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SURİÇİ İSTANBUL Fetihten Önce Ve Fetihten Sonra

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SURİÇİ İSTANBUL Fetihten Önce Ve Fetihten Sonra SURİÇİ İSTANBUL Fetihten Önce ve Fetihten Sonra İ Ç İ N D E K İ L E R GİRİŞ ........................................................................................ 7 Prof. Dr. İlber Ortaylı I. BÖLÜM (Fetihten Önce) ..................................................... 15 Bizantion’dan Fatih’e ..........................................................................................17 Doç. Dr. Koray Durak Bir İmparatorluk Merkezi Olarak Konstantinopolis ............................................41 Prof. Dr. Albrecht Berger Surlar ve Kapılar .................................................................................................69 Prof. Dr. Neslihan Asutay - Effenberger Ticaret Hayatı ..................................................................................................103 Doç. Dr. Koray Durak Dini ve Gündelik Hayat ...................................................................................119 Dr. Brigitte Pitarakis II. BÖLÜM (Fetihten Sonra) ................................................. 167 Fetih Sonrasında Tarihi Yarımadada Tarihi Olaylara Genel Bir Bakış ................169 Prof. Dr. Feridun M. Emecen Fatih Mahalleleri ..............................................................................................203 Prof. Dr. Mehmet Canatar Suriçi İstanbul’da İlim Hayatı, Eğitim Faaliyetleri ve Kültür Muhitleri .............253 Prof. Dr. Mehmet İpşirli İstanbul’da ve Osmanlı Sarayı’nda Tören ve Kutlamalar ....................................273 Prof. Dr. Zeynep Tarım Fatih’te Ulaşım .................................................................................................295 Prof. Dr. Ali Akyıldız GİRİŞ Prof. Dr. İlber ORTAYLI on seçim döneminde uygun bir tasar- ruf sonucu suriçi (intra muros) İstanbul bölgesi bütünüyle bir belediyeye verildi. SBu belediyenin adı klasik Osmanlı döneminde Dersaadet idi. Son asrın belediyeler kanunu da “Dersaadet ve bilad-ı selase” başlığını taşır (yani suriçi İstanbul; Eyüp, Galata ve Üsküdar) isim ve ünvan İstanbul kadısının eskiden beri yönettiği İstanbul yönetimini kastetmektedir. 1853 Kırım savaşından beri modern bir bi- çimde tertiplenmesine çalışılan İstanbul bele- diyeleri bu ayrımı devam ettirmiş; Dersaadet belediyesi hem protokolde hem de mali ko- nularda ve personel sayısında öne geçmekle beraber bilhassa imparatorlukta ecnebi nüfusun yaşadığı Beyoğlu-Galata yani “Altıncı daire-i belediye” ve bunun gibi Yeniköy ve Tarabya için de “Ondördüncü daire-i belediye” ayrıca örgütlenmiştir. Suriçinin son seçim dönemine kadar iki belediye halinde bulunması isabetli değildi; tarihî İstanbul’un bir belediyeye bırakıl- Suriçi İstanbul / Fetih Öncesi Suriçi İstanbul / Fetih Öncesi gelişme Bizans dönemi İstanbulu üzerinde çalı- şan uzmanların arasında artık Türk tarihçilerin de yer etmesidir. Sayın Koray Durak, Neslihan Asutay-Effenberger ve Bri- gitte Pitarakis’in bu ciltte yer almasını editör olarak şükranla karşılıyorum. Daha ilk makaleden itibaren Byzantium’dan Fatih’e bütün İstanbul’un tarihi topografyası ve ne- olitikten başlayarak tarih öncesi ve tarih çağlardaki