DOCSLIB.ORG

Inspire the Future

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inspire the Future INSPIRE THE FUTURE TO MOVE THE WORLD Under the slogan Inspire the future to move the world, the National Commission of Bioethics of Mexico (CONBIOETICA) organized, from June nd to th, the th World Congress of Bioethics, which gathered the world-renowned experts, researchers and scholars in the eld. This event made it possible to address the leading tendencies in the eld of Bioethics, their development and application, as well as to strengthen actions that may help to spread Bioethical knowledge in research, teaching and healthcare among experts and the general population. The themes addressed in the congress were grouped into four main categories: Global Health, Science, Society, and the Individual. INSPIRE THE FUTURE TO MOVE THE WORLD INSPIRE THE FUTURE TO MOVE THE WORLD Th World Congress of Bioethics: Inspire The Future To Move The World First edition 2015 2015 Comisión Nacional de Bioética/Secretaría de Salud Calzada Arenal No. 134, col. Arenal Tepepan, C.P. 14610, Deleg. Tlalpan, México, D.F. Phone: +52 55 54872760 http://conbioetica-mexico.salud.gob.mx ISBN: 978-607-460-475-7 Edited by: Manuel Hugo Ruiz de Chávez Guerrero Raúl Jiménez Piña David Koepsell Proofreading coordinator: José Manuel Lozoya Pacheco Proofreading: Aideé Orozco Pérez, América Nelly Pérez Manjarrez, Ángeles Marina Adame Gayosso, Edén González Roldán, Eduardo Casillas González, Gabriela Pineda Hernández, Gustavo Olaiz Barragán, Karla Gabriela Sánchez Villanueva, Mario Patricio Silva Schütte, Marisa Valdés Fernández, Miguel Ángel Morales Gutiérrez, Sandra Lizbeth Carrizosa Guzmán. Design: EDITARTE www.editarte.com.mx Printed and made in Mexico Editor’s note: The views expressed on this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the point of view of the National Bioethics Commission of Mexico. All images and pictures were taken from the authors’ presentations. It was considered best to keep the original sense of the plenary sessions´ lectures. Consequently, these are published in the language they were delivered, which is also, why some of them appear in English or Spanish, and only a style review was made -barely correcting slip-ups in the spoken discourse. CONTENT Presentation Foreword Acknowledgments Preface . The World Congress of Bioethics The th World Congress of Bioethics . Opening Session . Mercedes Juan Secretary of Health, Mexico .. Manuel H Ruiz de Chávez President of the 12th World Congress of Bioethics . Søren Holm President of the International Association of Bioethics . Key Note Sessions .. Crossover - session a. Ruth Macklin Health, Safety, and Women’s Human Rights 33 b. Søren Holm Families, Obligations and Genetics 38 . Session a. Introduction 41 b. Tom Beauchamp Why We Need the System of Research Ethics We Have and How It Needs to Change? 44 c. Norman Daniels What are the Roles of the Courts and Health Systems in the Progressive Realization of a Right to Health? 51 d. Julio Frenk Mora Ethical Foundations of Health Policy 57 . Session a. Introduction 64 b. Christine Grady The US Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues and Compensation for Research Related Injury 67 c. Juan Ramón de la Fuente Medicine and Human Values 74 d. Jonathan D. Moreno Mind Wars: Brain Science and the Military in the 21st Century 80 e. Amar Jesani New Clinical Trials (CTs) Regulations in India: Bioethics Learns Through Engagement and Confl ict 87 . Session a. Introduction 94 b. María Casado Ethics Committees: From Protector to Legitimizers 97 c. Peter Kemp The Irreplaceable: A Fundamental Principle of Bioethics 104 d. Juliana González Philosophical Perspectives on Bioethics 111 . Session a. Introduction 117 b. José Ramón Cossío Propuestas para la regulación del tratamiento de las muestras biológicas y los datos genéticos humanos 120 c. Maria do Céu Patrão Neves The New European Regulation on Clinical Trials 126 d. Ruth Faden HeLa Cells, Social Justice and the Ethics of Science 133 . Session a. Introduction 140 b. Andrew Haines Climate Change and Human Health Ethical Challenges 143 c. José Sarukhán Elements of an Environmental Ethics 149 d. Evandro Agazzi Bioethics as a New Paradigm of Ethics for the Contemporary World 155 . Session a. Introduction 159 b. Eduardo Matos Moctezuma Los estudios faunísticos en el Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlán 162 c. Carlos Viesca Treviño Human Body in Ancient Mexico’s World View 165 d. Patrick Johansson The Aztec Cosmovision of Death before the Conquest 169 . Session a. Introduction 175 b. Adolfo Martínez Palomo Disability and the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights 178 c. Carlos Alonso Bedate The Triple Helix for a Global Health Care 184 d. Florencia Luna Reproductive Rights; still a Pending Issue in Latin America 191 . Session a. Introduction 198 b. John Harris Mind Reading 200 c. Carlos María Romeo Casabona New Challenges for Genetic Information Management in Research and Clinics 205 d. Gilbert Hottois Is Transhumanism a Humanism? 212 e. Nicholas Agar Moral Insurance for Utilitarians 219 . Session of the Council of the . Satellite meetings . Feminist Approaches to Bioethics () Congress . Early Career International Bioethics Scholars’ Workshop . Revived Global Forum for Bioethics in Research . Conference on Bioethics, Public Health and Peace for Indigenous People . Symposia, Oral & Poster presentations .. Themes addressed . Abstracts delivered by World Region . Cultural Activity . Closing ceremony . Presidential Address Søren Holm . Prizes and awards . Next Venue: Edinburgh . Closing remarks Manuel H Ruiz de Chávez Contributors Presentations delivered PRESENTATION Resulta muy grato para México haber albergado el 12° Congreso Mundial de Bioética y para la Secretaría de Salud de México reviste un gran honor y, al mismo tiempo, representa una especial oportunidad ser el anfi trión de este magno evento, en donde se han dado cita los más destacados especialistas, investigadores y estudiosos de la bioética de todo en el mundo. En un contexto como el que caracteriza nuestro tiempo, lo local y lo global guardan una innegable correlación. El conocimiento científi co y sus aplicaciones tecnológicas, principalmente en el terreno de la medicina y la salud, aunque en otros territorios del saber también ocurre, tienen una determinante infl uencia en todo espacio de vida y un impacto que se desborda también en lo económico, en lo político y en lo social en su más amplio sentido. Es por ello que la realización del 12º Congreso Mundial de Bioética en la Ciudad de México, ha sido crucial para ensanchar el horizonte temático de la bioética, poner en la palestra su importancia individual y social, así como abrir cauces para actuar bajo principios que antepongan los fundamentos y conocimientos bioéticos. El Congreso representó una oportunidad única para que la sociedad, los estudiosos del área y otros interesados se acerquen a la bioética por medio de uno de los eventos con la mayor tradición contemporánea en la materia en el contexto internacional. La edición de este nuevo encuentro guarda un particular interés, pues se realiza de nuevo en el continente americano después demás de una década y, en particular, en un país latinoamericano como México, que ha desplegado un esfuerzo muy signifi cativo por ir consolidando este campo de conocimiento en el país en diversos órdenes. Entre varios de los propósitos que se cumplieron en esta edición, vale la pena destacar el contacto e intercambio de información entre 11 INSPIRE THE FUTURE TO MOVE THE WORLD aquellos que trabajan en bioética en diferentes partes del mundo; organizar y promover conferencias de bioética internacionales periódicas; promover el desarrollo de la enseñanza e investigación en bioética y, por supuesto, defender el valor de un diálogo libre, abierto y razonado sobre temas de bioética. El Congreso ha sido, sin duda, una gran oportunidad para dar a conocer los proyectos y avances en bioética que se han realizado durante los últimos años. Del mismo modo, permitió una amplia retroalimentación y deliberación incluyente que generará aportaciones importantes tanto para nuestro país como para la región de las Américas y el mundo en general. ◗ Mercedes Juan Secretaria de Salud de México 12 FOREWORD Under the slogan Inspire the future to move the world, the National Bioethics Commission of Mexico (CONBIOÉTICA) organized, from June 25th to 28th, the 12th World Congress of Bioethics; this event served to address leading trends in the fi eld of bioethics, their development and application, as well as to strengthen actions that may help to spread Bioethical knowledge in research, teaching