The Ringling Archives Howard Tibbals' Allen J. Lester Papers, 1925-1955
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Swinging Trapeze 1000-01 2:30-3:30PM Swinging Trapeze 1000-02 2:00-3:00PM Hammock 0200-02 3:00-3:30PM Swinging Trapeze 1000-02 2:45-3:30PM Swinging Trapeze 1000-01 2:15-3:15PM 9:00 AM Wings 0000-01 2:30-3:45PM Cloud Swing 1000-01 2:30-3:00PM Revolving Ladder 1000-01 3:15-4:00PM Double Trapeze 0100-04 3:30-4:15PM Duo Trapeze 0100-01 3:15-4:00PM Flying Trapeze 0000-02 3:00 PM 3:00 Mexican Cloud Swing 0100-02 3:30-4:15PM Pas de Deux 0000-01 3:00-4:00PM Swinging Trapeze 0100-02 3:15-4:00PM Handstands 1000-01 3:30-4:15PM Duo Trapeze 0100-03 3:15-4:00PM Globes 0000-01 Swinging Trapeze 0100-01 3:30-4:15PM Double Trapeze 0100-02 3:15-4:00PM Triangle Trapeze 1000-01 3:30-4:15PM Chair Stacking 1000-01 Triangle Trapeze 0100-02 3:15-4:00PM Low Casting Fun 0000-04 4-Girl Spinning Cube 1000-01 3:45-4:30PM Duo Trapeze 0100-02 3:30-4:15PM Static Trapeze 1000-01 4-Girl Spinning Cube 0000-01 3:30-4:00PM Mini Hammock 0000-02 Handstands 1000-01 Manipulation Cube 0000-01 3:30-4:00PM Star 0100-01 High Wire 1000-01 Stilt Walking 1000-01 3:30-4:25PM Toddlers 0200-03 ages 3-4 Mexican Cloud Swing 0100-02 3:30-4:15PM Acrobatics 0205-01 ages 10+ Triangle Trapeze 1000-01 3:30-4:15PM Double Trapeze 0100-04 3:30-4:15PM Stilt Walking 1000-01 3:30-4:25PM Trampoline 0000-04 ages 6-9 Swinging Trapeze 0100-01 3:30-4:15PM Bungee Trapeze 0300-01 Cloud Swing 0100-02 4:00-4:30PM Handstands 1000-01 3:30-4:15PM Duo Hoops 1000-01 4:00-4:30PM 4:00 PM 4:00 4-Girl Spinning Cube 1000-01 3:45-4:30PM Circus Spectacle 0100-01 Pas de Deux -
Circus Friends Association Collection Finding Aid
Circus Friends Association Collection Finding Aid University of Sheffield - NFCA Contents Poster - 178R472 Business Records - 178H24 412 Maps, Plans and Charts - 178M16 413 Programmes - 178K43 414 Bibliographies and Catalogues - 178J9 564 Proclamations - 178S5 565 Handbills - 178T40 565 Obituaries, Births, Death and Marriage Certificates - 178Q6 585 Newspaper Cuttings and Scrapbooks - 178G21 585 Correspondence - 178F31 602 Photographs and Postcards - 178C108 604 Original Artwork - 178V11 608 Various - 178Z50 622 Monographs, Articles, Manuscripts and Research Material - 178B30633 Films - 178D13 640 Trade and Advertising Material - 178I22 649 Calendars and Almanacs - 178N5 655 1 Poster - 178R47 178R47.1 poster 30 November 1867 Birmingham, Saturday November 30th 1867, Monday 2 December and during the week Cattle and Dog Shows, Miss Adah Isaacs Menken, Paris & Back for £5, Mazeppa’s, equestrian act, Programme of Scenery and incidents, Sarah’s Young Man, Black type on off white background, Printed at the Theatre Royal Printing Office, Birmingham, 253mm x 753mm Circus Friends Association Collection 178R47.2 poster 1838 Madame Albertazzi, Mdlle. H. Elsler, Mr. Ducrow, Double stud of horses, Mr. Van Amburgh, animal trainer Grieve’s New Scenery, Charlemagne or the Fete of the Forest, Black type on off white backgound, W. Wright Printer, Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 205mm x 335mm Circus Friends Association Collection 178R47.3 poster 19 October 1885 Berlin, Eln Mexikanermanöver, Mr. Charles Ducos, Horaz und Merkur, Mr. A. Wells, equestrian act, C. Godiewsky, clown, Borax, Mlle. Aguimoff, Das 3 fache Reck, gymnastics, Mlle. Anna Ducos, Damen-Jokey-Rennen, Kohinor, Mme. Bradbury, Adgar, 2 Black type on off white background with decorative border, Druck von H. G. -
Ringmaster: Judy Onofrio and the Art of the Circus April 19 to June 29, 2008 | Brittingham Galleries VI
