Interaction Between Root-Knot Nematodes Andsolanum Spp
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The Effects of Cold Acclimation Upon the Oxygen Consumption of Two Species of Free-Living Nematodes L SUSAN C
The Effects of Cold Acclimation upon the Oxygen Consumption of Two Species of Free-Living Nematodes l SUSAN C. COOPER and J. HOMER FERGUSON2 Abstract: Two species of free-living nematodes, Panagrellus redivivus and Turbatrix aceti, were cultured axenicaUy at control (20 C) and cold (10 C) temperatures. Oxygen consumption of worms from each population was measured manometrically on days 2 through 8 after exposure to these temperatures. In both species, the slope of the oxygen consumption curve for the controls was greater than that of the worms exposed to the cold on day 2. The slope of the curve of the cold-exposed worms gradually increased until day 7. At this time, the slope of the oxygen consumption curve from the cold-exposed worms exceeded or equaled that of the controls. This is taken as an indication of the onset of the cold-acclimated state in both species of worms by day 7. For many years, a number of parameters stoppered with cotton balls wrapped in cheese have been used to denote the onset of the cloth (6). At weekly intervals, the worms were acclimation of a poikilothermal organism to subcultured aseptically by draining the worms various environmental conditions, particularly and the old medium from each funnel and to temperature (1, 9, 10). Among the criteria adding them to another funnel containing fresh utilized have been such rate functions as heart medium. beat (20), ciliary gill movements (19) and The worms were exposed to a temperature metabolic rate; e.g., rate of an enzymatic of 20 C until use in this experiment. -
Transcriptome Profiling of Resistance Response To
Bali et al. BMC Genomics (2019) 20:907 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-6257-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Transcriptome profiling of resistance response to Meloidogyne chitwoodi introgressed from wild species Solanum bulbocastanum into cultivated potato Sapinder Bali1, Kelly Vining2, Cynthia Gleason1, Hassan Majtahedi3, Charles R. Brown3 and Vidyasagar Sathuvalli4* Abstract Background: Meloidogyne chitwoodi commonly known as Columbia root-knot nematode or CRKN is one of the most devastating pests of potato in the Pacific Northwest of the United States of America. In addition to the roots, it infects potato tubers causing internal as well as external defects, thereby reducing the market value of the crop. Commercial potato varieties with CRKN resistance are currently unavailable. Race specific resistance to CRKN has been introgressed from the wild, diploid potato species Solanum bulbocastanum into the tetraploid advanced selection PA99N82–4 but there is limited knowledge about the nature of its resistance mechanism. In the present study, we performed histological and differential gene expression profiling to understand the mode of action of introgressed CRKN resistance in PA99N82–4 in comparison to the CRKN susceptible variety Russet Burbank. Results: Histological studies revealed that the nematode juveniles successfully infect both resistant and susceptible root tissue by 48 h post inoculation, but the host resistance response restricts nematode feeding site formation in PA99N82–4. Differential gene expression analysis shows that 1268, 1261, 1102 and 2753 genes were up-regulated in PA99N82–4 at 48 h, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days post inoculation respectively, of which 61 genes were common across all the time points. -
PM 9/17 (1) Meloidogyne Chitwoodi and Meloidogyne Fallax
Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2013) 43 (3), 527–533 ISSN 0250-8052. