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Specialists in Insurance for the Foreign Service at Home And Abroad 1730 K Street, NW, Suite701, Washington DC 20006 Phone (202)872-0060 Fax (202) 466-9064 Telex 64514 Cable Clements/Washington Beyond Bosnia AMERICAN FOREIGN Diplomats are critically dependent upon integrity for their individual and SERVICE ASSOCIATION Governing Board collective effectiveness. Foreign interlocutors must feel that U.S. diplomats rep¬ President: FA. (TKX) HARRIS resent principled policies and back them with personal conviction. Members State Vice President: TODD STEWART MI) Vice President. JOHN PATTERSON of the Foreign Service must, at times, subordinate their personal views to the l SI A Vice President. RAZV1GOR BAZAI.A demands of policy, but, when the dissonance grows too great, they have a moral Retiree Vice President DONALD K NORLAND Sec retan: CATHERINE BARRY and professional obligation to protest, request reassignment, or even to resign. Treasurer. ANNE WOODS PATTERSON State Representatives CHRISTINE FULENA Resignation, the option of last resort, has been chosen now by four foreign- DENNIS KLIX affairs officers working on the Bosnia conflict who could not reconcile Amer¬ JOHN MARIZ SHE SAAR MO ican vacillation with daily reports of massacres, rapes, mutilations, and other DAVID H. SHINN atrocities. All have gone on to uncertain futures; none regrets his decision. AID Representatives. LEE ANN ROSS JAMES R. WASHINGTON The resignations are a conspicuous manifestation of the most acute disaf¬ t SI A Representative: BRUCE WHARTON Retired Representatives: KATHRYN CLARK-BOURNK fection in the Foreign Service since the Vietnam War. It is difficult to find even SAMUEL F. HART a single working-level FSO involved with the former Yugoslavia who agrees M. BRUCE H1RSHORN with current U.S. policy. EDWARD L. PECK Staff It must be said that the State Department and Secretary Christopher have Executive Director SUSAN REARDON accepted the protests with relative grace and have lent an ear to the expressions Business Department Controller. CATHY FREGELETTE of discontent. The problem is not simply one of access; the administration just Office Manager: JUDY SHINN does not agree with these dissenting officers that the United States must inter¬ Executive Assistant MEIKE MEISSNER Accounting Assistant: SHEREE E. BEANE vene. The American public also seems quiescent. Admin isl rat ire Assistants I MANNA DUNBRACK AFSA’s role is one of defending the professionalism and integrity of the For¬ MICHAEL DAILEY Legal Services eign Service, not second-guessing the administration on foreign policy. But Legal Counsel: SHARON PAPP Bosnia is not just any foreign-policy issue. Bosnia is the site of the systematic Staff Attorney: COLLEEN FALLON Late Clerks. EDWIN GANIA extermination of a people in one of those black holes into which ethnic and MEGAN CHUNG religious resentments have been drawn and cynically exploited. In this darkling . Viem her Services Director: JAMES YORKE political no-man’s land, the clashing militias demonstrate that the Cold War’s Representatives: JULIE SMITH LINE DEREK TERRELL sanctioned authoritarianism has been supplanted in ex-Yugoslavia, and poten¬ JENNY NOYES tially throughout the non-democratic world, by a brutal state of nature. Intern; SABRINA PLATT Always mindful of Vietnam, and educated by a profusion of media, the Amer¬ Membership Acting Director: LORI DEC ican people have become far more sophisticated than they were 30 years ago Director: J ANET HEl )RICK about the dangers of intervention. The president and secretary may rightly judge Representative. NORAJANE MdNTYRE that domestic support for intervention in the former Yugoslavia would collapse Professional Issues. RICHARD S. THOMPSON as soon as American blood was spilled there. Without the attenuated threat of Retiree Liaison WARD T HOMPSON the Cold War, they seem to believe that Bosnia engages too little the U.S. na¬ Congressional Liaison. RICK WEISS Scholarship tional interest to merit our blood and treasure. Coordinator and Yet a nation, too, depends upon integrity, vision, and self-confidence as the Systems Administrator. THERESA AURRICHIO Shakers Bureau and currency of leadership. Without tumbling impulsively into war, the United States International Associates:GIL KUL1CK should equally avoid becoming, in George Shultz’s phrase, the “Hamlet of na¬ Conferences: JOHN J. HARTER
Tile American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924. IN the tions.” The problems in Bosnia are tragic and complex, and addressing them professional association of the Foreign Service and tile official will take the collective efforts of our best minds. But U.S. policymakers are representative of all Foreign Service employees in the Department of State, and the United States Infomiation Agency and the Agency ducking their most basic responsibility: to frame the issue for the American peo¬ for International Development under the terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open ple and provide leadership for the world in forging an effective response. to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies Associate membership is open to persons having an Needed is a new direction for American foreign policy, to replace the com¬ interest m or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual dues. Active Members—$85-188; Retired Members—S'15-62; Asso¬ pass of containment by which we navigated for a half century. Without a new ciate Members—$50. All AFSA members are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note; AFSA dues and Legislative Action vision, case-by-case diplomacy bespeaks absence of purpose and courage-and Fund donations may be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense for federal inu >me tax purposes. Scholarship and portends loss of leadership, respect, and resources at home and abroad. AFSA Fund donations are deductible as charitable contributions. The four resignations should be seen not just as a self-sacrificing expression AMHUCAN FOIUK.N SFHVKT. ASVXJAHON, 2101 EStreet N\Y Washington, D.C 2003“. Executive offices, meniliersliip. professional issues, of indignation and frustration, but as the ultimate appeal for political and moral scholarship programs, insurance programs JOURNAL offices; (202) 338-tO'i5. GJiveming Board, standing committees, general ctmnsel, leadership at the highest level. lalxir-management relations, manlier services, grievances; (202) (Vr-RlOO • FAX: (202) 6 )7-0265 • USL\ Member Services (202) —Tex Harris aOl-6-105 • Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730.
2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 OCTOBER 1993 JOURNAL
Editorial Board Chairman BRANDON GROVE
JANET BOGUE PHYLLIS DICHTER-FORBES JOE B. JOHNSON SUSAN KEOGH-FISHER DANIEL O. NEWBERRY DONALD R. NORLAND PHYLLIS OAKLEY ROBERT TOTH HANS N. TUCH Thailand Reflections 40 "The Independent Voice of the FEATURES Foreign Service”
Editor Speaking Out: Warring Cultures at State 17 ANNE STEVENSON-YANG BY HUME HORAN Associate Editor NANCY A. JOHNSON Advertising Manager Africa’s Promise 21 TINA M. DREYFUS BY HERMAN J. COHEN Communications Assistant LIZ ALLAN Design Focus: NEW CAMPUS, NEW TRAINING MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS W FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279). 2101 E anderings of the Foreign Service Institute 26 Street, N.W.. Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. is A Photo Essay published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions Demystifying Science and Technology 31 of the writers and does not necessarily represent BY EUGENE SKOLNIK0FF the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are invited. JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9.50 More Than a Move 34 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail An Interview with the current and former directors of FSI not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington. D.C. and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send An Architect’s Vision 37 address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E A Talk with Alan Greenberger Street, N.W., Washington. D.C. 20037-2990. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries East Is East 40 invited. The appearance of advertisements herein Reflections of a Peace Corps Volunteer in Thailand does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- BY CRAIG STEVAUX 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. Books 44 © American Foreign Service Association 1993 Printed in the U.S.A. Razvigor Bazala on Bosnia, 1913; John D. Stempel on Kennan; Daniel O. Newberry on the Turks of Asia; Kenneth J. Dillon on East Germany Postcard from Abroad 60 Send address changes for the Foreign Service Journal to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, BY ANGUS MACLEAN THUERMER Washington, DC 20037-2990 DEPARTMENTS President’s Views 2 Advertising Sections Letters 9 Classifieds Pull-out section The Cover: Clippings and Comment 10 Ad Index 59 Illustration by Dan Sherbo AFSA News Pull-out section
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Not Salespeople • find new ways to collaborate with In “The Hype Behind Trade Promo¬ financial institutions and the regional tion,” (August Journal) Edward Vazquez development banks; made several excellent suggestions, but • help posts in the 100 countries abroad missed a scoop on what the new admin¬ where FCS does not exist to step up istration plans for the department. their commercial efforts. On July 26, at a meeting of the State, Commerce, our overseas lend¬ American Business Council in Singapore, ing instimtions, and the many other U.S. Under Secretary for Economic and Ag¬ agencies involved in increasing our ricultural Affairs Joan Spero announced exports each have important roles to play. the impending appointment of a coor¬ The trick is to coordinate them all to dinator for business affairs—Ambassa¬ improve both service to U.S. business and dor Paul Cleveland. efficiency. Commerce Secretary Ron Brown The department certainly does not is currently leading just such an effort in the want and, to my knowledge, has no Trade Promotion Cooperation Committee. plans to “turn Foreign Service officers No one has been advocating that the into salespeople for American prod¬ department should neglect its other ucts.” However, the promotion and priorities or its central role in foreign- protection of American trade has prop¬ policy making. To the contrary, what erly been a function of the department’s this administration is doing is what we diplomatic and consular activity since have always done: changing with the the earliest days of the republic. It times—in this case to put our foreign simply needs to be upgraded. Leaving commercial interests and policies closer JfiacioaA cfuitei Ross Perot's alleged proposals aside, I to the center of our considerations. Enjoy spacious one bedroom suites featuring fully furnished living and am not sure what Vazquez is driving at. George Griffin dining room, and walk in closets. What seems to be emerging is a Washington, D.C. Kitchen facilities complete with china multifaceted, stepped-up effort to: and flatware for four. • fulfill the secretary’s promise to be Sacrificial lambs Complimentary continental breakfast seven days a week. the “desk officer for America;” In “Speaking Out” on die personal 24 hour fitness center. • offer the American business commu¬ hardships and career setback he suffered Outdoor pool and sun deck nity better access to the department’s as a scapegoat for a Cuba policy he actively On property coin operated laundry and Foreign Service’s unique capa¬ opposed (August Journal 1993), Myles facilities. bilities for reporting, analysis, advo¬ Frechette has rendered an invaluable ser¬ Secured underground parking. cacy, and negotiation; vice to every member of the Foreign Complimentary Washington Post and Shoe Shine. • ensure that all appropriate officers to do Service. Far too many of Frechette’s col¬ Flexible leasing terms. so are responsive to the needs of leagues have found dtemselves in similar Government Per Diem available. business; circumstances, where “die truth fell on deaf s • make the commercial function re¬ ears,” and tanking officers widi Tom Enders' noi iu 1 L spectable through continuing im¬ principles—and guts—are rare. inSCSEI K provement of recruitment, promo¬ Frechette’s suggestions of actions r r— Clft tion incentives, inspection, budget¬ scapegoats should take in such situa¬ fn .;i i ing, and training at all levels, including tions are useful; but the limitations on N £i>t James f excursion/exchange tours with FCS; what one, acting basically alone, can do
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OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 9 Politics, careers, and principles The bloody conflict in Kenney, then deputy chief reasons and what the pro¬ the former Yugoslavia has of Yugoslav affairs, re¬ fessionals think in tenns of engendered the most vigor¬ signed in August 1992. American foreign-policy in¬ ous and public protest in Daniel Williams, writing in terests, and I think our res¬ the Foreign Service since The Washington Post on Au¬ ignations have generated a
f s - " ’ ,. ^ '■%!*,, - A—'. *' ' the Vietnam War. On Au¬ gust 24, quotes Jon Western: great deal of thought about | ■ r '■ .■■,j • •>’ gust 23, Stephen W. “It’s a very tragic commentary what’s going on.” ■ Walker, the State Depart¬ that, at the end of the 20th When asked whether . ■■•■'V- ment desk officer for century, we are not able to many in the State depart¬ ■■ • I ,.:i 1 -1 i l . Croatia, became the third respond to genocide.” ment felt that the admini¬ State Department official in Williams continues: “The stration’s Bosnia policy was a month and the fourth in a dissidents also believe that a failure, Harris demurred, year to resign over U.S. acceptance of the alteration saying, “I don’t want to policy in the Bosnian con¬ of Bosnia’s borders by characterize my colleagues’ flict. “The unique opportu¬ force puts the underpin¬ feelings on this issue. I nity to seive in the Balkan nings of global peace at know that the depth of Ifli Conflict Group has.. .in¬ risk. If Bosnia cannot be feelings is veiy strong. I creased my strong convic¬ salvaged, they have asked, know that when 12 of us tion that our policies are how can the West respond dissented [in a letter to misguided, vacillating, and effectively to potentially ex¬ Christopher] in April, we dangerous,” Walker wrote plosive ethnic-border con¬ felt this all very deeply. . . . in his letter of resignation flicts in the former Soviet There are hundreds of to Secretary Christopher. Union and elsewhere?” people in the State Depart¬ “Our actions (or perhaps, On the day he resigned, ment who feel very strong¬ more appropriately, inac¬ Harris appeared with Kenney ly that we ought to be do¬ tion) have undennined and on Nightline to discuss his ing more ... But one thing threatened not only the fate reasons for leaving the For¬ we do have in the .sendee of the Balkans and the hun¬ eign Seivice. “I hope that by is this built-in pressure comment dreds of thousands of vic¬ resigning publicly I can at valve of rotating assign¬ tims there, but also vital least prod this administration ments, and some of my col¬ U.S. national interests. into action... I hope Presi¬ leagues have been veiy “A dangerous precedent dent Clinton.. .will take stron¬ keen to move on to a dif¬ is being set. Genocide is ger action in Bosnia,” he said. ferent field of work, if not taking place again in Eu¬ Kenney, on the same to leave the service.” rope, yet we, the European program, said he was cer¬ Both men admitted they Community, and the rest of tain his resignation mat¬ gave up careers in which the international commu¬ tered. “It changed the char¬ they were moving forward nity stand by and watch.” acter of the public de¬ and now face a great deal Walker’s resignation fol¬ bate. . .It shows that, within of uncertainty. Kenney is lowed the departures of Jon the professional foreign- now an unpaid consultant Western, an analyst in the policy establishment, there at tile Carnegie Endowment Bureau of Intelligence and is veiy significant dissent for International Peace and Research, on August 6 and with the administration’s makes a living through Bosnia desk officer policy. There is a gap be¬ speaking and writing. Harris Marshall Freeman Harris a tween what the political is working for Representative week earlier. George people think for political Frank McCloskey. S><
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10 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 Canada catches up This issue of the Journal when new Foreign Service examines the changes tak¬ officers in Canada were ing place in our training “routinely assigned to the 50 years ago programs, now established code room to cipher and decipher telegrams. This ac¬ A grueling job CANADIAN FOREIGN tivity was expected to give SERVICE INSTITUTE them an overall view of the From the Foreign Service Journal of October 1943 work done by the then-De- partment of External Affairs.” Every branch of the of all-out war they may In its first year, the insti¬ anned forces is wide be fatal. tute has created a career open to the toll of war¬ Devotion to duty, how¬ program for entry-level of¬ fare, to the forfeiture of ever, is as common to the ficers and an administrative men difficult to replace. desk officer, whether in and technical staff program. We are not so accus¬ Washington or in the They plan to develop mid¬ tomed, however, to think field, as it is to the front¬ career and senior-level pro¬ of the ravages inflicted on line warrior. The tempo¬ grams. Career programs are members of the non-com¬ rary casualties of sickness delivered in a bilingual for¬ batant services by the and exhaustion are testi¬ INSTITUT CANADIEN mat. Mitchell explains the stress and strain of the mony to the enonnous DU SERVICE EXTERIEUR entry-level program as “a national emergency. burden today—and they seven-week program... In a very real sense are bound to increase as for almost 50 years. The that covers general skill the Foreign Service officer the war is prolonged. current issue of bout de and knowledge areas. is a soldier on active duty There is no question of papier; Canada’s magazine This is then followed by today. While he may not quitting under fire, any of diplomacy, discusses the six to eleven weeks of be exposed to the physi¬ more than the members first year of operation for specialized programs.. .This cal perils of a bombardier of a task force would take the Canadian Foreign Ser¬ formal training will be or the crew of a tank, he time out to rest... vice Institute, a major new complemented with two runs the risks- greatly It is up to those who initiative for Canada’s De¬ on-the-job training assign¬ multiplied in wartime—of carry on to take the best partment of External Affairs ments, each of four a job that is grueling in possible care of them¬ and International Trade. months’ duration, and will the extreme. Resistance is selves as circumstances R.H. Graham Mitchell, the finish with a cross-Canada lowered through over¬ allow, for, while in theory new dean, remembers tour.” £< work, one’s general con¬ they, too, may be “ex¬ dition may be gravely im¬ pendable” in the defense paired by long hours and of the nation, their experi¬ Who’s who? fatigue.. .Even in peace¬ ence and background— time, the ordinary hazards not to speak of their per¬ Everyone has at many posts are serious sonalities—are simply ir¬ heard of Al Gore and enough—under the terms replaceable. T< Hillary Clinton, and they receive a more- than 50 percent ap¬ proval rating, but, ac¬ Down but not out cording to a USA To¬ Foreign aid, a mainstay litical reasons.’” day/CNN Gallup Poll of U.S. diplomacy, probably Goshko points out that whose results were faces more significant cuts only Israel and Egypt will published in USA To¬ in the coming months. John not be targeted for cuts. day (My 27), 19 per¬ Goshko in The Washington “Even some of the world’s cent of Americans Post (August 14) says that poorest countries are slated have never heard of “AID officials have started to get fewer dollars from the Warren Christopher, to differentiate between United States. Much of the aid and he has only a 39 those countries where, as spent in Africa this year.. .has percent approval rat¬ one official put it ‘we get served simply as a symbolic ing among those who the biggest bang for the token of U.S. interest. U.S. of¬ have. Christopher does better than Les Aspin, however, buck, and those that aren’t ficials are wondering whether who has only a 36 percent approval rating and is a nonen¬ able to absorb aid effec¬ there is any point in trying to tity to 21 percent of Americans. £< tively but where we have maintain an aid program that programs for essentially po¬ covers the entire continent. ►
OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *11 clippings and comment foreign aid continued an expensive boondoggle. ployed overseas assistance Shevardnadze’s security Nor are many countries that Officials are saying that the as an instrument of foreign chief, Eldar Gogoladze, and long benefited from U.S. aid, United States should identify policy and agency money two unidentified women largely because they were and consolidate aid efforts in as a way to ease its ambas¬ just north of Tblisi. considered strategically im¬ countries where it lias the sadors’ welcomes. Wash¬ In an article that ap¬ portant, going to be ex¬ best chance of achiev¬ ington lobbyists have made peared in the Los Angeles empt from stringent ing identifiable results. good livings soliciting Times on August 10, Carey cuts.” An August 8 article grants for clients... Never¬ Goldberg wrrites: “The The pro¬ by Doug J. Swanson theless, foreign aid remains Georgian prosecutor’s of¬ posed cuts in The Dallas Mom- one of the government’s most fice, which said it had have not gone Wgfi ing News criticized unpopular programs.” launched a major investiga¬ down well with Jf USAID as having a tion, appeared to be ruling the countries that J “long history of Woodruff slaying out the possibility of anti- must absorb them. U.S. waste.” Press reports to date American terrorism, saying officials say that many for¬ The article cites have reached the unsatis¬ the shooting appeared to eign diplomats are trying to many USAID successes, fying conclusion that the fa¬ be ‘purely criminal.’” present their cases to friendly including helping eliminate tal shooting of Fred Wood- On August 18, newspa¬ members of Congress. And smallpox, relieve famines, Riff, 45, who has been un¬ pers reported that Georgian there has been no shortage of and slow the spread of officially identified as a CIA authorities claimed to have foreign-aid advocates arguing AIDS in Latin America. But officer on temporary as¬ arrested Woodruff’s killer. that the cuts are shortsighted the article continues, “The signment in the former So¬ The New York Times quoted and mistaken. combination of obscure viet republic of Georgia, Georgian First Deputy Inte¬ According to Goshko’s projects and government was a haphazard criminal rior Minister Mikhail report, administration offi¬ millions attracts special in¬ act. Osadze as saying on Geor¬ cials think the arguments terests. Some in Congress Woodaiff was hit in the gian radio: “The murder are not strong enough to have used agency grants to forehead by a bullet while was not intentional, al¬ overcome the feelings in reward their friends. The he was riding in a car with though the court will have Congress that foreign aid is State Department has em¬ Georgian leader Eduard A. the last word. This was a American Supply The best just got better.
