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Language and Definitions
This asset is intentionally omitted from this text. It may be accessed at Language and Definitions www.mcescher.com. (Waterfall by 1 Language Functions M.C. Escher) 2 Emotive Language, Neutral Language, and Disputes 3 Disputes and Ambiguity 4 Definitions and Their Uses 5 The Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension 6 Definition by Genus and Difference 1 Language Functions When people reason, they typically do so using language, manipulating proposi- tions in a logical or informative spirit. But language is used in a great variety of ways, only some of which are informative. Without the intention to inform, we may express ourselves using language: “That’s really great!” we may say; and the poet, overcome by the beauty of an ancient city, channels his emotions in writing these lines: Match me such marvel, save in Eastern clime— A rose-red city—“half as old as time.”1 Of course, some expressive discourse also has informative content, and may express attitudes as well as beliefs. Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be, The last of life for which the first was made.2 Moreover, some discourse is directive, with or without expressive or informa- tive elements. It seeks to guide or to command. “Step on the scale, please,” we may be told, or we may receive this good advice: Drive defensively. The cemetery is full of law-abiding citizens who had the right of way. A mixture of functions is a natural feature of almost all our uses of language. We can see this in our own speech and writing. -
The Blueprints of Definition in Technical Dictionary
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 108 Social Sciences, Humanities and Economics Conference (SoSHEC 2017) The Blueprints of Definition in Technical Dictionary Fitri Amilia Kisyani Laksono Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra UniversitasNegeri Surabaya UniversitasNegeri Surabaya Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia [email protected] [email protected] Budinuryanta Yohanes Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra UniversitasNegeri Surabaya Surabaya, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract—Definition which refers to the term concept with Numbers of norms are considered in the conception of different formation of the form of specific words in a dictionary lemma. First, based on the argument of Lanur [1], Sudibya [2] has been the reason of the study. Collected data were in the form and Mundiri [3] it is the semantic consideration which rules the of definian taken from document record, identification and features to include or cover in the concept. Those features are classification of the norms found in the dictionaries. The data the term concepts which will differ the meaning of a term when collection technique was documentation done through note it is used in different context. These must be shortly and clearly taking, identification, and classification of the definiandum written. This norm shows the importance of semantic in formats. The data analysis was content analysis, similarities and defining lemma in a dictionary, and Ogden and Richards argue distributions of the definian. The result of the study shows that this will be completed through understanding the semantic patterns of genus definition and differentia, synonymous, triangle [4]. antonymous, negation, and broad and narrow, collocations, dual and multi, circular, context-bounded and context-unbounded, Another important norm is called contextual norms. -
An Introduction to Lexical Semantics for Students of Translation
IMOLA KATALIN NAGY AN INTRODUCTION TO LEXICAL SEMANTICS FOR STUDENTS OF TRANSLATION STUDIES SAPIENTIA HUNGARIAN UNIVERSITY OF TRANSYLVANIA FACULTY OF TECHNICAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES, TÂRGU-MUREŞ DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS IMOLA KATALIN NAGY AN INTRODUCTION TO LEXICAL SEMANTICS FOR STUDENTS OF TRANSLATION STUDIES SCIENTIA Publishing House Cluj-Napoca · 2017 The book was published with the support of: Publisher-in-chief: Zoltán Kása Readers: Andrea Peterlicean (Târgu-Mureş) Judit Szabóné Papp (Miskolc) The author takes all the professional responsibility for the present volume. Series cover: Dénes Miklósi First English edition: 2017 © Scientia, 2017 All rights reserved, including the rights for photocopying, public lecturing, radio and television broadcast, and translation of the whole work and of chapters as well. Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României IMOLA, KATALIN NAGY An introduction to lexical semantics for students of translation studies / Imola Katalin Nagy. - Cluj-Napoca : Scientia, 2017 ISBN 978-606-975-003-2 81 CONTENTS Preface . 11 1. Introduction . 13 2. History of semantics . 31 3. Defining semantics. Defining meaning . 39 4. Approaches to meaning . 53 5. Semantic relations . 73 6. Semantic roles . 105 7. Theories of meaning . 109 8. Types of meaning . 131 9. Changes of meaning . 161 10. Semantics and translation . 183 Bibliography . 203 Rezumat: Introducere în semantica lexicală pentru studenţii de la traductologie . 207 Kivonat: Bevezetés a jelentéstanba fordító szakos hallgatók számára . 209 About the author . 211 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK Előszó . 11 1. Bevezető . 13 2. A szemantika története . 31 3. A jelentéstan és a jelentés meghatározása . 39 4. A jelentés fogalmának értelmezései . 53 5. Szemantikai viszonyok . 73 6. Szemantikai szerepek . 105 7. -
