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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Missionare in Tibet im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert“ Verfasserin Medea Hollerwöger angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Dezember 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A-389 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Mathes Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Forschungsstand ........................................................................................................ 6 2. Einführung ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Die Mission ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Die Missionsgeschichte ............................................................................................... 9 2.2 Die Propaganda Fide ................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Das Christentum in Indien ......................................................................................... 14 2.4 Die Akkommodationsmethode .................................................................................... 16 2.5 Hinweise auf ein frühes Christentum im tibetischen Kulturraum ..................................... 17 2.5.1 Der Nestorianismus in Zentralasien ....................................................................... 17 2.5.2 Der erste Missionar in Tibet ................................................................................. 20 3. Missionare in Tibet im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert ................................................................. 24 3.1 António de Andrade und die Tsaparang Mission ........................................................... 29 3.1.1 Das Königreich Guge ........................................................................................... 29 3.1.2 Biografie ............................................................................................................ 30 3.1.3 Abreise und erster Aufenthalt in Guge ................................................................... 30 3.1.4 Der zweite Aufenthalt in Guge .............................................................................. 33 3.1.5 Das Ende der Tsaparang Mission .......................................................................... 35 3.2 Estevão Cacella und João Cabral ................................................................................ 38 3.2.1 Tibet und Bhutan ................................................................................................ 38 3.2.2 Biografie ............................................................................................................ 40 3.2.3 Aufenthalt in Bhutan ........................................................................................... 41 3.2.4 Die Mission in Shigatse ........................................................................................ 43 3.3 Johannes Grueber und Albert d‘Orville ........................................................................ 45 3.3.1 Die Chinamission ................................................................................................ 45 3.3.2 Die politische Situation Chinas und Tibets .............................................................. 47 3.3.3 Johannes Grueber ............................................................................................... 49 3.3.4 Albert d’Orville .................................................................................................... 50 3.3.5 Der erste Teil der Reise: von Peking nach Lhasa .................................................... 51 3.3.6 Der zweite Teil der Reise: von Lhasa nach Europa .................................................. 52 3.4 Ippolito Desideri ....................................................................................................... 54 3.4.1 Tibet unter mongolischer Herrschaft ..................................................................... 54 3.4.2 Biografie ............................................................................................................ 56 3.4.3 Die Reise nach Lhasa .......................................................................................... 57 3.4.4 Der Aufenthalt in Tibet ........................................................................................ 61 3.4.5 Die Dzungaren-Invasion ...................................................................................... 64 3.5 Orazio della Penna und seine Missionierungserfolge ..................................................... 67 3.5.1 Die ersten Kapuziner in Lhasa .............................................................................. 67 3.5.2 Der zweite Versuch einer Mission in Tibet .............................................................. 70 3.5.3 Der Streit zwischen den Kapuzinern und Ippolito Desideri ....................................... 72 3.5.4 Der dritte Versuch einer Tibetmission .................................................................... 74 4. Tibet und die Mission ...................................................................................................... 76 4.1 Die religiösen Debatten ............................................................................................. 76 4.1.1 António de Andrades Debatte mit den Lamas von Guge .......................................... 76 4.1.2 Manoel Freyres Diskussion mit einem mongolischen Lama ...................................... 80 4.2 Der Buddhismus – eine degenerierte Form des Christentums? ....................................... 81 4.3 Forschungsarbeiten der Missionare ............................................................................. 85 4.3.1 António de Andrades Beobachtungen zur Bon-Religion ........................................... 85 4.3.2 Ippolito Desideris wissenschaftliche Betrachtungen ................................................ 88 4.4 Die Christenverfolgung im Mai 1742 ............................................................................ 94 4.4.1 Die Vorfälle ........................................................................................................ 94 4.4.2 Der Aufstand ...................................................................................................... 98 5. Die Darstellung Tibets durch die Missionare .................................................................... 104 5.1 Der Dalai Lama ....................................................................................................... 106 5.2 Die Beerdigungsriten ............................................................................................... 110 6. Schlussfolgerung .......................................................................................................... 114 6.1 Toleranz in der Religion ........................................................................................... 114 6.2 Abschlussbemerkungen ........................................................................................... 118 7. Bibliografie .................................................................................................................. 121 8. Anhang ....................................................................................................................... 128 8.1 Deutsches Abstrakt ................................................................................................. 128 8.2 English abstract ...................................................................................................... 128 8.3 Lebenslauf ............................................................................................................. 129 1. Einleitung Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Christen, die im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert von Europa nach Tibet reisten, um dort den katholischen Glauben zu verbreiten. Ziel der Arbeit ist, sowohl die Erfahrun- gen, die Tibeter und die Missionare miteinander gemacht haben, als auch die Konflikte, die zwi- schen diesen beiden Religionen und Kulturen entstanden, aufzuzeigen. Die Namen von tibetischen Städten oder Ländern werden in der üblichen deutschen Schreibweise wiedergeben. Alle weiteren tibetischen Begriffe werden nach den Regeln der Wylie-Umschrift transliteriert. Die tibetischen Ausdrücke, die in den Zitaten verwendet werden, wurden nicht verändert. Im ersten Kapitel soll kurz auf die Missionsgeschichte eingegangen werden. Mit der Gründung der Propaganda Fide im Jahr 1622 wurde die Mission vereinheitlicht und eigenen Regeln unterworfen. Weiters soll die erfolgreiche Methode der Glaubensverbreitung, die die Geistlichen des Jesuitenor- dens entwickelt haben, behandelt werden. Als die Jesuiten Francisco Xavier und Roberto de Nobili nach Indien gingen, um die Einheimischen vom christlichen Glauben zu überzeugen, bauten sie christliche Elemente in die hinduistische Religion ein, um den Indern die Scheu vor der neuen und fremden Religion zu nehmen. Wie man aus der Geschichte erkennen kann, war diese spezielle Methode sehr erfolgreich. Weiters soll im ersten Kapitel auf die frühesten Spuren des Christentums in Zentralasien eingegangen werden. Bereits im siebten Jahrhundert kamen zahlreiche Anhänger des nestorianischen Glaubens über die alten Handelswege nach China und erreichten somit auch den tibetischen
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