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Traditional Beekeeping with the Indian Honey Bee (Apis Cerana

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Traditional Beekeeping with the Indian Honey Bee (Apis Cerana Traditional beekeeping with the Indian honey bee (Apis cerana F.) in District Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India P Tiwari, J K Tiwari, Dinesh Singh and Dhanbir Singh Department of Botany and Microbiology HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand E-mail: dsrwt7@rediffmail.com Abstract microphyllus, Cornus capitata, Juglans regia, The present study aimed to recognize and Lagerstroemia spp., Myrica esculenta, document the traditional knowledge and Ougeinia oojeinensis, Phyllanthus emblica, methods of beekeeping in district Chamoli. A Prunus cerasoides, Prinsepia utilis, Pyrus structured questionnaire on different aspects spp., Rosa spp., Rubus spp., Rhododendron of traditional beekeeping was administered to arboreum, Terminalia spp., Toona hexandra, 460 traditional beekeepers to collect data from Zanthoxylum armatum and numerous 110 villages of the district during 2011. Asteracean, Crassulacean, Lamiacean Beekeeping with Apis cerana is a common members along with oil, vegetable, fruit and practice in district Chamoli and has been cereal crops which are good sources of nectar mostly carried out through traditional methods. and pollen for bees. Authentic documentation The bees are mainly kept in wall hives besides of traditional beekeeping in this region is the log and miscellaneous hives, which are lacking; the present study is an attempt to made from locally available materials. The record the knowledge and methods of people have indigenous knowledge of traditional beekeeping as practised in district beekeeping which is passed from one Chamoli. generation to another. In the hill area traditional hives are more suitable than Study area modern hives but for the drawback in colony The present study was conducted in district management. Modern beekeeping is in its Chamoli of Uttarakhand which is well known infancy in the area, so people need to be for its rich biodiversity and cultural mosaic. encouraged to use modern bee hives for Geographically it lies between 29º 55' N to 31º better management of colonies and to 54' N and 78º 54' E to 80º 02' E with an minimize loss in the form of the re-use of altitude range from 600-7817 m. It is the honey combs for rapid multiplication of A. second largest district of the state, occupying cerana colonies. a total area of 7,519 km2. The district is divided into nine administrative blocks. It has diverse Introduction climatic conditions that vary with changes in Beekeeping is an environment friendly (Verma altitude. Temperatures reach up to 420C in 1989; Verma & Pratap 1993) and agro-forestry summer and in winter plunge as low as 00 C. based occupation (Singh 1955 and Mishra The average annual rainfall is 1203 mm. The 1995). It provides enormous potential for total population of the district is 391,114, which income generation, poverty alleviation and constituted 3.87% of the total population of the sustainable use of forest resources (FAO state. The population density is 49 persons/ 1990). Traditional beekeeping with Apis km2 with a sex ratio of 1000:1021. The overall cerana is widely practised by rural people in literacy rate is 83.48 % (State census 2011). district Chamoli who inherited the tradition from their forefathers and maintain it to this Data collection day. It is not a full time pursuit, however, but a Data was collected by conducting field surveys supplementary one. Honey is the only product during 2011 from nine developmental blocks of beekeeping to the villagers. viz., Dasholi, Dewal, Gairsain, Ghat, Joshimath, Karnaprayag, Narayanbagar, The state of Uttarakhand is extremely rich in Pokhari and Tharali of district Chamoli. 465 bee forage plants, but proper use of this villagers possessed traditional bee hives with resource is not being made (Gaur & Nawani active colonies which they had in the past 1989; Gaur & Tiwari 2000, 2001). The area is also. At least 50 villagers from each block rich in plant species like Aesculus indica, were randomly selected for interview. A Alnus nepalensis, Bassia latifolia, Berberis structured questionnaire was used to collect spp., Bombax ceiba, Citrus spp., Cotoneaster information during door to door interviews of International Journal of Rural vol. 20 no. 1 April 2013 Studies (IJRS) ISSN 1023–2001 www.vri-online.org.uk/ijrs Article 2 Page 1 of 6 respondents. The information was collected on Two types of log hives are found: the socio-economy of beekeepers, hive Type I: These are made up of cylindrical technology, traditional methods of catching hollowed pieces of tree trunk 60-100cm long swarms, honey extraction, classification of and 20-40 cm in diameter; however size honey, sting protection, colony management, depends upon the circumference of available protection from pest and diseases, knowledge