Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Arckaeol. Soc. 47, 1991, 153-170

A FIFTEENTH CENTURY INN AT ANDOVER By EDWARD ROBERTS

INTRODUCTION eighty feet from west to east where it fronted the High Street. On this plot were to be built In March 1445 a contract was made between Robert four ranges around a courtyard (Fig 1). Thurbern, Warden of College, and two carpenters who were to build a timber-framed inn for the College at Andover. The building contract, The East Range which is of exceptional interest for its detailed The east range, with its ridge parallel to the description of a mid-fifteenth century inn, shows that it was to comprise four ranges, built around a High Street, stands between cross-wings which courtyard (WCM 2522; Appendix). When the con- are parts of the north and south ranges (Figs 1 tract was first published in 1892, it was correctly and 2). It is in four bays and its chief associated with The Angel Inn in Andover High component was the finely-carpentered and Street (Kirby 1892, 175) but, when the contract was spacious hall (now subdivided). The southern again published in 1952 no reference was made to two bays of this hall were originally open to the the inn's name and, in 1961, W A Pantin called it roof, for their rafters are heavily sooted and 'an inn at Andover, Hants which is only known to us there is a carefully framed opening in the roof from its description in a contract for its building' apex for a louver. The central roof truss of the (Salzman 1952, 517-9; Pantin 1961, 168). However, hall is most unusual in design (Fig 3). It has a the documentation is so full and unbroken, and the surviving structure conforms so closely to the 1445 jointed cruck whose upper members are not contract, that there can be no doubt in linking one rafters (as is commonly the case) but scissors with the other. braces which cross and extend to the opposing In the early 1970s, Richard Warmington was the principal rafters. The sharp outline of this first to recognize the importance of the inn to the cross is softened by a cambered bracing piece architectural historian and he made measured which creates, with the jointed crucks, a drawings of the north range and also of a medieval graceful arch. The small struts linking the fireplace which had been removed during renova- principal rafters to a scissors braces, were tions (Warmington 1970, 3-6; 1972, 11). The subse- properly mortised and clearly integral. No quent publication of a detailed descriptive list of exact parallel to this truss appears to have muniments has made readily been recorded, although it does partly resem- accessible the records of The Angel from the ble a group of fifteenth century church roofs in fifteenth to the nineteenth century (Himsworth 1976-84, 86-7) and recent extensive refurbishment north-east (for example, at Rother- has revealed substantial remains of the inn's east- wick and Up Nateley) and a domestic roof at ern range and fragments of the south range. Thus 20-24 The Square, Titchfield (Atkinson 1942, there is now available for study a rare combination 148; pers comm Mr J Oliver and Miss E Lewis). of detailed documentary evidence together with a The hall truss is described in the contract as 'a significant proportion of the structure of the origi- coupel trussid fro the groundsile', and Salzman nal inn. Indeed, this combination makes The Angel correctly observed that this phrase implies a arguably one of the most significant timber-framed cruck construction (Salzman 1952, 518'). buildings in Hampshire. The north face of this truss is well cham- fered but, on the southern face, deep moulding A DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL runs from the bracing piece, along the scissors STRUCTURE brace and down the post - an indication that this was intended to be the 'high' end of the The building contract of 1445 described a hall. The trusses at either end of the hall have rectangular plot, ninety feet north to south and curved queen struts and a central king strut to 154 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

M IMI

+ H

COURTYARD

of

_l. A CHAMBER GATE CHAMBER MTHE |= = : NTHE > SOUTH CROSS-WHG NORTH CROSS-WNG

c L o|_ HHH STREET Fig 1. A plan of The Angel Inn at first floor level. (Brick walls are represented by hatching) produce a graceful pattern. All wind braces was oversailed by a chamber above (Fig 2). and purlins are finely chamfered (Fig 2). This is shown by a lack of mortises for Clearly the hall was designed to impress, partition-frames both in the soffit of the cross- although its relatively small size (20 feet x 30 beam and in the surviving post at this point. feet) suggests that it was not designed to All this conforms to the contract, as do the accommodate the whole company at one sit- measurements of the hall (thirty feet long and ting. Indeed it may be that the grander guests twenty feet across) - although the hall truss ate privately in the heated parlours in the has spread by a few inches due to the removal cross-wings - a practice suspected at other of a brace. fifteenth century inns (Pantin 1961, 186-7). The northernmost bay of the east range Traces of dark red paint on the post at the contains a gateway which is still the entry to north end of the hall may represent an early, or an inner courtyard. It is now eleven feet nine even original, decoration. inches wide, although the contract required Although the hall occupied only two bays at twelve feet. From the gateway a blocked roof and first floor level, at ground floor level it doorframe with a depressed four-centred arch extended a further bay to the north where it gave access to the north, overshot bay of the ROBKRTS: A FIFTEEN! H ( 1MIRV INN AT ANDOVKR 155