and healthcare among experts and the general population. For these purposes more than 1,200 persons from 72 countries from 5 continents were convened. This achievement was based on the tireless labor of the National Bioethics Commission of Mexico (CONBIOÉTICA) Bioethics is a fi eld in which numerous professionals and experts engage in an ongoing investigation into the proper duties of society and medical professionals to life. Centered largely on duties to human subjects in both research and clinical care, bioethics has been enlarging its domain for decades, encompassing now questions of duties to animals, ecosystems, and nature in general. Because of its extensive reach, for its progressive growth we depend upon constant questioning, new ideas, and challenging cases. Given the rapid pace of technological and societal change, there is never any dearth of material to explore and every international conference
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Julio Frenk, MD, MPH, Phd Free and Open to the Public Who Will Speak on “Globalization and Health: Risks and Opportunities on Our Common Border”
    THE UNIVERSI T Y OF ARIZON A ® ® The James E. Dalen, MD, MPH Distinguished Visiting Professor Lecture Series Inaugural Lecture Please join renowned health policy scholar and former Minister of Health of Mexico Wednesday May 7, 2008 4 pm – 5 pm Reception Following Drachman Hall Room B109 Julio Frenk, MD, MPH, PhD Free and Open to the Public who will speak on “Globalization and Health: Risks and Opportunities On Our Common Border” For more information Dr. Julio Frenk served as Minister of Health of Mexico from 2000 to 2006. His admini- please contact: stration was involved in an ambitious effort to provide universal health insurance. Dr. Donna Knight Frenk currently divides his time between Seattle and Mexico City. In Seattle, he serves (520) 626-6459 [email protected] as Senior Fellow at the Global Health Program of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and is also the Chairman of the Board of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington. In Mexico City, he is the President of the CARSO Health Institute, a new foundation focusing on health-systems innovations in Latin America. Sponsored by: Prior to joining the Mexican government, Dr. Frenk held positions as executive director of evidence and information policy at the World Health Organization (WHO), executive vice president of the Mexican Health Foundation, and founding director-general of Mexico’s National Institute of Public Health. Dr. Frenk obtained his medical degree from the National University of Mexico in 1979. He also holds a Ph.D. in medical care organization and sociology, a Master of Public Health degree, and a Master of Arts degree in sociology from the University of Michigan.
    [Show full text]
  • VII. STANDING COMMITTEES A. Academic and Student Affairs
    A–3 VII. STANDING COMMITTEES A. Academic and Student Affairs Committee Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Board Reappointments RECOMMENDED ACTION It is the recommendation of the University President and the Academic and Student Affairs Committee that the Board of Regents make the following reappointments to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) Board: Reappointments Lincoln Chen 7/1/11 to 6/30/13 Harvey Fineberg 7/1/11 to 6/30/13 Julio Frenk 7/1/11 to 6/30/14 Jane Halton 7/1/11 to 6/30/14 Peter Piot 6/1/10 to 6/30/13 Srinath Reddy 7/1/11 to 6/30/12 David Roux 7/1/11 to 6/30/14 Endang Rahayu Sedyaningsih 6/1/10 to 6/30/13 Tomris Turmen 7/1/11 to 6/30/13 BACKGROUND Article I, section 1.1 of the IHME Board Bylaws states “The Board shall consist of nine (9) members. The Board members shall be appointed by the Board of Regents from nominations submitted by the President. The Chair of the Board of Regents shall appoint the Chair of the Board. Four members shall be from key global health institutions but shall serve in their individual capacity, four members shall be eminent scientists or policy makers from around the world, and the Chair of the Board shall be a leading figure with a scientific background and substantial leadership experience with health policy programs. The term of office of each appointed Board member shall be three years. No appointed Board member may serve more than three successive three-year terms.
