Acting with an Accent

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ACTING WITH AN ACCENT

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English Received Pronunciation

(aka “RP”)

- Streaming Video Accent Lessons -

Produced by

Written and Taught by David Alan Stern, PhD

About the Author/Host

David Alan Stern received a BFA in Theatre-performance (University of Connecticut) and a PhD in Speech (Temple University) and then served on the fac- ulties of both Wichita State and Penn State before founding Dialect Accent Specialists, Inc. in Hollywood in 1980—working there primarily as a text and dialect/accent coach for professional actors. In 1993 he returned to his alma mater, UCONN, as Professor of Dramatic Arts. He continued in that post for twenty-five years while keeping a foot in the film/TV industry and serving as resident dialect coach for Connecticut Repertory Theatre and the Berkshire Theatre Group in Massachusetts. Among the many actors he has helped to prepare for stage, televi- sion, and film roles are Geena Davis (The Accidental Tourist), Julie Harris (Carried Away), Jennifer Jason Leigh (Fast Times at Ridgemont High and Easy Money), Shelley Long (Outrageous Fortune), Terrence Mann (My Fair Lady and Sweeney Todd), Liam Neeson (Next of Kin), Lynn Redgrave (Sweet Sue and Midnight), Pat Sajak & Joe Moore (Dial M for Murder), Vince Tycer (Chappaquiddick), Forest Whitaker (Bird and The Crying Game), and Daryl Hannah, Julia Roberts, Sally Field, and Olympia Dukakis (Steel Magnolias). He returned to the stage several years ago playing Zolton Karpathy in My Fair Lady (with Terrence Mann), Arvide Abernathy in Guys and Dolls (with Sarah Schenkkan), and Roy in The Odd Couple (with Pat Sajak and Joe Moore). He has just created his first three accent-learning video programs (English RP, New York, and American Southern) with Broadway on Demand.

Visit David Alan Stern’s Website for

- downloads of audio lessons in 24 different accent patterns - - audio and video lessons to Americanize accents of other languages - - audio downloads for reducing American regional accents - - audio downloads to improve your speaking voice & diction quality - - information and prices for 1-on-1 coaching via ZOOM or SKYPE –

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Listening to Native Speakers

I am an accent parrot. I discovered at age 10 that I could reproduce accents just by listening to them. They went into my ear and then out of my mouth with no conscious analysis of what I was hearing. When first asked by a director friend to teach accents to the cast of her production, I soon discovered that simply playing samples or modeling the accent was a very poor teaching method. A very small percentage of actors are capable of listening to and mimicking them. Over the years that followed, I developed the accent-teaching technique you’ll worked with in this program.

That doesn’t mean that listening to real speakers of target accents isn’t important. It gives you a sense of how people who grew up speaking a certain way actually sound when they communicate, as well as awareness of differences in given accents from speaker to speaker. But you also have to be careful. Most people of the world ARE NOT effective, interesting speakers—regardless of language or accent. Reproducing the exact speech patterns of accent speakers who are unexpressive, lack vocal variety, and fail to highlight ideas and images is of little benefit to actors. So, I’m providing you with links to relatively expressive speakers of various levels of this RP accent.

Samples of Real-World RP Speakers

(If some of these links are no longer active, search for videos with the names of the speakers or programs.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lapluws-kkk Margaret Thatcher (interviewers are also fairly pure RP). Thatcher is one of those people who actually did “receive” this accent, i.e., learned it to assist with upward political mobility.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tanJYrIh7VU a younger Thatcher—clips from the 1970s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNp10xlCd8Y Peter O’Toole interviewed by Charlie Rose

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-N99S8n2TiA Harold Pinter talking about Samuel Beckett

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKwlRRv6EiU Judi Dench (interviewer also RP)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qE5uXuFOep8 Felicity Kendal, VERY RP, but speaking very informally in the interview with Piers Morgan, who is also mostly RP with an occasional Estuary vowel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiHs2FXEeWM&feature=related Emma Watson—RP with some very slight Estuary consonants

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYf5YPNnfRY Hugh Laurie and Stephen Fry as Bertie and Jeeves (TV adaptations of books by P. G. Wodehouse). Both have the RP style that would be used in The Importance of Being Earnest. Jeeves uses the style often associated with the “posh” servants of even “posher” gentlemen.

