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Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ) Amer J of Potato Res (2006) 83:1-8 1 Development and Evaluation of Potato Breeding Lines with Introgressed Resistance to Columbia Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi ) C. R. Brown 1., H. Mojtahedi 1, S. James 2, R. G. Novy 3, and S. Love 4 ~USDA/ARS,Prosser, WA, USA 2Oregon State University, Central Oregon Experiment Station, Madras, OR, USA 3USDA/ARS,Aberdeen, ID, USA 4University of Idaho, Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID, USA *Corresponding author: Tel: 509-786-9252; Fax: 509-786-9277; Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT of the nematode to reproduce on the root systems, was sufficiently effective to prevent economic damage in a Columbia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne chit- field exposure. All CRN-resistant clones are pollen ster- woodi) (CRN) is a serious pest of potato in the Pacific fie. Germplasm listed is available upon request. Northwest of the USA. Because this nematode can repro- duce rapidly within a single growing season, small initial RESUMEN populations are capable of causing crop loss in the Columbia Basin of Washington or Oregon. Presently, soil E1 nematodo del nudo de Columbia (Meloidogyne fumigation is the main treatment for controlling CRN on chitwoodi) (CRN), es un pardsito serio de la papa en la potato. Developing potato varieties with resistance to zona del Pacifico noroeste de los EUA. Poblaciones ini- CRN is highly desirable to reduce the cost of control and ciales pequefias son capaces de ocasionar la p6rdida del to alleviate concerns about the effects of fumigants on cultivo, debido a la h~bilidad de este nematodo a repro- the environment. Resistance to CRN race I was found in ducirse r~pidamente dentro de un mismo periodo de cul- two wild Solanum species. Resistance from S. bulbocas- tivo en los valles de Columbia de Washington u Oregon. tanum was introduced via protoplast fusion and from S. Actualmente, la fumigaci6n del suelo es el principal hougasii via sexual hybridization. Subsequent breeding m6todo de control del CRN de la papa. E1 desarrollo de consisted of repeated backcrossing and selection. The resistencia al CRN es muy deseable para reducir los cos- dominant monogenic inheritance was expressed in undi- tos de control y la preocupaci6n que se tiene de los fumi- minished fashion across several backcross generations. gantes sobre el medio ambiente. Se encontr6 resistencia When tested in replicated trials in three locations, a la traza 1 del CRN en dos especies sflvestres de selected resistant clones from the BC 4 and BC5 of the S. Solanum spp. La resistencia de S. bulbocastanum se bulbocastanum introgression populations had total introdujo por fusi6n de protoplastos y la de S. hougasii marketable yields and yields of >113-g (4 oz) tubers as por hibridaci6n sexual. Las siguientes pruebas de mejo- good or better than standard potato varieties tested in ramiento consistieron en retrocruzas repetidas y selec- replicated yield trials in three locations. Percenhage of ci6n. La herencia monog6nica dominante fue expresada tubers weighing more than 113 g in the highest yielding a lo largo de varias generaciones de retrocruza. Cuando clones was not significantly different from commercial se hicieron pruebas mdltiples en tres localidades, los standards. The resistance phenotype, typified by failure clones resistentes seleccionados de BC 4 y BC 5 de la poblaci6n de introgresi6n de S. bulbocastanum tuvo un Accepted for publication 3 June 2005. rendimiento total comerciable de tub6rculos por encima ADDITIONALIx~Y WORDS: breeding, germplasm, nematode resistance, Solanum bulbocastanum, Solarium hougasii, Solanum tuberosum, de los 113g (4 onzas), tan bueno o mejor que las var- Meloidogyne chitwoodi iedades estdndar de papa evaluadas en pruebas de 2 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH Vol. 83 rendimiento con repeticiones en tres localidades. E1 (Brown et al. 1989, 1994, 1995, 2003). Janssen et al. (1996, porcentaje de tub~rculos con pesos mayores a los 113 1997) have also identified resistance to CRN and a newly gramos en el clon de mayor rendimiento, no mostr6 named root-knot nematode, M. fallax Karssen 1996 discovered diferencia significativa en comparaci6n con los estfin- in the Netherlands, in S. bulbocastanum, S. hougasii, and S. dares comerciales. La resistencia del fenotipo, tipificado fendleri Asa Gray. Not long after initiation of the screening por la falta de reproducci6n del nematodo en los sis- program, it was recognized that CRN consisted of two host temas de raices, rue suficientemente efectiva para pre- races (Santo and Pinkerton 1985) and a pathotype (Mojtahedi venir el dafio econ6mico en la exposici6n de campo. et al. 1994). Host race 1, which appears to be the most preva- Todos los clones resistentes CRN son de polen est~rfl. E1 lent race, falls to reproduce on alfalfa, whereas the race 2 col- germoplasma incluido en la lista est~ disponible para onizes it. A pathotype population that