    [Show full text]
  • For European Biotech? Continued from Page 1 Around the World, Including the French Academies of Science by the Fact That the Complainants Did Not Challenge Them
    Competitive Enterprise Institute - Volume 19, Number 2 - March/April 2006 Neeww EEra,ra, oror ‘‘AncienAncien RRégime,’égime,’ fforor EEuropeanuropean BBiotech?iotech? by Gregory Conko he long-awaited World Trade all remain in effect argues in favor of Organization (WTO) decision intervention by the WTO. (Ironically, Ton biotech food is due to be the current WTO Director General is released this spring, but a leaked copy none other than Pascal Lamy.) of the report has already elicited The most important victory for the considerable buzz. Most United States and its partners is the analyses score it a resounding WTO’s judgment that the EU failed to victory for the United States abide by its own regulations by “unduly and its co-complainants, and a delaying” fi nal approval of otherwise stinging defeat for European state complete applications for 25 food biotech protectionism. When it came time for products. The culprit here is the European The reality is that the decision their WTO defense, Commission’s highly politicized, two-stage is only a partial and largely symbolic however, the Europeans approval process: Each application must victory. For not achieving a more complete actually denied that a moratorium had ever fi rst be cleared for marketing by various and meaningful success, the United States, existed. Fortunately, the WTO decision scientifi c panels, and then voted on by Canada, and Argentina, which jointly fi led acknowledges the EU’s illegal practices— elected politicians. the complaint, have their own excessively and the disingenuousness of the EU’s Signifi cantly, the WTO assumed that risk-averse policies to blame.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Non-Human Primates in Research in Primates Non-Human of Use The
    The use of non-human primates in research The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall FRS FMedSci Report sponsored by: Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Research Council The Royal Society Wellcome Trust 10 Carlton House Terrace 20 Park Crescent 6-9 Carlton House Terrace 215 Euston Road London, SW1Y 5AH London, W1B 1AL London, SW1Y 5AG London, NW1 2BE December 2006 December Tel: +44(0)20 7969 5288 Tel: +44(0)20 7636 5422 Tel: +44(0)20 7451 2590 Tel: +44(0)20 7611 8888 Fax: +44(0)20 7969 5298 Fax: +44(0)20 7436 6179 Fax: +44(0)20 7451 2692 Fax: +44(0)20 7611 8545 Email: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.acmedsci.ac.uk Web: www.mrc.ac.uk Web: www.royalsoc.ac.uk Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk December 2006 The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatheall FRS FMedSci December 2006 Sponsors’ statement The use of non-human primates continues to be one the most contentious areas of biological and medical research. The publication of this independent report into the scientific basis for the past, current and future role of non-human primates in research is both a necessary and timely contribution to the debate. We emphasise that members of the working group have worked independently of the four sponsoring organisations. Our organisations did not provide input into the report’s content, conclusions or recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal People News
    European Commission votes to ban dog &cat fur B R U S S E L S ––The European Commis- sion on November 20 adopted a proposal to ban the import, export, and sale of cat and dog fur throughout the European Union. “The draft regulation will now be considered by the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers for adoption by the co- decision procedure,” explained the EC Asian dog. (Kim Bartlett) announcement. “There is evidence that cat and dog fur been found not just on clothing, but also on a is being placed on the European market, usually number of personal accessories, as well as chil- dren’s soft toys.” Asian rabbits. (Kim Bartlett) undeclared as such or disguised as synthetic and other types of fur,” the EC announcement sum- “Just the idea of young children playing marized. “The vast majority of the cat and dog with toys which have been made with dog and Olympics to showcase growing fur is believed to be imported from third coun- cat fur is really something we cannot accept,” tries, notably China.” European Consumer Protection Commissioner Fifteen of the 25 EU member nations Markos Kyprianou said. Chinese animal testing industry have already individually introduced legislation “Kyprianou stopped short of calling B E I J I N G ––The 2008 Olympic Glenn Rice, chief executive of Bridge against cat and dog fur. “The proposed regula- for every product containing fur to have a label Games in Beijing will showcase the fast- Pharmaceuticals Inc., is outsourcing the tion adopted today addresses EU citizens con- detailing its exact origin,” wrote London Times growing Chinese animal testing industry, work to China, where scientists are cheap cerns, and creates a harmonized approach,” the European correspondent David Charter, the official Xinhua news agency disclosed and plentiful and animal-rights activists are EC announcement stipulated.