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12079 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Europe´enne et Me´diterrane´enne pour la Protection des Plantes PM 9/17 (1) National regulatory control systems Systemes de lutte nationaux reglementaires PM 9/17 (1) Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Meloidogyne fallax Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This standard describes a National regulatory control sys- Approved in 2013-09. tem for Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Meloidogyne fallax. M. fallax, temperature, length of the growing season and Introduction soil texture. These nematodes have mostly been reported Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax (root-knot nematodes) from sandy and sandy-loam soils. Economic damage are EPPO A2 pests and details about their biology, distribu- increases with the number of generations that occur in one tion and economic importance can be found in EPPO/CABI growing season. Tuber damage in potatoes may occur when (1997) and the Plant Quarantine data Retrieval system soil temperatures exceed 1000 degree days above 5°C but (PQR) on the EPPO website. Recently, pest risk assess- the threshold for significant tuber damage is assessed to be ments for both species have been conducted for the territory about 1500 degree days above 5°C (Macleod et al., 2012). of the EU including extensive datasheets and an evaluation Juveniles of M. chitwoodi and M. fallax can only move of possible risk reduction options. The work has been con- short distances (<1 m) in the soil. Spread therefore mainly ducted within the framework of the EFSA project Prima occurs with the movement of infested planting material Phacie and the reports are available in the EFSA website (e.g. -
Zoology Lab Manual
General Zoology Lab Supplement Stephen W. Ziser Department of Biology Pinnacle Campus To Accompany the Zoology Lab Manual: Smith, D. G. & M. P. Schenk Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide. Morton Publishing Co. for BIOL 1413 General Zoology 2017.5 Biology 1413 Introductory Zoology – Supplement to Lab Manual; Ziser 2015.12 1 General Zoology Laboratory Exercises 1. Orientation, Lab Safety, Animal Collection . 3 2. Lab Skills & Microscopy . 14 3. Animal Cells & Tissues . 15 4. Animal Organs & Organ Systems . 17 5. Animal Reproduction . 25 6. Animal Development . 27 7. Some Animal-Like Protists . 31 8. The Animal Kingdom . 33 9. Phylum Porifera (Sponges) . 47 10. Phyla Cnidaria (Jellyfish & Corals) & Ctenophora . 49 11. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) . 52 12. Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) . 56 13. Phyla Rotifera . 59 14. Acanthocephala, Gastrotricha & Nematomorpha . 60 15. Phylum Mollusca (Molluscs) . 67 16. Phyla Brachiopoda & Ectoprocta . 73 17. Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) . 74 18. Phyla Sipuncula . 78 19. Phylum Arthropoda (I): Trilobita, Myriopoda . 79 20. Phylum Arthropoda (II): Chelicerata . 81 21. Phylum Arthropods (III): Crustacea . 86 22. Phylum Arthropods (IV): Hexapoda . 90 23. Phyla Onycophora & Tardigrada . 97 24. Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms) . .104 25. Phyla Chaetognatha & Hemichordata . 108 26. Phylum Chordata (I): Lower Chordates & Agnatha . 109 27. Phylum Chordata (II): Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes . 112 28. Phylum Chordata (III): Amphibia . 115 29. Phylum Chordata (IV): Reptilia . 118 30. Phylum Chordata (V): Aves . 121 31. Phylum Chordata (VI): Mammalia . 124 Lab Reports & Assignments Identifying Animal Phyla . 39 Identifying Common Freshwater Invertebrates . 42 Lab Report for Practical #1 . 43 Lab Report for Practical #2 . 62 Identification of Insect Orders . 96 Lab Report for Practical #3 . -
Review on Nematode Molecular Diagnostics: from Bands to Barcodes
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.4, No.27, 2014 Review on Nematode Molecular Diagnostics: From Bands to Barcodes Alemu Nega Department of Horticulture and Plant Science, Jimma University, P. O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia Email Address: [email protected] Abstract Molecular methods of identification provide accurate, reliable diagnostic approaches for the identification of plant-parasitic nematodes. The promising and attractive results have generated increasing demands for applications in new fields and for better performing techniques. Initially, the techniques were used solely for taxonomic purposes, but increasingly became popular as a component of diagnostic information. Diagnostic procedures are now available to differentiate the plant-pathogenic species from related but non-pathogenic species. The microscopic size of plant parasitic nematodes poses problems and techniques have been developed to enrich samples to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on individual species. In addition, techniques are available to evaluate single nematodes, cysts or eggs of individual species in extracts from soil and plant tissue. DNA or RNA-based techniques are the most widely used approaches for identification, taxonomy and phylogenetic studies, although the development and use of other methods has been, and in some cases still is, important. DNA barcoding and the extraction of DNA from preserved specimens will aid considerably in diagnostic information. In addition, further review is needed to identify all recovered nematode and evaluation of promising treatments for use in integrated disease management strategy to manage not only regulated species such as the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne. -
