Desarrollo De Métodos De Cuantificación Empleando Técnicas De Análisis Directo De Sólidos Con Detección Por Espectrometría De Masas

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Desarrollo De Métodos De Cuantificación Empleando Técnicas De Análisis Directo De Sólidos Con Detección Por Espectrometría De Masas DESARROLLO DE MÉTODOS DE CUANTIFICACIÓN EMPLEANDO TÉCNICAS DE ANÁLISIS DIRECTO DE SÓLIDOS CON DETECCIÓN POR ESPECTROMETRÍA DE MASAS Tesis Doctoral Aitor Álvarez Toral Oviedo, 2017 Lista de acrónimos Lista de acrónimos AES Auger Electron Spectroscopy, Espectroscopía de electrones Auger APCI Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization, Ionización química a presión atmosférica AZO Aluminium-doped Zinc Oxide, Óxido de Zinc dopado con aluminio CE Capillary Electrophoresis, Electroforesis capilar CEMA Channel Electron Multiplier Array, Secuencia de canales multiplicadores de electrones CI Chemical Ionization, Ionización química dc Direct current, Corriente continua EI Electron Ionization, Ionización electrónica EPXMA Electron-probe X-ray Microanalysis, Microsonda electrónica ESCA Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, Espectroscopía electrónica para el análisis químico ESI Electrospray Ionization, Ionización por electrospray ETV Electrothermal vaporization, Vaporización electrotérmica FAB Fast Atom Bombardment, Bombardeo de átomos rápidos FIA Flow Injection Analysis, análisis por inyección en flujo GC Gas Chromatography, Cromatografía de gases GD Glow Discharge, Descarga luminiscente HV High vacuum, Alto vacío HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Cromatografía líquida de alta resolución ICP Inductively Coupled Plasma, Plasma de acoplamiento inductivo IDA Isotope Dilution Analysis, Análisis por dilución isotópica I Lista de acrónimos IDMS Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, Espectrometría de masas con dilución isotópica IMS Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Imágenes por espectrometría de masas IPD Isotope Pattern Deconvolution, Deconvolución de patrones isotópicos IR Infrared, Infrarrojo LA Laser Ablation, Ablación láser LD Limit of Detection, Límite de detección LIBS Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Espectroscopía de descomposición inducida por láser LIMS Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Espectrometría de masas de ionización por láser LMMS Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry, Espectrometría de masas de microsonda láser MALDI Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Desorción/ionización láser asistida por matriz MCP MultiChannel Plate, Placa multicanal MS Mass Spectrometry, Espectrometría de masas OES Optical Emission Spectrometry, Espectrometría de emisión óptica PECVD Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, Deposición por vapor química intensificada por plasma PGE Platinum Group Element, Elemento del Grupo del platino PVD Physical Vapor Deposition, Deposición por vapor física rf Radiofrequency, Radiofrecuencia RSD Relative Standard Deviation, Desviación estándar relativa SD Standard Deviation, Desviación estándar SF Sector Field, Sector Magnético II Lista de acrónimos SIMS Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Espectrometría de masas de iones secundarios SNMS Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry, Espectrometría de masas de partículas neutras secundarias TIMS Thermal ionization mass spectrometry, Espectrometría de masas de ionización térmica TOFMS Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, Espectrometría de masas de tiempo de vuelo UHV Ultra-High Vacuum, Ultra-alto vacío UV Ultraviolet, Ultravioleta XPS X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Espectrometría fotoelectrónica de rayos X III Resumen Resumen Las técnicas de análisis directo de sólidos permiten la cuantificación de elementos en diferentes tipos de muestras sin la necesidad de emplear complicados protocolos de preparación de muestra, tales como la digestión ácida o la lixiviación de los sólidos. Para realizar un análisis con este tipo de técnicas, tales como la ablación láser acoplada a plasma de acoplamiento inductivo con espectrometría de masas (LA-ICP-MS) o la descarga luminiscente acoplada a espectrometría de masas de tipo tiempo de vuelo (GD-TOFMS), se requiere el empleo de metodologías de cuantificación que tengan en cuenta las características de la técnica, así como la naturaleza de las muestras sólidas y los analitos a estudiar. En el primer capítulo de la Tesis Doctoral, titulado “Análisis de suelos y sedimentos mediante fusión con borato de litio empleando técnicas de análisis directo de sólidos y análisis por dilución isotópica”, se emplea el análisis por dilución isotópica (IDA) como metodología de cuantificación. La técnica IDA permite la cuantificación de analitos sin la necesidad de realizar un calibrado, ya que sólo es necesario medir las relaciones isotópicas de los analitos en una mezcla preparada a partir de la muestra original (abundancias isotópicas naturales) y de un patrón isotópico en el que los