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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 chance killing. No one Michael Kozak. Dodd and eral, said he will try to dent nations continue to knew whom they were Helms regarded Funk’s re¬ have the amendment de¬ jockey for prime real estate shooting at, how they were port as a whitewash. But leted in the Senate. The on the same stretch of Mas¬ shooting.” The suspect was Lippman says, “They may House version of the bill sachusetts Avenue, writes not identified. S>< have found a way to call contains no such limiting James Workman in the Au¬ Funk to account. They provision. gust 6 issue of The Wash¬ Long memories tacked an amendment ington Business Journal, Two senators have not onto the department’s But sites are getting scarcer forgotten last year’s flap 1994-95 funding bill that Location,location, and more expensive and over two ambassadorial would limit the State De¬ More than a dozen local restrictions on zoning nominees accused of im¬ partment inspector general newly recognized indepen¬ are tighter. “As a result, for¬ properly aiding the elec¬ to a six-year term—ending eign ambassadors tion effort of President December 31, 1993” are forced to chan¬ Violetta Chamorro, whose Senator John Glenn (D- nel their diplomatic government succeeded OH), a long-time sup¬ energy into play¬ the Sandinista regime, in porter of independent ing a high- Nicaragua. According to inspectors gen¬ stakes Thomas Lippman (The Washington Post, August 10) Senators Jesse Helms (R-NC) and Christopher Dodd (D-CT) were furi¬ ous over State Depart¬ ment Inspector General Sherman Funk's inquiry into the affair, which ex¬ onerated Central America hands Joseph Sullivan and r Affordable Luxury If you are relocating, a business traveler or need temporary housing, we offer the comforts of home.
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OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAl • 13 clippings and comment games of musical embassy,” free-standing embassy, the writes Workman. sooner they can negotiate Lost: One bullwhip Part of the problem, ac¬ trade pacts to stabilize and cording to State Depart¬ develop their countries. §>c A Department ment officials, is that many $1 million Notice (July 29) lists of the new diplomats are some of the “245 items of gov¬ not used to dealing with indi¬ visas ernment and personal property stolen between August vidual rights—or a ffee-mar- Visas for mil¬ 1992 and May 1993.” Unclaimed items include radios, a ket system they can’t afford. lionaire investors are going walkman, camera equipment, an answering machine, a At home, people had to begging, says Michael VCR, and compact discs. Other personal items seem make way for government. Arnold in The Washington uniquely suited to the State Department environment—suit “Many of them can’t un¬ Post (July 26). Arnold says coats, ties, a lint brush, a manicure kit, hand-exercise derstand why they can’t just that Congress expected a grips, and of course, business-card cases and attache jump in on Mass Ave., kick stampede when it set aside cases. Office equipment is also represented: clocks, bin¬ other people out, and it’s 10,000 visas annually for oculars (useful only with a window office), a flashlight, a all over,” Workman quoted foreigners willing to invest stopwatch, and a telephone. Finally, we hope the misplaced an official at the Office of $1 million in businesses here. bullwhip is not indicative of a management style. Foreign Missions as saying. Instead the INS has received Workman quotes Alba¬ just 753 applications since the of conditional residency, Arnold. Nearly 7,000 inves¬ nian Ambassador Roland investor-visa program began and the requirement that tors have gone to Canada, Bimo as saying there is a nearly two years ago, and the investment create 10 where they can become shift in the role of an em¬ only 311 have been ap¬ full-time jobs. permanent residents for just bassy. “It used to be for proved. Judging from the tepid a $250,000 investment. Few propaganda, for show, but The article reports that response, Congress may seem to be willing to pay a now we’re strictly doing among the program’s have overestimated the at¬ premium to come to the business.” Ambassadors be¬ glitches are the price of ad¬ traction of America, says United States. S*< lieve the sooner they get a mission, a two-year period Where in the world will your paycheck be on payday? Managing your family’s finances, at home or while living abroad, depends on getting your paycheck into the right accounts quickly and efficiently. Arrange to have your entire paycheck, or a portion, deposited to your State Department Federal Credit Union checking account or other account automatically. Either way, you’ll have the security of knowing your paycheck is deposited to your account the morning of payday—every pay¬ day—like clockwork. Sign up for direct deposit by visiting your payroll office today. Contact us for your free “Overseas Service Guide” or “Member Service Guide” today. If you’re calling from overseas, please let our staff know and you’ll receive priority service. If you’re an embassy or consulate employee, cable the credit union or see your SDFCU liaison. Our financial services will make a world of difference to you and your family.
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“Hotel Convenience with Residential Comfort” 1500 Arlington Boulevard, Arlington. VA 22209 (703) 522-9600 • FAX (703) 525-4462 • (800) 275-2866 BY HUME HORAN Corporate Cultures in Conflict What ails the State Department may never go away
wo cultures are at war in the ment to lighten up; we’d urge it to be answer was so obscure (basically it said T State Department—and in more willing to trust people, get out of “Maybe yes, but you're on your own”) much of over-centralized gov¬ their lives, take a chance, and even risk that he gave up and took the less direct ernment today. On one hand, occasional criticism. State Department but more expensive route home (via there is the culture of contemporary people see their employer as caring Europe) instead! America; on the other, that of abused, more about avoiding criticism than about Recommendation: Give people the neglected, 18th-century Southern Italy— fair play, efficiency, their interests, or money and let them make their own the Bourbon Mezzogiorno. The first even the needs of the service. arrangements—just let them show up at culture is marked by horizontal relation¬ post on time. So they might make some ships of openness, flexibility, trust, reci¬ Bureaucratic spawning grounds money by sleeping in airports or in bus procity, and cooperation; the second, I have canvassed my Abidjan col¬ stations? Why should Uncle Sam care? by vertical relations of centralized au¬ leagues and submit a few suggestions. We could dispense with a lot of voucher thority that are legalistic, elitist, The suggestions do not deal with so- clerks, and with these positions fill adversarial, inflexible, and that discour¬ called “substantive” issues. That is be¬ chronic gaps elsewhere. age social trust and cooperation. Ele¬ cause State Department people in these Moving regulations: Often the cost ments of these two cultures exist and areas live more or less in “contemporary of shipping household effects is greater conflict in any large organization, but America,” i.e. a work atmosphere that is than the value of the items. Last year one they do so especially in the highly relatively flexible, open, and collegial. Foreign Service officer shipped a car regulated federal government—and The Foreign Affairs Manual sections on that had to be towed to the dock for even more so in the Foreign Service politics and economics are only a small loading! overseas, where we live in a “company fraction of those devoted to manage¬ Recommendatiotv Give employees town” 24 hours a day. ment and administration. It is princi¬ a lump sum based on allowable weight The results? Needless expense, pally in these latter areas, where people’s and distance and let them decide what imbalanced staffing, and “morale” that daily lives and interests are affected, that and how much they want to ship. always seems to be at “its lowest point the organization does not confomi to Housing square footage restric¬ ever.” The department, of course, knows the character and the needs of its mem¬ tions: A junior officer thought these something’s wrong; in study after study, bers. regulations unbelievably feudal and un- we see it dealing with the symptoms of The issues themselves are familiar American: “It’s like only noblemen can this cultural friction: review boards pro¬ already to the department. They are wear furs,” he said. An FS-4 secretary liferate, procedures drag on endlessly, listed because that’s where we hear the with almost 30 years of Foreign Service and bit by bit, the executive mechanism wheel squeaking: experience was unhappy to be as¬ that handles people chokes on its own Travel regulations: Bewildering, signed to the minimal quarters previ¬ product—adding further to the alien¬ wasteful, and universally irritating. No ously occupied by a new-hire FS-8. ation between people and their institu¬ one, not even the experts can decipher Others at post find it un-American and tion. The studies are then often repeated them. Example: While in Abidjan for the obnoxiously intrusive to have the U.S. because they fail to address the cause of Angolan peace talks, our senior deputy government measuring their living space the problem—which is that the depart¬ assistant secretary in the Africa Bureau to see if it falls within the standards ment manages Americans in a way that was asked by the government of Senegal appropriate to their rank and station. conflicts with our contemporary spirit. to give a briefing in Dakar on his way Recommendatiotv Give people a It’s hard for big government, how¬ home. Because of previous Washington Living Quarter’s Allowance (LQA) in ever, under public law, accountable to commitments, he could have done so accordance with their rank, family size, Congress, and subject to constant only if he afterward took a non-Ameri¬ and years of service then basically let adversarial scrutiny (sometimes de¬ can carrier directly from Dakar to the them spend it however they want. Gen¬ served) to deal with “root causes.” But United States. We asked the department eral services support expenses could be if one were to try, we’d urge the depart¬ if this would be okay. The several-page less.
OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *17 AUTHORIZED EXPORTER GENERAL ^ ELECTRIC SPEAKING OUT
Conflict-of-interest forms: These qualify-—even if that means doing only forms are a pain in tire neck for those in "unclassified” work. At least we’d have them on board while security clear¬ GENERAL ELECTRONICS the Senior Foreign Service. Why not just make available (as an option?) our in¬ ances inch along. This recommenda¬ INC. come-tax returns? Everything the public tion emphatically applies to FSOs in the and Congress could want to know is Foreign Commercial Seivice, whose en¬ try procedures are even more bogged □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS already there—and thousands of hours □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS would be saved each year. down than our own. □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS Sale of personal property regula¬ Service discipline: Morale would □ WASHERSG SMALL APPLIANCES tions: I have just received a nine-page actually improve if people believed □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT □ TELEVISION □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM administrative notice on the latest regu¬ their personnel system was efficient and ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG lations covering the sale of personal fair—but also strict as needed. When we (Please check box) property. No matter that the finance get volunteer cables we ask ourselves: Available for All Electric ministry and the customs authorities of “What’s the point of a toothless, intimi¬ Currents/Cycles eveiy foreign country already regulate dating assignment system that can fill such sales. We Americans must wear a only the easy jobs? Do the Marines ask Immediate Shipping/Mailing belt—and suspenders, too. Our regula¬ Who'd like to go to Somalia?”’ From our Local Warehouse tions are redundant, irritating, and were Grievance staff: It has struck some only put in place to placate criticism in of us that the department’s grievance We Can Also Furnish a very special circumstance. staff is often outgunned by the legal Replacement Parts for Recommendation: Abolish them. services available to plaintiffs. With a Most Manufactures Spousal salaries: Spouses accom¬ stronger legal staff, we wouldn’t so panying a principal overseas receive no often be on the defensive, so often SHOWROOM direct support from the U.S. govern¬ losing. Not every grievance, after all, has General Electronics, Inc ment—as opposed to spouses who merit. 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W Washington, D C 20016 choose to remain at home and further Recommendation: Strengthen and Tel. (202) 362-8300 develop their stateside careers. State’s expand the legal expertise of our griev¬ FAX (202) 363 6538 policy is anti-family and neglects the ance staff. TWX 710-822-9450 importance of the family overseas to More with less: The opening of GENELECINC WSH representation work and community new posts in Asmara, Somalia, Angola, cohesiveness. and the Commonwealth of Indepen¬ Recommendation: Pay spouses a dent States region may already be show¬ salary simply for accompanying a prin¬ ing us we can do things that until cipal overseas—and at the level he or recently we would have thought impos¬ she would receive remaining in the sible. We can do more by unifying United States on a separate mainte¬ communications, stationing more re¬ nance allowance (SMA). gional people in the LInited States and Recruitment: We recruit for the not overseas (where support costs can Foreign Service in a way more appropri¬ be three times a person’s salary), and. ate to imperial China than to American by focusing on what we really need to society today. Despite some recent im¬ do in a country, we can make do with provement, recruitment procedures re¬ much smaller staffs. main much, much too slow and cum¬ Conclusion: It will be hard to change bersome. The fault is not with the able how State works. We know already people in the Board of Examiners, it is many reasons why the status quo had with the system itself, which causes us the upper hand. As The Econom ist (May to lose many of the very best candidates. 1, 1993) writes: "Questioning every¬ There seems to be an unspoken attitude thing a company does is usually too that what we get is "good enough for risky and confronts too many entrenched government work.” Our recruits are in¬ interests among managers and employ¬ deed good, but a faster, more welcoming ees to be worth doing, unless a firm is recruitment process would yield even (tet¬ in dire trouble.” Will government ever ter and more representative ones. (again) face the kind of mortal peril that Recommendation: Put the best can¬ can reinvigorate or destroy businesses? L J didates on the payroll as soon as they For almost 50 years, that sense of mis-
18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 MARTENS VOLVO sion and urgency was present. During the Cold War, we knew we were our Dedicated to Diplomacy countiy’s first line of defense in a con¬ flict that could destroy us and the world. Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats That mission tended firmly to impose its and Members of International Organizations purpose, logic, and priorities on our work. Today, a department that looks to CNN to tell it where to send troops and whom to bomb will have trouble keep¬ ing its eye on the issues we’ve men¬ tioned. There may be a lesson for us in the NASA study recently done by Professor Howard McCurdy of American Univer¬ sity. Professor McCurdy interviewed 700 NASA employees about NASA’s record of failure since Challenger exploded on January 28,1986: there was the Hubble telescope (astigmatic), Galileo (antenna won’t deploy), Titan IV (blew up), and Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director the Mars Observer (silent). McCurdy concludes that once the Apollo program’s CARS OF WASHINGTON, INC. Fax sense of mission was spent, NASA’s 4800 WISCONSIN AVE. WASH.. DC 20016 corporate culture succumbed to a grow¬ U.S.A.’s Largest Diplomatic Dealer ing administrator class—concerned with keeping its jobs through risk-avoid¬ ance—and especially to its budgeteers— concerned with cost-cutting via often How to Buy Auto Insurance Overseas technically sloppy sub-contracts. He called upon NASA to “reinvent” itself, There's really only one way. Select the agent who offers broad and for the U.S. government to give it a experience and a high level of repeat business. Experience that helps renewed, clear mission. you avoid the pitfalls of a highly complex business. Repeat business But there’s hope for the service. The that results from providing what's best for the customer - not the agent. impulse for self-renewal exists today as it did a generation ago when the excel¬ For 34 years Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company has provided lent “Diplomacy for the 70s” was writ¬ ten. The department has won itself dependable coverage with U.S. carriers to thousands of Foreign Service some credibility by adopting much of personnel worldwide. Thus, you gain the broadest U.S. terms and the excellent “State 2000” report. It conditions and flexible value limits often not available from other shouldn’t stop now. There are still too insurance carriers. many regulations, too many layers, too • WORLDWIDE COVERAGE Fire, theft, comprehensive and collision many special assistants, still an intoler¬ protection are available at foreign posts. able number of “eannarks” in any USAID project. We need pioneers: men and •U.S. AUTO LIABILITY Available for short term on home leave, change of women with vision who are also pre¬ assignment, and new auto purchase prior to foreign departure. pared for the backbreaking work of • FOREIGN LIABILITY We suggest contacting your post on arrival. Local clearing a homestead in a bureaucratic laws require specific limits and coverage. Pricing is normally best on site. Pacific Northwest climax forest. • CONTACT US TODAY Let us send you "The Embassy Plan" brochure. It A former president of the American contains all the answers about dependable coverage and low cost premiums. Foreign Service Association and spe¬ cial assistant to Director General Ed¬ Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company ward Perkins, Hume Horan is cur¬ 3530 FOREST LANE #305 Telephone: 214-350 5141 DALLAS. TEXAS 75234 7955 FAX: 214-352-7022 rently U.S. ambassador to Cote Or Call 1-800-256-5141 d’Ivoire.