Distribution of Meloidogyne Species in Carrot in Brazil
Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v.51:5,Distribution e20200552, of Meloidogyne 2021 species in carrot in Brazil. http://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr202005521 ISSNe 1678-4596 CROP PROTECTION Distribution of Meloidogyne species in carrot in Brazil Tiago Garcia da Cunha1 Liliane Evangelista Visôtto1 Letícia Mendes Pinheiro1 Pedro Ivo Vieira Good God1 Juliana Magrinelli Osório Rosa2 Cláudio Marcelo Gonçalves Oliveira2 Everaldo Antônio Lopes1* 1Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Rio Paranaíba, 38810-000, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. *Corresponding author. 2Instituto Biológico, Campinas, SP, Brasil. ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematodes (RKN – Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most serious threats to carrot production worldwide. In Brazil, carrots are grown throughout the year, and economic losses due to RKN are reported. Since little is known on the distribution of RKN species in carrot fields in Brazil, we collected plant and soil samples from 35 fields across six states. Based on the morphology of perineal patterns, esterase phenotypes and species-specific PCR, three Meloidogyne species were identified: 60% of the fields were infested with Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica was reported in 42.9% of the areas, whereas M. hapla was detected in 17.1% of carrot fields. Mixed populations were reported in 20% of the areas with a predominance of M. incognita + M. javanica. The combination of morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques is a useful approach to identify RKN species. Key words: Daucus carota, integrative taxonomy, isozyme phenotypes, species-specific PCR. Distribuição de espécies de Meloidogyne em cenoura no Brasil RESUMO: Os nematoides-das-galhas (RKN - Meloidogyne spp.) são uma das mais sérias ameaças à produção de cenoura no mundo. -
Meloidogyne Chitwoodi
EPPO quarantine pest Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests Meloidogyne chitwoodi IDENTITY Name:Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & Finley Taxonomic position: Nematoda: Meloidogynidae Common names: Columbia root-knot nematode (English) Nématode cécidogène du Columbia (French) Bayer computer code: MELGCH EPPO A2 list: No. 227 HOSTS M. chitwoodi has a wide host range among several plant families (Santo et al., 1980; O'Bannon et al., 1982), including crop plants and common weed species. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) are good hosts, while barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), oats (Avena sativa), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and various Poaceae (grasses and weeds) will maintain the nematode. Moderate to poor hosts occur in the Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Umbelliferae and Vitaceae. Capsicum annuum and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica) are not hosts of M. chitwoodi. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) is a good host for race 2 but not for race 1, whereas carrots (Daucus carota) are a non-host for race 2 but a good host for race 1. Ferris et al. (1994), investigating suitable crops for rotation with potato in the presence of race 1 in USA, recommend Amaranthus, lucerne, rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera), Raphanus sativus var. oleifera and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). In the Netherlands, host crops recorded to be attacked by M. chitwoodi are carrots, cereals, maize, peas (Pisum sativum), Phaseolus vulgaris, potatoes, Scorzonera hispanica, sugarbeet and tomatoes (OEPP/EPPO, 1991). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION M. chitwoodi was first described from the Pacific Northwest of the USA in 1980, its common name deriving from the Columbia River between Oregon and Washington states. -
