Chapter 57

Appendix 2—History of Biomedical Research

Günter Jagschies GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany

Nobel Laureates had and still have a strong impact on the biopharmaceutical industry and its development of biotherapeu- tics, vaccines, and bioprocesses through their discovery of cellular, biochemical, and biophysical phenomena (Table 57.1). This appendix lists the key discoveries awarded with a Nobel Prize. The work covered here has always been accompanied by the research carried out by generations of academic and industrial scientists, whose ultimate achievement was to turn the basic discoveries into applied science and bring the fruits of their labor to people all over the world.

TABLE 57.1 Selected Nobel Prize Laureates with Distinct Impact on the Biopharma Industry and the Development of Biotherapeutics and Vaccines Today and in the Future [1]

Nobel Laureate(s) Year Field Impact on Science and Business Location and Research Focus, Comments

Emil von 1901 Bacteriology, Founder Behringwerke University of Marburg, Germany; Behring Immunity Research on diphtheria and tuberculosis; Diphtheria vaccine

Robert Koch 1905 Bacteriology, Scientific foundation for today’s Institute for Infectious Disease, Berlin, Germany Disease vaccine industry Research on Anthrax, bacterial spores, Cholera, transmission Tuberculosis, human Trypanosomiasis

Alphonse 1907 Microbiology, Founder: Laboratory of Tropical Intitute Pasteur, Paris Laveran Parasitology Medicine at the Pasteur Institute Research on protozoa and various tropical disease incl. Malaria,

Paul Ehrlich 1908 Immunity Scientific foundation for today’s Göttingen University; Institute Pasteur, Paris; Ilya Mechnikov immunological research and Resarch on immunological methods, Sera understanding of immunity standardization, chemotherapy (treatment for Syphilis), Cellular immunity, Phagocytosis

Fredrick G 1923 Endocrinology, Banting, Collip, and Best donated University of Toronto, Canada Banting Metabolism patent to Univ of Toronto ($1 each); Discovery of Insulin; extraction from Langerhans John Macleod Licenses became foundation for the islets and purification of insulin; insulin development work at Eli Lilly, Award money shared with Charles Best and Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi Bertram Collip, collaborators of the laureates

Theodor 1926 Colloidal Foundation for isolation of cellular Uppsala University, Sweden Svedberg chemistry, components and large-scale Work on disperse systems, ultracentrifugation Physical purification of viral vaccines for studies on macromolecules chemistry

Karl Landsteiner 1930 Hematology Scientific foundation for the use of Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, blood and blood components in New York, NY; therapy Discovery of blood groups Continued

Biopharmaceutical Processing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100623-8.00057-8 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1233 1234 SECTION | X Appendices

TABLE 57.1 Selected Nobel Prize Laureates with Distinct Impact on the Biopharma Industry and the Development of Biotherapeutics and Vaccines Today and in the Future [1]—cont’d

Nobel Laureate(s) Year Field Impact on Science and Business Location and Research Focus, Comments

Irving Langmuir 1932 Physical Scientific foundation for the General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY; Chemistry understanding of adsorption to Discoveries and investigations in surface surfaces as used in all purification chemistry processes of biotherapeutics

Alexander 1945 Anti-bacterial Penicillin, the first antibiotic saved London University, UK; University of Oxford, UK; Fleming agents, millions of lives and opened up for a Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in Ernst Chain Bacteriology, new approach to control infectious various infectious diseases Howard Florey Biochemistry disease

James Sumner 1946 Biochemistry Foundation for protein studies in Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Rockefeller John Northrop pure form, scientific foundation for Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, NJ; Wendell Stanley the understanding of proteins being Crystallizing an enzyme, the first convincing the functional elements in living cells proof that enzymes are proteins, crystallization of a virus

Arne Tiselius 1948 Analytical Foundation for the characterization Uppsala University, Sweden; biochemistry, of macromolecules (first applied in Research on electrophoresis and adsorption physical WWII to plasma proteins fractionated analysis, discoveries concerning the complex chemistry in large scale by the Cohn method) nature of the serum proteins Foundation for separation technology developed by method tools suppliers