Upper (Posh) RP

Queen Elizabeth II’s 1st TV Christmas Message—1957. Aristocratic/posh speech, albeit with very little affect or “connection.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBRP-o6Q85s

Prince Charles—2013. The “posh” or “aristocratic” version of RP—BUT, not pushed as far as some of the royalty or even as far as he might have done it himself a few decades ago. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcSj5uPed_g and giving a Yom HaShoah address in April 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRsMiK8BeOQ&feature=emb_rel_pause

Kate Middleton at St. Andrews School https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyylEImvpmQ and giving a mental-health speech in 2017 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGhjjSIGA94

Malcolm Muggeridge and Mervyn Stockwood (the then-Bishop of Southwark) debate John Cleese and Michael Palin of Monty Python about whether the then-newly released Life of Brian is blasphemous. Muggeridge and Stockwood both have extremely “posh” upper RP accents, albeit somewhat different in style. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGI9UevrzGc

Acting with an English RP Accent

- Episode One -

LESSON ONE

The Resonance and Muscle Impulses of the RP Accent

Follow the exercises in Lesson One of the video for producing the RP style of mouth movement and resonance/placement. You will apply the technique to the following sentences:

The cat is in the house. my real estate agent How about having some lunch? ------

LESSON TWO

Three Major RP Vowels

A KEYWORD labels a set of words with consistent vowel pronunciation WITHIN accents.

For example, the GOAT Vowel is pronounced differently in RP than in Cockney.

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An IPA Symbol describes or prescribes a specific pronunciation.

For example, [əʊ]

is how the GOAT Vowel is typically pronounced in RP. 7

Word Set Target RP Sound

GOAT Vowel [əʊ]

one two three go home no boat code It floated over the ocean. No, I won’t go home. The ocean waves slowly rolled. I hoped that Joe would grow up. The oboe and cello were echoing. going home tonight slowing down the car owing lots of money

Additional GOAT Vowel Drills alone, bloated, blown, bold, bone, bowl, co-host, cold, cone, don't, dough, echo, float, flow, fold, furlough, ghost, grocery, grow, hope, legato, loaf, loan, loco, lowly, moan, mole, moment, motion, notion, oaken, ocean, old, open, over, pathos, phone, photo, polar, romance, row, sew, slowly, soak, sold, solo, staccato, tomato, window, woe, wrote

Long ago people slept on the cold earth. Slowly the ocean rolled toward the row of homes. The oboe and cello sat alone, echoing tone for tone. He was bloated after eating a roast and a tomato. Of all the folks I know, he is the most hopeful. The rowboat slowly floated in the ocean. I told Joan that the snow is flown in from Ohio. Smoke rolled out the open end of the hotel window. 8

Joan wrote to Joe, hoping for romance. I told the owner of the boat to be bold. I took the dough out of the bowl to make the loaf.

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Word Set Target RP Sound LOT Vowel [ɒ]

CLOTH Vowel [ɒ]

one two three a lot in common honour hot promise bonnet on on time on top on the spot one on one Bob had the option of sleeping on the cot. Sir Lancelot traveled nonstop to Camelot. Becket was positive about the honour of God. What do you want to watch? Who wants to do washing-up? cloth coffee lofty moth lost wrong song Lost boys often sell cloth. The dog was wrong to eat the moth. The loft smelled of strong coffee.

Additional LOT Vowel Drills

Adonis, aqua, balmy, bog, calm, comedy, common, confidence, Conrad, constitute, fox, golf, gondola, grotto, honour, jalopy, jonquil, knock, locksmith, obelisk, obstinate, obvious, occupy, odd, opera, opposite, option, oxygen, plot, pocket, positive, psalm, respond, rock, sock, spa, stop, swamp, want, watch, what

He occupied the gondola of the golf cart. The rocket shot toward the opposite airlock. The obstinate opera singer was preoccupied. The frog got groggy and hopped away. Anonymous letters commonly dishonor Adonis. Oxygen is commonly found in air pockets. The rock grotto was obviously our final option. I'm obligated to respond with fondest acknowledgements. Father wanted to wash dishes in the spa.

Additional CLOTH Vowel Drills broth, froth, cross, across, loss, floss, toss, coffin, offer, office, oft, cost, frost, lost, glossy, off, strong, loft, long

Lost boys often get tossed out. He often raises the cost of doing wrong. Right or wrong, the song lyrics were lost. The cloth in the closet smells of mothballs.