I he Angel Inn, Andovcr: the scissors brace in the hall viewed from the north side. (Photo courtesy of Mr F G Green)

hall. Above both this overshot bay and the of the wall plate imply showy and extrava- gateway was a two-bay chamber, now divided gant close studding, now unfortunately but originally one room on the evidence of the removed. face of the central tie beam which has no The contract specifications for the east peg-holes for a first floor cross-frame. The range were faithfully observed by the carpen- placing and size of this chamber exactly con- ters, except on one point - the orientation of form to the contract according to which it was the entire range was reversed. Thus the gate- to be twenty-two feet long of which ten feet house, which the contract requires to be should oversail the hall [xfete to be trussid over in placed at the south end of the range, is in fact to the hall J. at the north. While this could be attributed to Where visible, the cross-frames and west- medieval indifference or uncertainty with ern wall-framing of this range are composed regard to such niceties, a more plausible ex- of rectangular panels and curved arch braces planation is the desire to site the main en- (Fig 4), but on the eastern elevation of the trance to the inn at the junction of the High hall, where it fronts the High Street, a line Street and the main London road (Wrar- of close-set, rectangular mortises in the soffit mington 1970, 9). en

x > 2 3 x

o a > •2. a > >x

0 5 10 metre* Fig 2. A longitudinal section through the two cross-wings and the central, east range. (Modern partitions have been omitted) ROBERTS: A FIFTEENTH CENTURY INN AT ANDOVER 157

Fig 3. A cross section through the hall truss.

The north range intervals of about eight and a half feet. If, as seems likely, the fourth truss (which has been The north range comprises two separately destroyed) was similarly spaced, then the east, framed structures: a cross-wing and a stable gable end of the cross-wing jettied over the block. To the north of the inn gateway stands street by approximately two feet. This bears the fine, three-bay cross-wing, its eastern gable out the contract which requires that the end now truncated. In the ground floor chamber to the north of the hall should have 'a chamber, which occupies all three bays, the joty utward ofijfote est and west'. (The last phrase ceiling is borne by two richly-moulded cross- must refer to an east-west orientation rather beams. The chamber above was originally than to jetties on both sides, for a western- open to the roof on the evidence of the clasped facing jetty would hardly have been built hard purlins which are chamfered both above and against the stable block.) below. The roof has queen posts, side purlins, A large, stone chimney stack, almost cer- undiminished principals and curved wind tainly built by Thomas Beere in 1449/50, rises braces. Three surviving trusses are spaced at to the apex of the western gable of this cross- 158 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOCICAL SOCIETY

CELLAR

Fig 4. The southern cross-frame of the hall which also functions as a side wall of the south cross-wing (the jetty and roof of which are outlined with a broken line). ROBERTS: A FIFTEENTH CENTURY INN AT ANDOVER 159 wing (WCM 2684). This feature, taken with According to the contract, a stable block was the spaciousness of the chambers and the to adjoin the cross-wing to complete the north quality of the moulding on the timbers, shows range. These stables were to be built on the that the cross-wing offered lodgings to visitors same pattern [in like wyse] as the south range, of quality. Moreover, the contract called for which was to have stables twenty feet wide the cross-wing to measure twenty-four feet with chambers above twenty-two feet wide. north-south by twenty feet east-west. In fact it This implies a jetty two feet wide overlooking was built on a grander scale, being approxi- the courtyard. The widths of the ground floor mately twenty-six feet east-west. This change rooms (presumably the stables although no of plan must have been of some significance structural evidence of their original function and may perhaps be explained by the growing survives), of the jetty, and of the chambers demand for inns to cater to men of wealth and above precisely follow the contract which also status who, in the fifteenth century, were in- requires 'v fete jtake owte of the same chambers in creasingly leasing out the residences at which widnesse for oriell'. The open gallery — now they formerly stopped on their journeys (Dyer converted to a closed corridor — is five feet in 1989, 99-101). width and this must be the oriell of the con-