Wittgenstein and Nietzsche: Two Critics of Philosophy
Wittgenstein and Nietzsche: Two Critics of Philosophy by Anu Koshal Graduate Program in Literature Duke University Date: July 23, 2010 Approved: ___________________________ Toril Moi, Supervisor __________________________ Richard Fleming __________________________ V.Y. Mudimbe __________________________ Michael Hardt Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Program in Literature in the Graduate School of Duke University 2010 ABSTRACT Wittgenstein and Nietzsche: Two Critics of Philosophy by Anu Koshal Graduate Program in Literature Duke University Date: July 23, 2010 Approved: ___________________________ Toril Moi, Supervisor __________________________ Richard Fleming __________________________ V.Y. Mudimbe __________________________ Michael Hardt An abstract submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Program in Literature in the Graduate School of Duke University 2010 ii Copyright by Anu Koshal 2010 iii ABSTRACT Few philosophers have been more critical of the Western philosophical tradition than Friedrich Nietzsche and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Nietzsche and Wittgenstein did not just reject the conclusions of their philosophical predecessors; they rejected their most basic assumptions. They rejected the very idea of philosophy as the attempt to rationally develop objective theories of the world. And yet Wittgenstein and Nietzsche have now been absorbed into the discipline they wanted to abolish. This dissertation attempts to recapture the force and extent of their respective criticisms of philosophy, and evaluate their conceptions of what philosophy should be. I begin by examining Wittgenstein’s claim that philosophical problems rest on a misunderstanding of language. I show that this claim does not entail a quietist refusal to engage in philosophical problems, as many have argued. -
Quick Logic Guide 1
Quick Logic Guide 1 Quick Logic Guide Portland Community College | 2018 Edition PHL 221 | Symbolic Logic This guide is a compact summary of the key concepts and methods in introductory deductive logic. It covers three symbolic languages: Categorical Logic, Propositional (Statement) Logic, and Predicate Logic. The terminology, symbols, definitions, and procedures in this guide are typically based on those used in A Concise Introduction to Logic: An Emphasis on Modern Formal Logic, 13th ed., Hurley & Watson, Cengage Learning, 2018. 1. Logic Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................................4 1.1 Basic Terminology Map ...............................................................................................................................................................5 1.2 Argument Basics .............................................................................................................................................................................6 1.2.1 Conclusion Indicators .....................................................................................................................................................6 1.2.2 Premise Indicators ...........................................................................................................................................................6 1.2.3 Non Arguments..................................................................................................................................................................7 -
A Note on Analysis and Circular Definitions
A Note on Analysis and Circular Definitions Francesco Orilia Department of Philosophy, University of Macerata (Italy) Achille C. Varzi Department of Philosophy, Columbia University, New York (USA) (Published in Grazer philosophische Studien 54 (1998), 107–115.) I An analysis—in its simplest form—is an assertion aiming to capture a cer- tain intimate link between a given concept (the analysandum) and another, typically more precise and fully explicit concept (the analysans). For in- stance, the following are classical examples of analyses proposed for the geometric concept of a circle and the epistemic concept of knowledge, re- spectively: (1) A circle is a locus of points in the same plane equidistant from some common point. (2) Knowledge is justified true belief. In some cases, even a whole theory may be regarded as a constituting an analysis. For example, Russell’s celebrated theory of definite descriptions may be viewed as an analysis of that formal concept which in natural lan- guage can be expressed by means of the definite article.1 Analyses are also called philosophical, real, or simply analyzing defi- nitions. This is appropriate, since analyses are implicitly assumed to fulfill the following Definition Constraint: (DC) An analysis must obey the laws governing definitions, where the expression standing for the analysans is viewed as a defi- niens and the expression standing for the analysandum as a corresponding definiendum. 2 1 Given the ordinary account of definitions, (DC) in turn implies the follow- ing Substitutivity Principle: (SP) The expression standing for the analysandum and the one standing for the analysans are mutually substitutable, salva veritate. -
