspecte Ecaterina. Georgescu Chivu, Elena and Block, Vladimir Scarlat, Calimachi, Bujor, M.Gh. Bucur, Romîno Gabriela. “Muzeul de Romania Intelegeti Sa Vreti Majorat. La Sighet “Memorialul Ana. Blandiana, Du Musée Au Objets Des Exposer “L’installation. Nicolau. Irina and Horia Bernea, Horia. Bernea, Ernest. Bernea, Berindei,al. Dan et Has LiaLuminițaCastali.“The Bejan, Meeting Solemn toCondemnCommunism and LeninBîrlădeanu, V.“Prin Muzeul Arghezi, Baruț History (The Roman Muncitoresc Partidului a Istorie de “Muzeul T. Ion Ardeleanu, Gheorghe. Apostol, ——— Patriotică. Apărarea Ancuța (Review 1944>> August 23 După Rominia in Plastice <>).” 23 August After Romania in Art

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anul Doftana . Bucharest: Sport u. . Bucharest: Romîno . Muzeul Câteva ptu Tm S Cuaiae a oou Rmn Sae Tm and Time (Space, Roman Poporul La Cauzalitate Si Timp Spatiu, Inaintea Uitarii (Before Uitarii Inaintea Forgetting) , December 2006. 19,

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310

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CEU eTD Collection ——— Apor, Arcane Péter. Epistemology ofthe Knowledge, “An Memory Spectacle? and Antohi, Ancel, Jean. Althabe, Gérard. AdamAkinsha, Konstantinand Agamben, Giorgio. ——— Abraham Secondary literature Zelea Codreanu,Corneliu. Wiesel, Elie. Voicu, Ștefan. “Doftana.” Radu Vlad, Tzigara ——— ——— Ion.Tik, II.”“Doftana Ș uță, Denisa. uță, Paris 29JuneParis Museums: Politics, the Identity Museums European National Conference Proceedings from EuNaMus, Guiral, eds. InMuseums.” . “Master Narratives ofContemporaryHistory European inEastern EvidenceBudapest Houseof inthe Terror,”(manuscript) 2007. EasternEurope Communist Vashem, 2011. Lincoln :Jerusalem: Universitythe Holocaust.Nebraska of Press ; Yad Review Politique.” Gardens;Washington Press, 2009. University of Heritage 1918 Salmond InIts Revolution.” During theCultural Public ZoneBooks, 1999. Tismaneanu Rogozanu (eds.), Anticomunismului Iluzia Report: AnHistoriographicalComission In Analysis).” Istoriografică. “RaportulTismăneanu: Comisiei Analiză (Tismaneanu 172. Institu (Historiography Memory and inRomaniaafter1989).” Social Majadahonda, 1999. ImprimeriaBucuresti: 1936. Nationala, II31, no. (July 1930): 6 Prison).” Doftana the (At DoftanaÎnchisoarea “La . M.Gh. Bujor).” Prison, (DoftanaBujor M.Gh. Cu Vorbă De Doftana. “Inchisoarea. 2009.

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giu, 1955).” , edited byHannah SchockenBooks, York: 1986. Arendt. New

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CEU eTD Collection Fürtös, Andrea. “Personalul Administrativ AlPenitenciaruluiFürtös, Administrativ Andrea. “Personalul (1950 Sighet ThomasC. Fox, ——— Fo Fitzpatrick, Sheila. Fischthal,and “Jewish GhettosSighet in Dąbrowa Berliner. Hannah Górnicza.” Fellman, Susanna,Rahikainen, eds. and M. Fehr Ernu, Edkins, Jenny.“Authenticity andat Memory Dachau.” Dobrenko, Evgeny. ——— ——— De ——— Crane, Susan A., ed. Prezidentiala pentruComisia Analiza dinRomania. Dictaturii Comuniste Anca.Ciuciu, Lumi Unei “Nostalgia Pierdute. ucault, Michel. letant, Dennis. , Michael Vasile Bariţiu” Series HISTORICABariţiu” 1955. Human Profiles).” Profiluri Umane 1999. GermanLiterature, andLinguistics, Culture. Rochester, House, NY: Camden UP, Counter . “Nietzsche, Genealogy,In History.” London:1991. PenguinBooks, East EuropeanCambridge [Eng.]: University Cambridge Press, Studies. 1970. Education andtheArtsUnder Lunacharsky, 1917 October Studies inAmericanLiterature Jewish Theory, Method andEvidence 2000. Susan Crane the Tismăneanu Report) (The Tismăneanu ofAnticom Illusion Raportului (2001): 405 Revolution 4 (October 659 1,1995): Communist Party, 1944 . “NewGheorLight on Palgrave 2006. Macmillan, . State, 1948 Blackwell, 2006. Sharon Macdonald,ed. In. “The ofEphemerality: Memory, Conundrum and Time, Museums.” Press, 2000. 2008. Final IosifBerman).” SighetBucharest and (1929/1930 LostBerman aoftheReports on TheNostalgia (The Symbolism of World. Sighet Bucureşti (1929/1930 Şi Hitler’s ForgottenIonHisRegime,1940 All. Antonescu Romania and 1977. . Edited by Dorin andBucharest: Vasile. Dobrincu Cristian Humanita and Costi Rogozanu,and Costi eds.

. “A Museum and Its and In Museum Art The. “A ofRecovering History.” Memory. - Memory, Practice:SelectedandInterviews Essays Stated Memory: Eastand theHolocaust Germany

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- Iluzia Anticomunismului. Lecturi CriticeAle Iluzia Anticomunismului. 1939) de F. BruneaFox Şi Ilustrate1939) deBruneaFox F. Şi Iosif de - 1 939) BruneaFoxbyIllustratedF. and by . Stanford, Calif: Stanford Calif: . Stanford, University Historical Knowledge: Inof Historical Quest D.F. Bouchard (ed.) Bouchard D.F. Language,

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CEU eTD Collection Miller, Sanda.Miller, Mihăilescu Mark, James. Lăcătușu,Mareș, Dumitru Clara, and Roman. Cristina ——— Marcuse,Harold. Memorials:Thea Genre.” “Holocaust Emergence of Maleuvre, Didier. Introduction.”Macdonald,ed. An In MuseumStudies: “Expanding Sharon, Luke Levy, Robert. Levi, Primo. Latour, Societies,Spheres: Bruno. “Networks, ofan Reflections Actor Laignel Labrum, Bron Kenney,Felt “‘I Padraic. a Kindof PleasureinSeeing Treat UsBrutally.’ Them The Karp,Ivan Karge Adam.Jolles, “Stalin’s Talking Museums.” Deborah.Jenson, BeverlyJames, A. Ionescu,La Lagăr Abandonat Andrei. “Fostul de deAutorități TârguJiu, Former (The ,

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