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. The countries that ri are shaking off /V* 'O;
A*' -e* t'VMi .1* "M dr.M valuable allies *Vr.r • - .-*a ,f3 .. - • ty t. M 1 JF & /<&>X.-' *mw. fricas .«,.*> y-r- M' .sfp Successes BY HERMAN J. COHEN I ews about Africa these days has lost like Mobutu in Zaire and Eyadema in Togo, are the optimistic tone of a couple of years ago, clinging to power despite domestic and interna¬ when, as the Soviet Union came apart, people tional pressure to accept democratic transitions. took to the streets in Kenya, Mali, Niger, Zambia Civil wars in the Sudan and Angola are causing and elsewhere to demand a measure of democ¬ tremendous suffering to hundreds of thousands racy. Now, bright hopes have lost considerable of innocent civilians. The press is on a feeding luster as the focus has turned to Africa’s ex¬ frenzy of African disasters. panses of misery. The United Nations, under The bad news reported on a daily basis is U.S. leadership, can’t seem to get a handle on mostly true. Positive developments have drawn Somalia’s rebirth as a nation. Violence in South much less attention, however. Two of Africa’s Africa is threatening to undermine the demo¬ most devastating and long-lasting civil wars, in cratic transfer of power from the white minority Ethiopia and Mozambique, are over, with peace to the black majority. Aging military dictators, settlements that seem likely to endure. New OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 INTERNATIONAL democracies are pede progress in Af¬ EXPERIENCE emerging rapidly in rica far more than the wake of elec¬ the feared “margin¬ No matter which tions accepted by alization” that was decaying, one-party, supposed to take flag you’re under, authoritarian re¬ «?-■ place as a result of gimes. Zambia, llriiinrralizalidiLiTiiniimif the end of the Cold we’ll take care of the Niger, Burundi, War. Nevertheless, roof over your head. Namibia, Benin, lilitTalizaliim, and Hie rush considerable sym¬ Madagascar, and pathy and concern Ghana are among in sustainable flrvrlupim'ni for Africa still exist those that have suc¬ in the Northern a IT all happening aiuniT, cessfully shifted to Hemisphere, and political pluralism, willi pmlirlnlilr side support should not with varying degrees be lacking, provided of difficulty. In eco¬ Metis in instability, African govern¬ nomic policy, Afri¬ fiinllicl, and violence. ments demonstrate can governments in determination to droves are turning stay the course in away from the di¬ advancing both po¬ Whether you are assigned sastrous command systems copied from litical and economic change. overseas or returning the former Soviet bloc. Economic re- home. Allied Realty Corp. fonn and market systems are the order USING MEDIATION TO ADVANTAGE can manage your property of the day, but success is still in the Africans are concerned that their or find you a rental home. future for most African countries. countries have become less important We're the Washington Every subregion of the vast conti¬ to the United States, now that Cold War area's largest, oldest and most trusted property man¬ nent that is Africa is experiencing rapid competition is no longer driving U.S. agers, with more than 50 change. (Africa’s 11.7 million square policy. I believe the United States con¬ years of experience renting miles are greater than the combined tinues to have real interests in promot¬ and managing a 500-prop¬ area of the United States, Argentina, ing peace and prosperity in Africa. Only erty portfolio. Here's why: China, India, Western Europe, and New the means will undergo change. • Highest rental value for Zealand.) Democratization, economic The core agenda of the United States your home liberalization, and the rush to sustain¬ in Africa today—conflict resolution and • Large selection of rental able development are all happening at development assistance—will lighten properties once, with predictable side effects in America’s humanitarian-aid burden in • Professionally trained the future and nurture markets for U.S. leasing staff instability, conflict, and violence. Con¬ • 24-hour maintenance trasts are beginning to emerge. Where exports. In addition to an annual bilat¬ service repression and corruption continue eral assistance budget of $800 million, • Multi-lingual staff unabated, human misery is deepening. the United States provides about $500 Where economic reform and liberaliza¬ million in disaster and famine relief to tion are taking hold, as in Ghana, Mali, Africa, working through UN agencies Tanzania, and Uganda, overall living and private organizations. Conflict reso¬ standards are increasing steadily. But lution and successful democratization even in countries that are putting on will free up money spent on emergency good performances, reductions in gov¬ relief for developmental assistance. Sec¬ ernment payrolls and subsidies, as well ondly, as the United States looks to SINCE 1940 as frequent currency devaluations, are expand trading relationships in an in¬ Professional Property Managers causing tension and political fragility. creasingly competitive world, Africa’s Call Aaron Dodek, CPM, Senior Vice President At a time when many African coun¬ half a billion people loom as an impor¬ (301)656-7000 tries deserve more international assis¬ tant market for the future. We want tance because they are finally adopting Africans to get off the dole and become ^ (301)656-8600 _ “ fax (301) 907-4766 La suitable, growth-oriented policies, do¬ producers and consumers. nor countries, such as the United States, The most urgent and vital challenge LOCAL are facing greater demands at home for to U.S. diplomacy in Africa continues to scarce resources to alleviate economic be conflict resolution. U.S. prestige PRESENCE hardship. Slow growth and recession within reached new heights in Africa as a result the industrialized nations threaten to im¬ of the tour de force accomplished by 22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 Assistant Secretary Chester A. Crocker (1981-89) in negotiating the indepen¬ dence of Namibia and the withdrawal of both South African and Cuban military forces from Angola. Throughout the Bush Administration, the Bureau of Af¬ rican Affairs utilized the Crocker method of fielding expert interagency teams to back up negotiators in juridical, politi¬ cal, and military discussions. This method was crucial to the peace accords in the civil conflicts of Angola, Mozambique, Rwanda, and Ethiopia. (After working ENJOY AN EXTENDED STAY AT so hard to bring about a ceasefire in THE EXECUTIVE CLUB SUITES Angola in 1991 and a free and fair election in 1992, the Africa Bureau was naturally devastated by the return to civil war in late 1992. The lessons we learned there, at least, helped us nego¬ tiate a more enforceable peacekeeping agreement in Mozambique.) Just as important as formal U.S. in¬ volvement in major negotiations is the informal mediation undertaken by American diplomatic missions through¬ out Africa. When I was assistant secre¬ tary for Africa during the Bush adminis¬ tration, I followed a policy of “Don't ask, just do and report.” That allowed chiefs of mission to engage in “good offices” activities without prior Washington au¬ thorization. The Bureau of African Af¬ The Executive Club Suite is your With Convenient locations in the fairs was kept informed, so we could be convenient home away from home heart of Rosslyn, Arlington and sure that overall policy was being re¬ without that familiar stuffy hotel feel¬ Alexandria, Virginia, we are within spected. As I look back on the period ing. The Executive Chili Suites pro¬ minutes of the most important gov¬ 1989-93, 1 see a record of remarkable vide personalized service in spacious ernment and business centers in the apartment style suites Washington metropoli¬ “uninstructed” mediation work done by with more amenities tan area. There is easy U.S. embassies in the early stages of than most hotels. Each access to Georgetown, conflict related to democratization. The suite has a fully equip¬ Foggy Bottom, State lesson learned from these experiences ped modern kitchen, Department, Capitol is that early preventative diplomatic dining area, spacious Hill, National Airport, living room and mas¬ the Pentagon, Crystal action in pre-conflict situations is far less ter bedroom with a City, the Beltway and costly than international peacemaking queen size bed. The all superhighways. in catastrophic situations that have been suites are 600-700 Whether you are allowed to fester, such as those in square feet of personal living space. an executive on short-term business, Somalia and Sudan. Other amenities include health- or a diplomat on temporary transfer, club, sauna, FREE parking and com¬ or finding a relocation headquarters, plimentary shuttle to FSI. Pentagon The Executive Club Suites provides HELPING REFORM ALONG and Metro. the very comforts of home. In the years ahead, I see an even greater role for American embassies as THE EXECUTIVE CLUB SUITES mediators and catalysts. Country teams THE REAL SUITE HOTEL will be actively involved in implement¬ IN ALEXANDRIA IN ROSSLYN IN ARLINGTON ing democratization programs under 610 Bashford Lane 1730 Arlington Bonlevard 108 South Courthouse Road the State Department, the Agency for (off George Washington Parkway) (Off Route 50) (Off Washington Boulevard) Old Town Alexandria, Virginia 22204 Rosslyn. Virginia 22209 Arlington, Virginia 22204 International Development, U.S. Infor¬ (703)739-2582 (703)525-2582 (703)522-2582 mation Agency, the Department of De¬ RESERVATIONS: 800-535-2582 fense, and non-governmental organiza- RAX (703) 548-0266 OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 tions. Defense attaches, for example, sure that structural adjustment suc¬ will be advising on the downsizing of ceeds. No element of the American forces and military support for the diplomatic mission in Africa escapes democratic process. As both Africans involvement in this process. and American diplomats have learned in recent years, democratization does AFRICAN CHECKLIST not end with free and fair elections; a Beyond the general goals of de¬ long gap stretches between the end of (Hal rainiimic reform cannni mocratization, conflict resolution, im¬ the old order and the beginning of the succeed overnight and that it provement of human rights perfor¬ new and requires education and just mance, and economic reform, there plain old hand-holding. necessarily causes imliiical are some specific objectives in Africa The process of economic reform in that should be top priority for the Africa began in the early 1980s, sig¬ lensinn, especially among (he United States over the short term. nificantly prior to the more recent urban groups will) stand In Inse • Make sure the democratic transi¬ wave of democratization. The World tion to majority rule in South Africa Bank, the International Monetary Fund, mil in llie slmrl run In llie majority succeeds, and that international and the major international donors resources are available to give the have formed an economic-reform car¬ rural residents. economy a jump start when politi¬ tel that imposes well-coordinated con¬ cal apartheid is finally dead. Suc¬ ditions on African governments seek¬ economic reform cannot succeed over- cess in South Africa will bring eco¬ ing help for “structural adjustment.” night and that it necessarily causes nomic expansion to the southern Secretary of State James Baker took a political tension, especially among half of Africa. keen interest in this subject every time the urban groups who stand to lose • Ensure that the UN peacemaking he had a bilateral meeting with an out in the short run to the majority operation in Somalia under Chap¬ African head of state or foreign minis¬ rural residents. Nevertheless, govern¬ ter VII of the UN Charter stays the ter. Baker’s consistent theme was that ments must stay the course to make course. This is a pioneer operation Our Suites Feel Like Home, Spacious and fully appointed Suites at a Great American Value. Dine, entertain, or just relax. Just one block to the Metro, two blocks to the State Department. Our very accommodating packages include: Apartment style suites with fully - Complimentary Continental Breakfast furnished kitchens. - Daily laundry and valet service Complimentary Washington Post - Room service/Fiore's Italian Caffe Complimentary shoeshine - On-premise coin laundry facilities Government Per Diem Available. Long-Term Rates Available. For Information and Reservations: (202) 337-6620 or toll-free (800) 426-4455. The Inn at Foggy Bottom, 824 Neiv Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20037 24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 on which hinges the future of the petition was exciting. On top of the tance: Africans unmistakably feel a “new world order.” If collective secu¬ economic rivalry, we had Cold War measure of moral reassurance. rity does not succeed in Somalia, it jousting for political influence, with the For the new generation of Foreign will not succeed anywhere. added spice of Middle East geopolitical Service professionals who are currently • Help maintain ample support for pressures in the Horn of Africa. In looking for specializations, as I was in those core African governments that addition, the tremendous moral issues I960,1 cannot think of any other region are becoming role models for trans¬ generated by white minority rule in that would be as intellectually stimulat¬ parency, honesty, and liberalism: Rhodesia and the disastrous apartheid ing or enjoyable as Africa. For those Botswana, Ghana, Ethiopia, Zambia, system in South Africa, played out against whose interests extend to functional Namibia, Zimbabwe, Benin, and the backdrop of the civil rights staiggle specializations, such as multilateral af¬ Uganda. This list will change, but the in the United States, made for a wonder¬ fairs, the environment, democracy/hu¬ objective should remain the same: 10 ful career specialization in Africa, as far man rights, and developmental eco¬ viable African states by the year 2005. as I was concerned. nomics, Africa would marry nicely with Throughout the next decade, the these issues so as to provide a “double GO EAST, YOUNG MAN ability of U.S. diplomacy to make a major.” Finally, the Foreign Service’s When I was looking for a career difference in Africa will be greater than Africanist family is congenial, mutually specialization three decades ago, Africa ever. Never before has the prestige of supportive, and consistently upbeat. I was fascinating, but very different from the United States been greater in Africa. recommend it with enthusiasm. what Foreign Service professionals see Never have Africans looked to the United today. In the early 1960s, the challenge States for mentoring and advice as much Herman J. Cohen, a former ambassa¬ was to win points in the competition as they do today. For many African dor to Senegal and the Gambia, was between developmental role models— governments, opposition groups, pro¬ assistant secretary of state for Afri¬ the Soviet Communists against the West¬ fessional organizations, and intellectu¬ can affairs from May 1989 to April ern capitalists. Although in retrospect als, the involvement of the United States 1993. He recently completed a tour of the Soviets, with their feet of clay, were in solving problems provides more than African countries under the VSIA poor competitors, at the time the com¬ just expertise and development assis¬ American Speakers Program. 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THE CHASE AT BETHESDA 7500 WOODMONT AVE. • BETHESDA, MD. 20814 • (301) 654-0694 • FAX (301) 654-0697 Daily rent) starting from $59.83 Min imum 30-day occupancy TRAMMELL CROW RESIDENTIAL — A COMPANY THAT CARES ABOUT OUR RESIDENTS OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 The Foreign Service Institute, established by the Foreign Service Act of1946, represented the culmination of a 40-year effort to furnish training appropriate to every need of ou r diplomatic service. Prior to 1906, according to the Foreign Service Journal in 1948, new consuls went abroad with no other advice than "to take snuff often and slowly, sit with your back to the light, speak the truth, and the rest you will learn by observing your colleagues." ► Under Dr. Henry Smith Jr., the School of Language Training incorporated intensive methods of language instruction than were used only by the armed forces. He acquired from the army $10,000 worth of basic manuals and phonograph records, and invested $30,000 in record players, SoundScriber machines, and other equipment. In addition to a full-time staff of linguistic scientists, the institute made liberal use of native speakers, who presented the course of instruction that was contained in printed or mimeographed books. In 1949, the institute was teaching some 36 languages, although not all were available in the basic course of four months. An Arabic-language class in 1948. The machine on the table records the conversation. Students are David Fritzlan, Dayton Mak, Milton Walstrom, David Gamon, and Rodger Davies with instructor George Makdisi (center). 26 • Foi)i:i<;\ SHRYICI: loruvu • (XTOBKH TO jfifflyppBj The 1954 Wriston Report severely criticized the amount of support and resources the fledgling Foreign Service Institute received. In 1955 the Mayflower Building underwent a complete renovation, and a revitalized training program was instituted. Old courses were revamped and both new shorter courses and longer specialized training were added—and, for the first time, courses were opened to wives. The new training program included three periods of concentrated, full-time training—for new officers, for those in mid-career, and for senior officers. Increasing language skills was a constant task. However, training needs, amount and timing of training, who should be trained, and how best to do it continued to be debated in the coming decades. Meanwhile, the training program existed in one temporary building after another: from the Mayflower to temporary buildings on the mall, to the Arlington Apartments’ garage, then spread through three or four buildings in Rosslyn, and finally in the two buildings—SA-3 and SA-15. As FSI entered its 40th year in 1986, planning was already under way for a permanent move to the Arlington Hall site. Right, a view of the visitor’s entrance. In 1986, professional training again got a new look, with new classes and new curriculum. Here future consular officers playact as an American in a foreign jail and a consular officer who has come to visit. Consular classes such as this were viewed by many as a precursor of new approaches to training. ▼ ◄ This statue of Benjamin Franklin, America’s first diplomat, is being moved entrance of the State Department to the NFATC. The statue, which has a companion originally donated by AFSA. from an obscure perch outside the C Street at the U.S. Embassy in Paris, was JOURNALS OF 1947,1948,1949,1955,1965, THE PHOTOS AND HISTORICAL INFORMATION ARE EXCERPTED FROM THE FOREIGN SERVICE AND 1986. important thing about the new campus is that, for the first time... the whole Foreign Service of all the agencies will have a place that embodies the tradition of our diplomatic history.” Left, the original girls’ school is undergoing conversion. Above, an architect’s model of the new campus. Then-Director of FSI Stephen Low, in a 1986 Journal interview, said, “The Legal Services are available to Protective Association members through arrangements we have made with three Washington, D.C. firms. Most areas of law are practiced and are offered at reasonable rates including: • Wills and Estate Planning • Real Estate Transactions • Business Planning • Taxes A F S P A Providing personalized service our members have come to expect. Please call or write us for further information. AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION 1716 N Street N.W. ■ Washington, D.C. 20036 • (202) 833-4910 « Fax (202) 833-4918 Junior officers participating in negotiating process More than 200 unconed State offi¬ exercise. The sub-committees focused ing process will take place subse¬ cers have replied to an AFSA cable so¬ on three major areas: cones/no cones, quently. liciting opinions on JO training/ prior experience, and the timing of the coning. The negotiations on JO coning coning exercise. The JO group and Junior officer on AFSA Board have been distinguished by the new AFSA polled personnel in the field on One result of the participation of so efforts AFSA has made to communicate their opinions, receiving replies from many JOs in the preparations for these with the field and to involve affected State officers at more than 70 posts of negotiations has been the appoint¬ members in the negotiating process. those replying. A sizable majority be¬ ment of a junior officer to the AFSA AFSA received the Department of lieved that the department should Board. Our new member is John C. State’s proposals for JO