Visit us About us Exhibitions Collection Support us Museum Shop Se Current exhibitions Future exhibitions Recent exhibitions Ringmaster: Judy Onofrio and the Art of the Circus April 19 to June 29, 2008 | Brittingham Galleries VI The Chazen Museum of Art is pleased to announce two spectacular circus- themed exhibitions: Ringmaster: Judy Onofrio and the Art of the Circus in Brittingham Galleries VI and VII, and Harry A. Atwell, Circus Photographer, in the Mayer Gallery. Both exhibitions will be on view April 19–June 29, 2008. The Chazen will also host a special weekend of circus celebrations, featuring performers, music, and food, on May 9 and 10. Information about these events and other exhibition-related programming follow. Exhibitions Ringmaster: Judy Onofrio and the Art of the Circus. Judy Onofrio’s life-sized sculptures of extraordinary performers, animals, and circus acts will be exhibited alongside examples of banners, posters, and carvings—drawn from the Circus World Museum collection—that have inspired her work. Onofrio’s glittering constructions are carved, molded, painted, and assembled from wood, fiberglass, beads, ceramic shards, and collected objects. With Onofrio as ringmaster, these materials take form as contortionists, acrobats, and magicians of yesteryear who once again twist, soar, and cast spells for audiences. In addition, a documentary of the 1920s and 30s Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus and a filmed interview with artist Judy Onofrio will be available in the Ringmaster exhibition. Harry A. Atwell, Circus Photographer. Forty-two black-and-white photographs by Harry A. Atwell (1879–1957) survey his significant career photographing the golden age of America’s tented shows. -
Aliens of Marvel Universe
Index DEM's Foreword: 2 GUNA 42 RIGELLIANS 26 AJM’s Foreword: 2 HERMS 42 R'MALK'I 26 TO THE STARS: 4 HIBERS 16 ROCLITES 26 Building a Starship: 5 HORUSIANS 17 R'ZAHNIANS 27 The Milky Way Galaxy: 8 HUJAH 17 SAGITTARIANS 27 The Races of the Milky Way: 9 INTERDITES 17 SARKS 27 The Andromeda Galaxy: 35 JUDANS 17 Saurids 47 Races of the Skrull Empire: 36 KALLUSIANS 39 sidri 47 Races Opposing the Skrulls: 39 KAMADO 18 SIRIANS 27 Neutral/Noncombatant Races: 41 KAWA 42 SIRIS 28 Races from Other Galaxies 45 KLKLX 18 SIRUSITES 28 Reference points on the net 50 KODABAKS 18 SKRULLS 36 AAKON 9 Korbinites 45 SLIGS 28 A'ASKAVARII 9 KOSMOSIANS 18 S'MGGANI 28 ACHERNONIANS 9 KRONANS 19 SNEEPERS 29 A-CHILTARIANS 9 KRYLORIANS 43 SOLONS 29 ALPHA CENTAURIANS 10 KT'KN 19 SSSTH 29 ARCTURANS 10 KYMELLIANS 19 stenth 29 ASTRANS 10 LANDLAKS 20 STONIANS 30 AUTOCRONS 11 LAXIDAZIANS 20 TAURIANS 30 axi-tun 45 LEM 20 technarchy 30 BA-BANI 11 LEVIANS 20 TEKTONS 38 BADOON 11 LUMINA 21 THUVRIANS 31 BETANS 11 MAKLUANS 21 TRIBBITES 31 CENTAURIANS 12 MANDOS 43 tribunals 48 CENTURII 12 MEGANS 21 TSILN 31 CIEGRIMITES 41 MEKKANS 21 tsyrani 48 CHR’YLITES 45 mephitisoids 46 UL'LULA'NS 32 CLAVIANS 12 m'ndavians 22 VEGANS 32 CONTRAXIANS 12 MOBIANS 43 vorms 49 COURGA 13 MORANI 36 VRELLNEXIANS 32 DAKKAMITES 13 MYNDAI 22 WILAMEANIS 40 DEONISTS 13 nanda 22 WOBBS 44 DIRE WRAITHS 39 NYMENIANS 44 XANDARIANS 40 DRUFFS 41 OVOIDS 23 XANTAREANS 33 ELAN 13 PEGASUSIANS 23 XANTHA 33 ENTEMEN 14 PHANTOMS 23 Xartans 49 ERGONS 14 PHERAGOTS 44 XERONIANS 33 FLB'DBI 14 plodex 46 XIXIX 33 FOMALHAUTI 14 POPPUPIANS 24 YIRBEK 38 FONABI 15 PROCYONITES 24 YRDS 49 FORTESQUIANS 15 QUEEGA 36 ZENN-LAVIANS 34 FROMA 15 QUISTS 24 Z'NOX 38 GEGKU 39 QUONS 25 ZN'RX (Snarks) 34 GLX 16 rajaks 47 ZUNDAMITES 34 GRAMOSIANS 16 REPTOIDS 25 Races Reference Table 51 GRUNDS 16 Rhunians 25 Blank Alien Race Sheet 54 1 The Universe of Marvel: Spacecraft and Aliens for the Marvel Super Heroes Game By David Edward Martin & Andrew James McFayden With help by TY_STATES , Aunt P and the crowd from www.classicmarvel.com . -