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Policy and Systems Research Publications in Latin America Warrant the Launching of a New Specialised Regional Journal
    González Block et al. Health Research Policy and Systems (2020) 18:59 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00565-1 RESEARCH Open Access Health policy and systems research publications in Latin America warrant the launching of a new specialised regional journal Miguel Angel González Block1*, Juan Arroyo Laguna2, Oscar Cetrángolo3, Pedro Crocco Ábalos4, Ramiro Guerrero5, Daniela Riva Knauth6, Abdul Ghaffar7, Patricia Pavón León8, María del Rocío Saénz9, Rosanna González McQuire10, Beatriz Martínez Zavala10 and Emilio Gutiérrez Calderón11 Abstract Background: Scientific journals play a critical role in research validation and dissemination and are increasingly vocal about the identification of research priorities and the targeting of research results to key audiences. No new journals specialising in health policy and systems research (HPSR) and focusing in the developing world or in a specific developing world region have been established since the early 1980s. This paper compares the growth of publications on HPSR across Latin America and the world and explores the potential, feasibility and challenges of innovative publication strategies. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was undertaken using HPSR MeSH terms with journals indexed in Medline. A survey was undertaken among 2500 authors publishing on HPSR in Latin America (LA) through an online survey, with a 13.1% response rate. Aggregate indicators were constructed and validated, and two-way ANOVA tests were performed on key variables. Results: HPSR publications on LA observed an average annual growth of 27.5% from the years 2000 to 2018, as against 11.4% worldwide and yet a lag on papers published per capita. A total of 48 journals with an Impact Factor publish HPSR on LA, of which 5 non-specialised journals are published in the region and are ranked in the bottom quintile of Impact Factor.
    [Show full text]
  • EMERGING Technologies the Wise Use Of
    2015 Annual Report THE WISE USE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES The Hastings Center is an independent, Director of Communications and nonpartisan, and nonprofit bioethics research Development: Bill Jeffway institute founded in 1969. Hastings’ mission Writer: Susan Gilbert is to address fundamental ethical issues in Art Director: Nora Porter the areas of health, health care, life sciences Hastings Photography: Siofra Vizzi research, and the environment as they affect individuals, communities, and societies. ©2016 The Hastings Center To obtain a copy of The Hastings Center’s complete financial statement for 2015, please write to the Development Department, The Hastings Center, 21 Malcolm Gordon Road, Garrison, NY 10524. The Hastings Center 21 Malcolm Gordon Road Garrison, NY 10524 Tel 845-424-4040 Fax 845-424-4545 [email protected] www.thehastingscenter.org @hastingscenter facebook.com/hastingscenter 2015 HASTINGS CENTER ANNUAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 From the President 3 The Wise Use of Emerging Technologies l New Genetics Technologies l Artificial Intelligence l Big Data l Brain Science l Prenatal Testing 14 Significant Scholarship on Other Topics 18 Our Scholars and Projects at a Glance 19 Hastings Center Fellows Retreat 20 Donors 24 Statement of Financial Position inside back cover Hastings Center Board of Directors and Staff FROM THE PRESIDENT Shaping the future ~ wisely Dear Friends and Colleagues, We live in an age of transformative scientific powers, capable of changing the very nature of the human species and radically remaking the planet itself. These new powers hold great promise for enhancing health and well-being. However, no technology is neutral. As Stephen Hawking recently put it, “Our future is a race between the growing power of technology and the wisdom with which to use it.” The Hastings Center’s goal is to help forge that wisdom.