Résumés Des Communications Et Posters Présentés Lors Du Xviiie Symposium International De La Société Européenne Des Nématologistes
Résumés des communications et posters présentés lors du XVIIIe Symposium International de la Société Européenne des Nématologistes. Antibes,. France, 7-12 septembre' 1986. Abrantes, 1. M. de O. & Santos, M. S. N. de A. - Egg Alphey, T. J. & Phillips, M. S. - Integrated control of the production bv Meloidogyne arenaria on two host plants. potato cyst nimatode Globoderapallida using low rates of A Portuguese population of Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, nematicide and partial resistors. 1889) Chitwood, 1949 race 2 was maintained on tomato cv. Rutgers in thegreenhouse. The objective of Our investigation At the present time there are no potato genotypes which was to determine the egg production by M. arenaria on two have absolute resistance to the potato cyst nematode (PCN), host plants using two procedures. In Our experiments tomato Globodera pallida. Partial resistance to G. pallida has been bred into cultivars of potato from Solanum vemei cv. Rutgers and balsam (Impatiens walleriana Hooketfil.) corn-mercial seedlings were inoculated withO00 5 eggs per plant.The plants and S. tuberosum ssp. andigena CPC 2802. Field experiments ! were harvested 60 days after inoculation and the eggs were havebeen undertaken to study the interactionbetween nematicide and partial resistance with respect to control of * separated from roots by the following two procedures: 1) eggs were collected by dissolving gelatinous matrices in a NaOCl PCN and potato yield. In this study potato genotypes with solution at a concentration of either 0.525 %,1.05 %,1.31 %, partial resistance derived from S. vemei were grown on land 1.75 % or 2.62 %;2) eggs were extracted comminuting the infested with G. -
Diagnostic Methods for Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes Species from Brazil
Ciência Rural, Santa Maria,Diagnostic v.48: methods 02, e20170449, for identification 2018 of root-knot nematodes specieshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170449 from Brazil. 1 ISSNe 1678-4596 CROP PROTECTION Diagnostic methods for identification of root-knot nematodes species from Brazil Tiago Garcia da Cunha1 Liliane Evangelista Visôtto2* Everaldo Antônio Lopes1 Claúdio Marcelo Gonçalves Oliveira3 Pedro Ivo Vieira Good God1 1Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Rio Paranaíba, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brasil. 2Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Rio Paranaíba, 38810-000, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. *Corresponding author. 3Instituto Biológico, Campinas, SP, Brasil. ABSTRACT: The accurate identification of root-knot nematode (RKN) species (Meloidogyne spp.) is essential for implementing management strategies. Methods based on the morphology of adults, isozymes phenotypes and DNA analysis can be used for the diagnosis of RKN. Traditionally, RKN species are identified by the analysis of the perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes. For both procedures, mature females are required. Over the last few decades, accurate and rapid molecular techniques have been validated for RKN diagnosis, including eggs, juveniles and adults as DNA sources. Here, we emphasized the methods used for diagnosis of RKN, including emerging molecular techniques, focusing on the major species reported in Brazil. Key words: DNA, esterase, Meloidogyne, molecular biology, morphological pattern. Métodos diagnósticos usados na identificação de espécies do nematoide das galhas do Brasil RESUMO: A identificação acurada de espécies do nematoide das galhas (NG) (Meloidogyne spp.) é essencial para a implementação de estratégias de manejo. -
Prioritising Plant-Parasitic Nematode Species Biosecurity Risks Using Self Organising Maps