tenuring/con¬ maintain cones as part of the person¬ Mariz, serving for the next year in ing in early August, and is now nego¬ nel structure of the Foreign Service, PM/DRSA. John can be contacted tiating with personnel on the final form and a large majority favored tenuring through the AFSA Labor Management of the proposal. The first negotiating and coning being carried out at, or Office in Main State, (202)-647-8l60 or session was opened by Director Gen¬ nearly at, the same time. Most people by FAX (202>647-0265. The Board eral Genta Hawkins Holmes in August. who replied felt that experience prior welcomes a representative from this Before the proposals were made to joining the Foreign Service should vital group. public, AFSA officers and staff and a be taken into account in making the group of some 60 junior officers in coning assignment. Drugfree Washington met at FSI to explore An AFSA cable sent personnel’s major concerns and aspirations. At that proposals to the field and to all un¬ Workplace Plan meeting volunteers formed sub-com¬ tenured officers in Washington on Au¬ questioned mittees to discuss aspects of the coning gust 9th. Dick Gibson from the Office AFSA has sought clarification of the of Personnel explained the proposals department’s proposed Drugfree at a AFSA meeting attended by some Workplace Plan implementation pro¬ 60 junior officers. We have subse¬ cedures. The plan, developed in com¬ quently continued the dialogue with pliance with a 1986 Executive Order, both the field and the junior officers in mandates the development of a ran¬ Washington. A number of junior offi¬ dom spot drug-testing program for all cers have been involved in formulating executive agencies. AFSA questions the AFSA/junior officer position, and how the plan complies with already- newly elected AFSA Board member enacted legislation concerning handi¬ John Mariz, an untenured JO, will be capped employees. AFSA is willing to a principal negotiator, along with assist in the implementation of this ex¬ Todd Stewart, State VP, and Tex Harris. ecutive order, but we are striving to en¬ The first Commissioning and Ten¬ sure that employees’ privacy concerns ure Board (CTB) to consider career and key due-process considerations candidates who entered the service are carefully addressed. Update to fol¬ unconed will convene in December low when management responds to 1993. The present proposal does not Left to right: Dick Gibson, career de¬ our initial concerns. velopment officer for JOs, Genta Haw¬ seek to alter the tenuring process, ex¬ kins Holmes, director general, Todd cept to change the timescale. The con¬ Stewart, AFSA State vice president, Tex Harris, AFSA president. OCTOBER 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 1 AFSA Awards A Helping Hand Recently, a career candidate who had passed the Foreign Service exam, A Progress Report but had been unable to obtain medical clearance, turned to AFSA for as¬ By Richard S. Thompson sistance. AFSA contacted MED to clarify procedures for employment Coordinator for Professional Issues applicants. In fact, it appeared that this applicant might indeed be qualified There are always surprises in run¬ for medical clearance. MED was again contacted: the problem was that ning the AFSA awards program. This documentation from the applicant's treating physician had not arrived in year saw the submission of no fewer time to be considered in the clearance determination. With this documen¬ than 48 nominations, totalling 51 indi¬ tation in hand, MED informed AFSA that the applicant will be cleared for viduals, for the Delavan Award for For¬ Foreign Service employment. Welcome aboard. eign Service secretaries. This welcome harvest was the result of a persuasive from the State vice president cable from the AFSA secretarial com¬ mittee. The highest previous total of By Todd Stewart Yugoslavia. They fought honestly and nominations was 15, for the Rivkin You may recall that Tibor Nagy Jr. loyally within the department for their Award for mid-level officers. was elected State vice president this policy alternative before taking the Another welcome surprise was the summer. You may well ask why Todd momentous step. They rejected the recognition that bureaucrats slogging Stewart is writing this column. possibility of pursuing a guerrilla cam¬ away in Washington can demonstrate Following the AFSA election cam¬ paign while remaining on the the qualities of a winner fully as well paign Tibor was offered the position of department’s payroll. as their seemingly more glamorous col¬ DCM in troubled Lagos, an exception¬ Little time remains to restore respect leagues in the field. Five of the seven ally challenging job he could not re¬ for the Foreign Service. The vice pres¬ nominees for the Herter Award (for se¬ fuse. When I returned to Washington ident has already released the first re¬ nior officers), including the winner, from Ottawa, I offered my services to port of his National Performance were based in Washington, as was the AFSA on a volunteer basis, but AFSA Review, which calls for substantial cut¬ winner of the Harriman Award (for ju¬ President Tex Harris asked if I would backs in staffing throughout the fed¬ nior officers). be interested in full-time employment. eral government. Cuts at State will The Avis Bohlen Award for out¬ I said yes, and the AFSA Board was tempt both other agency personnel standing volunteer work was estab¬ kind enough to elect me to the vacant and outside office-seekers to carve out lished in 1983, and for the first few vice presidency. more foreign-policy jobs for them¬ years candidates and winners tended to 1 took the job because I believe that selves. AFSA must concentrate on this be the spouses of chiefs of mission. In the Foreign Service is in danger of ex¬ fundamental problem, or we face a recent years there has been much more tinction as a source of policymakers. Service increasingly relegated to irrel¬ diversity, and this year only one of six We have failed to preserve and evant jobs in irrelevant posts. candidates was an ambassador’s wife. strengthen our constituency in recent What can be done? Tex, our AFSA Four of the last six winners have been years, and this failure has emboldened Board colleagues, and I plan to em¬ foreign-born. less qualified outsiders to seek and win phasize outreach, particularly with Also noteworthy was the participa¬ policy positions in Washington and Congress, the press, and other opinion tion of a number of ambassadors and abroad. As the Foreign Service is the leaders. While not overlooking our assistant secretaries. Nominations by richest repository of talented profes¬ labor/management responsibilities non-career ambassadors were espe¬ sionals in foreign affairs, its officers within the department, we hope to cially welcome as recognizing their should occupy policy positions in far renew frayed contacts and make new stake in an effective career service. greater numbers than they have in the ones to get our story across. We need more participation from recent past. The Foreign Service is as responsi¬ agencies other than State. This year the What about loyalty to a president ble as any American institution for Bohlen Award winner was the spouse and his program? This requirement is democracy’s victory in the Cold War. of a USIA officer, and there was at least sometimes used as a convenient ex¬ We will remind our contacts of the ex¬ one USAID candidate for every award. cuse to turn to a non-FSO to fill a policy traordinary record our colleagues have A final note: Three nominations for position. But the record provides no written since World War II. We will the next round have already been re¬ justification to question the dedication also describe the existing capabilities ceived. I hope this foretells a strong re¬ of Foreign Service officers to the pres¬ the Service offers in pursuing our na¬ sponse to the call for nominations ident and the secretary of state. The tional interests in the post-Cold War which will be issued in November for honorable tradition of the Service is re¬ era. FSOs have a strong case, and with nominations to be submitted by Janu¬ flected in the decision of several of our AFSA broadcasting it more effectively, ary 31, 1994. colleagues to resign when they felt both the Foreign Service and the they could no longer support the United States should profit. administration’s policy in the former 2 • AFSA NEWS • OCTOBER 1993 from the USAID vice president By Pat Patterson as to USAID’s mission and vision, can not tolerate a de facto, top There is a new USAID/AFSA team AFSA’s agenda, and our priorities. heavy GS/SES entity controlling the on board, made up of Lee Ann Ross, AFSA will speak out on the issues, but agency from Washington, thus con¬ Jim Washington, and Pat Patterson. We we need your contributions so the di¬ travening the Obey amendment. are determined to provide the best alogue and debate are relevant, timely, • Conveying our deep concern about possible representation for all our and forceful. centralization, such as the new members. This is not an easy time for At this time, we see the following as "global" bureau (GLOB), informa¬ any of us, whether in the Senior For¬ a major portion of AFSA’s agenda: tion systems program (IPS), policy eign Service, at the mid-career level, or • Contributing to a renewed USAID and budget formulation, project de¬ just entering the agency. Years of weak vision and mission for the 21st cen¬ velopment and the like. leadership and drift in USAID have tury. • Diversifying the composition of the taken their toll on the agency’s image. • Building a new partnership with the agency’s personnel system through With a new administration and a com¬ administration and Congress re¬ programs based on fair, open, and mitment from USAID’s professionals, garding a coherent development balanced principles of access, stan¬ there is an opportunity to renew the policy. dards, advancement, and promo¬ agency. None are better suited to take • Mounting a long-term educational tion. Immediate appointment of an on this task than USAID’s own Foreign effort to Congress, the administra¬ FS officer to head the office of Service, the world’s finest develop¬ tion, the media, and the American Human Resource Development and ment professionals. public about the excellence of Management is a must. AFSA will work closely with the ad¬ USAID’s programs and personnel. • Continuing to express our concern ministration and Congress to assure • Noting the consistency between the over the inspector general’s office that there is adequate attention to both administrator’s areas of focus and (IG)-its hostility, lack of knowl¬ professional and bread-and-butter is- USAID’s current portfolio. edge vis-a-vis USAID and the For¬ sues-both are critical. We are making • Working to assure that any quick- eign Service and absence of it clear to one and all that AFSA sees response mechanism deals with de¬ development training for IG staff. itself as a partner in the great debate velopment and democracy and that • Watching management closely to about "whither goest" America’s for¬ we not perform quasi-military func¬ see that key development goals are eign assistance program. We expect to tions. being effectively pursued and that be supportive and constructive always, • Seeking greater, more active, partic¬ members’ interests are satisfactorily critical where need be, and controver¬ ipation from our members on issues taken into account. sial if circumstances warrant. The of development policy and working • Advocating adequate support for stakes are high, whether talking of the conditions. overseas missions. very nature, size, or makeup of the • Ascertaining the full extent of the • Moving quickly in support of all agency, but the payoff promises to be reorganization plans. To date we collective and individual members’ something that will benefit America, have seen only the plans for interests. our developing-country clients, and all USAID/Washington, yet in the If you believe this is the start of a of us individually. administrator’s own words, mis¬ good agenda for the new USAID/AFSA In this sometimes dangerous, post- sions remain at the heart of our team, let us know. If not, don’t hesi¬ Cold War, budget-wrenching period, business. How can that be in the tate to give us contrary views too. We we need your ideas from around the wake of present trends? won’t succeed or make an impact globe, and your participation in our • Assuring in any "right-sizing" exer¬ without your help. All members can working groups and committees in cise that the Foreign Service does reach John Patterson, Jim Washington, Washington. We want to make sure not bear the brunt of any reductions and Lee Ann Ross via E-mail or FAX that we are on the same wave length in staff. In the last few years overWe (202-647-0265). Let us hear from you. 1994-95 scholarship applications Deadline: Applications become available in October and available must be completed and returned to AFSA before February 15,1994. Who is Eligible? Dependent students of all Foreign Past scholarship recipients must reapply every year. Service personnel in State, USAID, USIA, Commerce, or Agriculture, or retired who have served abroad. For applications and further information, contact Merit Awards: 1994 graduating high school students AFSA Scholarship Programs only, based on academic merit and activities. 2101 E Street, NW rinancial Aid Awards: Full-time undergraduate Washington, DC 20037 students in the United States, based on need. FAX: (202) 338-6820 Foreign Affairs Awards: Full-time junior or senior Direct dial number: (202) 944-5504 college students with a major in the field of foreign affairs. OCTOBER 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 3 from the USIA vice president By Bruce Wharton operating principles that will guide the reorganization in professional and per¬ AFSA is concerned that, in efforts to proposed re-organization: sonal terms. Therefore, we were tame the United States’ deficit monster • USIA’s public diplomacy mission re¬ pleased to hear Duffey’s commitment and in the absence of an overarching mains crucial to the successful pur¬ to expand training for all employees, foreign policy rationale, there is a ten¬ suit of U.S. foreign policy and to both to help USIA become more effi¬ dency toward underestimating the im¬ promoting understanding among cient and to help individuals prepare portance of foreign affairs and a nations; for different responsibilities. temptation to dismiss the Foreign Ser¬ • USIA is a foreign affairs agency and The reorganization specifics remain vice as anachronistic. That is an ex¬ must preserve its presence and ef¬ open, but we believe the Agency’s mis¬ traordinarily short-sighted view of U.S. fectiveness in the field; sion and the country’s interests will be national interests. The single most im¬ • The end of the Cold War demands best served if the strong interdepend¬ portant resource for advancing U.S. in¬ fundamental changes in the scope ence of the headquarters and the over¬ terests abroad are the men and women and shape of USIA’s programs. seas posts is maintained. of the Foreign Service. Current budget woes differ pro¬ We appreciate Dr. Duffey’s effort to For these reasons AFSA was pleased foundly from the past growth/reces¬ keep this difficult process as open and that the outline of a plan to reorganize sion cycles. We cannot expect the transparent as possible and urge all USIA acknowledges the importance of return of budgetary salad days. USIA employees to take an active role overseas operations and appears to We believe these factors require in making the agency’s evolution as ra¬ seek the preservation of USIA’s effec¬ fundamental changes at USIA. The tional as possible. AFSA is, of course, tiveness in the field. major reorganization Dr. Duffey pro¬ ready to serve as the Foreign Service At an August meeting with agency poses cannot guarantee USIA’s future channel to management. USIA’s future managers and union representatives but, in AFSA’s opinion, a bold restruc¬ depends on our ability to redirect, refo¬ Joseph Duffey outlined his plan to re¬ turing does represent our best hope of cus, and reinvent our jobs, and, liter¬ structure the Agency in order to main¬ survival as a discrete government ally, change the shape of our agency. tain its functional ability and agency. We see no good option. We’re all in this together. institutional integrity. We see the fol¬ Both Foreign Service and Civil Ser¬ lowing points as representative of the vice employees will see the effects of from the retiree vice president By Don Norland eign affairs topics (at little or no cost) suggested that letters and calls are The first meeting of the expanded to audiences throughout the country; more effective when they go to con¬ Retiree Standing Committee since the the second suggestion was to create a gressional district offices. AFSA elections was held August 24. new "Legislative Alert” network to give Similarly, members were encour¬ The committee reviewed current re¬ voice to the views of AFSA alumni. Un¬ aged to convey their views on those tiree programs with the objective of derlying these initiatives are the twin foreign affairs issues to which the U.S. improving them and assessed pro¬ objectives of engaging the knowledge is giving new emphasis, e.g. democra¬ posed new initiatives. While the meet¬ of foreign affairs professionals in the tization, non-proliferation, population ing was informal, the consensus was current policy debates and enhancing and immigration issues. There was that AFSA’s present retiree programs the prestige and influence of the For¬ also a clear consensus that AFSA are appropriate and should be ex¬ eign Service. would perform a public service by op¬ panded. Improvements in communi¬ A key step in expanding both pro¬ posing micro-management from cations with retirees are needed, grams is to reach out to as many retir¬ Washington and by actively support¬ especially those outside the Washing¬ ees as possible. A working group was ing and protecting the principle of dis¬ ton D.C. area, to enlist new members established to coordinate available in¬ sent and the rights of dissenters. and to encourage all members to formation on retirees and to invite Since new programs depend on vol¬ speak up at this critical time of transi¬ them to form (or join) AFSA chapters. unteer efforts, I hope members will let tion in foreign affairs. The Standing Committee agreed us have their comments, recommenda¬ Two specific suggestions were that AFSA itself should not take public tions and offers of assistance. (Please adopted by the 25 attendees: one, to positions on the specifics of foreign contact me at 202-338-4045 or FAX invite AFSA members to seek new au¬ policy issues, such as Bosnia or Soma¬ 202-338-6820.) diences in their communities for the lia. However, individual members are expanded World Issues Forum (for¬ encouraged to communicate their merly the Speakers Bureau). This is views, especially on issues where they the public affairs outreach program have personal experience or insights. that provides expert speakers on for¬ AFSA’s Legislative Liaison Rick Weiss 4 • AFSA NEWS • OCTOBER 1993 F.Y.L Retirees BOOKFAIR Seeking outside Tax refund? Family Night An Indiana federal judge has re¬ The annual Family night at the scholarships jected the IRS claim that the alternative BOOKFAIR is October 22, This event By Theresa Auricchio form of annuity (lumpsum pension offers fun for children with balloons, Scholarship Administrator payment) is taxable income, ruling in¬ and: for collectors, rare books and Scholarships are abundant, how¬ stead that the lump-sum is a return of original art. Family night, from 4-7 ever, few students take advantage of previously-taxed contributions. Since pm; is open to all State Department these resources: In order to find schol¬ this decision (Montgomery) conflicts employee family members. Retirees arships, one must make time to look. with an earlier case (Shimota, which may attend by calling 202-223-5796 There is a lot of work involved in re¬ the Supreme Court declined to review) to give their social security number. search, filling out applications, and in favoring the IRS position, those retirees BOOKFAIR, held in the Inhibition some cases submitting essays, portfo¬ who elected the lump sum beginning Hall, will be open to employees Oc¬ lios, etc. in 1986 might have a new chance for tober 24-29 from 11-3 pm.: Sales will Some people subscribe to scholar¬ a refund. That could only happen if a be open to the public weekends, Oc- ship search services, an expensive op¬ federal appeals court upheld Mont¬ tober 23, 24, 30, and 31, from 10-4 tion. However, you can find the same gomery and the Supreme Court then pm. Proceeds benefit the information in your own library refer¬ overturned Shimota. The process AAFSW/AFSA Scholarship Fund and ence section. If you are interested in would be long; to avoid the statute of many local service projects. outside