0 3 metres Fig 5. A cross section through the stable block in the north range, showing the gallery above the jetty. !(>() HAMPSHIRE HKI.I) ( I I I', WD ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

tract, as the word 'oriel' could denote any usual for medieval inns to offer both high built-out gallery in the Middle Ages (Wood quality and inferior accommodation 1965, 99; Pantin 1961, 169). Certainly there is (Drinkwater et al 1964, 240-1). Yet although no indication of an oriel window in this block. the cross-wing and stable block were different On the first floor, there was probably one in status and have separate timber frames, room to each bay, although not all the dividing there is good reason to suppose that they were cross-frames survive. At ground floor level built at the same time. Not only are they both there were partitions at each bay division, required by the building contract, but they creating four small stables or rooms. The also share a common style of construction: whole block, which appears to have been origi- queen post roofs with curved wind braces and nally unheatcd, has unchamfered timbers and clasped purlins. is lower in height than the cross-wing to which The north range, as built, does not appear to it is attached. All these features proclaim a match the contract in one respect. The con- relatively low status. tract seems to require both stables and kit- Thus the cross-wing provided spacious, chens in the north range but stables only in the heated accommodation overlooking the High south range. A sketch map of 1839 shows that, Street, while unheated and relatively cramped at that time, there were indeed both stables lodgings were to be found above the stables and a kitchen in the north stable block (WCM which flanked the courtyard. Indeed, it was 21303; Fig 7). However, there are no smoke-