To Buy the Entire ACC Operation for Approximately $2 Million. the ACC
'I'll£ GRrArt:sr Suows Of\ EARTII to buy the entire ACC operation for approximately succeeding years, $2 million. The ACC accepted the offer, and Ringling, including Sparks, without the slightest inkling that the stock market Sells-Floto, and would crash in just a few weeks, borrowed substantially AI G. Barnes. in order to make the purchase. On 6 September 1929 Hagen beck Ringling acquired the former ACC holdings. Wallace hung Unable to pay off his personal note, Ringling, over on through the the objection of family members, transferred own 1933 and 1934 ership of the ACC, along with the concurrent debt, seasons but had to the Ringling Brothers Circus. In July 1932 Ringling dwindled in size was deposed as manager of Ringling Brothers and from forty-eight Barnum and Bailey. Ballard fared even worse. A dis circus cars to gruntled employee shot and killed him in 1936. Mter thirty-five by 1935. • Ballard's death, his heirs sold all his real estate hold The circus finally ings in West Baden Springs, including the winter closed in 1938. quarters. Eventually the circus buildings were In 1935 Jess destroyed, and the ornate wagons, cages, and Adkins and Zack calliopes they once contained mysteriously-and Terrell, former permanently-disappeared. ACC managers, Former managers of the American Circus The Ringling conglomerate returned three of the bought the Cole Corporation bought the Cole Brothers Circus in former ACC circuses-the John Robinson, Sells Brothers Circus 1935 and staffed it mainly with Peru residents. Floto, and Hagenbeck-Wallace-to Peru the winter and staffed it pri Headquartered in Rochester, it was the only BELow: The Sells·Fioto Circus, after they were purchased. -
Zilco Bit Catalogue Volume 1
ZILCO BIT CATALOGUE VOLUME 1 IF IT’S BRANDED ZILCO, IT’S BRANDED QUALITY. zilco.net www.zilco.net 1 ZILCO BITS BIT SIZING Mouthpiece Sizes CM Inches Horse Size 9cm 3 1/2” Extra Small Pony 10cm 4” Shetland/Small Pony 11.5cm 4 1/2” Pony 12cm 4 3/4” Pony 12.5cm 5” Cob 13.5cm 5 1/4” Cob 14cm 5 1/2” Full Size 14.5cm 5 3/4” Full Size Ring Size 15cm 6” Extra Full Size How to Measure Bits Mouth Size We suggest using a piece of string to measure from one corner of the Mouth horse’s mouth to the other. Thickness The mouthpiece should ideally Cheek be 19mm (3/4”) larger than this Length measurement. A couple of wrinkles on either side of the horse’s mouth is a good guide that the bit is sitting in the correct place. MATERIALS Stainless Steel Unless otherwise specified, all Zilco bits are made from 18/8 Stainless Steel Gold Zilco Gold range of bits contain a special mix of copper (85%) and quality metals which produce a bit with superior strength. Guaranteed ‘nickel free’ reducing the risk of nickel allergies. The horse is encouraged to salivate through the activity of chewing. This is a material designed to discolour over time, further enhancing the effect of acceptance. Sweet Iron Sweet Iron bits are designed to rust. This effect makes the bit become sweeter and further encourages acceptance of the bit by the horse. Blue Steel Blue steel bits are an improved version of black steel (Sweet Iron), that causes it to oxidise quicker. -
CALIFORNIA's NORTH COAST: a Literary Watershed: Charting the Publications of the Region's Small Presses and Regional Authors