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Word Set Target RP Sound THOUGHT Vowel [ɔ:]

Paul talked in the autumn. one two three I through I saw. Paul autumn flawless awful call walk fought talk The tall author walked awkwardly. He thought he saw the autumn leaves falling. The awful sauce made Paul pause. 10

The cat crawled over the lawn. I thought I saw.

Additional THOUGHT Vowel Drills all, applaud, assault, author, autistic, awed, bawdy, brought, caught, cause, chalk, cough, draw, flawed, gnaw, hall, hallway, jaw, laud, laundry, lawn, mall, malted, naught, nautical, ought, pause, raw, shawl, sought, tall, taught, thought, vault, wall, wrought

The tall author walked home. The awkward, awful, strong man walked home. The dog fought the moth he had brought home. He stalked the ball and then vaulted down the hall. The awful sauce made Paul pause and then walk away. The cat crawled over the lawn with its hurt paw. We applauded the awkward author. You taught me to vault flawlessly without falling.

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Use of all three vowels

He’s grown a lot. a rock wall We saw the show. Additional three-vowel contrast drills

There’s an awful lot of gold there. Joe always gets on board slowly. Call home and see if Mr. Johnson is there. They have hot and cold running water. I suppose that you thought a lot about it. You don’t know the long and the short of it.

Sounds from other popular accents NOT to use in RP

Avoid Cockney FACE: Go away. Face the great day. Wake up and save the day. A brave nation stayed together.

Avoid Cockney FLEECE: eating green beans He was eating meat under the tree. The speed demon careened off the freeway. Meat, peas, and beans each provide protein.

Avoid Cockney GOOSE: June moon The gloomy June moon is moving foolishly. At two past noon, I heard hooves on the roof. Judy was rude to Susan because of the music.

Avoid Cockney PRICE: riding high in the sky It's the right time to find a gold mine in the sky. My guide and I had a fine time on the Nile. Dried spice is likely to be appetizing.

Avoid Cockney North-of-England STRUT: mother love under My mother doesn’t understand. The stuntman stumbled and tumbled in the mud. One must wear gloves at an upper-crust luncheon. The dumb puppet was shut up in the trunk.

Avoid the PIN / PEN merger: ember senator expensive remember Get me twenty pence. He was rendered senseless. Ed rented the penthouse. Ten and ten eventually make twenty. I remember when we entered the new century. End of Episode 1 12

- Episode Two -

LESSON THREE

More RP Vowels

Word Set Target RP Sound

happY Vowel [ɪ]

really happy Mary mostly pretty twenty Everybody has the ability to be mighty. Frankly, that’s a thorny path. Generally, her parties are lovely.

Additional happY Vowel Drills

thirty, forty, fifty, seventy, foggy, lovely, monopoly, conspiracy Mary is lovely. The treasury issued new securities. He's very actively seeking Danny. Sandy moved the heavy copy of Shakespeare. Money earned faithfully should be given to the needy. I worry about cloudy weather and stormy skies. He told a scary fairy story that was set in another country.

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Truncated happY Vowel word

necessary commissary secretary ordinary laboratory 13

Was that revolutionary statement necessary? The commissary has extraordinary food categories.

Additional happY Truncation Drills

The revolutionary leader said some extraordinary things. She was a very satisfactory apothecary. Is it ordinary for him to be so contrary? Many missionaries come from Salisbury Cathedral. Ordinary pay is not satisfactory for good secretaries.

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Word Set Target RP Sound

TRAP Vowel [æ]

BATH Vowel [ɑ]

BATH before [f]: after laugh paragraph task calf flask mask castle

TRAP exceptions: sapphire gaff Aphrodite gaff(e) graphic staphylococcus

BATH before [ns]: fast dance last pass rascal class France repast bastard mast nasty

Inconsistent root: The passengers passed through the passage.

TRAP exceptions: gastric gas hassle tassel classical fantastic plastic sarcastic (& similar a-s-t-i-c endings)

Mixed bag: It was a hassle visiting the castle.

BATH before [ɵ]: bath pathway wrath lath

TRAP [ɵ] exceptions: Catholic mathematics catheter osteopath

BATH before [ns]: dance chancellor Sir Lancelot France 14

advanced chance glance trance answer

TRAP [ns] exceptions: fancy cancer romance ransom

BATH before [nt]: plant advantage can’t vantage aunt chant slant

Mixed bag: Yes, I can. No, you can’t.