PLATE 2

The courtyard of the Angel Inn. looking east. Centre-right is the gate leading out to the High Street. On the left is the stable block in the north range, the jetty of which is now under-built. Just visible half-left is a gable and chimney of the north cross-wing. ROBERTS: A FIFTEENTH CENTURY INN AT ANDOVER 161 blackened rafters nor other signs of a medieval lintel with five panels arranged horizontally. kitchen here and it is probable that originally Three panels displayed shields and between this block contained only stables. The same them were two panels with regular flowers conclusion was reached by Warmington, who (possibly roses). Above these devices were argued that when the orientation of the east cusped, ogee arches with trefoils in the span- range was altered, it was deemed necessary to drels (Warmington 1972, 11). The whole en- reverse the functions of the north and south semble represented high quality workmanship ranges as well (Warmington 1970, 9). So little appropriate to the parlour of a notable inn. On survives of the south range that one cannot stylistic grounds, it could be assigned to the rule out this suggestion, but the farmers' mid fifteenth century and was almost certainly accounts suggest that the kitchens occupied a made by Thomas Beere and installed when the separate long house (WCM 2679, 2680). inn was first built. Unfortunately it now seems Furthermore, Hardyng's and Holnerst's con- to have been lost. tract of 1445 specifies a plot on which the inn Where the southern cross-wing extended should be built; the long house which con- westwards beyond the external wall of the hall tained the kitchens was built according to a there are remnants of a doorframe at first floor separate contract. This may imply that they level (Fig 4). This possibly gave access to a were built on a separate site, perhaps on the stair down into the courtyard, or to a gallery inner 'timber yard' shown on the plan of 1839 which ran along the southern block. (Fig 7). Beneath both northern and southern cross- wings are cellars, as was required by the contract. The cellar under the south cross- The west range wing is the more complete. Where it faces the The contract requires a west range [like to the street, it has a knapped flint wall with ashlar north and sulh parte savyng a chambr' over a gate in quoins. At what was probably the original the said parti' with ajoti wjindowe]. This seems to ground level are two small, square windows of imply a further stable block interrupted by a chamfered ashlar. Beneath the southern end of west gate. Although none of this survives, the the cross-wing, the wall ends with dressed inventory of 1462 shows that the west gate, at stone quoins. Between this feature and the least, was built (WCM 2696). south end of the present building is a gap of about three feet (Fig 1). The disposition of cellar walling here could suggest a flight of The south range steps outside the main timber-framed struc- At the southern end of the hall are the remains ture and towards the street. of a cross-wing which appears to have been a It should be noted that both south and north mirror image of the northern cross-wing, as cross-wings must be contemporary with the was required by the contract. The surviving east range, for the outer tie beams of the east wall plate (which has mortises for posts and range also serve as the wall plates of the ties) shows that it was a three-bay structure cross-wings and the lap dovetail assemblies at which jettied over the street, just like the this point could not be a secondary feature northern cross-wing (Fig 4). The surviving (Harris 1978, 13). posts show that it was the same height and There can be little doubt that the structure width, and the surviving tie beam that it had a described above dates from the 1440s, and not similar queen post roof (Fig 2). No chimney from a later rebuilding. True, there was post- remains but a large stack was removed, poss- medieval remodelling which will be noted in ibly from this cross-wing in the mid twentieth due course, but the core of the building closely century (pers comm Richard Warmington). The follows the contract of 1445 in plan, room size fine, stone chimney piece which was associ- and in the scantling of the various timbers ated with this stack had moulded jambs and a (Appendix). It is highly unlikely that a total 162 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY rebuilding, if it had occurred, would have contract of 1445 stated that the new inn was to followed an earlier contract so closely. More- be built on void ground. over, the datable features, such as the hall The carpenters who undertook the task were truss and the chimney piece, consistently John Hardyng and Richard Holnerst. In 1443/ point to the mid fifteenth century. It could be 44 and 1444/45 Hardyng was working on a argued that curved braces, with a side purlin College property outside the Bargate at South- and queen post roof were standard in Hamp- ampton but he had already completed a portra- shire throughout the sixteenth century, but tura or drawing of The Angel by the time the they were certainly not uncommon by the mid contract was sealed on 4 March 1445 (WCM fifteenth century (Lewis et al 1988, 50, 54, 71). 2522, 22119, 22120). The contract stated that the inn should be built according to this drawing but the College seems to have had BUILDING THE ANGEL second thoughts about Hardyng's plan. A messenger rode to Southampton to tell him Winchester College was founded by deed in not to begin work on The Angel until he had 1382, and in the late fourteenth and early received further instructions from the Warden, fifteenth centuries came to possess many valu- and on 2 April 1445 the carpenter of Eton able properties (Harvey 1976, vii-ix; Hims- College was at Winchester College where he worth 1976-84, ii 21-3). It is clear that a was paid for his counsel on the design and for well-planned inn, situated in a market town making another portratura on parchment of the and on a busy route, was considered a profita- proposed inn at Andover (WCM 22120; Har- ble investment. Thus in 1418. the College built vey 1984, 130). It seems that this design partly an inn, also called The Angel but later called superseded Hardyng's, for the timber frame of The George, in the main market street of The Angel does not conform in every particu- Alresford (Salzman 1952, 493-5), and in 1485 lar to the specifications set out in Hardyng's it acquired The Swan at , of which contract (Appendix). the magnificent hall still survives (Himsworth In the 1440s there was a significant inter- 1976-84, ii 532). Other institutions were alive change of ideas on architectural matters be- to similar opportunities and, in Andover itself, tween Winchester and Eton Colleges. The Magdalen College, Oxford rebuilt The Bell in royal college of Eton was founded in 1440 by 1534 (Warmington 1976, 131-41). Henry VI who visited Winchester College In the fifteenth century, Andover was a several times in order to study Wykeham's centre of the cloth trade situated at the foundation (Cook 1959, 191-2; Kirby 1892, crossing of important trade-routes. Thus, 192-3; Harvey 1967, 214). Clearly, the Warden when Winchester College acquired property took the opportunity of the presence of the there in 1413 it would have been prudent to king's carpenter at Winchester to seek recipro- consider investing in an inn — especially as the cal advice on the design of his new inn at College held a fine plot on a prime site in the Andover. High Street (Parsons 1945, 180; Keene 1985i, The College bursars' and farmers' account 317; Harvey 1976, ix). It has been claimed that, rolls paint a marvellously detailed picture of in fact, an inn was built there before the the inn's construction. By Michaelmas 1444, disastrous fire of 1434/35 (WCM 2669, 2670; timber was being carted from Hannington Kirby 1892, 174-5; Himsworth 1976-84, ii 45), Wood, near Kingsclere, probably for the long a fire which may have left the smears of building [longa domus] which was built by John charcoal recently discovered across the surface Norton carpenter between 1444 and 1446 of the chalk on the site of the south range (pen (Mercer 1972, 9-10). This, the first structure comm Mr F G Green). Certainly it would seem to be erected on the new site, was tiled and that the fire consumed all previous structures contained no less than three kitchens. While on the site of The Angel, for the building this work was in progress, the well was com- ROBERTS: A FIFTEENTH CENTURY INN AT ANDOVER 163