CALIFORNIA'S NORTH COAST: A Literary Watershed: Charting the Publications of the Region's Small Presses and Regional Authors. A Geographically Arranged Bibliography focused on the Regional Small Presses and Local Authors of the North Coast of California. First Edition, 2010. John Sherlock Rare Books and Special Collections Librarian University of California, Davis. 1 Table of Contents I. NORTH COAST PRESSES. pp. 3 - 90 DEL NORTE COUNTY. CITIES: Crescent City. HUMBOLDT COUNTY. CITIES: Arcata, Bayside, Blue Lake, Carlotta, Cutten, Eureka, Fortuna, Garberville Hoopa, Hydesville, Korbel, McKinleyville, Miranda, Myers Flat., Orick, Petrolia, Redway, Trinidad, Whitethorn. TRINITY COUNTY CITIES: Junction City, Weaverville LAKE COUNTY CITIES: Clearlake, Clearlake Park, Cobb, Kelseyville, Lakeport, Lower Lake, Middleton, Upper Lake, Wilbur Springs MENDOCINO COUNTY CITIES: Albion, Boonville, Calpella, Caspar, Comptche, Covelo, Elk, Fort Bragg, Gualala, Little River, Mendocino, Navarro, Philo, Point Arena, Talmage, Ukiah, Westport, Willits SONOMA COUNTY. CITIES: Bodega Bay, Boyes Hot Springs, Cazadero, Cloverdale, Cotati, Forestville Geyserville, Glen Ellen, Graton, Guerneville, Healdsburg, Kenwood, Korbel, Monte Rio, Penngrove, Petaluma, Rohnert Part, Santa Rosa, Sebastopol, Sonoma Vineburg NAPA COUNTY CITIES: Angwin, Calistoga, Deer Park, Rutherford, St. Helena, Yountville MARIN COUNTY. CITIES: Belvedere, Bolinas, Corte Madera, Fairfax, Greenbrae, Inverness, Kentfield, Larkspur, Marin City, Mill Valley, Novato, Point Reyes, Point Reyes Station, Ross, San Anselmo, San Geronimo, San Quentin, San Rafael, Sausalito, Stinson Beach, Tiburon, Tomales, Woodacre II. NORTH COAST AUTHORS. pp. 91 - 120 -- Alphabetically Arranged 2 I. NORTH COAST PRESSES DEL NORTE COUNTY. CRESCENT CITY. ARTS-IN-CORRECTIONS PROGRAM (Crescent City). The Brief Pelican: Anthology of Prison Writing, 1993. 1992 Pelikanesis: Creative Writing Anthology, 1994. 1994 Virtual Pelican: anthology of writing by inmates from Pelican Bay State Prison. -
User's Manual
USER’S MANUAL The Bitless Bridle, Inc. email: [email protected] Phone: 719-576-4786 5220 Barrett Rd. Fax: 719-576-9119 Colorado Springs, Co. 80926 Toll free: 877-942-4277 IMPORTANT: Read the fitting instructions on pages four and five before using. Improper fitting can result in less effective control. AVOIDANCE OF ACCIDENTS Nevertheless, equitation is an inherently risky activity and The Bitless Bridle, Inc., can accept no responsibility for any accidents that might occur. CAUTION Observe the following during first time use: When first introduced to the Bitless Bridle™, it sometimes revives a horse’s spirits with a feeling of “free at last”. Such a display of exuberance will eventually pass, but be prepared for the possibility even though it occurs in less than 1% of horses. Begin in a covered school or a small paddock rather than an open area. Consider preliminary longeing or a short workout in the horse’s normal tack. These and other strategies familiar to horse people can be used to reduce the small risk of boisterous behavior. APPLICATION The action of this bridle differs fundamentally from all other bitless bridles (the hackamores, bosals, and sidepulls). By means of a simple but subtle system of two loops, one over the poll and one over the nose, the bridle embraces the whole of the head. It can be thought of as providing the rider with a benevolent headlock on the horse (See illustration below) . Unlike the bit method of control, the Bitless Bridle is compatible with the physiological needs of the horse at excercise. -
Mathematical Circus & 'Martin Gardner