iktisadi ve toplumsal ge- lişimine bakılmaktadır. Bildiğimiz klasik İstan- bul’un klasik çağ Roma Fildişi diptik, figürler Roma ve Konstantinopolis’i temsil eder, Kunsthistorisches Museum, imparatorları tarafından Viyana, Avusturya. bu bölgede kurulmasının ması uygun oldu. Bu belediye sınırları itibariyle nedeni bu ilk makalede ele Bizans’ın Konstantinopolis (bir eparhın veya alınıyor. Gerçekten Konstantinopolis resmen ve praefectus’un yönetimindeydi) ve Dersaadet ana yapısının eksikleri tamamlanarak imparator ise yüksek mevki sahibi ve ilmiye sınıfında Konstantin (Constantinus) tarafından milâdın kazaskerlerden sonra gelen İstanbul kadısının dördüncü asrında kurulmuştur ama en azından yönetimine tekabül eder. bugünkü Aksaray eksenine kadar bütün yarı- Suriçi İstanbul tarihi üzerine Fatih belediyesi madada Nova Roma denilen parlak bir şehir halkımıza ve Türkiye’yi tanımak isteyenlere bir ikinci asırdan beri ortaya çıkmıştı. Hipodrom ortak metin hazırlamak istemiştir. Bendeniz ve şehrin ana arteri olan Mese ve bunun üzerindeki yayın asistanımız Dr. Selin İpek'in tertibiyle bu (Forum Constantinum, Forum Tauri, Arcadii metin ilk defa olarak, Bizans tarihi uzmanları gibi) forumlarıyla sarnıçlar ve Valens su keme- ve Osmanlı tarihinin tanınmış uzmanlarının riyle şehrin su dağıtım sistemi açıkça ortadaydı. müşterek mesaisiyle meydana getirilmiştir. İki İmparator Konstantin’in şehri resmen kuruluş bölümün arasında konuların ele alınışı bakı- tarihini seçişi bile 330 yılı Mayıs ortası yani tanrı mından paralellik göze çarpar. Sevindirici bir Mercurius’un kutsal günleri olan “idus maiae”dir. - 8- Suriçi İstanbul / Fetih Öncesi Suriçi İstanbul / Fetih Öncesi Şehir teşkilatlanışı, ana hatlarının ortaya çıkışı ve rumları hakkında bir fikir edinebiliyoruz. her şeyden evvel muhteşem mimarisi ile klasik İstanbul surları hakkındaki en önemli bilgi Roma’nın son parlayışıdır. değişimi Marmaray kazıları dolayısıyla Yeni- Bizans araştırmalarında Bizans Kons- kapı’da Theodosius limanının bulunması ve tantinopolis patrolojisi alanında (“patria kazılar sırasında Konstantin surlarının başlan- Konstaniopolu” denen ünlü eseriyle “Kons- gıcının ortaya çıkmasıdır. Bu keşfin destek tantinopel: Geschichte, Topographie, Religi- kazılarla devam etmesi ve Haliç ve Marmara on”; Standorte in Antike und Christentum, arasında Konstantin surlarının bütününün tes- Stuttgart, 2011) tanınan Albrecht Berger’in piti gerekmektedir. İstanbul’un sakinlerinden başkent olarak Konstantinopolis’in belge- ve Bizans medeniyet tarihinin günümüzdeki sel topografisi üzerinde temel fakat sağlam tanınmış hizmetkârlarından Brigitte Pitara- bilgiler vermektedir. Gene aynı şekilde bu kis uzun bir makale ile Bizans başkentindeki bölümdeki Neslihan Asutay-Effenberger’in dini ve gündelik hayatı ele almakta; özellikle Konstantinopolis’in surları ve kapıları üze- Latin işgali ve Paleologos devrindeki mucize rindeki açıklayıcı etüdü bilgilerimizi hayli beklentileri ve ortada dolaşan menkıbelere değiştirmektedir. Önümüzdeki kitabın basit değinmekte. Bunların Osmanlı İstanbulu'na bir popüler şehir rehberi olmanın ötesinde dahi miras kaldığı anlaşılır. Öte yandan şe- İstanbul’u daha derinden tanımak isteyenler hirde daha Bizans devrinde bile yaşayan ve iş için bir rehber olduğunu belirtmek