GST203 Final 1__Docx
Course Information Course Code: GST 203 Course Title: Introduction to Philosophy and Logic Credit Unit: 2 Course Status: Compulsory Semester: 2nd Required Study Hour: 4 hours per week Year of Course Review 2018 Course Team Course Reviewer: Dr, Oyekunle O. Adegboyega Instructional Designer: Inegbedion, Juliet O. (Ph.D.) Learning Technologists: Dr. Adewale Adesina, Nura Maidoki,& Henry Ude Content Editor: Prof. Uduma Oji Uduma Copy Editors: Inegbedion, Juliet O. (Ph.D.) & Christiana Uzoukwu (Mrs) Ice Breaker Upload your passport and introduce yourself by stating your names, what you do for a living, your hobby, your expectation in this course and the name you would prefer to be called during this course. NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA 1 © 2018 by NOUN Press National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters University Village Plot 91, Cadastral Zone Nnamdi Azikiwe Expressway Jabi, Abuja Lagos Office 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island, Lagos e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Published by: National Open University of Nigeria Printed by NOUN Press [email protected] Printed 2018 ISBN: 978-978-8521-92-1 2 Course Guide Introduction Welcome to GST 203: A Study Guide for the Distance Learner. GST 203 is a two-credit unit course that has minimum duration of one semester. It is a compulsory course for undergraduate students in Science Programmes including Science Education in the university. The course guides you on the techniques of studying to achieve academic success through open and distance learning. -
Dictionary of Lexicography
Dictionary of Lexicography Anyone who has ever handled a dictionary will have wondered how it was put together, where the information has come from, and how and why it can benefit so many of its users. The Dictionary of Lexicography addresses all these issues. The Dictionary of Lexicography examines both the theoretical and practical aspects of its subject, and how they are related. In the realm of dictionary research the authors highlight the history, criticism, typology, structures and use of dictionaries. They consider the subjects of data-collection and corpus technology, definition-writing and editing, presentation and publishing in relation to dictionary-making. English lexicography is the main focus of the work, but the wide range of lexicographical compilations in other cultures also features. The Dictionary gives a comprehensive overview of the current state of lexicography and all its possibilities in an interdisciplinary context. The representative literature has been included and an alphabetically arranged appendix lists all bibliographical references given in the more than 2,000 entries, which also provide examples of relevant dictionaries and other reference works. The authors have specialised in various aspects of the field and have contributed significantly to its astonishing development in recent years. Dr R.R.K.Hartmann is Director of the Dictionary Research Centre at the University of Exeter, and has founded the European Association for Lexicography and pioneered postgraduate training in the field. Dr Gregory James is Director of the Language Centre at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, where he has done research into what separates and unites European and Asian lexicography. -
3.5 the Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension
M03_COPI1396_13_SE_C03.QXD 10/12/07 11:54 AM Page 96 96 CHAPTER 3 Language and Definitions one’s person—satisfy the meaning of “carry” in that law? Justice Stephen Breyer argued that Congress intended the word in its ordinary, everyday meaning, without the artificial limitation that it be immediately accessible. Quoting Robinson Crusoe and Moby Dick, he pointed to the common use of “carry” to mean “convey in a vehicle.” The mandatory sentence, he con- cluded, is thus properly imposed. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg found Breyer’s literary evidence selective and unpersuasive; in response, she offered quotations from Rudyard Kipling, the TV series M.A.S.H., and President Theodore Roosevelt’s “Speak softly and carry a big stick” to show that “carry” is properly understood in the federal statute to mean “the gun at hand, ready for use as a weapon” [Muscarello v. U.S., U.S. 96-1654 (1998)]. In this controversy, which side puts forward the better precising definition? 3.5 The Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension A definition states the meaning of a term. When we look closely at the literal (or descriptive) meaning of a term, however, we see that there are different senses in which that term has meaning. With those different senses distinguished (our object just below), we will also see that definitions may be grouped and under- stood not only on the basis of their functions (as in the preceding section), but in view of the way those definitions are built: their structure. We focus on general terms—terms that are applicable to more than one object—which are of critical importance in reasoning. -