Archer Martin 1952 Analytical Scientific foundation for National Institute for Medical Research, London; Richard Synge chemistry chromatographic separations, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, UK; used today in all biotherapeutic Invention of partition chromatography production

Frederick Sanger 1958 Biochemistry Scientific foundation for protein University of Cambridge, UK sequencing, a fundamental method Studies on structure of proteins, especially that in developing novel protein of insulin medicines and the analysis of the genome

Severo Ochoa 1959 Biochemistry, Foundation for recombinant DNA New York University, College of Medicine, Arthur Kornberg Genetics, technology New York; Molecular Discovery of the mechanisms in the biological biology synthesis of RNA and DNA, discovery of DNA polymerase, which is needed for copying DNA

Francis Crick 1962 Genetics, Scientific foundation for today’s MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, James Watson Molecular biological and recombinant Cambridge, UK and Harvard University, Maurice Wilkins biology biotherapeutic research Cambridge, MA, USA Proposal of the double-helical structure for DNA and the replication scheme

Max Perutz 1962 Biochemistry, Foundation for the determination MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, John Kendrew Structural of protein structures and structure- Cambridge, UK; Studies of the structures chemistry function modelling of globular proteins; X-ray to determine macromolecular structures in crystals

Dorothy 1964 Chemistry Three-dimensional structure of insulin University of Oxford, Royal Society, Oxford, Crowfoot discovered by Hodgkin in 1969 UK Determinations by X-ray techniques of the Hodgkin enabled molecular modifications structures of important biochemical substances: controlling the action of insulin Penicillin, Vitamin B12

Robert Holley 1968 Genetics, The interpretation of the genetic Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; University Har G Khorana Molecular code forms the basis for all uses of of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; National Institutes Marshall biology recombinant technology of Health, Bethesda, MD Nirenberg Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis; discovery of transfer-RNA Appendix 2—History of Biomedical Research Chapter | 57 1235

TABLE 57.1 Selected Nobel Prize Laureates with Distinct Impact on the Biopharma Industry and the Development of Biotherapeutics and Vaccines Today and in the Future [1]—cont’d

Nobel Laureate(s) Year Field Impact on Science and Business Location and Research Focus, Comments

Rodney Porter 1972 Immunity Scientific foundation for today’s University of Oxford, UK and Rockefeller Gerald Edelman antibody- based medicine University, New York, NY development Discovery of the structure of antibodies

Albert Claude 1974 Cell Scientific foundation for the use Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Christian de Physiology of cells in biopharmaceutical Rockefeller University, New York; Yale University, Duve manufacturing School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; George E Palade Discovery of cellular substructures, secretion processes

Werner Arber 1978 Genetics, Foundation for genetic engineering, Biozentrum Universität, Basel, CH; Johns Hopkins Daniel Nathans Molecular the basis for the development of University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Hamilton Smith biology novel biotherapeutics Discovery of restriction enzymes, which can cleave DNA molecules in a predetermined way and can hence function as important tools in gene technology

Paul Berg 1980 Biochemistry Foundation for recombinant DNA Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Harvard Walter Gilbert technology including sequencing University, Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, Frederick Sanger Basis for today’s biopharmaceutical MA; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, industry Cambridge, UK Fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA; Determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

Barbara 1983 Genetics Scientific foundation for the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY McClintock understanding of immunity, aspects Discovery of mobile genetic elements of antibiotic resistance, and many other fundamental mechanisms

Niels K Jerne 1984 Immunity Foundation for generating Basel Institute for Immunology, CH; MRC Lab. Georges JF monoclonal antibodies, the basis for of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK Köhler research and product development in Discovery of the principle for production of César Milstein the biopharmaceutical industry monoclonal antibodies

Susumu 1987 Immunity Scientific foundation for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tonegawa understanding of humoral immunity, Cambridge, MA a key field in cancer, autoimmune Discovery of the genetic principle for generation disease, etc. of antibody diversity

Michael Smith 1993 Biochemistry Researchers can exploit new strategies University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Kary Mullis for developing pharmaceuticals. With Canada; PCR very low copy numbers of DNA Oligonucleotide-based, site-directed can be used to amplify it to larger mutagenesis and its development for protein quantities, the diagnosis and analysis studies; invention of the polymerase chain of viruses (such as HIV) in clinical reaction (PCR) method samples can be done very rapidly