TRAP [nt] exceptions: banter fantasy tantalize ant mantle phantom pant rant

TRAP before [nd]: and grandstand dandelion brand Randy dandy expand sand

BATH [nd] exceptions: command Alexander slander remand reprimand chandler RANDOM “BATH” WORDS (not on the video): banana example sample soprano ranch branch (The last two are optional.)

TRAP (please!): I haven’t had that yet.

TRAP (please!): I had not known that.

BATH: The rascal demanded answers.

BATH: At last, the commander's repast is here.

BATH: I can't ask her to dance.

TRAP: The man sat in the grandstand.

TRAP: Soak your batting hand in a vat of water.

Mixed bag: That man is dancing divinely.

Mixed bag: They transferred him back home last night.

Mixed bag: He comes from a class of radical rascals.

When In Doubt about TRAP / BATH There are so many exceptions to the “guidelines” for the TRAP/BATH split that even I occasionally must consult an RP pronouncing dictionary. For a “quick and dirty” dictionary check, go online to the Cambridge Dictionary. Link to online Cambridge Dictionary

But your best bet is to check with “Daniel Jones” — yes, we speech people refer to that dictionary by the name of its original author. Actual title: Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. Pretty much any edition will do. A student of Jones’ took over between the 13th and 14th editions. Link to Daniel Jones' RP Pronouncing Dictionary

Additional TRAP Vowel Drills absolute, adding, admiral, aft, alcove, Alps, amber, ample, annual, anthem, anthill, apples, as, baggage, bank, bashful, fabric, frank, hand, lad, lamps, man, math, passage, ram, rank, sand, shatter, snack, tan, tank, trap, wax

The passengers and baggage were trapped in the alcove. Pam made an ample snack of the wax apples. Lady Astor handed the annual to the admiral. The huddled masses sang the National Anthem. They had a rash of bad habits. Sam rammed the flag into the anthill.

Additional BATH Vowel Drills

after, answer, soprano, France, glass, half, laugh, mass, master, passed, path, basket, bass, bath, castle, command, disaster, During the disaster, the master commanded the castle. He passed out halfway up the path.

Additional TRAP/BATH Contrast Drills

TRAP underlined once – BATH underlined twice The soprano laughed as she shattered the glass. Ask any bashful man and accept his answer. That man is dancing divinely. Last night the cat transferred the kittens to the back room. Ask any bashful man to dance and accept his answer.

Word Set Target RP Sound LIQUID-U [ju]

LIQUID-U: duke duty introduce dew/due

non-liquid: do doom doodle

mixed bag: The Duke of Doom fought the duel.

LIQUID-U: news neutral nuclear nuisance

non-liquid: noodle noon snooze noose

mixed bag: Listen to the news at noon.

LIQUID-U: assume consume pursue suit

non-liquid: bassoon sooner soothe

mixed bag: I need the suit sooner than Friday.

LIQUID-U: Tuesday tune student opportunity

non-liquid: tooth cartoon stool tool tomb

mixed bag: I had a toothache on Tuesday.

occasionally with L: lubricate ludicrous

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LESSON FOUR The English R-Drop

R-Action Script Notation Post-Vowel R-Drop r

Post-Vowel R-Glide care about

runner player The runner was a player. 17

helper sweeter heavier The runner staggered over the hill. Meet my mother, father, sister, and brother.

Additional “Simple ER” Drills brother, dancer, father, later, letter, lighter, master, mother, neither, reader, singer, sister, stronger, weaker, worker

The burglar and his helper stirred up such a clamor. The swimmer needed a better trainer. Esther was a good talker who never wrote letters. This summer was longer and hotter than last.

Dropping the ER sound in “stressed syllables”

perfect earth bird surgeon word Ernest was dirty and thirsty. Searching for the right words was hard work.

Additional “Stressed ER” Drills

cursed, curve, early, earnest, first, German, Herbert, hurdle, search, serve, thirsty, verb, worm, worst

Herman was the first to win thirty games. The German hurdler was the scourge of the early events. He searched the world for a perfect curve. Herb first learned the names of thirty worms. The girl caught a perfect fish with an earthworm.

Dropping R from Other Vowel Stems

START: star car alarm hard He parked the car. Arthur played cards in the cardinal's garden. 18 ark, army, artful, bar, barn, charge, charming, Clark, darn, guard, harbor, harden, harm, heart, march, marshal, scarf

He disembarked from the sparkling new car. Father Charles argues about the guard's identity card. Carl and Marni formed an artful partnership. The sergeants are college archery partners. Arthur charged out of the arbor unharmed.