Prioritising plant-parasitic nematode species biosecurity risks using self organising maps Sunil K. Singh, Dean R. Paini, Gavin J. Ash & Mike Hodda Biological Invasions ISSN 1387-3547 Volume 16 Number 7 Biol Invasions (2014) 16:1515-1530 DOI 10.1007/s10530-013-0588-7 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media Dordrecht. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Biol Invasions (2014) 16:1515–1530 DOI 10.1007/s10530-013-0588-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Prioritising plant-parasitic nematode species biosecurity risks using self organising maps Sunil K. Singh • Dean R. Paini • Gavin J. Ash • Mike Hodda Received: 25 June 2013 / Accepted: 12 November 2013 / Published online: 17 November 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Abstract The biosecurity risks from many plant- North and Central America, Europe and the Pacific parasitic nematode (PPN) species are poorly known with very similar PPN assemblages to Australia as a and remain a major challenge for identifying poten- whole. -
Organic Acids of Ditylenchus Triformis and Turbatrix Aceti 1
Organic Acids of Ditylenchus triformis and Turbatrix aceti 1 JESSICA M. CASTILLO AND L. R. KRUSBERG 2 Abstract: Pyruvic acid, lactic acid and several tricarboxylic acid cycle acids were extracted from Ditylenchus tri]ormis and Turbatrix aceti and identified. Fumaric acid was predominant in both nematodes. Small amounts of malic and ,~-ketoglutaric acids and intermediate quantities of lactic, citric, succinic, and pyruvic acids occurred in D. trilormis. In T. aceti citric, lactic, and a-ketoglutaric acids were less abundant than succinic, malic and pyruvic acids. Only traces of aconitic and oxalacetic acids occurred in both nematodes. All the organic acids detected accounted for only about one per cent of the dry weight of nematodes of the two species. Key Words: Tricarboxylic acid cycle acids. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA-cycle) obligate aerobe which thrives in fermenting has been studied in only a few species of cultures. nematodes, mostly animal parasites. Evi- dence for the presence of this cycle in nema- MATERIALS AND METHODS todes has been obtained by various means, Ditylenchus triformis originally isolated such as: detecting enzyme activities in nem- from soil and maintained in laboratory cul- atode preparations (4, 5, 6, 9, 14), deter- ture for 10 years was cultured on the fungus mining TCA-cycle acids in nematodes (3, Pyrenochaeta terrestris growing on potato 22), testing the ability of intact nematodes dextrose agar in 26 C. Four- to six-week-old or nematode homogenates to utilize different cultures were harvested by modified Baer- TCA-cycle intermediates (5, 12, 21), using mann funnel. Turbatrix aceti was propagated inhibitors of specific enzyme systems and axenically in liquid medium containing 3% respiratory metabolism in nematodes (5, 13, yeast extract, 4% soy peptone, 2% (v/v) 14), and determining incorporation of 14C glacial acetic acid and 5% (v/v) fresh beef from labelled substrates into TCA-cycle in- liver extract. -
17 1 004 016 Saaristo Obituary Eng.PM6
Arthropoda Selecta 17 (12): 416 © ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 2008 Obituary. Íåêðîëîã Michael Ilmari Saaristo (19382008) Michael Ilmari Saaristo was born in Viipuri (Vi- terfly and moth) collecting. These and fishing remained borg, Vyborg), Karelia (now part of Russia), 1 Septem- his incessant hobbies. His scientific studies started with ber 1938, and he died in Turku, 27 April 2008. Most a revision of mayfly genus Caenis, but soon he turned friends and many colleagues knew him as Mikko. into spiders. He said that spiders, as morphologically His father was Toivo Ilmari (nicknamed Ipa) Saaris- very interesting animals, attracted him to start working to and mother Lidia Saaristo. Michael was married to with them. Michael was excellent scientific artist and Eila, and they have daughter Heli and son Juha, and he made the majority of drawings in Pekka T. Lehtin- two grandchildren. Michael graduated from high school ens dissertation (1967), and also drawings for some in Tampere in 1960. He studied in the Department of other papers by Lehtinen. Michael presented his draw- Biology, University of Turku, and received his MSc in ing methods in the 4th International Congress of Arach- 1968 and his PhD in 1977 (thesis: Secondary genital nology, Paris, in 1968 (abstract in the Proceedings, p. organs in the taxonomy of Lepthyphantinae (Araneae, 188). His first arachnological paper was a revision of Linyphiidae)) and received a docentship in 1979. the linyphiid genus Maro (1971). His research and Almost all of Michaels carrier was connected with publishing in spider taxonomy and systematics were the University of Turku. He started as a Teaching most active in the 1970s, and again from the early Assistant and Lecturer in Zoology in 1966.