    [Show full text]
  • GBD 20Th Anniversary Symposium All Activities Take Place in the Susan Brotman Auditorium, Unless Otherwise Noted
    GBD 20th Anniversary Symposium All activities take place in the Susan Brotman Auditorium, unless otherwise noted #GBD20th Wifi Network: McCaw-Client; Password: Artistic Webcast: http://bit.ly/GBD20th; GBD Compare: vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26 7:45-9AM REGISTRATION Lobby 9-10AM History and Evolution: Main Themes of the GBD Historical perspective on where the GBD has progressed since its inception Presenter: Alan Lopez, University of Melbourne Moderator: Jeremy Smith, Author Discussants: • Trevor Mundel, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation • Emmanuela Gakidou, IHME, University of Washington • Richard Horton, The Lancet 10-11:15AM Epidemiological Transition and Progress Toward Improving Health Examining trends in the epidemiological transition and what they mean for accelerating progress toward better health Presenter: Theo Vos, IHME, University of Washington Moderator: Rafael Lozano, IHME, University of Washington Discussants: • Thomas Bollyky, Council on Foreign Relations • Isabella Maina, Kenya Ministry of Health • Yohannes Kinfu, University of Canberra 11:15-11:45AM BREAK Lobby 11:45AM-1PM Emerging Challenges as Seen Through the GBD Key drivers and indicators on risks and challenges for the future Presenter: Stephen Lim, IHME, University of Washington Moderator: George Mensah, US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Discussants: • Ritu Sadana, World Health Organization • Louisa Degenhardt, University of New South Wales • Stein Emil Vollset, Norwegian Institute of Public Health • Mohsen Naghavi, IHME, University
    [Show full text]
  • Images to Diagnose Eye Diseases – a Step That Toll Free in USA 800-329-7000 Could Revolutionize Eye Care in Underserved Communities Around the World
    ® Bascom Palmer Eye Institute | University of Miami Health System UHEALTH VOLUME XXXVIII ISSUE 1 JANUARY 2020 AI Artificial Intelligence and Your Sight Global Expertise Bascom Palmer Ranked No. 1 in USA Again Bascom Palmer Eye Institute’s mission is to enhance the quality of life by improving sight, preventing blindness, and advancing ophthalmic knowledge through compassionate patient care and innovative vision research. FEATURE The Power of AI Artificial intelligence has the power to transform 2 2 RESEARCH AND EDUCATION BEST 10 Protecting Vision 11 OVERALL Global Impact 12 ( PROGRAM ) BASCOM PALMER EYE INSTITUTE BASCOM PALMER EXCELLENCE 1 University of Miami WILMER EYE INSTITUTEE 2 Johns Hopkins University Awards and Honors 16 WILLS EYE HOSPITAL 3 Thomas Jefferson University MASSACHUTES EYE AND EAR 4 Harvard University Welcome New Faculty 19 W.K. KELLOGG EYE CENTER 5 University of Michigan UNIVERSITY OF IOWA 20 6 Carver College of Medicine Events DUKE UNIVERSITY EYE CENTER 7 Duke University Hospital MORAN EYE CENTER Profiles in Philanthropy 24 8 University of Utah STEIN & DOHERTY EYE INSTITUTE 9 University of California, Los Angeles CASEY EYE INSTITUTE 10 University of Oregon 18 DEAN MCGEE EYE INSTITUTE 11 University of Oklahoma STORM EYE INSTITUTE 12 Medicals University of South Carolina Bascom Palmer members of Iron Arrow (left to right): Drs. Chris Alabiad, Eduardo Alfonso, Richard Lee, Steven Gedde, Jean-Marie Parel, David Tse and Michael Gittelman. Not pictured are Drs. John Clarkson, Sanjoy Bhattacharya and alumnus Gordon Miller. 13 Dear Friends and Colleagues: Eduardo C. Alfonso, M.D. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute is a global leader in Kathleen and Stanley J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research
    SYMPOSIUM ARTICLE The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research Dario L. Ringach, PhD Abstract: Opposition to the use of animals in biomedical research rests CLAIM: HUMANS DO NOT BENEFIT FROM on diverse scientific and ethical arguments. Here I offer a response to ANIMAL RESEARCH key objections and argue that the responsible use of animals in One extreme view holds that information gathered from biomedical research with the goal of advancing medical knowledge, animal research cannot, even in principle, be used to improve science and human health, is scientifically and morally justified. My human health. It is often accompanied by catchy slogans such views are unlikely to be shared uniformly across the scientific com- as “If society funds mouse models of cancer, we will find more cures for cancer in mice.”4 It is argued that the physiology of