Peter C. Doherty 1996 Immunity Scientific foundation for the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Rolf Zinkernagel understanding of cellular immunity, a TN and Institute of Experimental Immunology, key future field in cancer medication Zurich, CH Discoveries concerning the specificity of cell mediated immune defense

Günter Blobel 1999 Cell Potential for understanding Rockefeller University, New York; physiology mechanisms of disease; Enabling Discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals industry to turn cultured cells into that govern their transport and localization in efficient mini-factories for the the cell production of protein-based drugs Continued 1236 SECTION | X Appendices

TABLE 57.1 Selected Nobel Prize Laureates with Distinct Impact on the Biopharma Industry and the Development of Biotherapeutics and Vaccines Today and in the Future [1]—cont’d

Nobel Laureate(s) Year Field Impact on Science and Business Location and Research Focus, Comments

John Fenn 2002 Physical Foundation of macromolecular Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Koichi Tanaka chemical analytical characterization, essential VA; Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan; ETH Kurt Wüthrich methodology for the development of novel Zürich, CH biotherapeutics Development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules; soft desorption ionization methods for MS analyses; development of NMR spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution

Andrew Fire 2006 Genetics, Fundamental tool for the study of Stanford University School of Medicine, Charles Mello Molecular gene function; hopes for future Stanford, CA; University of Massachusetts biology improved treatment of many different Medical School, Worcester, MA disorders, including viral infections, Discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing cardiovascular diseases, cancer and by double-stranded RNA metabolic disorders

Mario Capecchi 2007 Genetics Creating models of a wide range of University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Cardiff Martin Evans human diseases becomes a realistic University, UK; University of North Carolina, Oliver Smithies option for the development of novel Chapel Hill, NC biotherapeutics Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Osamu 2008 Biochemistry Fundamentally enabling to studies Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), Woods Shimomura of cellular processes by visualizing Hole, MA; Columbia University, New York, NY; Martin Chalfie them under the microscope University of California, San Diego, CA; Roger Tsien Discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein

Bruce Beutler, 2011 Immunity Potential for better and safer vaccines University of Texas Southwestern Medical Jules Hoffmann, against microorganisms, vaccines Center at Dallas, TX Ralph Steinman tailored to harness the ability of Discoveries concerning the activation of innate Toll-like receptors and dendritic cells immunity (Toll-like receptors; Discovery of the to activate the immune defense; dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity) potential to better understanding of autoimmune responses

John Gurdon 2012 Genetics Researchers now have an unlimited Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, UK; Kyoto Shinya source for stem cells independent on University, Kyoto, Japan, Gladstone Institutes, Yamanaka embryos. The researchers can grow San Francisco, CA copies of the body’s diseased cells: Discovery that mature cells can be a model opening for entirely new reprogrammed to become pluripotent approaches to study disease.

James Rothman, 2013 Cellular Controlled, targeted cellular transport Yale University in New Haven, CT; University of Randy transport plays a key role in disease, eg, California, Berkeley CA; Stanford University, CA Schekman neurological and immunological Discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle Thomas Südhof disorders, and diabetes traffic, a major transport system in our cells

Yoshinori 2016 Autophagy Mechanism that plays an essential Tokyo Institute of Technology Ohsumi role in maintaining a healthy state for Discovery of mechanisms underlying autophagy, cells and the organism a fundamental process for degrading and recycling cellular components.

REFERENCES [1] Nobelprize.org, Nobel Prizes and Laureates, 2017, Available from: https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/. 本文献由“学霸图书馆-文献云下载”收集自网络，仅供学习交流使用。

学霸图书馆（www.xuebalib.com）是一个“整合众多图书馆数据库资源，

提供一站式文献检索和下载服务”的24 小时在线不限IP 图书馆。 图书馆致力于便利、促进学习与科研，提供最强文献下载服务。

图书馆导航：

图书馆首页 文献云下载 图书馆入口 外文数据库大全 疑难文献辅助工具