funding, the key time is now. limitations, retirees affected should file Most scholarship deadlines for the amended tax returns within three years Membership 199-1-95 academic year arc from Octo¬ of the date the lump-sum tax was paid ber 15 to December 15. and file a lawsuit for refund within two Helping Post Reps AFSA has a bibliography of general years of any IRS denial of claim. Surveying AFSA post reps, holding scholarship resources available to its Since 1990, the lump-sum payment brainstorming meetings, and inter¬ constituents. To order, please write: has been available only to those invol¬ viewing former post reps are just a few AFSA Scholarship Programs untarily separated or taking non¬ ways the AFSA Membership Depart¬ 2101 E Street, NW disability retirement with a ment is striving to help post reps be¬ Washington, DC 20037 life-threatening disease. The new bud¬ come even more effective. Post reps Anna Jean get act eliminates it for involuntary re¬ are the main link to members overseas, Bergstresser Steeves tirees whose annuities begin on or and AFSA wants to provide the tools Scholarship established after October 1, 1994. Under the new and resources to help them do their law, an employee who is retired invol¬ jobs. Retired Ambassador John M. untarily must do so no later than Sep¬ Some good tips came out of a recent Steeves, ambassador to Afghanistan tember 29,1994 in order to receive the luncheon meeting with former post from 1962-66 and director general of lump-sum payment. While the lump reps. Our guests, with collective expe¬ the Foreign Service from 1966-69, has sum remains taxable, those receiving rience in a dozen posts, told us that to established a perpetual scholarship in one paid on or after January 1, 1993 improve continuity reps should keep memory of his late wife, Jean. have been able to roll over the taxable files current and brief new reps on Anna Jean Bergstresser Steeves was portion into an IRA and postpone the pending concerns and recendy re¬ born in Canada and grew up in Harris¬ tax accordingly. solved issues. One rep suggested burg, Pennsylvania. She earned her RN keeping a separate distribution list just in Philadelphia, where she worked in for AFSA members so important infor¬ private practice until 1942 when she MED Alert mation could be distributed quickly. joined the University of Pennsylvania The foreign affairs agencies med¬ AFSA will implement these sugges¬ Field Hospital. She met her husband ical program is “reinventing” the tions by providing a checklist of tasks while she was stationed in India; they procedures and administration of to accomplish for incoming and outgo¬ were married in Washington in 1945. the medical program with a goal of ing post reps. She served with her husband on var¬ reducing outlays by 30 percent- Post reps also wanted simple-to-fol- ious Foreign Service assignments in an yes, 30 percent! low instructions on how to hold post¬ invaluable support role. In 1948 she AFSA is setting up an inter-agency rep elections; AFSA is responding by volunteered to help refugees fleeing medical working group. We need rewriting some of its procedures to the India-Pakistan war; later she organ¬ volunteers to serve on this key make them easier to understand. The ized other diplomatic volunteers to committee. Post Dispatch (a quarterly publication form the International Red Cross Vol¬ Please contact James Yorke by sent to all post reps) will be used for unteers group. In Afghanistan, she sup¬ FAX at 647-0265 to express your leadership training and to answer post¬ ported womens’ education causes. interest. rep concerns. OCTOBER 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 5 Legislative News Authorization bill aims at significantly reduced and whether an Pay Raises Senior FS personnel excess number of SFS-designated po¬ In September and October, Con¬ By Rick Weiss sitions in headquarters has been redes¬ gress will review once again whether Congressional Liaison ignated to the FO-l/GS-15 level. Federal employees will receive the 2.2 Congress, with its decision to place Although management may receive percent cost of living increase and/or a ceiling on the number of Senior For¬ “waiver authority” over the cap on se¬ the locality pay increase (4 percent for eign Service officers, has taken a major nior officers if the legislatively man¬ the Baltimore/Washington area). As a whack at the Foreign Service person¬ dated numbers are not met, result of the Budget Reconciliation Act, nel and promotion system. management must report to Congress Federal employees remain under cur¬ The next two fiscal years are ex¬ "to explain the circumstances and ne¬ rent laws eligible for both increases. pected to bring dwindling promotion cessity of a waiver before they imple¬ However, the president wanted both numbers as management attempts to ment it.” As stated in the House to be delayed and the appropriations meet the mandated goals; as well as a Foreign Affairs Committee report: committee has not included these pay retirement push for current Senior of¬ “The committee is concerned by the increases in their legislation for FY 94. ficers who have reached their “high growth of the Senior Foreign Service. Many on the Hill believe that Federal three” while attempting to save domes¬ The committee notes that Senior For¬ employees, as of yet, have not been tic Senior positions-the second eign Service employment at the De¬ tapped for their “sharedsacrifice.” Fed¬ whammy in the authorization bill. A partment of State is higher than at any eral retiree recipients have been hit new section “requires the GAO to con¬ point in the last ten years.... The De¬ with a three-month delay in adjust¬ duct a classification audit of all Senior partment of State, AID and USIA em¬ ments of their COLAs for three years. Foreign Service positions in Washing¬ ploy less than two percent of the Most commentators believe that ton, DC assigned to State, AID and federal civilian workforce, but one- Congress will implement locality pay USIA” seeking positions that are over- sixth of Federal senior executives. but eliminate the 1994 COLA. Others classified and should be downgraded. While there are legitimate reasons for believe that Congress will delay both Hill staffers expect that in the foreign having a somewhat higher percentage or eliminate both as a reflection of their affairs agencies authorization bill for of senior officers in the Foreign Ser¬ ability to reduce federal spending. 1996-97, Congress will focus on vice, the committee believes that cur¬ whether the number of SFS has been rent ratio is disproportionate.” We’ve Built a Team to Serve You... In Maryland, Virginia and D.C. Coldwell Banker IProperty Management provides superior leasing and property management services to absentee home wners. We have a full-time staff of expertly trained erty managers ready to serve your needs. □ YES! 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Bob Dussell (ex-A.I.D.) at ovations, carpentry, licensed, tax work both within and with¬ bonded, insured. Call RICIIARD A GROUNDING IN TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES IS NOT HARD TO ACQUIRE IF ONLY THE FOREIGN SERVICE CAN FIND THE WILL TO DO SO BY EUGENE SKOLNIKOFF he startling pace of change in world worldwide, the continuing technologi¬ affairs that began in the late 1980s cal evolution of weapons, and the im¬ signaled fundamental change in post¬ portance of technological competitive¬ war international relationships. Many ness to a nation’s economic fortunes. forces combined to lead to the pro¬ The local use of technology now can found alterations in the internal situa¬ have important global consequences, tions of the countries of Eastern Europe such as destruction of stratospheric and the Soviet Union, as well as in their ozone due to the widespread use of relations with others. Not the least of chlorofluorocarbons or the climatic ef¬ these forces was the impact of techno¬ fects of accumulation of carbon dioxide logical change, emblematic of a much from the burning of fossil fuels. larger story in which advances in sci¬ The international significance of sci¬ ence and technology have contributed ence and technology is not new, al¬ to an evolution in national and interna¬ though the speed and breadth of their tional affairs. effects are relatively modern. Through¬ The international effects of techno¬ out history, superior weapon technolo¬ logical advance are everywhere in evi¬ gies have altered the fate of nations, and dence: the deployment of massive stra¬ new industrial technologies were the tegic nuclear forces, the accident at basis of economic revolutions that pro¬ Chernobyl, the evolution of computer¬ foundly modified the international or¬ ized financial markets that allow $1 der. Intellectually, too, technology has trillion daily in cumency transactions, had major impact. The Enlightenment the immediacy and global reach of was largely a product of the ideas of television, and the total eradication of experiment and rationality that ener¬ the scourge of smallpox are but a few gized the scientific revolution, stimulat¬ examples. Others maybe less spectacu¬ ing vast forces for change in the West. In lar, but as far-reaching: the ability to fax large measure, the French and Ameri¬ documents and to reach any telephone can revolutions grew out of those forces, OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • 31 as did the design of government in the [Elxtraordinarily rapid technological and threatens underfulfillment of tar¬ American Constitution. change has thrust upon us new and as gets. Centralized pricing mechanisms yet unresolved problems of governance provide tut automatic rewards for inno¬ ANTICIPATING NEEDS in the national and international spheres." vation; in fact, they create disincentives. Today, given their scale and organi¬ And, the emphasis on vertical commu¬ zation, scientific and technological en¬ SCIENCE FOR THE GENERALIST nications required in a command terprises have become arguably the Advances in science and technology economy inhibits the unhampered hori¬ most powerful and persistent elements do not alone cause changes in interna¬ zontal communication essential for the leading to societal change and. neces¬ tional relationships; international change full play of imagination. By contrast, sarily. to change in international affairs. is always a product of a complex pro¬ competitive market economies reward The accelerated commitment of re¬ cess in which underlying social forces, innovation and seek to stimulate rather sources to research and development human decisions, and concun-ent events than suppress change. (R&D) during and after the Second are relevant. But advances in science The difficulty authoritarian regimes World War has transformed the rela¬ and technology can be central factors have in maintaining power amid spec¬ tively haphazard pattern of invention leading to change, in some cases suffi¬ tacular new information technologies and scientific research of earlier centu¬ cient to alter major aspects of interna¬ provides another example. These tech¬ ries inter a formidable, and growing, tional affairs. A Foreign Service officer nologies played a key role in the politi¬ system for the production of new tech¬ must understand this critical source of cal collapse of Communist governments nologies to serve current or speculative change in world affairs and be able erf Eastern Europe, as those govern¬ needs. Not only do tire products of this professionally to assimilate its implica¬ ments gradually lost control of the chan¬ system have significant international ef¬ tions. That is easily said but not so easily nels of information on which they de¬ fects, but its very operation favors the accomplished. A few examples of how pended. The widespread diffusion of creation of global markets for its products. technological change affects interna¬ information undermined the credibility In fact, for a surprising portion of this tional affairs and alters the setting in of the regimes, allowed the formation of research-and-development system, inter¬ which foreign policy must be made may coalitions outside government control, national goals provide the underlying give a better sense of the kind of and provided a window on outside motivation for the commitment of re¬ understanding required. events that led to an irresistible demand sources by governments and even by The reasons for the technological for political change. industry. weakness of the command economies Information technologies do not pre¬ Secretary of State George Shultz in of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union vent regimes from maintaining power December 1987 said: “Developments in are particularly illustrative. There were through sheer force; in fact, those tech¬ science and social organization are al¬ several contributory causes, but a deci¬ nologies can also be used to buttress a despotic regime, for a time at least, as Hitler was able to do in SECRETARY OF STATE GEORGE SHULTZ the 1930s, and the Serbs appear IN DECEMBER 1987 SAID: to be doing today. But they clearly alter the dynamics of the Developments in science and social organization are relationship between authoritar¬ ian and democratic forces, repre¬ altering the world profoundly—too profoundly for senting another major shift in the factors that determine the evolu¬ conventional habits of thinking to grasp...” tion of international politics. A third example is the growth of global-scale issues that results from the more intensive and tering the world profoundly—too pro¬ sive factor was the inability of command widespread application of modern tech¬ foundly for conventional habits of think¬ economies to maintain adequate capac¬ nology. The concern over global warm¬ ing to grasp. Histoiy suggests that man¬ ity' for technological innovation. Inno¬ ing is an excellent illustration, arising as kind rarely understands revolutionary vation implies change in industrial pro¬ it does primarily from the increasing change at the time it is coming about.” cesses and products; in today's econo¬ production of energy necessary for a W. Michael Blumenthal, secretary of the mies, competitive success in high-tech¬ burgeoning global population that is treasury under President Carter, said in nology fields, other things being equal, seeking to raise its standard of living. his 1987 Elihu Root lectures: “I believe goes to those with the most rapid pace The gravity of the danger of climate there is one circumstance which over¬ of innovation. But, command economies change is not yet certain, but however shadows all else and has set the current abhor rapid change, for it disrupts complex the threat is assessed, the issue will have period apart: unprecedented, deep, and plans, introduces disabling uncertainty, a direct impact on domestic policies and continual technological change. . . . distorts structural and price relationships. eventually require cooperative, multi- 32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 national action. Most of the growth in all desirable goals, and that it cannot phisticated appreciation of, and sensi¬ energy demand, which shadows the solve one problem without creating tivity to, just how those fields and their increase in population, will occur in the other, new issues in its wake. It is advances interact with international af¬ less-developed world, highlighting the equally important to remember that the fairs. growing intensity of interdependence roughly $400-500 billion per year spent These needs can be met in courses at to be expected for the indefinite future. globally on R&D is allocated within the National Foreign Affairs Training nations, in national policy processes to Center that stand alone or in intensive POLICY PROCESSES serve interests of individual countries. portions of existing courses for mid¬ The policy-making process in gov¬ Specialized knowledge is needed to career and senior officers. Since techno¬ ernment is greatly affected by techno¬ deal with some issues, such as the logical issues will become steadily more logical change. Major decisions must reasons for pursuit of a plutonium prominent in the future, it would be be made in minutes about the com¬ economy in Japan, the implications for useful to devise more extensive pro¬ mand and control of weapons, for the Middle East of technological ad¬ grams at the center or in cooperating example, or the appropriate response vances in conventional weapons, the universities. Such special science-and- to events quickly made known through implications of technological depen¬ technology and foreign-affairs programs global media. At the other end of the dence of Third World countries, and the were in place with a few universities spectrum, policy for significant is¬ subtleties of technology and trade is¬ some years ago but were allowed to sues, such as the disposal of nuclear sues that are now so politically salient. lapse. Courses that teach the basics of waste or energy policy, must take But, more difficult and ultimately more scientific fields to non-scientists, no account of implications extending for important, is an understanding of the matter how valuable to some, are nei¬ decades or centuries. complex nature of the interactions of ther essential for a Foreign Service offi¬ Decision-makers are increasingly technological change with the substance cer nor appropriate for the NFATC. dependent on machines to aid them of international relationships. Preparing the Foreign Service to be in sorting through vast quantities of Foreign Service officers cannot be better able to deal with technologically information or in confronting increas¬ truly expert in the details of technologi¬ rich subjects is a substantial challenge. ingly complex technological issues cally rich issues, nor do they have to be But it is not as hard as sometimes with only limited evidence available. trained in science and technology to believed and is much more important Technology may make it possible to cope with them; the technical details, in than often assumed. In fact, the need is analyze complicated policy choices fact, are often not the primary consider¬ pressing, for the results of scientific and more quickly, but that implies greater ations. Foreign Service officers must, technological advance, interacting with dependence on the quality of analytic however, recognize that the important political and social elements, will be inputs, on the biases of those who do policy implications are accessible if they prime factors in determining the win¬ them, and on the unavoidable imper¬ seek them, and that help is not hard to ners and losers among nations, the fections of technology. Of course, the find on the technical details inside or forms of national economies and poli¬ more technical an issue, the greater outside of government. In effect, they ties, nature and cost of military conflict, the dependency of decision-makers must be comfortable in dealing with the role and development of interna¬ on individuals or agencies with spe¬ science and technology and with work¬ tional organizations, and the world’s cialized knowledge. ing with others to understand policy ability to meet the population, resource, To cope with the influence of sci¬ choices. food, health, and environment issues ence and technology in international we all face. That is a large part of the affairs, an effective Foreign Service FIRST STEPS international agenda for the future; the officer must have a sound under¬ Innovation in recruitment and train¬ Foreign Service must be able to partici¬ standing for this powerful force for ing of Foreign Service officers to pro¬ pate fully in those issues if it is to be a change. That injunction is easy to vide knowledge of science and technol¬ strategic and not a bit player in an state, but hard to meet. ogy is necessary, but the innovations do increasingly technological world. Several needs are implied. One is a not have to be revolutionary. An educa¬ reasonable familiarity with the dynamic tion in science and technology can Eugene Skolnikoff is a professor of nature of the scientific and technologi¬ greatly enhance an officer’s capabilities political science at the Massachusetts cal enterprises, and some bedrock ideas but must be in addition to, not a substi¬ Institute of Technology. He served in about science and technology. It is tute for, knowledge of the traditional the White House science office in the important to understand, for example, areas: international relations and effec¬ Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Carter that diffusion of scientific and techno¬ tive negotiation and communication administrations with responsibility logical knowledge can be delayed but skills. for international affairs. He is au¬ not prevented, that technology is never What is required for a typical officer thor of The Elusive Transformation: perfect and always entails a tradeoff is training and experience that provide Science, Technology, and