was isolated only once quien 1o solicite. from California was capable of overcoming the known resis- tant genes in S. bulbocastanum, S. hougasii, and S. fendleri INTRODUCTION (Mojtahedi et al. 1994). Successive passages of surviving M. chitwoodi (race 1) progeny reared on resistant S. fend/er/in Columbia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi, the laboratory lead to an increased virulence ofM. chitwoodi Golden et al. 1980) (CRN) is a serious pest of potato, causing on resistant genotypes (Janssen et al. 1998). It is noteworthy galling of the tubers and blemishes in the tuber flesh. The that resistance to race 2 of CRN was not transmitted to and nenmtode penetrates the roots, establishes a feeding site, and thus far has not been introgressed into cultivated potato passes through several molts before producing an egg mass breeding lines (Brown et al. 1995). However, a successful that is extruded into the soil medium. Upon eclosion, J2 larvae introgression program was carried on for several backcross re-infest roots or enter tubers at 900-degree days accumulated cycles for resistance against CRN race 1. Pm assessment of post-planting (base temperature of 6 C) when lenticels are agronomic performance and resistance in germplasm derived developed on tubers (Pinkerton et al. 1991). The nematodes from S. bulbocastanum Dun. (P1275187) and S. hougasii Corr. mature, producing egg masses, which in turn cause visible (PI 161726) in several backcross generations is presented here. small brown dots in the tuber flesh. Accompanying this is the formation of galls on the tuber surface. Columbia root-knot MATERIALS AND METHODS nematode can reproduce up to five reproductive cycles on potato root system in the long, warm growing season of the Derivation of Genetic Materials Columbia Basin during which invasion of bullring tubers is The two sources of resistance were introgressed into the continuous. The most common rotation crops (e.g., wheat, cultivated gene pool through backcrossing. Solarium bulbo- corn, and carrot) are good hosts for CRN and ~ll not depress castanum accession 275187 (SB22) was hybridized with culti- the field population. Due to activity at lower temperatures, vated S. tuberosum by means of protoplast fusion (Austin et very small initial populations of CRN (one second-stage al. 1993). The somatic hybrid and selected BC1 were evaluated, juvenile/250 cm:~ soil at planting) are sufficient to damage a found to be resistant to CRN race 1, and constituted the source potato crop in the Pacific Northwest of the United States material to begin successive backcrosses (Brown et al. 1989, (PNW) (Santo et al. 1981). Thus the only defenses against CRN 1994, 1995, 2003). Resistance was attributed to a dominant are to use effective chemical fumigants, or to develop resistant monogene, RM¢l(blb), and mapped to the upper arm of chro- potato varieties through breeding. mosome 11 (Brown et al. 1996). Resistance to host races Currently no commercially available potato varieties derived from S. hougasii (PI 161726) was identified and the express economically viable resistance to CRN. In 1987, a inheritance was attributed to a single monogene mapped to a germplasm enhancement project was initiated by the USDA/ sinfilar location on chromosome 11 (Brown et al. 1991, 1999, ARS breeding program at Prosser, WA, with assistance from 2003). A summary of the pedigree developmen~t for materials USDA/ARS (Aberdeen, ID), University of Idaho, and Oregon tested is presented in Figure. 1. Two sources of resistance are State University scientists, to develop resistance to CRN. depicted. The initial hybrid with S. bulbocastanum was incor- Resistance genes were identified in wild Solanum species porated into the cultivated-type through subsequent back- 2006 BROWN et al.: M. CHITWOODI RESISTANT BREEDING LINES 3 crosses that were always performed with the resistant parent materials were challenged with race 1 in pot tests, and natural as the female parent owing to complete pollen sterility. race 1 infestation in field screening at IAREC. Seed tubers for Selected materials from the third, fourth, and fifth backcross the yield trials were produced from virus-indexed seed tubers generations were yield tested. The S. hougasii source of resis- grown at the Oregon State University, Central Oregon Experi- tance (PI 162726-5 = 95A2.5 in Figure 1) was initially intro- ment Station facility in Powell Butte, OR. duced via sexual hybridization. Only one BC.~ selection from the S. hougasii source was included in the yield trial, RF value, Yield Trials and field damage studies. Crosses were made at the Yield trials were conducted at three locations in 2003: the USDA/ARS Prosser facility; tuber families were grown in the USDA/ARS-Paterson Systems Research site at Paterson, Wash- greenhouse at the USDA/ARS, University of Idaho, Aberdeen ington, and Pear Acres and the Roza Unit of the WSU-IAREC. facility. Single hills and 12-hill plots were grown and used as a Details of trials and conditions are shown in Table 1.
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