isótopos tienen alteradas sus abundancias isotópicas con respecto a las naturales. El único requerimiento experimental necesario para poder emplear con éxito el IDA es que se debe alcanzar el equilibrio isotópico, es decir la muestra y el patrón isotópico han de mezclarse de manera homogénea. En este primer capítulo las muestras a analizar son suelos y sedimentos, para los que tradicionalmente se emplean largos y laboriosos procesos de digestión. Lograr el equilibrio isotópico entre las mencionadas muestras sólidas y los patrones isotópicos en disolución es ciertamente una cuestión de vital importancia, por lo que se ha desarrollado un método que emplea la fusión de las muestras con borato de litio, en la que las altas temperaturas del proceso favorecen el equilibrio isotópico, además de producir un sólido V Resumen homogéneo y adecuado para su empleo con técnicas de análisis directo de sólidos. Dado que esta metodología se ha empleado para la cuantificación con dos técnicas distintas, LA-ICP-MS y GD-TOFMS, este capítulo se ha dividido en dos partes, cada una de ellas centrada en una de las dos técnicas mencionadas anteriormente. En el segundo capítulo, cuyo título es “Análisis en profundidad de células solares de capa fina de silicio amorfo mediante GD-TOFMS”, se ha desarrollado una metodología para la cuantificación de los analitos presentes en células solares de capa fina de silicio amorfo. Se ha prestado especial interés en los analitos de las capas de silicio amorfo, debido a que la presencia de hidrógeno en esas capas podría afectar a la cuantificación. Se han estudiado distintas interferencias poliatómicas que pudieran afectar a los analitos (especialmente Si, P y B) y se han seleccionado intervalos en los perfiles de pulso en los que tales interferencias estén ausentes. También se han propuesto distintas estrategias de calibración basadas en la selección de diversos intervalos en los perfiles de pulso, seleccionando el más adecuado para cada elemento. Por último, se han obtenido perfiles en profundidad cualitativos de las muestras de células solares, y, empleado la metodología de la calibración multimatriz (usando patrones con y sin hidrógeno), se han obtenido finalmente perfiles cuantitativos en profundidad. Los resultados experimentales, tanto para la concentración de los analitos como el espesor de las capas del recubrimiento, son concordantes con los valores esperados, mostrando la validez de la metodología propuesta. En el tercer y último capítulo, “Síntesis de nanopartículas de silicio amorfo amino-funcionalizadas para la preparación de nuevos patrones para LA-ICP-MS”, se ha desarrollado un procedimiento de síntesis de nanopartículas a las que se les añaden diversos analitos modelo (Pt, Pd, Rh, La, Ce, Nd, Ba, Sr y Tl). De este modo, las nanopartículas funcionalizadas pueden ser utilizadas como patrones en la cuantificación de muestras sólidas para las que actualmente no existen patrones adecuados. Por ejemplo, este tipo de patrones podría utilizarse para el análisis de catalizadores de VI Resumen automóvil, cuyas concentraciones para los elementos del grupo del platino (Pt, Pd y Rh) son mucho más altas que las de los patrones utilizados habitualmente (serie NISTSRM 61x). Se ha demostrado que las nanopartículas funcionalizadas son capaces de retener los analitos añadidos en su superficie mediante quimisorción y dichos analitos se distribuyen de manera homogénea en los patrones (en forma de pastillas prensadas para su análisis por LA-ICP-MS). El polvo resultante puede compactarse para formar pastillas cuya composición es homogénea y en las que las concentraciones de los analitos modelo son mucho más altas (hasta 3 órdenes de magnitud para Rh, Pd y Pt) que las de otros patrones similares empleados en LA-ICP- MS. VII Índice de tablas Summary Direct solid analysis techniques allow the quantification of elements in different types of samples without the use of complex sample preparation protocols, such as acid digestion or leaching processes. In order to implement an analysis with this type of techniques, such as Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) or Glow Discharge – Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GD-TOFMS), the use of quantification methodologies which take into account the characteristics of the technique, as well as the nature of the solid samples and the analytes to investigate is required. In the first chapter of this PhD, titled ‘Analysis of Soils and Sediments by Lithium Borate Fusion using Direct Solid Sample Analysis Techniques and Isotope Dilution Analysis’, the employed quantification methodology was isotope dilution analysis (IDA). IDA technique allows the analyte quantification without needing to do a calibration, since it only requires the measurement of the analyte isotope ratios of a mixture prepared from the original sample (natural abundances) and an isotopically enriched standard. The unique experimental requirement to successfully carry out IDA is to achieve isotopic equilibration;
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