NORTH: four door important chores The exhaust just poured forth. There were four sportsmen on the shore. before, core, explore, fortune, ignore, implore, more, nor, orphan, Orville, pour, score, shore, sore, support

I couldn’t afford all fourteen surfboards. Forty gory creatures poured through the French doors. The spores were found in the core of the ornament. More and more support came forth for the orphan's party.

NEAR: clear beer tears appeared I fear trying to steer with ice on the road. I sincerely want the deer to appear. career, cheer, dear, deer, fear, here, jeer, leer, near, queer, rear, sincere, steer, weird

The earring fell clear of the nearby pool. Be sincere, my dear; it's a queer world. A keg of beer appeared near the rear window. I fear that things may start to appear.

SQUARE: hair pair barely scared Where did the rare polar bear go? He carefully prepared to go upstairs. 19

air, blare, care, careful, dare, everywhere, fair, impair, lair, pear, prepare, rare, stairs, there, wear

An air of excitement rarely blares down the stairs. Pay your fare; then tell the driver where to go. The flu scare was hard to bear. Where can I get my hair cut with great care?

CURE: sure cure endure secure I can’t endure that long tour. I’ll try to cure that poor chap. allure, contour, insure, jury, lure, Moore, poor, sewer, tour, velour, you're

Poor hunters offer no allure to sure-shots. Insurance is a poor risk on guided tours. The cure for polio makes Salk's name endure. I'm secure that Mr. Moore can endure without the velour.

Gliding or Tapping R’s between vowels in “Posh” RP

very sorry It’s a miracle. Carry it. here and there a pair of socks I prefer it. the year after

I’m sure of it. She’s sincere about it. over and over again Carry out her orders.

LESSON FIVE Consonants and Isolated Word Changes

Consonant Type Script Notation Full Medial T t get out Sit on the chair. matter sitting better after The beautiful British writer scattered the letters. They fought over the battle plans.

Additional Medial-T Drills

What is it about city settlers? I want a little water. Put the kettle on. The batter was better at the bottom of the inning. a bottle of beer Get in. Let it go.

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Consonant Type Script Notation Fronted L l

long allow lost love settle principle kettle visual with a little bit of luck a lot of bottles of beer left alone in the lobby lost in the lift leftovers from lunch Look at the little triumphs. The zoo animals looked quite lonely. 21

Isolated Word Pronunciations

again – against [eɪ]: Once again, I’m against it. been [i]: Where have you been? He’s been up to no good. clerk: [ɑr]: a junior clerk figure ([fɪgə] without [j]): He cut a handsome figure. garage (syllable stress): Put the car in the garage. weekend (syllable stress): a weekend in the country either / neither [aɪ]: You may do either; I’ll do neither. process [əʊ]: by process of elimination -ile [aɪl]: hostile missiles schedule [ʃ]: My schedule is flexible next week. tomato [ɑ], not potato): a tomato and potato salad lieutenant [lεf] (not [lu]): the lieutenant commander

- End of Episode 2 - 22

- Episode Three -

LESSON SIX: COACHED DRILL – Marked transcripts of the passages, lyrics, and monologues from Part III – (TRAP vowels are marked in these transcripts but are not mentioned during this video lesson.)

An Important Message for Dialect Actors əʊ æ ɑ MOST ACTORS FORGET THE REST OF THEIR CRAFT WHEN t əʊ ɜ ATTEMPTING DIALECT ROLES. THEIR PURPOSE BECOMES

ɒ æ ɑ "PUTTING ON THE ENGLISH ACCENT" RATHER THAN CREAT-

əʊ əʊ æ æ ING THE MOMENT-TO-MOMENT ACTIONS AND REACTIONS OF ɜ ɔ: əʊ A REAL PERSON WHO HAS ALWAYS SPOKEN WITH ENGLISH

əʊ ɜ MUSCLE IMPULSES, INTONATION, AND WORD PRONUNCIA- ɪ TIONS. I FIND IT NECESSARY TO REMIND EVEN THE FINEST

æ ACTORS TO REMEMBER THE OTHER FUNDAMENTALS: TO æ ɒ DISCOVER THE SAME ACTIONS, BEATS, UNITS (WHATEVER

ɜ ɒ ɪ ɪ TERMINOLOGY YOU'VE USED FOR IT), AND SIMPLY PLAY əʊ əʊ ju THOSE MOMENTS THROUGH THE NEW SPEECH REFLEXES.