¥ H

0 10 20 30 t««t

0 5 10 maun

HBH STREET

Fig 6. A partial reconstruction of the original appearance of the Angel. pleted and a foundation wall, or grass table, was from the sixty oaks that were felled at Finkley built with Beer stone from . Although in Chute Forest, a few miles north of Andover this may have been the foundation wall for the (WCM 22119, 22120). In spite of the condition kitchens, it is more likely that such costly in their contract that they should finish within stone would have been reserved for the inn a year, Hardyng was paid yearly for his work itself (WCM 2679, 2680, 22119; Salzman 1952, until 1448/49 and Holnerste until 1449/50 91). Hardyng and Holnerst began work on the (WCM 2679-2684). timber frame soon after the contract was As was the custom, it would seem that they sealed in March, 1445, and in July 1445 Hard- began shaping the timbers at a framing-place, yng went to Froxfield to get quarterboord for the for in 1445/46 the site was being cleared and inn. Other timber for the carpenters came levelled (Salzman 1952, 200; WCM 2680). 164 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOCICAL SOCIETY

However, by 1446/47 the timber-frame was were brought from Woodhay and Tytherley, sufficiently erected for fifty-eight couples of the louver above the hall was covered with rafters to be received from Ashmansworth and lead, and the gable windows - which were 17,000 tiles from . In the same year, probably projecting oriels - were roofed. ironwork was fitted to the windows and a cellar Lastly, four tables were bought for the cel- was floored over. Caen stone was carried from lars; racks and mangers were made, and pad- Botley to a mason who was making the win- stones were placed under the principal posts of dows in the cellar, some steps, and a water table the stables; partitions were made in the rooms - perhaps a string course to finish off the over both gates; and selynge, or wooden panell- foundation wall (Salzman 1952, 89; WCH ing, was fitted - probably in the best chambers 2681). in each cross-wing. Two ovens were built and In 1447/48, work was well advanced. More enclosed within a timber frame, and a hay barn tiles were carried from Woodhay, doors were of four bays was erected within the inn's bought, locks and keys were obtained from a curtilage. In 1452/53, as a finishing touch, smith at , and two weather vanes were John Messyngham painted the inn sign which placed on the gables of each cross-wing [in ij was then carried from Winchester to the Angel vanyis pro ij poynonis] (Salzman 1952, 214 and in Andover (WCM 2683-2687). 236). Of special interest is the purchase of The new inn was already called The Angel 20,000 bricks from Daniel Brykeman to stop in an inventory of chattels belonging to the up the front wall of the inn — [pro muris de leCollege of 1462 (WCM 2696). Although this frount predict' hospic' obstupana" et faciend' cum document provides a valuable list of rooms brykys]. This seems to imply the infilling of the within the inn, it was not its object to provide a timber frame with brick nogging, although the complete list. Thus no mention is made of the nogging - if it ever existed — has not survived stables, even though the farmer's account of the eighteenth century rebuilding of the eleva- 1450/51 shows that they were built (WCM tion fronting the High Street (WCM 2680- 2685). However, the ostery is mentioned, pre- 2682). A recent survey has found no wholly sumably the room of the ostler or stableman, satisfactory example of brick nogging in but just possibly the innkeeper's own room before 1462-63; and even then on a (Mayhewrta/ 1888, 165). royal building - the king's gatehouse at Hert- The document provides important evidence ford Castle (McCann 1987, 108). Nevertheless, that the missing west range was in fact built, The Angel was partly planned by the king's for it refers to the west gate and a west parlour. carpenter and built by a major institution. It refers also to two kitchens: a south kitchen, Furthermore, it would have been odd to have and a northern one with a dresser, a bucket built an entirely brick front onto an otherwise and chain for drawing water, two coppis timber-framed inn. [Pcoops] for keeping poultry in, and an iron bar From 1448 to 1453, work neared completion. in the chimney. These were probably two Stone from Chilmark and Pewsey in kitchens within the long house completed by was carried to the site. Thomas Beere, the John Norton in 1445/6 (WCM 2680) and per- mason, built the chimney stacks and made the haps situated in an inner court behind the sophisticated parelles, or chimney-pieces (Salz- main courtyard built by Hardyng and Hol- man 1952, 101; Warmington 1972, 11). A nerst. labourer dug a cellar to the north of the inn Turning to the east range and the two gate and two latrine pits in the southern part