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An Introduction to Lexical Semantics for Students of Translation IMOLA KATALIN NAGY AN INTRODUCTION TO LEXICAL SEMANTICS FOR STUDENTS OF TRANSLATION STUDIES SAPIENTIA HUNGARIAN UNIVERSITY OF TRANSYLVANIA FACULTY OF TECHNICAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES, TÂRGU-MUREŞ DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS IMOLA KATALIN NAGY AN INTRODUCTION TO LEXICAL SEMANTICS FOR STUDENTS OF TRANSLATION STUDIES SCIENTIA Publishing House Cluj-Napoca · 2017 The book was published with the support of: Publisher-in-chief: Zoltán Kása Readers: Andrea Peterlicean (Târgu-Mureş) Judit Szabóné Papp (Miskolc) The author takes all the professional responsibility for the present volume. Series cover: Dénes Miklósi First English edition: 2017 © Scientia, 2017 All rights reserved, including the rights for photocopying, public lecturing, radio and television broadcast, and translation of the whole work and of chapters as well. Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României IMOLA, KATALIN NAGY An introduction to lexical semantics for students of translation studies / Imola Katalin Nagy. - Cluj-Napoca : Scientia, 2017 ISBN 978-606-975-003-2 81 CONTENTS Preface . 11 1. Introduction . 13 2. History of semantics . 31 3. Defining semantics. Defining meaning . 39 4. Approaches to meaning . 53 5. Semantic relations . 73 6. Semantic roles . 105 7. Theories of meaning . 109 8. Types of meaning . 131 9. Changes of meaning . 161 10. Semantics and translation . 183 Bibliography . 203 Rezumat: Introducere în semantica lexicală pentru studenţii de la traductologie . 207 Kivonat: Bevezetés a jelentéstanba fordító szakos hallgatók számára . 209 About the author . 211 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK Előszó . 11 1. Bevezető . 13 2. A szemantika története . 31 3. A jelentéstan és a jelentés meghatározása . 39 4. A jelentés fogalmának értelmezései . 53 5. Szemantikai viszonyok . 73 6. Szemantikai szerepek . 105 7. Jelentéselméletek . 109 8. Jelentéstípusok . 131 9. Jelentésváltozások . 161 10. Szemantika és fordítástudomány . 183 Szakirodalom . 203 Rezumat: Introducere în semantica lexicală pentru studenţii de la traductologie . 207 Kivonat: Bevezetés a jelentéstanba fordító szakos hallgatók számára . 209 A szerzőről . 211 CUPRINS Prefaţă . 11 1. Introducere . 13 2. Scurt istoric al semanticii . 31 3. Semantică şi sens: definiţii conceptuale . 39 4. Abordări ale noţiunii de sens . 53 5. Relaţii semantice . 73 6. Roluri semantice . 105 7. Teorii ale sensului . 109 8. Tipuri de sens . 131 9. Schimbări de sens . 161 10. Semantică şi traductologie . 183 Bibliografie . 203 Rezumat: Introducere în semantica lexicală pentru studenţii de la traductologie . 207 Kivonat: Bevezetés a jelentéstanba fordító szakos hallgatók számára . 209 Despre autor . 211 PREFACE The volume entitled An introduction to lexical semantics for students of translation studies aims to help students and translators understand the role and importance of semantics within the wider system of linguistics and to help them fully meet the requirements of the programme in the subject. The book is intended for English-language students taking the course of contemporary English language. However, An introduction to lexical semantics for students of translation studies may also be of interest to those who would like to gain some information about the resources of the Modern English lexicon and about the complex nature of meaning. A good command of English presupposes some knowledge of the aspects regarding the inner mechanism which makes the language system work. We aim to develop a more conscious approach to the resources of the languages we speak and we translate from/to, and a fairly good understanding of the way languages organize and express meanings. What is the meaning that is organized and expressed by languages? Are there different types of meaning? Which are the rules governing the changes of meaning that words undergo over time? Do different languages structure and express meaning in different ways? These are just a few questions that we are trying to answer. We wish to discuss issues connected with the basic concepts in semantics (sign and signification, reference and referent, linguistic competence vs. semantic competence, etc). We start from the premise that semantics basically means knowledge of meanings (from the point of view of the individual who speaks), on the one hand, but it also means description of meanings (from a linguist’s point of view), on the other hand. We deal with aspects regarding the history of semantics and we attempt to focus on defining semantics and defining meaning. We approach the issue of meaning along three important pathways, i.e. focusing on semantic features (considering words as containers of certain semantic features, i.e. semantic feature analysis); focusing on the semantic roles they fulfil (semantic roles); focusing