MARTIN GARDNE MATHEMATICAL ;MATH EMATICAL ASSOCIATION J OF AMERICA MATHEMATICAL CIRCUS & 'MARTIN GARDNER THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Washington, DC 1992 MATHEMATICAL More Puzzles, Games, Paradoxes, and Other Mathematical Entertainments from Scientific American with a Preface by Donald Knuth, A Postscript, from the Author, and a new Bibliography by Mr. Gardner, Thoughts from Readers, and 105 Drawings and Published in the United States of America by The Mathematical Association of America Copyright O 1968,1969,1970,1971,1979,1981,1992by Martin Gardner. All riglhts reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. An MAA Spectrum book This book was updated and revised from the 1981 edition published by Vantage Books, New York. Most of this book originally appeared in slightly different form in Scientific American. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-060996 ISBN 0-88385-506-2 Manufactured in the United States of America For Donald E. Knuth, extraordinary mathematician, computer scientist, writer, musician, humorist, recreational math buff, and much more SPECTRUM SERIES Published by THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Committee on Publications ANDREW STERRETT, JR.,Chairman Spectrum Editorial Board ROGER HORN, Chairman SABRA ANDERSON BART BRADEN UNDERWOOD DUDLEY HUGH M. EDGAR JEANNE LADUKE LESTER H. LANGE MARY PARKER MPP.a (@ SPECTRUM Also by Martin Gardner from The Mathematical Association of America 1529 Eighteenth Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20036 (202) 387- 5200 Riddles of the Sphinx and Other Mathematical Puzzle Tales Mathematical Carnival Mathematical Magic Show Contents Preface xi .. Introduction Xlll 1. Optical Illusions 3 Answers on page 14 2. Matches 16 Answers on page 27 3. -
Preliminary Pages
! ! UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ! RIVERSIDE! ! ! ! ! Tiny Revolutions: ! Lessons From a Marriage, a Funeral,! and a Trip Around the World! ! ! ! A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction ! of the requirements! for the degree of ! ! Master of !Fine Arts ! in!! Creative Writing ! and Writing for the! Performing Arts! by!! Margaret! Downs! ! June !2014! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Thesis Committee: ! ! Professor Emily Rapp, Co-Chairperson! ! Professor Andrew Winer, Co-Chairperson! ! Professor David L. Ulin ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright by ! Margaret Downs! 2014! ! ! The Thesis of Margaret Downs is approved:! ! !!_____________________________________________________! !!! !!_____________________________________________________! ! Committee Co-Chairperson!! !!_____________________________________________________! Committee Co-Chairperson!!! ! ! ! University of California, Riverside!! ! !Acknowledgements ! ! Thank you, coffee and online banking and MacBook Air.! Thank you, professors, for cracking me open and putting me back together again: Elizabeth Crane, Jill Alexander Essbaum, Mary Otis, Emily Rapp, Rob Roberge, Deanne Stillman, David L. Ulin, and Mary Yukari Waters. ! Thank you, Spotify and meditation, sushi and friendship, Rancho Las Palmas and hot running water, Agam Patel and UCR, rejection and grief and that really great tea I always steal at the breakfast buffet. ! Thank you, Joshua Mohr and Paul Tremblay and Mark Haskell Smith and all the other writers who have been exactly where I am and are willing to help. ! And thank you, Tod Goldberg, for never being satisfied with what I write. !Dedication! ! ! For Misty. Because I promised my first book would be for you. ! For my hygges. Because your friendship inspires me and motivates me. ! For Jason. Because every day you give me the world.! For Everest. Because. !Table of Contents! ! ! !You are braver than you think !! ! ! ! ! ! 5! !When you feel defeated, stop to catch your breath !! ! ! 26! !Push yourself until you can’t turn back !! ! ! ! ! 40! !You’re not lost. -