ɜ ɪ æ ɪ ɜ IT'S PERFECTLY SATISFACTORY TO RETURN, WHENEVER

ɪ æ NECESSARY, TO YOUR OWN ACCENT TO HELP YOU DIS- əʊ əʊ COVER THOSE MOMENTS. THEN YOU SHOULD RE-DISCOVER

ɔ: əʊ ju THE SAME OR SIMILAR MOMENTS WITH THE NEW PHYSICAL

TRAITS OF ENGLISH SPEECH. 23

Reviewing Middle-of-the-Road RP with

The Colonel from Gilbert & Sullivan’s Patience

ɜ ɔ: ɒ WHEN I FIRST PUT THIS UNIFORM ON,

ɑ I SAID AS I LOOKED IN THE GLASS,

ɪ "IT'S ONE TO A MILLION THAT ANY CIVILIAN

ɔ: ɑ MY FIGURE AND FORM WILL SURPASS. əʊ æ GOLD LACE HAS A CHARM FOR THE FAIR,

ɪ æ æ AND I'VE PLENTY OF THAT, AND TO SPARE.

WHILE A LOVER'S PROFESSIONS,

WHEN UTTERED IN HESSIANS,

ARE ELOQUENT EVERYWHERE!" æ æ ɒ A FACT THAT I COUNTED UPON, ɜ ɔ: ɒ WHEN I FIRST PUT THIS UNIFORM ON.

Creating “Upper” or “Posh” RP with…

The Colonel

In Part III of the video course, after using these lyrics to review “middle-of-the- road” RP, we use it again to “elevate” the style and create an “upper” or “posh” version of the accent. Recall from the video that the posh style adds:

1. the tongue can move even more forward on the GOAT vowel

2. tapping rather than gliding of R between vowels. I’ve highlighted both of these posh pronunciations in yellow below.

3. occasional use of upward and sometimes downward glides to stress operative

4. a slight assimilated nasality, especially on vowels that are close to M, N, and NG consonants.

I’ve not marked specific places for the pitch glides or nasal resonance. Check at 14:56 of RP-Part III for demonstrations.

ɜ ɔ: ɒ WHEN I FIRST PUT THIS UNIFORM ON,

ɑ I SAID AS I LOOKED IN THE GLASS,

ɪ "IT'S ONE TO A MILLION THAT ANY CIVILIAN

ɔ: ɑ MY FIGURE AND FORM WILL SURPASS. əʊ æ GOLD LACE HAS A CHARM FOR THE FAIR,

æ ɪ æ AND I'VE PLENTY OF THAT, AND TO SPARE.

WHILE A LOVER'S PROFESSIONS,

WHEN UTTERED IN HESSIANS, ɪ ARE ELOQUENT EVERYWHERE!"

æ æ ɒ A FACT THAT I COUNTED UPON, ɜ ɔ: ɒ WHEN I FIRST PUT THIS UNIFORM ON.

Cusins: from G.B. Shaw’s Major Barbara

ɪ ɑ LET ME ADVISE YOU TO STUDY GREEK, MISTER UNDERSHAFT. GREEK

ɒ əʊ SCHOLARS ARE PRIVILEGED MEN. FEW OF THEM KNOW GREEK;

æ əʊ ɪ AND NONE OF THEM KNOW ANYTHING ELSE; BUT THEIR POSITION

æ IS UNCHALLENGEABLE. OTHER LANGUAGES ARE THE ɒ ɜ æ QUALIFICATIONS OF WAITERS AND COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS:

ɒ ɔ: GREEK IS TO A MAN OF POSITION WHAT THE HALLMARK IS TO

SILVER.

Barbara: from G.B. Shaw’s Major Barbara

aɪ ɔ: THERE ARE NEITHER GOOD MEN NOR SCOUNDRELS: THERE ARE

æ ɒ JUST CHILDREN OF ONE FATHER: AND THE SOONER THEY STOP ɔ: ɔ: CALLING ONE ANOTHER NAMES THE BETTER. YOU NEEDN'T TALK

əʊ æ ɔ: TO ME: I KNOW THEM. I'VE HAD SCORES OF THEM THROUGH MY

æ ɔ: ɔ: HANDS: SCOUNDRELS, CRIMINALS, PHILANTHROPISTS, ALL SORTS. ɔ: ɔ: æ THEY'RE ALL JUST THE SAME SORT OF SINNER; AND THERE'S

ɪ ɔ: ɔ: THE SAME SALVATION READY FOR THEM ALL.