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Host Status of Selected Crops to Meloidogyne Chitwoodi

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Host Status of Selected Crops to Meloidogyne Chitwoodi Supplement to Journal of Nematology 25(4S):849--857. 1993. © The Society of Nematologists 1993. Host Status of Selected Crops to Meloidogyne chitwoodi H. FERRIS, 1 H. L. CARLSON, 2 D. R. VIGLIERCHIO, 1 B. B. WESTERDAHL, 1 F. W. WU, 1 C. E. ANDERSON, 1 A. JUURMA,1 AND D. W. KIRBY 2 Abstract: Various crops were tested in greenhouse and field trials for their potential utility in the rotation sequence in the potato cropping system in Meloidogyne chitwoodi-infested soils of the Klamath Basin in northeastern California and southern Oregon. Two Solarium accessions from the Interna- tional Potato Center in Peru were potential sources of resistance to M. chitwoodi. Cultivars of barley, oat, rye, wheat, and white lupine were maintenance hosts, supporting the nematode population at its current level without substantial increase or decline. Poor to nonhosts to race 1 of the nematode included cuhivars of alfalfa, amaranth, oilseed radish, oilseed rape, and safflower. These crops have potential for inclusion in the cropping system but are subject to various constraints, including frost sensitivity and availability of markets. Sugarbeet, a new crop in the area, is a maintenance or better host of M. chitwoodi. Potato, tomato, and sunflower are excellent hosts. Key words: alfalfa, amaranth, cereal, maintenance host, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, nematode, nonhost, oilseed radish, oilseed rape, poor host, potato, Pratylenchus neglectus, safflower, sugarbeet, sunflower, tomato. The Columbia root-knot nematode, straints in the Klamath Basin have limited Meloidogyne chitwoodi, is a major pest of po- current rotation crops to alfalfa (Medicago tato (Solanum tuberosum) in the northwest- sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgate). Both ern United States, including the potato crops are economically questionable for production regions of Colorado, Idaho, the cropping system, especially in short- Utah, Washington, and the Klamath Basin term rotations, and are used primarily for of northern California and southern Ore- agronomic benefits. Unfortunately, barley gon (22). The Klamath Basin is a high is a host of the Columbia root-knot nema- desert environment with a relatively short tode, and alfalfa, although a nonhost to growing season (around 120 days) charac- the prevalent biotype (race 1), is a host to a terized by warm days and cool nights. second biotype (race 2) and to another Frost can occur on any night during the root-knot nematode that occurs in the growing season. The season length is con- area, M. hapla (15,23). Both crops are hosts strained by snow-cover and frozen soils of the lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglec- during the winter. tus, which often occurs with M. chitwoodi The damage caused by M. chitwoodi in (5,7,13,25). potatoes is a nematode-induced blemish of There have been several studies to de- the tubers, which reduces their value and termine the host status of crops grown in marketability. Field experiments show lit- the M. chitwoodi-infested areas of Washing- tle evidence of yield reduction caused by ton and Utah, and of potential alternate the direct effect of the nematode popula- crops for those areas (6,8-12,14-18,20, tion on crop growth (4,19). One strategy 21,24). Recently, Brown et al. (1) identified for the management of the Columbia root- sources of resistance to M. chitwoodi in wild knot nematode, and the reduction of its Solanum species and successfully intro- potential damage to potato crops, is the duced the genes into potato breeding use of nonhost or resistant crops in the ro- clones. The objectives of our studies were tation. Season length and marketing con- to determine the host status and suscepti- bility to nematode damage of candidate ro- tation crops for the Klamath Basin. Received for publication 29 January 1993. i Professor and Nematologist, Nematologist Emeritus, Ex- tension Nematologist, Staff Research Associates, and former Staff Research Associate, Department of Nematology, Uni- MATERIALS AND METHODS versity of California, Davis, CA 95616. 2 Director and Staff Research Associate, University of Cal- ifornia Intermountain Research and Extension Center, Tule- Greenhouse evaluations: Seeds of 49 culti- lake, CA 96134. vars representing 11 crop species were 849 850 Journal of Nematology, Volume 25, Supplement to December 1993 germinated and transplanted into 473-ml Solanum accessions of the International Po- cups of sterilized sandy soil. Each cup was tato Center in Lima, Peru, provided by Dr. infested with an initial population (Pi) of Parviz Jatala, were screened for resistance 1,275 freshly hatched juveniles (J2) of M. to M. chitwoodi. The accessions had tested chitwoodi race 1 from a greenhouse culture resistant to one or more species of Meloi- of a Klamath Basin population. The crop dogyne through the International Meloi- species