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Roles and Attitudes of Males and Females in the Anarchist Punk Community Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2007 Roles and Attitudes of Males and Females in The Anarchist Punk Community Donna M. Manion Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/791 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Donna M. Manion 2007 All Rights Reserved Roles and Attitudes of Males and Females in The Anarchist Punk Community A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University By Donna M. Manion Bachelor of Art SUNY Institute of Technology August 2000 Master of Science Virginia Commonwealth University August 2007 Director: Diana H. Scully Professor Women’s Studies and Sociology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May 2007 ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Christina Turner for volunteering her time and energy by serving on my thesis committee. Additionally, I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Diana Scully and Dr. Sarah Jane Brubaker for their knowledge, assistance, and patience in this endeavor. I would also like to thank my parents for giving me their understanding and support necessary to complete my thesis. I extend my deepest gratitude to Kathleena Kennedy for her ever-enduring encouragement, wisdom and eternal friendship and to Rena Cook who provided the inspiration and enthusiasm for this study. Brandy Schofield, Beck Levy, Michele Hutchins, Eric “Eugene” Peterson, Michelle Zerdelian and Nichole Routzhan gave their insights, enthusiasm, and friendship that kept me passionate for this research. iii Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................1 Definition of Key Terms..........................................................................................2 Punk .............................................................................................................2 Anarchist punk.............................................................................................3 Significance of the Problem for the Discipline........................................................6 Significance of the Problem Outside of the Discipline............................................6 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................8 Subcultural Research ...............................................................................................8 Research on Women in the Punk Subculture ........................................................11 Theoretical Framework..........................................................................................16 RESEARCH QUESTION..................................................................................................19 RESEARCH METHODS ..................................................................................................20 Research Design.....................................................................................................20 Research Study Goals ............................................................................................21 Specific Objectives/Evaluation..............................................................................22 Sampling ................................................................................................................22 Subjects..................................................................................................................25 Data Analysis.........................................................................................................26 Limitations .............................................................................................................28 Generalizability..........................................................................................28 Sample Bias ...............................................................................................29 Measures for Protecting Human Subjects..............................................................29 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS............................................................................................31 SUBTLE SEXISM.................................................................................................33 Considerate Domination ............................................................................33 Numerical Domination...................................................................33 Control Over Subcultural Institutions of Punk ..............................35 Good Old Boy Networks ...............................................................39 Hyper-Valuation of Men................................................................40 Idolization ..........................................................................40 Exaggerated Credit, Credibility and Legitimacy ...............41 Exaggerated Support..........................................................43 Subjective Objectification .........................................................................44 Sexual Objectification....................................................................45 Beauty Standards - Controlling Women’s Appearance.................45 Double Standard/Mixed Expectations of Being Crusty and Sexual Behavior................................................49 Women As Accessories .................................................................51 Women As Tagalongs....................................................................52 Women As Children ......................................................................53 Condescending Chivalry............................................................................54 iv Subcultural Exclusion ................................................................................55 Women Excluded from Punk Bands..............................................56 Exclusion from the Decision-Making Processes of Subcultural Institutions .............................................57 COVERT ...............................................................................................................58 Containment - Gatekeeping .......................................................................59 Tokenism....................................................................................................60 Co-optation ...............................................................................................61 Manipulation..............................................................................................62 BLATANT SEXISM ............................................................................................64 Sexual Violence, Sexual Harassment and Interpersonal Violence ............64 SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................67 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................70 References ....................................................................................................................84 Appendices ....................................................................................................................89 Appendix A - In Depth Interview Guide ...............................................................89 Appendix B - Initial Email For Online Interviews ............................................... 92 Appendix C - Research Subject Information And Consent Form .........................93 Appendix D - Script For Face To Face Interviews:...............................................96 Appendix E - Script For Online Interviews:..........................................................97 Appendix F - Email For Obtaining Additional Respondents.................................98 Appendix G - Online Research Subject Information And Consent Form .............99 List of Tables Table 1 Glossary of Punk Terms ......................................................................................79 Table 2 Benokraitis And Feagin’s Typology Of Subtle Sexism (1995)...........................80 Table 3 Socio-Demographic Data.....................................................................................82 Table 4 Major Themes of Participant Responses .............................................................83 Abstract ROLES AND ATTITUDES OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THE ANARCHIST PUNK COMMUNITY By Donna M. Manion A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University 2007 Director of Thesis: Dr. Diana H. Scully, Professor, Women’s Studies and Sociology Sexism is a widespread social problem that exists throughout the world today. It persists within the dominant culture, as well as
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