cross-wings, the hall was furnished with tables of the inn; both cellar and pits were lined with and benches, and in the south parlour (prob- stone by John Cotyn, the mason. The latrines ably the ground-floor chamber of the south were enclosed with a tiled structure and more cross-wing) were a bed, a press, a spence for roofing completed other inn buildings. Eaves keeping victuals, and a spere (or screen), while boards were sawn (Salzman 1952, 244), tiles in the north parlour were a bed, a trestle table ROBERTS: A FIFTEENTH CENTURY INN AT ANDOVER 165 and three benches. There is no unambiguous wine cellars probably represent the two origi- reference to the chambers above the parlours, nal cellars beneath the north and south cross- although one of them may have been the wings. There was another cellar beneath the chamber called Cristofercham.br' in which werelarder and a buttery. Indications of the inn's two beds, a trestle table, three forms, a cup- appearance are given by 'the Stayer foote next the board, a selyng de bord (wainscot), a spere and a great Gate', 'the stayers head next the Unicome' latise (lattice). The north and south cellars [chamber], and 'the Gallery at the stayer heaa". beneath the parlours contained a stand to set There was 'the stone court' (perhaps flagged beer on and more tables and benches. with stone - an expensive luxury), and 'the Courte yard next the kitchin' with a 'plump' (a pump that had replaced the well mentioned in THE LATER HISTORY OF THE ANGEL 1462). This implies a second court behind the inn in a space that certainly belonged to the The inventory of 1462 dealt only with College Angel by 1839, and probably from the begin- chattels. Thus, not only did it fail to list all the ning (Fig 7). The reference in the inventory to rooms in the inn, it also ignored the inn- 'the ffyve stables' may imply that there were keeper's possessions and consequently pre- only five. As four of them were apparently in sented a picture of a rather sparsely furnished the north range, this would have left space in inn (WCM 2696). By contrast, the inventory of the west and south ranges for the service Richard Pope innholder of The Angel, drawn rooms listed in Richard Pope's inventory. up in 1633, is extremely rich both as a record Structural evidence suggests that consider- of room names and of chattels. Apart from the able alterations took place mainly between the hall and a parlour, it lists seventeen chambers sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Unfor- with names typical of early inns: the Crosse Keys, tunately there is only space here to summarize the Halfe Moone, the Crowne, the Lyon, and so them briefly. A cellar was excavated beneath forth. This fits neatly with Pantin's estimate the entire east range, a gallery overlooking the from the building contract of 'some sixteen courtyard was constructed behind the east chambers, capable of accommodating up to gate, lean-tos and internal partitions were fifty or sixty guests' (Pantin 1961, 169). On the made, and chimneys were inserted in several other hand, it is possible that additional rooms rooms. The external appearance of the inn had already been created; a view supported by must also have altered considerably during the name 'Newe Chamber' and by the listing of this period. Apart from the total demolition of two lofts and a garret, for the inn was appar- the west range and the remodelling of most of ently not built with any second floors. A grand the south range, the entire east front facing the total of ninety-one beds in the inn, together High Street was rebuilt in brick. It was prob- with the medieval practice of sleeping several ably at the same time that the jettied, gable to a bed, indicates a much greater capacity for ends of the cross-wings were removed, and guests than Pantin suggested (Drinkwater et al their roofs truncated so that it would appear 1964, 240). Certainly, the fifteen fireplaces that the building had a continuous roof apex listed in the 1633 inventory greatly exceed the parallel with the street. An inscribed brick in number implied by the fifteenth century docu- the wall of the north cross-wing indicates that ments or structural evidence. this remodelling took place in 1775. As well as the guest rooms, there were Documentary sources show that in (or lodgings for two key members of the inn's shortly before) 1793, the building was divided staff: the hosiery (with the ostler's bedding) and into two tenancies. To the south of the gate the the innkeeper's chamber. There were also building was occupied by James Church, a numerous service rooms. The kitchen and carpenter, with a right of way through the inn brewhouse probably represent the two kit- gate to his timberyard. The northern part of chens of the 1462 inventory, while the beer and the building was now called The Old Angel t^fc" ''•=**