trunks (Figure 3 & 4). This type of log hives is of bee forage and methods for using honey. usually made from the trunk of Quercus Both primary and secondary data sources leucotrichophora, Q. floribunda, were used; primary data was collected from Rhododendron arboreum and Pinus the respondents. The documentation was roxburbhii. The entrance is made at the mid done on the basis of interviews and field front side. Both sides are plastered with a observations. mixture of cow dung and clay. Results and discussion Type II: Old cooperages locally known as A small proportion (14%) of total families in the ‘Pariya’ or ‘Dokha’ when rendered useless for district was engaged in traditional beekeeping milk products, are used as hives. These are as a subsidiary with agriculture. Most of the about 70-90 cm long with the diameter at top respondents (85%) learnt beekeeping from from 25-35 cm and thickness of log 3-5cm their parents, elders or from the (Figure 5 & 6). An entrance is made towards neighbourhood, 10% developed their own the outside and the hive is placed horizontally skills through experience, while 5% gained it on a raised platform of stones or the wall of a from training organized by different agencies. courtyard. It is mainly made up of the wood of Education levels ranged from primary to senior Ougeinia oogeinesis, Rhododendron secondary. Most (72%) had primary schooling, arboreum, Toona spp. A stripe of old comb is and 20% had secondary or senior secondary. fixed to the upper part, inside the hive, and is Only 2% had higher education while 6% had plugged with a wooden or metal cover, then not had any schooling. Most of the sealed with a mixture of clay and cow dung. respondents were more than 50 years old. The wooden lid is fixed at the top with an There were 5 or more members in each family entrance on it. in the area. The total land holding size was up to 2 hectares or less per family. Agriculture is Miscellaneous Types the main occupation. These are rectangular box hives made up of separate wooden boards with movable top Hives used for traditional beekeeping cover (Figure 7). Their size varies in different Three types of traditional hives are used in the localities. Usually these are 80-110 cm long, district; their shape and size vary from one 25-30 cm wide and 40-50 cm high. During location to another. extraction, the top cover is removed along with attached combs and bees, and taken away Wall hives from the hive, then each comb is smoked and Wall hives locally known as ‘Khadra’, ‘Jaala’ or shaken gently. Bees return to the hive and ‘Jalota’ are rectangular structures made in the beekeepers cut combs easily. Other types of walls of houses and ‘Chhaan’ or ‘Sunni’ (cattle hives were made up of materials like bamboo, sheds) at the time of construction. Each hive grass and abandoned boxes (Figure 8). has a small round or rectangular opening on However these were rare. the outer side as an entrance for bees. The size of ‘Jalotas’ varies in different locations; All hives are made from locally available usually they are 45-60 cm in length, 25-30 cm materials, thus are economically cheaper and in width and 20-30 cm in height (Figure 1 & 2). environmentally friendly. These hives have Generally one hive is made in each wall, but thicker walls as compared to modern hives numbers may vary from 2-4. The interiors of thus provide protection to bees from extremely hives are smoothed with cow dung and clay. In low and high temperatures. In higher hills winters due to lack of floral resources and traditional hives are more suitable than extreme cold in the hills, the population of Apis modern hives but for the drawback in colony cerana colonies decreases to a great extent. management. 90% beekeepers used only wall Thick wall hives provide considerable hives, while 7% used log hives, miscellaneous insulation in such conditions (Crane 1998). hives and modern hives along with the wall hives. Wall hives were 94% of total hives and Log hives sustained 88% of total colonies in the district International Journal of Rural vol. 20 no. 1 April 2013 Studies (IJRS) ISSN 1023–2001 www.vri-online.org.uk/ijrs Article 2 Page 2 of 6 (Table 1). The average annual honey (sickle) to open the cover or wooden plug and production is 3.8 kg from wall hives, 4.1 kg ‘Buwan’ (traditional brush) made up of ‘Babul’ from log and 4.3 kg from miscellaneous hives. (Eriophorum comosum) to brush off bees Wall hives accounted for 75.5%, log hives (Figure 14). Besides these traditional smokers, 1.5%, and miscellaneous hives 13.6% (Tiwari large pans for keeping combs, a pot with water et al 2012). Mattu (1989) has reported 3 to 5 and ‘Parunla’ or knife for cutting ‘Faur’ or kg honey per Apis cerana F. colony from ‘Fwar’ (bee combs) are required at the time of Himachal Pradesh, while Verma (1990) has extraction. Honey is mostly extracted at night reported the average honey yield as 4.3 kg for but a few beekeepers do it in day time also.
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