gerekir. gören Müslümanlar vardı. Bunlar hakkında Yeryüzünde “metropolis mundi” vasfını İstan- araştırmayı teşvik edici bilgiler verildiği açıktır. bul kadar uzun bir süre muhafaza eden başka Hiç şüphe yok ki bu rehber Osmanlı bir şehir pek de yoktur; işte bu İstanbul’un Dersaadeti'nin tarihini, yerleşim kültürünü, surları Asutay-Effenberger’in kaleminden geç mahalleler arasındaki ulaşımı, ilmi ve kültü- antikiteden onbeşinci asra kadar bütün gelişi- rel hayatı ve gerek devlet törenleri, gerekse miyle ele alınıyor. Çünkü bu surlar müdafaa halk ananelerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. surlarını sevmeyen “pax Romana” döneminin Bu alanda değerli meslektaşlarımızın kendi üstüne çağın zarureti olarak gelmiştir ve hiç bölümlerinde yaptıkları katkı; hemşehirleri- şüphesiz Akdeniz tarihinin en önemli eserle- mize ve İstanbul ile ilgilenen yerli ve yabancı rinden biridir. 6.5 kilometrelik kara surları gençlere, tarih meraklıları için, önemli bir ve nihayet devamında Blakhernai surları ve müracaat kitabı ortaya koymuştur. İstanbul’un deniz surlarıyla inceleme tamamlanıyor. Bu- Osmanlı geçmişi beş buçuk asrı kapsar. Ne günkü İstanbul’u o dönemin Konstantino- var ki onbeşinci asrın başından beri Üskü- polis’i ile eşleştiren ve ayrımlayan en önemli dar’da önemli bir Türk yerleşimi vardır ve tıpkı eser ve özellik surlardır. Nihayet şehrin eko- Pera’daki İtalyanlara (Ceneviz Venedikliler) nomik hayatını uzun bir dönem içerisinde benzer bir statüde kendi kadılarıyla bugünkü değerlendiren Koray Durak’ın sunumuyla Cibali Unkapanı’na tekabül eden mekânda Roma Bizans dönemi Konstantinopolis ku- Müslüman ve Türkler de oturuyordu. Bizans - 9- Suriçi İstanbul / Fetih Öncesi Suriçi İstanbul / Fetih Öncesi imparatorluğu Justinianos dönemindeki gücü ettiği bir yöntem olmuştur. Yirminci yüzyılda yanında, topraklarını kaybettiği nerdeyse dahi buhranlı savaş yıllarını izleyen eğlenceli, Mora ve Trakya’da küçük bir devlet derecesine protokolü ve geleneksel kalıpları değiştiren indiği zamanda dahi beynelmilel ilişkilerini curcunalı hayat buna örnek gösterilebilir. sürdürmekteydi. İstanbul’un beslenme sorun- Profesör Doktor Mehmet Canatar Fatih ları, mübrem maddelerin nakli, depolanması Mahalleleri başlığı altında suriçi İstanbul’un sistemi, şehirlerdeki esnaf loncaları Bizans sa- idari taksimatını ele aldı. Buradaki Müslüman rayının diplomatik ilişkileri için başvurduğu mahalleler ve camileri yanında gayrimüslim- kendi lüks emtia üretimi çok benzer kalıp- lerinkine de değiniyor. Bu konu İstanbul’un larla bütün Orta Doğu imparatorluklarında halen az incelenen ve az bilinen alanların- görüldüğü üzere Osmanlı imparatorluğunda dan biridir. İstanbul mahalleleri sorununun da var olmuştur. Bu şehri incelemek bütün Canatar tarafından ele alınışı okurun ilgisini Akdeniz ve Orta Doğu tarihini iyi bilmek ve çekecek ve metodik tartışmaları ve yaklaşımları İslam imparatorluklarının da şehir yönetimini münazaraya açacaktır. Mehmet İpşirli hoca ve toplumsal örgütlenmesini iyi tanımakla Osmanlı ilmiye sınıfı tarihinin üstadı olarak mümkün olabilmektedir. İstanbul’daki ilim hayatını, eğitim faaliyetle- rine ve kültürel çevrelere değinmektedir. Bir Kitabın ikinci bölümü artık altı asra yak- şeyi unutmamak gerekir;
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