on the relationship with other words (lexical relations or semantic relations). After presenting the advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis or semantic feature analysis, we describe the most important semantic roles linguistic units may fulfil, and we dedicate a chapter to the presentation of semantic relations. From among paradigmatic relations, we focus on semantic equivalence and synonymy, semantic contrast and antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, and polysemy. We also present the most basic syntagmatic relations, i.e. collocations and prototypes. Another chapter deals with different types of meaning shifts (borrowing words; word formation and changes of meaning, i.e. metaphors, metonymy, restriction of meaning, 12 PREFACE specialization of meaning, extension of meaning, generalization of meaning, degradation of meaning, and elevation, or amelioration of meaning). We take a look at the main theories of meaning that operate today in semantic studies and we include the most relevant taxonomies related to types of meaning (conceptual vs. associative meanings), mentioning aspects regarding levels of meaning (sound symbolism, morpheme meaning, word meaning, sentence meaning). We also include a chapter dedicated to the problem of the relationship between semantics and translation studies. This volume is divided into the following chapters: Introduction, Basic concepts in semantics, History of semantics, Defining semantics. Defining meaning, Approaches to meaning, Semantic relations, Semantic roles, Theories of meaning, Types of meaning, Changes of meaning, Semantics and translation. Our aim is to make our students more aware of the deep and sophisticated relationship between language usage and other dimensions of human experience, as we ultimately intend to make students understand the complex relationship between knowledge (of a language) and experience (of communication). Semantics is the study of meaning, and meaning is central to the study and understanding of human communication. All these are intricately connected with the way in which we classify and convey our experience of the world through language, with the ways in which we organize our knowledge of the world. The volume entitled An introduction to lexical semantics for students of translation studies intends to make students understand how to approach semantics, how to understand and how to translate all the layers and facets of what we call meaning. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION The most important question of linguistic studies refers to what language is. Language can be defined as a systematic means of communication, meant to communicate ideas, feelings by using conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, and marks that carry meaning. Language has a modular structure (like boxes): each module is responsible for a particular aspect of language usage and comprehension: phonetics and phonology – grammar (morphology and syntax) – semantics. Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It is concerned with what language means. This is not the same as what people mean by the language they use, how they actualize its meaning potential as a communicative resource. This is the concern of pragmatics (Widdowson 1996: 61). Semantics, as the study of linguistic meaning, deals with issues of what sentences and other linguistic objects express, but not with their syntactic arrangements or pronunciation. The basic question of semantics is what meaning is and its objective is to define, explain, and describe the process of signification. “Semantics, the study of word meaning and sentence meaning, abstracted away from contexts of use, is a descriptive subject. It is an attempt to describe and understand the nature of the knowledge about meaning in their language that people have from knowing the language” (Griffiths 2006: 15). However, cognitive linguistics tends to disclaim this difference between pragmatics and semantics. The history of semantics is a peculiarly complex one because so many fields of study are involved, among them the study of the meaning relationships between words in a particular language. Yet, semantics is not only a matter of assigning meaning to individual units, whether these be morphemes or words, but is also concerned with the relationships between them, how they act upon each other, how they fuse and combine in different ways. “Semantics is the complex interplay of morphology, lexis, and syntax. Complex though it is, however, it does not account for all aspects of meaning. We still have pragmatics to consider” (Widdowson 1996: 61). There have been numerous theories and (mis)conceptions about the nature of meaning. One of the false ideas was the one that identified words and things, and attempted to define meaning in terms of behavioural stimulus and response. Philosophy and
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