included in the test were alfalfa, dogyne Project (North Carolina State Uni- Amaranthus spp., barley, oat (Arena sativa), versity, Raleigh, NC). Plants were grown in oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus), tomato styrofoam cups and infested with 1,000 M. (Lycopersicon esculentum), rye (Secale cereale), chitwoodi per cup. After 90 days, plant safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), sunflower vigor and condition were visually rated. (Helianthus annuus), wheat (Triticum aesti- Root systems were washed from the soil vum), and white lupine (Lupinus albus). and weighed, and a 20-g subsample of the Each cnltivar was replicated eight times, root system was placed in a mist chamber. and the plants were irrigated with dilute After 1 week, M. chitwoodi J2 were Hoagland's nutrient solution via an auto- counted. Root-gall indices were not as- mated drip system. sessed due to the difficulty of detecting the The experiment was terminated in two very small galls caused by this nematode stages due to resource and equipment con- on potato roots. straints. Four replications of each treat- Field evaluation: Candidate alternate ment were terminated after 68 days, and short-growing-season crops that had the remainder after 76 days. Tops were proved to be nonhosts or poor hosts of M. cut off the plants at soil level and weighed. chitwoodi in greenhouse trials, or related Root systems were washed from the soil cultivars of crops adapted to Klamath Ba- and rated for galling on a 0-100 scale (3). sin conditions, were tested for host status Each root system was also weighed, and a and agronomic characteristics in four field 20-g subsample was placed in a mist cham- trials. The 1988 field test was a random- ber. After 1 week, J2 of M. chitwoodi were ized complete block with three replications collected and counted. (3.7 m x 15.2 m plot sizes). The crops were Final nematode population densities irrigated (I) or nonirrigated (N) as appro- (Pf), root-gall indices, J2 per gram of root, priate to the plant species. Crops included and multiplication factors (R, where R = in the test were lupine (cv. Sweetwhite) (I Pf/Pi) were subjected to analysis of vari- and N), oilseed rape (Brassica campestris cv. ance blocked for the two termination Cascade) (I and N), safflower (cv. Suntech dates. Based on the R values, we defined Exp3033) (N), barley (cv. Briggs and four categories of host. Excellent hosts Klages) (I), wheat (cv. Fieldwin) (I), pea supported substantial increases in the (Pisum a,vense cv. Austrian Winter) (I), a nematode population (R > 10), good hosts summer fallow (I and N), and a summer supported moderate increases in the fallow followed by a fall cover crop (I). The nematode population (I0 > R > i), main- experiment was established in a field site tenance hosts supported the population following potatoes, where the M. chitwoodi without substantial increases or declines (R population was judged to be relatively uni- close to 1), and poor to nonhosts resulted form based on preliminary soil samples. Pi in substantial population decreases (R < was measured across the experimental site, 1). For convenience of presentation and but not in individual plots. Pf was mea- utility of the information, data were rean- sured in each plot at the end of the grow- alyzed by crop species to distinguish differ- ing season. In 1989, potatoes were grown ences among cultivars of a given crop. in all plots, and Pf and tuber blemish rat- Means were separated by Duncan's multi- ings were assessed at harvest of the potato ple-range test. crop. In three additional greenhouse trials, Population assessment for each plot at Crop Host Status, Meloidogyne chitwoodi: Ferris et al. 851 each sampling period was based on two RESULTS composite samples of 2.5-cm-d soil cores taken 30 cm deep. Soil samples were hand Greenhouse evaluations: Crop species and mixed, and nematodes were extracted cultivars differed in their host status to M. from a 350-cm 3 subsample by two pro- chitwoodi (Table 1). Tomato cv. Columbian cesses. A semiautomatic elutriator was was an excellent host with a high R value used to separate the subsample into a and heavy galling. The three alfalfa culti- root-organic matter fraction retained on a vars tested were nonhosts, with gall ratings 40-mesh (367-p~m-pore) sieve, and a frac- less than 1 and R values less than 0.1 over tion retained on a 400-mesh (38-~m-pore) the 10-week period, Six cultivars of Ama- sieve. The root-organic matter fraction ranthus spp., representing A. caudatus, A. was placed in a mist chamber for 5 days to hypochondriacus, and A. cruentus, were non- allow egg hatch and emergence of motile hosts, and one cultivar was rated as a poor endoparasitic stages. The latter fraction host (cv. UC275 ofA. retroflexus). Two cul- was subjected to sucrose-centrifugation in tivars of barley were hosts and supported 1 M sucrose solution (2). Population levels the nematode population (cvs. Steptoe and ofM. chitwoodi and P. neglectus in each sam- Wocus 71), while cv.
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