\ i 1 s

o t: A

0 10 * ' BERKSHIRE Miles Froxfield •%

A ^^•Woodhay „. . *.~ Kmgsclere • Pewsey / Ashmansworth • S Hannington f •

f*** Finkley WILTSHIRE • ,-0 • \ • \ Andover % 1 1 ^ Chilmark D Alresford • 1 Tytherley • •t • Winchester• \ Mottisfont <-v^-. / #Romsey

Botley # ^ Southampton DORSET f t vs^ ( HAMPSHIRE \ l C 1 t xf^ * Fig 8. Places from which building materials were brought to The Angel, and which are referred to in the text. It is probable that the Froxfield mentioned in the building accounts was in Wiltshire, and not they more distant Froxfield,\ -near Petersfield, Hampshire. Dr Harvey takes the opposite view (Harvey 1954. 122). 168 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Inn and was occupied by Charles Heath, a Holnerst carpenters of that other parte berith brewer (Himsworth 1976-84, ii 86). This di- witnesse that the said John and Richard shal vision is shown on a plan of 1839 (Fig 7) which wel and counabili' make in so moch as to nonetheless gives a picture of the inn not carpentri bi longeth that is for to sey A inne greatly at variance from that presented by with inne the towne of Andever the which shal fifteenth century sources. Today the section be sctte in a voidc ground in the north parti' of north of the gate is still The Angel Inn. the land y called Niggeslond conteyning in circuyte xvijxx fete in the Counte of Sutht after a portatur ther of mad or better and a cording ADDITIONAL NOTES to the counantis in this endentur' rehersid Of the which xvijxx fete iiijxxx to be billid north (i) John McCann has pointed out that the and suth a forestrete uppon the same ground 20,000 bricks bought from Daniel Brykeman wher on shal be sette in the suth parti' of the would have been too many for infilling the forseid ground a chambr xxiiij fete widnesse supposed close-studding of the inn front. He north and suth and in lengh xx fete with a joty suggests that some may have been used as a utward of vj fete est and west under the which plinth along the sloping street frontage. He chamb1" shal be a scler cont' the same widnesse also points out that the sides of the studs and and brcde and the same chambr the forseid posts that clasped the bricks would have had John and Richard at here owne coste shal shallow depressions. In the absence of this joiste beme and flore. Also northward fro the evidence, he concludes that the existence of same chambr a gate conteynyng xij fete bi brick-nogging at The Angel remains unproven. grounde in widnesse over the which gate shal (ii) Dr John Harvey has suggested to me that be a chambr cont' in lengh xxij fete of the The Angel may have been rebuilt after a fire in which x fete to be trussid over in to the halle. 1550-51. However, the farmer's account for Also a halle north fro the same gate cont' in that year (WCM 2783), does not seem to lengh xxx fete and xx fete in widnesse with a provide convincing evidence for this view and coupel trussid fro the groundsile. Al so a much of the 1445-53 building evidently sur- chambr in the north parti' of the same halle vives. cont' in widnesse xxiiij fete north and suth in (iii) John Massyngham who painted the first lenth xx fete with a joty utward of ij fote est and west. Al so fro the suthchambr inward al inn sign for The Angel was a noted carver and xx polychromist who also painted the statue over to be billid cont' iiij fete in the which shal be Outer Gate at Winchester College in 1465-66 stables in widnesse by grond xx fete with (Harvey 1982, 116). The carpenter of Eton chambers above xxij fete in widnesse and v College who was at Winchester College in fete jtake owte of the same chambers in wid- April 1445 was almost certainly Robert Whet- nesse for oriell and every oriel the pryncipal ely who was the warden of the carpenters on haunsid and ymonellid aboute and ij fote by twyne every monel. Al so fro the north chambr the works at from 1442 (Harvey xx 1984, 333). inward iiij fete i billid with kechyn and stables in like wyse. Also in the ende of the said Inne that is for to sey in the west party of xx APPENDIX: THE BUILDING CONTRACT the same inne al jbillyd cont' iiij fete and x FOR THE ANGEL INN, 1445 like to the north and suth parte savyng a chambr' over a gate in the said parti' with a This endenture mad bytwene Mr Robert Thur- joti wyndowe a cordyng to the portatur. Also bern Wardeyn of the college ycallid