the Evolu¬ between performance and safety, that the basic information about science and tion of International Politics (Prince¬ technology can not be designed to meet technology and offer a reasonably so¬ ton University Press,1993)- OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 ore than EDITOR'S NOTE: Ambassador Brandon Grove was director of the Foreign Sendee Institute QUESTION: What do you call the The process was driven, in part, by the from 1988 to 1992, when National Foreign Affairs Training Cen¬ realization that training conditions at FSI plans were made for the new ter? NF A TCdoes not make a very friendly Rosslyn are just awful. An environment National Foreign Affairs acronym. does not determine what you can do, BRANDON H. GROVE JR.: Well, but it conditions the way you do it and Training Center on the former the name is more than a frivolous how you feel about your work. Training Arlington Hall campus and concern. It was George Shultz who provided at Arlington Hall will trans¬ most of the constmction was selected the words “National Foreign form the Foreign Service. completed. Lawrence P. Taylor Affairs Training Center,” and that’s the The new site is literally a campus. It succeeded Grove as director of name that appears in legislation. The was built in the early 1920s as a girls’ the Institute and saw the reason Shultz wanted the name was to school called Arlington Hall. emphasize that it wasn't just the Foreign In the 1940s, at the beginning of construction through to its Service that would be receiving train¬ World War II, the Roosevelt Administra¬ completion and official ing: it was people from more than 40 tion took over the then-defunct cam¬ opening this month. Shortly agencies, and the Civil Service from our pus—there had been financial prob¬ before the opening, the Foreign own department, together. The new lems—and installed an Anny communi¬ Service foil null intervieu-ed campus would not be there today if it cations detachment, INSCOM. It is at Grove and Taylor on what the were not for Secretary Shultz, who was Arlington Hall that the Japanese code its inspiration and who regarded it as a was broken, the so-called Purple Code. NFATC will mean for the monument to his stewardship. Our pre¬ In October of 1989 the Department of Foreign Service and for U.S. decessors Steve Low and Charlie Bray State was able to take over 72 acres of foreign policy. worked with him to make it a reality. what still looked like a campus, with the 'The interview, which was LAWRENCE P. TAYLOR: The name main, yellow-brick building intact. We conducted by Journal Editor is very important, but it doesn't seem to also kept the girls' gymnasium and two Anne Stevenson-Yang, has have the zip to it that allows people to Sears Roebuck pre-fabricated cottages use it naturally in conversation. Some by Route 50 that are now considered been edited. people call it "N-fatsy,'' which doesn't historic. The departing Anny took with sound very good at all. Others call it “N- them a decorative World War II cannon, phatic.” Some have talked aloout naming it and left behind a ghost named Mary. ".Arlington Hall,” which is the site. One Mary, a student at Arlington Hall had tiling seems certain: if a name doesn't take been repeatedly sighted in the upper hold conversationally, it’s going to be stairwell of a wing of the main building called "the new FSI” in the vernacular. that wre have now torn down. She had an unhappy and indiscreet love affair QUESTION: How was Arlington Hall and roamed the halls in a white gown chosen? just about where we are going to locate GROVE: The site became available the Overseas Briefing Center. in 1989, when the Defense Department It is a near miracle that we got the $81 decided to move its people elsewhere. million that it has taken to build and fit 34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 THE FORMER AND CURRENT DIRECTORS OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE TALK ABOUT HOW A NEW TRAINING CENTER WILL CHANGE FOREIGN AFFAIRS. ■Wfct'ist>n*■** s ’-*■ sweater, much less a raincoat. integration. Perhaps the first step is to integrate junior-officer training and U.S. QUESTION: Is there any feel¬ Information Agency, Agency for Inter¬ ing that this campus is going to be national Development, Foreign Com¬ too far and too isolated? mercial Service, and State training. Be¬ TAYLOR: There is no issue that yond that, I would like to consider has bedeviled FSI staff more than integration of the management of the Left, Brandon Grove Jr., Right, Lawrence Taylor questions about transportation. As NFATC on an interagency basis, so that an institution, we have tried to we don’t simply contract out our train¬ out NFATC. We almost lost the funding prep well for the move, by creating ing services. in 1989 and again in 1991. In the process town meetings and committees, news¬ GROVE: I think an effect of the new of construction, we ran into hazardous- letters, and giving people opportunities campus will be to make people happy waste problems causing a large budget to ask questions, get answers, and par¬ to be there and feel good about training overrun to remove asbestos. We dealt ticipate. It’s about a 15-minute drive assignments. The biggest problem in with neighborhood citizens groups, the from the State Department. There will training is the unwillingness of supervi¬ National Capital Planning Commission, be a shuttle-bus service that may well be sors to release those in need of training. The Virginia Historical Association and quicker than the present service to and No corporation, and certainly not our bicycle enthusiasts. On a cold winter from Rosslyn. However, there is no easy military, would function with the State night in 1989 worth remembering, sev¬ walk to a Metro. The other side of that Department’s attitude toward training. eral neighborhood groups came to tes¬ coin is that there will be extensive We need to link training to assignments. tify in a formal public session at FSI on parking space, and there is a day-care The new campus will represent a for¬ how they felt about the construction. A center in the planning stages. In the end, ward look at training needs in an envi¬ wonderful woman, Louise Hale, got up. transportation will be worked out. For ronment specifically designed for train¬ She was a graduate of Arlington Hall, some it may take a bit longer, but it’s still ing; that will have an encouraging effect and she said she thought it was an a heck of a lot better once you get there. on employees and supervisors as well. absolutely wonderful idea, and that TAYLOR: We have a culture in the ended any criticism. QUESTION: What is the relation¬ Foreign Service that is anti-training. It’s not as if there was nothing there ship among the various agencies and People pride themselves on getting out before. Arlington Hall looks like a cam¬ the new NFATC? of training, because they believe it some¬ pus—it’s full of trees and lawns. It’s not TAYLOR: FSI already trains people how would be bad for their career. To fancy. The buildings fonn a kind of from 44 or 45 different agencies, and we overcome this, we need to use the move village. Planning was a close partner¬ have a vision of the new National to make people think differently about ship among the architects, FSI, the State Foreign Affairs Training Center as a career paths, assignments, and the way Department’s administrative bureau, the training center for the entire U.S. gov¬ training fits in, not just into a job but into General Services Administration, and ernment foreign-affairs community. a career. However, we do have to be the Office of Management and Budget. That’s going to have to proceed step by realistic. The State Department has a Throughout, we kept key congressional step, but that is part of the potential of practical problem, because we have not staffs informed. The buildings are con¬ the training center. staffed ourselves with a personnel “float” nected, so that there’s a shirtsleeves To some extent these are uncharted sufficient to allow a sizable percentage environment. In the dead of winter you waters. We should consider strategi¬ of our people to plan for regular train¬ can go anywhere without putting on a cally moving toward true foreign-affairs ing, especially on any long-term basis. OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 Of course, one partial answer is increas¬ we would have to do virtually every¬ ing of science and technology, not for ingly to take training to the workplace. thing in training differently. Funding of their own sake, but for their relevance to the campus at precisely this time and its policy, is lacking in our present training QUESTION: Would you talk for a emergence brick by brick was seren¬ (see “Science and Technology", pagej V- moment about the facilities that will be dipitous. The economic dimension in We need to provide Foreign Service available to students at the new campus? our training clearly needed to be strength¬ officers and others with enough techni¬ T AYLOR: The new campus will have ened. There would be new languages to cal knowledge to be literate in such both new technology and a technology teach. Management and executive lead¬ subjects as radio frequencies and deep strategy, so that we know what we need ership would have greater emphasis seabed issues. They need enough famil¬ to acquire and how to use it in the than we had been able to provide, A iarity so they can understand the policy training process. We cannot always sense of profound change drove our aspects and be armed to deal with other bring students to the schoolhouse, even interest in Arlington Hall. You thought nations on the interests of the United though we may have the greatest school- of doing things differently at the new States that are involved, and are often house in town. So the training center campus and realized that the move was commercial. Finally, we don’t do nearly has to be a sort of sparkplug. Technol¬ not a matter of transporting tacky furni¬ as well as we should in reaching large ogy can take training to the workplace, ture from Rosslyn to a new building: it numbers of senior executives in the through interactive video, which we was getting a new mindset. Civil Service and Foreign Service for should be building toward in four, five, TAYLOR: The end of the Cold War leadership and executive training. Far or six years. No matter how good our and the increasing priority given to too often, we have people in very training is, a portion of it isn’t used until economic and commercial issues and to responsible jobs w'ho are poor leaders many months later, when a person runs the global agenda—things like democ¬ and don’t need to be. That just has to into the first task or responsibility asso¬ ratization, population, international change. ciated with that training, so we need to crime, and environmental topics—all TAYLOR: My view is that the For¬ think about “just-in-time" training, which make training more necessary than ever eign Service in the future will really be puts the information on a person's desk before. In this era, training should be a a leadership profession. In this compli¬ right when they need it. That opens building block for our efforts to cated, interagency environment, the whole new vistas of training categories strengthen American diplomacy and ability to mobilize resources and people of people we’ve just left out for cost American leadership in the post-Cold on behalf of a common agenda, to set reasons—like Foreign Service Nation¬ War world. We are using the move to priorities, to move forward and realize als. the NFATC as a metaphor for making our objectives, is more and more a GROVE: The best possible effort has associated qualitative changes in our leadership game. I think we have to start been made to set up electric and elec¬ training in advancing U.S. competitive¬ with junior officers. If we begin with an tronic capabilities in the construction ness, for example, developing a tech¬ employee when he comes into the process that you might not be able to nology strategy, integrating global is¬ system, it will pay back over a career of use fully for some time to come, but sues, and developing a new system of 30 or 40 years. Leadership is person- ultimately will use. There is a satellite language instruction. The NFATC will dependent. Everybody, in his or her dish. We will have a capacity to estab¬ contribute to effective diplomacy by own way, can exercise positive leader¬ lish an interactive relationship with any providing innovative training for the ship. post in the world, much like Worldnet. country teams of the future. The cam¬ Secondly, we should do even more If the General Services staff of an em¬ pus will also afford opportunities for to include creatively in the entire train¬ bassy are having particular problems, or training partnerships with the private ing process cross-cutting functional is¬ need training in something new, a tele¬ sector, with nongovernment organiza¬ sues. Those issues closely connect what vised connection can be set up between tions, and with academia, all of which is happening abroad to jobs and quality them and the right people in the depart¬ are more important actors in foreign of life here at home. ment and FSI to provide training. That’s affairs than in the past. GROVE: This is the most complex yet another way that technology, as we time since 1945 to the early 1950s. It will use it at Arlington Hall, is going to QUESTION: Brandon, ifthereisone calls for the same kind of creativity. A change the entire character, not just aspect of training that you hoped would Foreign Service and Civil Service w'ith portions of the content, of training. be emphasized at the newfacility, what real spirit, knowledge and commitment would that be? have served this country well, even QUESTION: Apart from technology, GROVE: It’s hard to limit it, of course, though using the inadequate facilities in bow can a new location substantively to one. I attach great importance to which our previous training has been alter the nature of training? language training and to continuing to located. Arlington Hall has got to foster GROVE: The campus provides the draw' upon the best possible technolo¬ the same urgency, the same selfless environment and the physical facilities gies for training people in the 63 lan¬ commitment, the same quest for quality to do this. As the Cold War drew to an guages that we now teach at FSI. Of in our professionals that we have had in end, everyone at FSI realized that tre¬ course, married to language training are earlier times. We must not lose our spirit mendous change was upon us and that area studies. Secondly, an understand¬ now'. 36 • FOREIGN SERVICE lOL'RNAL • OCTOBER 1993 ision QUESTION: When you got into the we could envisage this quadrangle be¬ EDITOR'S NOTE: When competition for the FSI project, did you hind the existing main building, so we the National Foreign have a procedure for finding out what placed the architectural center of the goes on at such a training institution? facility there. Affairs Training Center opens Did you do any research? on the 72-acre, wooded GREENBERGER: When we com¬ QUESTION: Tell me about MGA expanse in Northern Virginia peted in this national design competi¬ Partners and adult-education centers once known as Arlington tion that was organized through the generally. Hall, it will he housed on a General Services Administration, the ALAN GREENBERGER: Some of campus designed to provide rules were fairly prescriptive, so you the examples of facilities MGA has didn’t have a lot of opportunity in a six- designed go back to the beginning of the best possible environment week period to do much research. the firm in 1958: the Annenberg School for study. Alan Greenberger, Because of rules of fairness, one doesn’t of Communications at the University of an architect with the Phila¬ get to talk to clients very much, but I will Pennsylvania, School of Music and Physi¬ delphia firm MGA Partners, tell you, our firm’s strong concern had to cal Activity Center at Swarthmore Col¬ which designed the new do with the relationship of buildings to lege, laboratory buildings at Columbia facility, met with retired the landscape in which they sit: a par¬ and the entire campus of the institution ticular concern that there be a fusion. called the American College at Bryn Foreign Service officer and I do remember one of the first orga¬ Mawr, which is basically the training former Dean of Area Studies nized site visits, in the summer of 1986, arm of the life-insurance industry, and at FSIJack Shellenberger to after we were short-listed from the 60 or IBM’s Customer Executive Education discuss the project s et olution. so firms that submitted. We were walk¬ Center at Palisades, New York, where ing around just tiying to get a sense of people who use IBM equipment can get what the land was like, and we got to additional training in the use and poten¬ where the old tennis courts used to be, tial of their technology. This is similar to which now is the FSI main entrance the ESI project—a suburban landscape courtyard. We were standing on that having a major institutional component. spot and suddenly recognized that this was the place where all the dominant QUESTION: When you uetv awarded characteristics of the landscape were the design project, was it a surprise? evident, the grove of trees on the north, GREENBERGER: I was knocked the dished-out valley to the south, and over dead. It was just fantastic. This was OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 As for the building itself, we Service people spread out all over the really a premier commission. You could studied the matter and concluded that it globe, people who not only get their tell by the submission list, which in¬ could be made a material and produc¬ initial training here but come back from cluded many of the nation's premier tive part of the campus. The notion of time to time to get new training and be architects. We were fortunate in being saving it extended not just to the build¬ connected electronically to the campus associated with an Alexandria firm as a ing but to the whole historic core: oak for additional training. So what happens joint venture and they, Sasaki Associ¬ grove, building, quadrangle, and gym¬ here is really formative. The training, we ates, were especially familiar with fed¬ nasium. were quite confident, was being handled eral projects of this character. Right from the beginning that main professionally, and till we had to do was building was scheduled for FSI depart¬ accommodate it by creating places where QUESTION: Did the specifications ments that could benefit from their people could interconnect in a personal make it imperative that you preserve the proximity to the cafeteria and with the way. Proper training (learning) comes old, columned building that was the least interaction with the rest of FSI— from formal interaction as well as infor¬ original Arlington Hall? the Senior Seminar and the Center for mal contact. People learn as much from GREENBERGER: Actually, that old the Study of Foreign Affairs. each other as they do from formal building was supposed to be taken classroom situations. That had implica¬ down. Everything on the site was to go QUESTION: As your design evolved, tions for both the exterior and interior of except for the gym, because it was seen what would you say was unique about the building, the need for light and air as serving a useful purpose and had this new National Foreign Affairs Train¬ for literally hundreds of rooms led us to been recently renovated. ing Center? Are there architectural val¬ the idea of courtyards, and had every¬ ues to distinguish it? thing to do with the creation of multi¬ QUESTION: Why did it remain? GREENBERGER: There’s nothing purpose areas and slightly larger corri¬ GREENBERGER: Well, it’s a good terribly unique about the technology of dors where one could step aside and story. It remained because, when FSI the building. It’s till pretty mainstream, talk to a colleague. We designed with started seeking community support for based largely on budget considerations. the long-term future in mind so that what it was doing, it became apparent From the very beginning, things like changes, including technological that there was a lot of sentiment about wall construction, the use of brick, changes, can be easily accommodated. preservation of the site, and it centered which is a very economical way to make on that old building. a building, were pre-ordained tind, this QUESTION: What do you visualize The thing that has always impressed being the land of brick, nobody would within the circle as you approach the main me about this project from the client say no to that. What 1 think is unique lobby just beyond the old building? side was the willingness of the State about it is the arrangement. Function¬ GREENBERGER: That’s turned out Department and FSI in particular to do ally, this is a place that