munity. Thus, I hope this personal perspective persuades other scien- animals and humans are too different to allow results from tists, public health officials, scientific organizations and our academic animal research to be extrapolated to humans.5 leadership to join the debate and invites opponents of animal research Such a blanket statement is falsified by numerous cases to create an atmosphere where civil discourse can take place, free of where experimentation on animals has demonstrably contrib- threats and intimidation. The public deserves an open and honest debate uted to medical breakthroughs. The experiments on cardiovas- on this important topic. cular and pulmonary function in animals that began with Key Indexing Terms: Animal research; Medical research; Animal Harvey and continued with the Oxford physiologists6 estab- rights; Ethics; Public policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Lives in the Balance: Utilitarianism and Animal Research
    Lives in the Balance: Utilitarianism and Animal Research ROBERT BASS University of North Carolina at Pembroke [This may differ in detail from the final published version in The Ethics of Animal Research: Exploring the Controversy , MIT Press 2012] In the long history of moral theory, non-human animals – hereafter, just animals – have often been neglected entirely or have been relegated to some secondary status.1 Since its emergence in the early nineteenth century, utilitarianism has made a difference by focusing upon happiness or well-being (and their contraries) rather than upon the beings who fare well or suffer. Inevitably, that has meant that human relations to and use of other animals have appeared in a different light. Some cases have seemed easy: once admit that the interests of animals matter and there can be little hesitation in condemning their cruel treatment. Among the more difficult cases has been the bearing of utilitarianism upon the use of animals in various kinds of research where, though the animals might suffer, there were believed to be prospects of great human benefit and where no cruel or malicious motives need be involved. What I shall provide in the current paper is an extended discussion of the bearing of utilitarianism upon practices of animal research. Since such practices have attracted both utilitarian criticism and defense, this will require the examination of arguments on both sides, including consideration of the human benefits, the animal costs, and the ways which one can be weighed against the other. I. UTILITARIANISM AND ANIMAL RESEARCH: THE HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND The historical connection of utilitarianism to animal research is both complex and disputed.
    [Show full text]
  • Beginnings1 the Late Dr. Jonathan Mann First Launched Health And
    HHR Journal: A Brief History (2006-2010) Beginnings1 The late Dr. Jonathan Mann first launched Health and Human Rights: An International Journal, in 1994. In his essay introducing the first issue, Mann wrote, We have created this new journal, Health and Human Rights, to inform and expand the space within which ideas about the intersection between health and human rights can venture forth into the world, to be cited and criticized, debated and discussed, torn down and built up. For it is in the nature of pioneering work—in this case, exploring the frontiers of health and human rights—that some new paths will lead forward, and others will be found, later and from afar, to have been only byways and meandering trails.2 The new journal was to be a rigorous peer-review academic research publication, a flagship journal of the (then also) newly founded François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, a Harvard University center founded by the Countess Albina du Boisrouvray and located at Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. Figure 1 lists the initial advisory and editorial boards. Mann hoped that the Center might be able to publish four issues of the journal each year. Fig. 1. Masthead of Health and Human Rights: An International Journal Volume 1, Number 1 (1994) Senior Advisory Board Philip Alston (Australia) Halfdan Mahler (Denmark) V. Ramalingaswami (India) Henry Steiner (USA) Katarina Tomasevski (Croatia) Editorial Board Sunila Abeyesekera Timothy Harding Aryeh Neier Manuel Carballo Aart Hendriks Geneviève Pinet Lincoln Chen Hakima Himmich Peter Piot William Curran Emmanuel Hirsch Jacqueline Pitanguy Ernest Drucker Howard Hu Olikoye Ransome-Kuti Paul Epstein Hina Jilani Jon E.
    [Show full text]