Seynt the grondsell of the same inne a fote brode and Marie College of Winchestr' byside Wyn- ix inches thikk. The postes of the same j fote chestr' felaus and scolers of the same college of brede and x inches thick. The somers a that one parte and John Hardyng and Richard cordyng to the same werk The joistes aforstret ROBERTS: A FIFTEENTH CENTURY INN AT ANDOVER 169 viij inches brede vj thikk and bytwene every yere of the regnyng of Kyng Harry the sexte joiste vij inches. The joistes inwards vij inches after the Conquest thre and twenti'. of brede vj thikk and by twyne every joiste viij inches. The walplates viij inches squar thorow [WCM 2522: this contract was first accurately al the bildyng. The refters vj inches brode iiij transcribed by Dr John Harvey who has kindly thikk thorow al the bildyng and by twene everi agreed to its publication here (Salzman 1952, refter ix inches space. Al so the said John and 517-19). The endorsement is omitted but ap- Richard shal make al manner of speris bynches pears in Salzman who notes that the first jetty dores wyndows in bordyng of beddys and saw measurement (vj fete) is probably a slip for two al manner bordes and plankes to the said inne (ij) feet, and that 'fillid' means 'felled'. Pantin longyng savyng bord longyng to dores and (1961, 169) interprets 'oriel' as a bay of the wyndows and rekkes and mangers. Also the open gallery, and renders 'every oriel the pryn- same John and Richard shal make al manner cipal haunsid and ymonellid aboute and ij fote dores and wyndows a cordyng to the portatur a by twyne every monel' as 'the openings were to bove rehersid or better. Furthermore to be be divided by mullions at two ft intervals, with vounde to the same John and Richard tymbr' arches in the heads']. with the cariage so moch as hit nedith to the said wcrk so that the said John and Richard with ther werkmen be nat let in defaute of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS cariage in dew tyme so that weder fall. Al so As a relative latecomer to the study of The Angel, I the tymbr' to be fillid [interlined: and wer[k] am deeply conscious of the debt I owe to others, manli to be scapulid at wode] at the cost of the especially to Mr Richard Warmington who, in an said John and Richard and thei to have the important sense 'discovered' the building, and to Dr ofTel of t h e said tymbr' with in kerf for ther John Harvey whose knowledge of the documentary labour. Al so of the makyng of this sed werk sources relating to The Angel is unrivalled. Both the forsaid John and Richard hath day fro the gave me generous support and advice, although feste of the Annunciacion of owre ladi' nexte neither is, of course, responsible for any errors I foluying after the makyng of this present may have made. It is also my pleasure to thank Mr Bob Davis, who kept a watching brief while renova- writyng endentid in to the same fest sewyng by xx tion was in progress and who was my colleague in tweyne hole yere. Takyng for ther labour iiij the arduous task of measuring and recording and pounds and x that is for to sey x pounds at Mr F J Green, Director of the Archaeo- bigynnyng and so further to be paid as the logical Trust, who initiated and oversaw the record- werk encrescit in wirchyng. In witnesse of the ing of the building. I would also like to thank the which thyngs to one parti' of this scrite enden- Warden and scholars of Winchester College, Dr R tid toward the forsaid John and Richard rem- Custance, Miss R Dunhill and the staff of the aynyng We the forsaid Robt Thurbern Hampshire Record Office, Miss Sarah Lewin, Dr J Wardeyn of the said College felowes and N Hare, Mr J McCann, Mr J Oliver and Miss E scolers of the same owre comyn seal we have Lewis. putte, to that other parti' of this scrite enden- The research for this paper was supported by the tid toward us remayning the forsaid John Test Valley Archaeological Trust (who hold the Hardyng and Richard Holnerst ther sealls thei Project Archive) and by the Hampshire County Council. The cost of publication was borne by King have putte. J yeve the ferth day of March in the Alfred's College, Winchester. 170 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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Author. E Roberts, King Alfred's College, Sparkford Road, Winchester.

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