delivers training. to be an interesting place, more com¬ the right thing in community relations But, more importantly, it’s a kind of plex than I, at first, imagined. It's the and build a consensus about the project. professional training anchor for Foreign ceremonial starting point of the build- 38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 feet of space, off the up with an exemplary quote of the ...all we had to do was No amount of mission of the Foreign Service and buy fine-tuning was going all the little bronze letters necessary to accommodate learning by creating to remove the right put that quote up on the wall, so that amount from the cost. It people will walk by and be reminded of places where people could was to everybody’s the mission that brought them here, to credit that they recog¬ this campus, and why. interconnect in a personal way. nized that tinkering would not work. I guess QUESTION: Have you had to revise it was Charlie Bray who your vision and put aside wish lists ing, and I say ceremonial in the sense said, “If we’re going to because of the budget or other reasons? that it’s mostly going to be used by build, we’d better build less of it, but GREENBERGER: I have never special visitors. But in an ironic sense well.” I lrelieve everyone agrees, though, worked on a job that had an endless consistent with suburbia, it’s sort of a that now we have a much more efficient budget or even what I would character¬ front door that has real meaning and and functional building than beforthe cuts. ize as a reasonable-plus budget. That value for the campus even though every Our sessions with the National Capi¬ just doesn't happen. This project had its day most people will be using the tal Planning Commission were not hard. budget difficulties from day one. But if garage and side-door entries. Now some Eveiyone understood what was com¬ you do your job well, you don’t sacrifice of that was generated by security and ing. I recall going to one important one vision; you sacrifice some of the particu¬ the parking locations. But from that with Brandon Grove. We just sat there, lars, or, better yet, you defer some of the circular place, you see the courtyard, and it went okay. particulars and set up a situation by the bridge to the meadow, you see back Only one I thought would have been which they can be added over the years. into the quadrangle, you see up to the contentious, and that was the Virginia grove of trees, and you get to under¬ State Historical Preservation Office. We QUESTION: What particulars? stand how things work. went down to Richmond, had a veiy GREENBERGER: Well, in this case good meeting, and were able to reach a there was an extra module of building QU E STIO N: Someone mentioned the broad basis of agreement about tire that had to be deleted to make this brickwork as being of note. project. Not a lot of change was re¬ thing work from a cost point of view, GREENBERGER: They are longer quired. They had several good sugges¬ and there were a number of things we than normal, 12 inches instead of 8, and tions for improvement, which we did to help alleviate the budget cuts. that makes them cheaper to install. We adopted. But then, we had a credible For instance, when we started the were also conscious of selecting a brick philosophy with which they agreed. design we had rooms that were class¬ that had a broad range of color. We rooms of a particular size and shape wanted to avoid a homogenous brick, QUESTION: 1 understand there is a and then we had rooms that were because it would have a machined provision for some kind of historical offices of another size and shape. The quality. We also picked a brick that had tableaux at the center. budget process helped us realize that a very rough texture to give it some GREENBERGER: The idea of an there would be both economic ben¬ visual interest and the kind of intimacy historical display was very much a part efit and functional benefit in stan¬ that we were hoping to achieve. of the design of the building. We have dardizing room modules. By so do¬ basically built in to the building a whole ing, FSI had the flexibility to alter QUESTION: Thinking back. Alan, network and sequence of places where room assignments as circumstances what comes to your mind by way of we think exhibits could be mounted. dictated. We developed a module that serious roadblocks, obstacles to this A lot of people on a daily basis are could convert from a single-sized mod¬ project? Were there catastrophes along going to converge at a point right out¬ ule to a double-sized one. I’d say there the way? side the library and proceed down that are now about 250 rooms that could be GREENBERGER: No, not in the usual corridor and eventually go over the characterized as classroom space. meaning of that word. Hanging on to bridge and into the dining facility. So we the old building took a lot of convinc¬ designed a long continuous niche along QUESTION: There was talk at one ing—in both directions. If we didn’t the library wall for development of a point of a pond. make that case, it would be a PR disas¬ chronological display of the history of GREENBERGER: Ah yes, the fa¬ ter. So all of our efforts focused on that the State Department. mous pond. The pond is something that old building. We had to convince our¬ Similarly, one of my hopes is that I believe will appear one day. It had to selves as well that keeping it had merit when people are walking across that be cut because of budget and appropri¬ not only for its own sake, but to meet bridge, on one side you have the ately so, but the place for it is still there, community concerns as well. meadow and on the other side there’s and it would be a wonderful addition to Of course, the budget-cutting rounds this kind of courtyard, and then there’s the character of the landscape. had an effect. We had to bite the bullet a blank wall. What I keep hoping is that and take an entire module, 25,000 square someone will do the research to come Thanks Alan, Thanks very much OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 MEMOIRS OF A PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEER IN THAIIAND, WHO LEARNED THAT BEING AMERICAN IS MORE ment. By the time I arrived, however, campus ol a teacher-training college on some six years after the initial influx of the Gulf of Thailand. I, along with 55 the Americans, Udorn more nearly re¬ THAN SKIN DEEP others, took the oath administered to till sembled Wild West towns like Dodge new Peace Corps volunteers. After three City or Tombstone. Home to some months of intensive Thai-language train¬ 5,000 American military personnel, the ing, countless grammar drills and prac¬ town boasted several cavernous movie BY CRAIG STEVAUX tice dialogues, cross-cultural sensitivity theaters, a bowling alley, numerous sessions, role-playing, endless political dis¬ massage parlors, and an untold number cussions, and numerous innoculations, we of GI bars. Restaurants served ham¬ were anxious to get on with the job for burgers and pizza. Storefronts on the which we had all volunteered: teaching town’s main street displayed American English as a foreign language. M-16s for sale. Within days, I was on a train clacking In joining the Peace Corps, 1 had out of Bangkok’s yawning station to¬ expected the unexpected, but I was ward my new home and workplace at unprepared for this. It was as if the town a provincial girls’ school in Udorn. In were a gigantic movie set with 5,000 the early 1960s, before the arrival of the character actors and costumed extras American military, Udorn was just an¬ milling about while the police slept. Bars other sleepy, provincial capital in and brothels outnumbered Buddhist Thailand's impoverished Northeast, tin temples. The city had become a study in area ethnically Laotian, which had long crass-cultural schizophrenia. Everywhere been neglected by the central govern¬ was schmaltz, or simple vulgarity. 40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 Left, the author’s pole house. Inset photo, Thai secondary students work hard at school—inside and outside the classroom. tion nor articles. And the Thai often choose their words by how pleasingly they fall on the ear. RICE CULTURE It did not take long to see the deep connection between Thai culture and language. Rice, of course, was central to both. In Thai, the word for “possession” is literally “rice and things.” The Thai say, “I’m going to eat rice,” even when lunch con¬ sists of a bowl of noodles. In place of “How are you?” the Thai typically greet each other by asking, “Have you SUBLIME REMOVE haircut, lined up eaten rice yet?” From my home on stilts at the city’s on the field in In speaking, the edge, I watched saronged women tot¬ front of the main Thai often omit the ing buckets of water from the pond and building chanting first-person pro¬ listened to the squeals of the pig that a a prayer in the noun. Instead, fellow teacher kept in a pen below his ancient Pali lan¬ people call them¬ own house. Removed from the noise of guage. selves by their sta¬ the city (save for the omnipresent roar of Learning Thai tion in society, (stu¬ the F-4 Phantoms), I made up my mind became a passion dent, teacher, etc.) to avoid the Americans, all 5,000 of that consumed or simply omit ref¬ them—or at least try to. me, as it did many erence to self alto¬ Thai colleagues at school took me volunteers. Thai is tonal, which can gether, choosing instead a term that shopping and helped me set up house. wreak havoc on the uninitiated West¬ denotes an inferior status when com¬ I bought pots and pans, mosquito coils, ern tongue. For example, the Thai pared with the interlocutor. and a few items I didn’t even recognize. words for “near” and “far” differ only in These clues to the strictly hierarchi¬ It was not long, however, before the tone. (This made bargaining for a taxi cal nature of Thai society that surface in exotic became the familiar. Barefoot, ludicrous for newly arrived, and often everyday encounters ran counter to my saffron-robed monks strode silently past tone-deaf, volunteers.) A monosyllabic egalitarian instincts, but, strangely my house each morning, pausing to wonder, Thai uses words that can be enough, there is comfort in knowing, at allow lay people to gather merit by verbs, nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. all times and in every situation, exactly offering food. School days began with There is no punctuation, no capitaliza¬ what is expected of oneself. This in¬ the students, more than 1,200 uniformed tion, and no spacing between written tense awareness of the hierarchy ex¬ girls, each with an identical pageboy words. There is neither verb conjuga¬ tended beyond language to other be- OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 Left, students pay homage to a former king. Above, neighbor children. word for “privacy,” another clue to the street urchins called, “Farang! Farang! chasm separating our two cultures. One baht, one baht!” I felt eyes bore into my back in the BIG NOSE, SUPERSTAR same way I felt my ears sting as pedicab In this provincial capital, I became a drivers mistook me for an American havior, such as body language. Care¬ superstar. Teachers in Thailand are pur¬ soldier and shouted GI English at me, “Hey! fully prescribed behavior obviates inde¬ veyors of knowledge and, as such, are GI! You want woman?” Within earshot, old cision and holds choices to a minimum. highly respected. As a teacher, I occu¬ Chinese lady shopkeepers in black paja¬ Within such confines, paradoxically, pied a rung very near the top of the mas, their hair tied in tight buns, scolded there lies a freedom. hierarchical ladder of Thai society. their grandchildren with admonitions to At school, students approached me tehave lest die farang eat them. HE MUST BE LONELY on their knees to ask a question. As they School was a drab, three-story, con¬ passed me in the school corridor, they INNER WORLD crete structure. Besides keeping up with bowed their heads (and taught me to do I appeared in other people’s dreams; their studies, students were expected to the same when I passed my headmas¬ I was a bogeyman: I was a human maintain the school grounds and care ter). Frequently, students presented me chameleon taking on the colors the for their classrooms, polishing the with a rose at the end of a routine class beholder bestowed. Yet, paradoxically, wooden floors on hands and knees with hour. Their goodness kept me in Udorn I was invisible. In my own culture I a coconut husk. when I felt this city on the edge of cotdd be scorned, shunned, or ignored, I taught my students English, and madness would drive me away. Per¬ but never invisible. One of the reasons they taught me how to speak, walk, and haps to compensate for the smothering for this (although I did not fully tinder- sit. From them I learned that the ghost of presence of the American military in stand it at the time) was that I was a a beautiful woman inhabited the ba¬ “my town,” I sought even harder to prisoner of my own language. I would nana tree outside my bedroom win¬ drown myself in Thai-ness. have done well in my college semantics dow. They taught me to play children’s Not all the attention I received was course to have paid attention ter a theory games with tamarind seeds, shared welcome, however. As I walked through proposed by a linguist named Whorf. toasted ants with me, and ignored my open-air markets, heads turned despite Born in 1897, Benjamin Lee Whorf faux pas. It was an uneven exchange; the Thai admonition against staring. It accomplished for the study of 1 inguistics like most Peace Coips volunteers, I did not matter that I had affected the what Einstein did for physics. He was received far more than I gave. collarless, indigo shirt favored by the the architect, along with colleague and Still. I treasured my moments of farmers, that Buddhist amulets dangled noted linguist Edward Sapir, of the privacy, a concept that I discovered was from my neck, or that I could chat and concept of linguistic relativity. In Lan¬ peculiarly Western. Most of the time, a bargain in Thai. My pale skin and Bel¬ guage, Thought, and Reality, Whorf stream of friends and students climbed gian ancestors’ nose announced to ev¬ explored the nature of the illusion un¬ the steep stairs of my pole house to chat, eryone what I was—a foreigner, Cauca¬ der which all of us conduct our lives— bring me gifts of fruit, or simply sit and sian, farang. Amid the omnipresent the illusion that eveiy other person '“be my friend.” The Thai believed that, cacophony of honking blue taxis and shares with us a perception of what is if I was alone, I must be unhappy. The swarms of mufflerless motorcycles haul¬ real. He concludes that “all observers Thai language does not even have a ing produce, piglets, or whole families, are not led by the same physical evi- 42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 SHORT-TERM dence to the same picture of the universe, noodle shop, heads would aim. All the unless their linguistic backgrounds are Thai saw was ant >ther "inscrutable'”farang. RENTALS similar or can in some way be calibrated.” There is more than one reality. Be¬ 30 days — 6 months I carry around inside my head what fore I journeyed to Thailand, I would Whorf called a thought world: the Beatles not have believed this possible; it is at APARTMENTS intoning “I am die walrus, goo goo goo once frightening and wrenchingly sad. & TOWN HOMES joob;” the explosive colors of Van Gogh; I lived in Udorn, but I was not of it. The the taste of a chocolate malt; the Thai looked at me but did not see me, Foreign Service Institute, untranslatable beauty of a because 1 was not there. In my class¬ Foggy Bottom and Shakespearean sonnet. But this thought room, surrounded by and interacting government offices a short METRORAIL ride away world is made up of not only a lifetime with my students, in my neighborhood of facts and cultural associations and amid friends, I stood among loved ones, FREE SHUTTLE even my notions of space and time, but but like a ghost. to nearby rather, something much deeper. In This is the price paid by those who Huntington MetroRail Udom, I was alone in a thought world travel into another linguistic landscape. Station that shaped what I felt and believed. We are all victims of our language and Like many Americans, for example, I culture, especially when the languages can choke myself up by dreaming about being contrasted are as disparate as are something unattainable; the Thai find the Southeast Asian and Indo-European HUNTINGTON this only laughable. languages, such as Thai and English. My thought world also determined GATEWAY my views of good and evil and, ulti¬ THE COSMIC SHRUG Alexandria s newest and mately, my perception of reality itself. I came to understand I did not be¬ most desirable location That perception is not universal. long in Udom, because my perceptions While the idea that culture and lan¬ differed fundamentally from those of NO BETTER PLACE guage are deeply interwoven is gener¬ my Thai friends. Their view of the ally accepted today, Whorf, as early as cosmos is a passive one; the individual NO BETTER PRICE 1942, recognized the even more pro¬ is acted upon by forces of nature. The found power of language on the mind: Thai have an often-used phrase, may “Every language is a vast pattern-sys¬ pen rai, which is frequently translated Featuring ... tem, different from others, in which are as “never mind,” but, in fact, is culturally ordained the fomis and cat¬ untranslatable. The nearest equivalent • Rates well below per diem egories by which the personality not is something like “It is nothing.” The • Flexible leasing only communicates but also . . . chan¬ Thai can metaphorically shrug their • Elegantly furnished nels his reasoning, and builds the house shoulders at a flood that has just devas¬ e Fully equipped kitchen; linens; TV of his consciousness.” tated their homes and livelihoods. (I e Washer/dryer, dishwasher, microwave, Thoughts flow from language, not have seen them do just that.) In each unit the other way around. The more we In stark contrast, Americans try to e Cable TV & local phone service included understand the underpinnings of another conquer their environment and tame e Indoor/outdoor pool language, the more command we will the wilderness. We set our collective • Tennis courts have over our own and, perhaps, the better minds on going to the moon and made e Indoor racquetbalt and basketball courts we will be able to communicate with our it. We hot-rodded over the lunar sea. My e Fitness center fellow humans. “A change in language,” reality is shaped by this sense of deter¬ e Sauna, steam rooms, whirlpool Whorf announced, “can transform our mination, of setting goals. • Garage parking appreciation of the cosmos.” But I still dream farang dreams. In e On-site retail stores Udorn, my students would eagerly file e Major credit cards accepted GREATEST LONELINESS up the ladder to my pole house on When I first arrived in Udom, I Saturday mornings. Always laughing, (703) 960-5401 wished at times to be Thai. I now they were welcome visitors; I wanted Fax (703) 960-1374 understand how futile this was, one of also to welcome them into the “house” those impossible farang dreams. No of my consciousness, but I could not. All 5982 Richmond Highway matter how well I could speak the local I could do was to lean over my banister Alexandria, VA 22303 dialect, no matter how many chilies I and catch some of the laughter they cast could toss into my somtum, even though my way. I’d become accustomed to holding hands CAPITAL °“* with another male teacher as Thai men Craig Stevaux is a freelance writer the day Properties you co/n routinely do—in spite of this and much living in Hawaii. He is working on a more—each time I walked into a different novel set in Udom. OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 and reflections on the current conflict Turk allies falling out among them¬ Bosnia, 1913 by George F. Kennan. selves. the endowment was troubled by THE OTHER BALKAN WARS: A 1913 The Carnegie report is a fascinating what it regarded as a serious challenge CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT INQUIRY IN document, an attempt to chronicle what to peace movements and prospects for went wrong in the immediate aftermath promoting respect for and adherence to RETROSPECT of attempts at The Hague in 1899 and principles of international law. With a new introduction mid 1907 formally to codify international The Carnegie Endowment responded reflections on the present conflict by law in support of disarmament and by establishing a distinguished interna¬ George F. Kennan, Carnegie peace and the law of war itself. The tional commission to look into what had Endowment for International Peace, creation of the Carnegie Endowment gone wrong, establish the facts, provide Washington, D.C, 1993, 402 pages itself was stimulated by enthusiasm in Western public opinion a comprehen¬ the United States for negotiating and sive view of events, and recommend Reviewed by Razvigor Bazala treaty-making that was, to a considerable what could be done “to make things The Carnegie Endowment for Inter¬ extent, a direct outgrowth of the two right” in the future. national Peace published a document Hague conferences a decade earlier. Interest today in a report on the 80 years ago entitled “Report for the Thus, when hostilities broke out in Balkan wars issued in 1914 has obvi¬ International Commission to Inquire the Balkans in 1912, in a concerted drive ously been heightened by the current into the Causes and Conduct of the by the Balkan states to force Turkey out Bosnian crisis. It is a search for parallels Balkan Wars.” It has recently been reis¬ of southeastern Europe, and when this between events of 1912-1913 and 1992- sued in light of the post-Cold War successful campaign was followed less 1993 and for an understanding of moti¬ Bosnian crisis, with a new introduction than a year later by the victorious anti- vating factors in the conflict that have Do You Like Spending Time in a When you order books from Book Passage, you get: Friendly Bookstore? Call... •An unrivaled selection of books on every subject, including travel, history, public affairs, fiction, and mysteries. •Convenient ordering by mail, phone, or FAX with a 24-hour message service. Major credit caids accepted. •10 years experience with mail-order book sales worldwide. •Free gift wrap and gift selection service. •Quick access to all books in print, as well as many rare and used books. 