Ns National Show Horse Division
CHAPTER NS NATIONAL SHOW HORSE DIVISION SUBCHAPTER NS-1 GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS NS101 Eligibility NS102 Shoeing Regulations NS103 Boots NS104 Breed Standard NS105 General NS106 Division of Classes NS107 Conduct NS108 Judging Criteria NS109 Qualifying Classes and Specifications NS110 Division of Classes SUBCHAPTER NS-2 DESCRIPTION OF GAITS NS111 General NS112 Walk NS113 Trot NS114 Canter NS115 Slow Gait NS116 Rack NS117 Hand Gallop SUBCHAPTER NS-3 HALTER CLASSES NS118 General NS119 Get of Sire and Produce of Dam SUBCHAPTER NS-4 PLEASURE SECTION NS120 English Pleasure, Country Pleasure and Classic Country Pleasure Amateur Owner to Show Appointments NS121 Pleasure Driving and Country Pleasure Driving Appointments NS122 English Pleasure Description NS123 English Pleasure Gait Requirements NS124 English Pleasure Classes and Specifications NS125 Country Pleasure Description NS126 Country Pleasure Gait Requirements NS127 Country Pleasure Judging Requirements NS128 Country Pleasure Classes and Specifications NS129 Pleasure Driving Gait Requirements NS130 Pleasure Driving Judging Requirements NS131 Pleasure Driving Class Specifications NS132 Classic Country Pleasure Amateur Owner To Show © USEF 2021 NS - 1 NS133 Classic Country Pleasure Amateur Owner to Show Gait Requirements NS134 Classic Country Pleasure Amateur Owner to Show Judging Requirements SUBCHAPTER NS-5 FINE HARNESS SECTION NS135 General NS136 Appointments NS137 Gait Requirements NS138 Line Up NS139 Ring Attendants NS140 Class Specifications SUBCHAPTER NS-6 FIVE GAITED SECTION NS141 Appointments -
Ape Rescue Chronicle
The Springfield Country Hotel, Leisure Club & Spa is set within six acres of beautiful landscaped gardens at the foot of the Purbeck Hills. Charity No. 1126939 superior and executive rooms, are all you would expect from a country house hotel, some with balconies and views of our beautifully landscaped gardens. A PE R ESCUE C HRONICLE Situated in one of the most beautiful parts of the country, just We also boast a Leisure Club with a Issue: 66 SPRING 2017 a few minutes’ drive from Lulworth well-equipped gym, heated indoor Cove, Monkey World, Corfe Castle, swimming pool, sauna, steam Swanage Steam Railway and the room, large spa bath, snooker beaches of Swanage and Studland, room, 2 squash courts, outdoor we are just a short drive from the tennis courts and an outdoor Jurassic Coast which has been swimming pool, heated during the awarded World Heritage status. summer months. At the Springfield we have combined So whether your stay is purely for the atmosphere of a country house pleasure, or you are attending an with all the facilities of a modern international conference or local hotel. The comfort of all 65 meeting you can be sure of a true bedrooms, with a choice of standard, Dorset welcome. www.thespringfield.co.uk EXCLUSIVE OFFERS! Monkey World Adoptive Parents receive a free night when booking one or more nights – including Full English Breakfast, Leisure Club & Free WIFI! Guests who are not Adoptive Parents receive free tickets to Monkey World when staying one or more nights! See www.thespringfield.co.uk/monkey-world-offers for details.