Concise Introduction to Logic 12Th Edition Hurley Test Bank
Concise Introduction to Logic 12th Edition Hurley Test Bank Full Download: http://alibabadownload.com/product/concise-introduction-to-logic-12th-edition-hurley-test-bank/ Test 2A Logic Name:______________________________ Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Test A 1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-e, 5-b, 6-d, 7-a, 8-c, 9-b, 10-e, 11-d, 12-c, 13-a, 14-b, 15-e, 16-a, 17-c, 18-b, 19-d, 20-e, 21-d, 22-b, 23-c, 24-a, 25-d, 26-c, 27-b, 28-a, 29-c, 30-e, 31-d, 32-b, 33-c, 34-a, 35-e, 36-d, 37-c, 38-e, 39-a, 40-b. Test B 1-b, 2-e, 3-a, 4-c, 5-d, 6-a, 7-e, 8-b, 9-c, 10-d, 11-a, 12-b, 13-e, 14-d, 15-c, 16-b, 17-c, 18-e, 19-a, 20-d, 21-b, 22-c, 23-e, 24-a, 25-e, 26-d, 27-b, 28-c, 29-d, 30-e, 31-a, 32-c, 33-b, 34-d, 35-c, 36-a, 37-b, 38-e, 39-d, 40-e. Test C 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a, 5-b, 6-e, 7-d, 8-b, 9-e, 10-a, 11-c, 12-b, 13-a, 14-d, 15-a, 16-b, 17-e, 18-c, 19-e, 20-d, 21-b, 22-d, 23-a, 24-e, 25-c, 26-b, 27-c, 28-a, 29-d, 30-e, 31-b, 32-d, 33-c, 34-d, 35-a, 36-b, 37-e, 38-c, 39-e, 40-d. -
Russell on Indexicals and Scientific Knowledge
Janet Farrell Smith Russell on Indexicals and Scientific Knowledge One major theme of Russell's treatment of indexicals in PLA 1 and HK is their indispensability to human knowledge. In IMT, apparently influenced by Carnap, Russell provides an analysis that claims to eliminate what he calls "egocentric par ticulars" ("I," "this," "here," "now"), and he concludes that they are "not needed in any part of the description of the world, whether physical or psychological" (IMT, 108). 2 In HK Russell still wishes to replace indexicals by objective space time coordinate descriptions. But he explicitly argues that this program can pro ceed only up to a certain point and that indexicals are not completely eliminable. They are indispensable, he claims, in stating the basis of empirical knowledge in immediate experience. Russell therefore finally rejects Carnap's claim in the Auf bau ( 1928) that "within any object domain a unique system of definite descriptions is in principle possible, even without the aid of ostensive definitions .... Any in tersubjective, rational science presupposes this possibility." A second major theme in Russell's treatment of indexicals in HK is their inter definability, an attempt to reduce them to one basic type for inclusion in a "mini mum vocabulary." All terms in a scientific language, on Russell's view, have ei ther a nominal definition or an ostensive definition. A minimum vocabulary must meet these two conditions: (a) every other word used in science has a nominal definition in terms of the words of the minimum vocabulary, and (b) no one of the words in the minimum vocabulary has a nominal definition in terms of another within that vocabulary. -
Definitions (PDF)
Prof. C. Byrne Phil 251 Definitions Definitions are a useful way of clearing up the many instances of vagueness and ambiguity in natural language (that is, the ordinary use of language by speakers in a linguistic community). Vagueness and Ambiguity: Vagueness: no clear meaning to a word or expression, e.g., words such as: bald, large, quick, wealthy, cold, capitalism, euthanasia. Ambiguity: unclear which of several meanings is to be understood. Words that have more than one meaning are said to be ambiguous, multi-vocal or homonyms; e.g., ‘chair’ (piece of furniture vs. person holding a certain position of authority); ‘free’ (legal, political, or social standing vs. having no monetary cost; ‘bat’ (flying animal vs. stick used to hit thrown objects). This kind of ambiguity is sometimes called semantic ambiguity because it is unclear which of the several meanings of a word is being used. Another kind of ambiguity is syntactic ambiguity (amphibole), where the grammatical construction makes the meaning of the sentence ambiguous, e.g., “Last night I shot a burglar in my pajamas. What he was doing in my pajamas I don’t really know.” Sign over entrance to a restaurant: “Serving good food since 1990.” Ambiguity can lead people to argue at cross-purposes, that is, to engage in a merely verbal dispute. Equivocation: fallacy in reasoning involving ambiguity in the words used in an argument, e.g., we cannot be running out of energy because energy is indestructible. Definitions: Definiendum: the word to be defined; definiens: the definition, that is, the words doing the defining.