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This conclusion, The volume is not an easy read, jealous and frigid neighbors of today to just months before the nations of civi¬ however, particularly the well-docu¬ solidarity tomorrow in their work for lized Europe tore each other to shreds, mented compendium of eyewitness the welfare of the Balkans.” reflects a naive understanding of the accounts of barbarity, torture, and Unfortunately, just as the Carnegie causes and psychology of war. unfathomable cruelty unleashed by Endowment was unable to “make things That leaves George F. Kennan’s new extreme nationalism that fill almost half right” in the aftermath of the Balkan introduction to the Carnegie report. His the pages of the story of entire nations, wars (after all, World War I broke out brief text is less a commentary on the not just their annies, at war 80 years ago. only weeks after it was published, and report itself than an analysis of the Military leadership often was simply not public attention was focused elsewhere), possible consequences of the Balkan a factor in hand-to-hand, door-to-door its report offers no clues to this genera¬ past and present for the future effective¬ fighting and devastation levied by one tion about what we can do to make ness of the United Nations. It is interest¬ nation on another. That rings familiar in things right this time around. ing in this context that Kennan does not the current context. We have all seen for Too much of the rhetoric in the view the Balkan crisis as a priority issue ourselves variations on this theme, of¬ volume is judgmental. In addition to for American foreign policy. ten graphic and gruesome in detail, in reminding us that war is hell, its authors While Kennan notes that this Balkan TV news reports from Bosnia over the enumerate economic costs they sim- situation is one to which the United past year and a half, which may prepare plistically presume will convince lead¬ States cannot be indifferent, he writes readers for what they will find in the ers that war is a foolhardy venture. They that “it is primarily a problem for the Carnegie Report. also attribute the Balkan wars in large Europeans.... And if they claim... that However, today’s reader will find part to European inattention to the they lack the political unity to confront it that the report offers little more than developmental needs of the region, as successfully, die answer is diat perhaps this evidence that the horrors of today have if “modernization” could have reined in is one of those instances, not uncommon precedents (and recent ones, no less). A manifestations of extreme nationalism in die lives of nations as of individuals, major and empty conclusion of the and restrained the urge to exterminate when one lias to rise to the occasion.” He report is that “if there is to be any utility alien populations that characterized so adds diat “in the long run, no region can in the grave lesson of the events we much of the action in both brief but solve any other region’s problems.” The Only Place to be in Washington, DC Fully Appointed Suites, Individual Extended Stays Two Northwest, D.C. 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Corporate Smites of Waslkmg (800) 325-0448 (202) 483-0100 Fax (202) 234-0786 3636 16th Street Washington, D.C. 20010 OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 47 BOOKS AND THE ARTS The interrelationships of the Balkan ment all of this is to be forgotten and the United States has a significant role to peoples in the years ahead are Kennan's Yugoslavs (read: the Serbs) and the play in mobilizing the international com¬ prime concern. “This writer knows of other parties are to be welcomed back munity to do what is required, lest the no evidence that the ability of the Balkan to their normal position and role in the inability of the Europeans, in particular, peoples to interact peaceably with one UN as if none of this had ever results in a situation that directly threatens another is any greater now than it was happened?.. .Are we to understand that U.S. self-interest and draws us directly into those 80 years ago.” What bearing does membership in it involves no significant die fray to defend dio.se interests. that have on international institutions? obligations at all?” Kennan states that a “further complica¬ What, then, are we to expect? Kennan Razvigor Bazala, a USIA Foreign Service tion exists in the question of the future says two things will be necessary: a new officer currently sen'ing in the Office of relationship of certain of those peoples, and clearly accepted territorial status quo European Affairs, served in Warsaw and and particularly the Serbs, to the United must be devised in the region, and, second, Belgrade and as the Yugoslavia desk Nations. The Serbs . . . have violated in "the restraints on tire Balkan parties in the officer. every conceivable way the one and only exercise of what they view as their unlim¬ requirement for membership in tire United ited sovereignty and freedom of action will The Imperiled Republic Nations as specified in its charter: 'to accept clearly have to Ire greater than those that AROUND THE CRAGGED HILL: A the obligations contained in tire present are now normally applied in the interna¬ charter, and . . . [to Ire] able and willing to tional community.” That will require, PERSONAL FoumcAL PHILOSOPHY cany out these obligations.’” Kennan concludes, a rethinking of die idea By George F. Kennan, W.W. Norton & Co., The behavior of the Serbs and other of sovereignty and force—’’and the readi¬ 1993, $22.95 hardcover, 288pages parties in the current Balkan/Bosnian ness to use it where nothing else will do.” crisis must be taken into account in Kennan's intrc xluction, while it does not Reviewed by John D. Stempel developing a peace settlement in the do so explicidy, can Ire interpreted as George F. Kennan’s Around the region. “Are we to assume that when it throwing the ball back into the Cragged Hill is an amazing, but not comes to designing a post-hostility settle¬ administration’s court. Certainly the surprising, effort to sum up what he has Furnished Suites In Tlojeart of Geo r jet own S per day (30 day minimum) • Fully Equipped Kitchens • Free Cable T. 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(The lectual life. “cragged hill” is from John Donne’s Kennan wants Americans to cope 03 description of the cragged hill on which with the substantial problems of the size the O Truth stands, and which all who seek and diversity of our nation and the O 7s Truth must climb.) After a discussion of narrowly compartmentalized nature of 00 universal issues, followed by an exami¬ political discourse. He advocates “a nation of several problems relating spe¬ modest and self-effacing foreign policy, books • cifically to America, he advocates the designed primarily to give us, to the establishment of a council of state, a extent world affairs might permit it, the group of wise men to help those in all possibility to carry out internal reforms you three branches of government see be¬ with a minimum of outside interfer¬ O yond the ephemeral to the “broader ence." He then calls for a military policy dimensions of things, the ones that will that would fit with a “considerably less still be visible in future decades.” ambitious and grandiloquent” role in want... Old friends of Kennan will applaud world affairs than “the experiences of Ln his powerful intellect and his synthesis the last half-century had led many Ameri¬ of wide-ranging concerns. Many will cans to take for granted.” Lacking, how¬ & on also approve his effort to push mankind ever, are specific examples of what such to cope not only with visible problems a policy could imply, examples with but with those just over the horizon. Old which others could agree or take issue. adversaries will probably snort that One almost wishes that Kennan had music o Kennan’s projected council, and indeed called for a sweeping review and re¬ his philosophy (for that is what it is) structuring of the whole concept of smacks of elitism and the foggy ideal¬ “foreign policy” commensurate with his too! 2 ism for which they have criticized him holistic vision drawn from the distilled on other occasions. experience of over 60 years in, or ob¬ Over 200,000 titles in Whether one agrees with Kennan’s serving, public life. If, as James Rosenau our full-service book on friends or his critics, this book is impor¬ claims, we have neither “international” and music depart¬ tant for the foreign-affairs community nor “domestic” but “intermestic” policy, ments. Access to on two levels. First, the scope of the this would be the logical destination for • university and small argument alone is impressive and tends Kennan’s analysis. presses, imports and 73 to affirm the value of the inter-disciplin¬ This book does not shy away from m ary approach to international affairs that delineating choices, and it makes clear independent labels. n a Foreign Service officer takes. This the author’s personal preferences. It is Frequent Buyer’s Bonus o ■ 73 book represents a masterly effort to certainly one of the most precise and ■ Hundreds of items define key international problems and pithy renderings of many of the seem¬ o discounted OD offer solutions “with a view to encouraging ingly insoluble difficulties America faces. others to take heart—not to lose it.” ■ Ask for our Newsletter On the second level, Kennan’s sub¬ John D. Stempel, former Foreign Service ■ Institutional accounts stantive discussion of existing and po¬ officer, is now director of the Patterson ■ Worldwide shipping tential problems does, in fact, identify School of Diplomacy and International some of the more perplexing conun¬ Commerce at the University of Kentucky. Books • CDs • Cassettes drums that “Spaceship Earth” faces over the next decade or two. His discussion Audio Accessories of the difficulties of developing an The Observant FSO immigration policy that will remain true 1-800-989-8084 BERLIN WITNESS: AN AMERICAN (domestic calls) to American principles of refuge, yet not destroy the social fabric of the DIPLOMAT’S CHRONICLE OF EAST M-F 9:30am-7pm EDT American civic community, is excellent GERMANY’S REVOLUTION and sobering, though it may enrage By G. Jonathan Greenwald Penn State BOOKS . OLSSON’S • RECORDS those at either extreme of opinion. Press, 1993, $32.50 hardcover, 347pages Eveiy American should appreciate his 202-337-8084 • fax 202-342-1320 discussion of the addictive effects of the Reviewed by Kenneth J. Dillon VISA • MC • AmEx • Checks Payment in U.S. dollars only. automobile on the American psyche Certain books gain considerably in 1239 Wisconsin Ave., NW • Washington, DC 20007 and the deleterious impact of television chann when they are understood on OCTOBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 51 BOOKS AND THE ARTS different levels. This is one of them. its pages seem too artificially (and re¬ with the Communist labor union, for As straight history, Greenwald’s ac¬ petitively) focussed on the grand themes instance, because the AFL-CIO ob¬ count of the East German revolution has of Greenwald’s work of analyzing the jected. Nobody in Washington wanted some modest utility. He provides GDR. Nonetheless, the author’s effort to to deal seriously with the GDR gov¬ glimpses of the folkways of the German assure the reader of his bona fides by ernment, one of his major objectives. Democratic Republic, descriptions of confessing his occasional analytical sins “An embassy’s efforts with a difficult demonstrations, and snapshots of the lifts this book above the usual, self- and unpopular regime are always sus¬ German Socialist Unity Party (SED) in serving memoir. pect,” he laments. And the East Ger¬ decay. Anyone studying the events lead¬ Second, the book can be read as an mans made it as hard as possible to ing to the opening of the Berlin Wall will engrossing commentary, witting or reach out beyond a narrow circle of find items of interest here. not, on the diplomatic way of life. approved contacts. When he meets It is on deeper levels, however, that Some readers may bridle at with a friendly East German, the inevi¬ the book proves especially intriguing. Greenwald’s frequent use of “junior” table question arises: “Party reformer, First, Greenwald wrote it as a ‘'recon¬ to refer to younger officers. In con¬ genuine dissident, or Stasi plant?” “To structed diary,” based largely on his trast, the author’s willingness to duke do this job,” he writes, “it helps to memory and that of his wife, a West it out with those who harbor en¬ maintain a balance between naivete Berlinerin. but also using contempora¬ trenched prejudices is refreshing and and paranoia.” neous notes. He says he has scrupu¬ valuable. He does not mince words Above all, the tragicomic dilemma lously tried to “prevent knowledge- about what he regards as the clientitis of the diplomat comes through. Intel¬ after-the-fact from creeping in.” To dem¬ of Embassy Bonn and the U.S. mission ligent, highly trained, and masterfully onstrate his credibility, he repeatedly in West Berlin, and at several points he articulate, Greenwald has the thrill of notes his surprise at the downward lets fly at stodgy old-thinkers back in dealing with great events and the spiral of a regime whose grip on power the department. actors in them; but this status makes seemed as near permanent as the hu¬ One has to sympathize with him ever the bridesmaid, never the man condition permits. Greenwald’s frustration over the shack¬ bride. In many cases, one senses that The diary fonnat rings false at times: les on him. The department did not he can state the issues better than his despite some personal asides, many of permit the embassy to be in contact interlocutors, and yet he must let them The Remington Fits Your Washington Schedule. 7:30 A.M. Woke up in a luxurious 5:00 P.M. 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Third, and equally interesting, one LOANER can read this book as a classic sce¬ nario of the type that will confront The Washington Area's Largest BMW Dealer political analysts until whenever we Contact: reach the real end of history. What Jay Klein Richard Burton would you have done in Greenwald’s Sales Director Sales and Leasing shoes? Would you have cultivated the same regime sources before trouble started to brew? Would you have taken the effort he did to visit key church figures? Would you have had the same insights he did? Above all, at what epiphanic moment would you have realized that the Communist regime was not just encountering a patch of rough ice but rather was sliding into the jaws of doom? PASSPORT BMW Kenneth J. Dillon, a retired Foreign Ser¬ 5000 Auth Way • Marlow Heights, Maryland vice officer, is now the research direc¬ tor of McLean Research Associates. 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Turkish diplo¬ macy still endeavors to persuade Washington to pitch its approaches to Central Asia in tandem with Ankara LET EUROPE rather than through Moscow. Turkey, however, is curbing even these mod¬ BE YOUR CAMPUS est ambitions. Partly as a consequence of bitter LEYSIN AMERICAN SCHOOL IN SWITZERLAND disappointments in Azerbaijan, the GRADES 9 THROUGH 12, PG YEAR Ankara government recently decided SUMMER ENRICHMENT PROGRAM to signal its caution. In August 1993, a high-ranking Turkish Foreign Minis¬ Highly respected, private, coeducational, American International try official allowed himself to be quoted by name in the foreign press boarding school in the French Swiss Alps, near Lake Geneva. to the effect that Turkey does not Successful American College Prep, Advanced Placement, and the want to find itself at loggerheads with International Baccalaureate programs. SAT testing Center. Finest Russia. 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Other internees in¬ tecting Power, who obliged us all by called upon to perform their annual cluded Helga john, Doris Lawson, Muriel taking letters to the U.S. Embassy in ritual of bloodletting. Moynahan, Ursula Nett, Gus Ostertag, Bern to mail to our relatives. With this Juniors may think that this is a recent Frank Phillips, Robert Reams, Bobby link to Bern, I felt more at ease; I'd phenomenon, and by “re¬ mailed something off to my cent” I mean within the family saying all was well. recollection of most in ser¬ February, March, April, vice today. No, no, no. passed. In mid-May we were That is not the case; it goes about to be exchanged, but back a spell farther than had my parents received that; that is why all hands word that I was well? No. are so good at it. In my censorship-mark I came upon proof posi¬ album I found an envelope tive of this while riffling with no stamp on it, no through an album of about censorship mark. It had the only thing I ever col¬ nothing on it but my return lected: World War II cen¬ address, “Currently Grand sorship marks, seals, Hotel, Bad Nauheim, Ger¬ stampings. I have enve¬ many,” and the address of lopes opened by the Ge¬ my parents in Chicago. stapo, the Hungarians and Beneath the envelope I the Gestapo, the Germans, had written, “This letter was British, and the Italians, written in February 1942, at who slit open three sides Bad Nauheim internment. of an envelope already It was to have been mailed dealt with by the other through Bern, Switzerland, two. but it was returned to Bad When thumbing through all this I Reams, Frances Sieverts, Helga Smyser, Nauheim, because the American Em¬ came upon something from my own and Llyocl Yates. bassy in Bern would not stand the cost internment. I was an Associated Press From our internment site—a big sum¬ of stamps” to send the letters on. correspondent in Berlin, holed up after mer tourist hotel in Bad Nauheim—1 So, you see, we have known for a Pearl Harbor with 18 members of the wrote a letter to my parents in February long time how to scrimp and save. If the press and 113 diplomats and others, 1942. I wanted them to know some¬ officer who made the decision not to including military personnel, Public thing more than the terse news story spend the stamp money is still in the Health Service people, three clergy¬ that had appeared after Pearl Harbor in Foreign Service, 1 beg him to step men, and an American Indian dancer, The Chicago Tribune that my father had forward to hear our praises for showing along with family members. For the five read before breakfast one morning. It us how it is really done. months of our incarceration, Leland said, "The last word from the Associ¬ Morris was the charge and George ated Press bureau was a teletype from Angus MacLean Thuermer is a re¬ Kennan was the everyday chief. Among lanky Angus Thuermer saying, 'bye- tired Foreign Service Reserve officer. 60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • OCTOBER 1993 TOUR FREE GOVERNMENT COVERAGE COULD LEAVE TOU OVERSEAS AND UNDERCOVERED. The last thing you need when you’re living far away is coverage that doesn’t go far enough. Unfortunately, many people mistake the benefits provided by the U.S. Government Claims Act for insurance coverage. And that can often lead to near-total disappointment. In fact, the Government encourages employees to buy private insurance. If you rely solely on the Claims Act, you may not adequately protect personal articles like jewelry, furs, and fine arts. You’ll have no coverage if you’re not on government business. 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