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TD146-DECLA-Seger-Naturaleza.Pdf Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar Sede Ecuador Área de Letras y Estudios Culturales Doctorado en Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos Naturaleza Concepciones, seres, saberes y sentidos en Íntag Sylvia Margaret Seger Tutora: Catherine Elizabeth Walsh Mc Donald Quito, 2020 2 3 Cláusula de cesión de derecho de publicación de tesis Yo, Sylvia M. Seger, autora de la tesis intitulada “Naturaleza: Concepciones, seres, saberes y sentidos en Íntag”, mediante el presente documento dejo constancia de que la obra es de mi exclusiva autoría y producción, que la he elaborado para cumplir con uno de los requisitos previos para la obtención del título de doctora en Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos en la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador. 1. Cedo a la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador, los derechos exclusivos de reproducción, comunicación pública, distribución y divulgación, durante 36 meses a partir de mi graduación, pudiendo por lo tanto la Universidad, utilizar y usar esta obra por cualquier medio conocido o por conocer, siempre y cuando no se lo haga para obtener beneficio económico. Esta autorización incluye la reproducción total o parcial en los formatos virtual, electrónico, digital, óptico, como usos en red local y en internet. 2. Declaro que en caso de presentarse cualquier reclamación de parte de terceros respecto de los derechos de autor/a de la obra antes referida, yo asumiré toda responsabilidad frente a terceros y a la Universidad. 3. En esta fecha entrego a la Secretaría General, el ejemplar respectivo y sus anexos en formato impreso y digital o electrónico. 22 de junio de 2020 Firma: ________________________ 4 5 Resumen Esta tesis indaga sobre las lógicas, concepciones, sentidos, prácticas y saberes de la Naturaleza evidenciados en la zona de Íntag, Ecuador, en el marco de la relación ser humano-Naturaleza. A lo largo de esta tesis se dibujan las posturas y planteamientos en palabras de las y los inteños, entretejiendo las nociones del ser-saber-hacer desde y con la Naturaleza, el ‘cuidado’ de ella, la interrelación y coexistencia de seres, y las tensiones entre diferentes actores/poderes (internos, externos, históricos y actuales). Íntag, ubicada en el área rural y montañosa en el noroeste de los Andes, es una de las zonas de bosques nublados más importantes que tiene Ecuador en términos de riqueza biológica, es el eje de un conflicto socioambiental de extractivismo, y está marcada por una heterogeneidad de voces-actores en la zona. El encuentro entre diferentes concepciones de la Naturaleza, en particular, las del sistema-mundo moderno frente a las nociones o lógicas distintas locales es la base de muchos cuestionamientos y tensiones socioambientales en Íntag. Este trabajo emana de y se funda en las narraciones y reflexiones inteñas; a partir de ellas, se aborda la necesidad de decolonizar las lógicas epistemológicas de nociones, saberes y prácticas respecto a la Naturaleza desde las experiencias y pensamientos locales. La problematización subyacente, que se referencia mediante el desarrollo de esta tesis, se basa en la concepción de la Naturaleza propia del patrón moderno-capitalista- colonial hegemónico, donde hay una separación entre seres humanos y Naturaleza junto a la afirmación de superioridad de los humanos respecto a la Naturaleza. Esta división binaria jerárquica es el origen de las tensiones socioambientales evidenciadas. Los hallazgos, asentados en las narraciones de las y los inteños, evidencian que la Naturaleza se concibe relacionalmente, es sentipensada y propia del lugar, que se valora el cuidado de ella, el ser-saber-hacer con y desde la Naturaleza, y que la Naturaleza ‘es vida’. Se revela además que las y los inteños vienen formulando relaciones, cuestionamientos y posturas particulares o nuevas frente a los discursos y prácticas hegemónicos en torno a la Naturaleza y vida, lo que permite una teorización que aporta al diálogo epistémico sobre la crisis ambiental en el marco de la crisis civilizatoria. Palabras clave: Naturaleza, concepciones, saberes y prácticas, seres, sentipensar, relación ser humano-Naturaleza 6 7 A mis grandes amores, Tiana y Mateo A mi madre, como un regalo desde la sensibilidad que ella me heredó A todxs lxs inteñxs, vecinxs y amigxs A mis hermanas del alma Al alboroto de verde, al trino en vuelo, al olor a llovizna, al susurro de las abejas, a las botas embarradas, a los granos rojos y a los árboles sosegados 8 9 Agradecimientos Este camino largo y desafiante ha sido posible gracias al apoyo, colaboración, confianza y amor de todas y cada una de las personas que andaban a mi lado, motivándome, apoyándome y cuidándome. Un agradecimiento especial para Catherine Walsh, la mejor directora de tesis y Maestra que una puede tener: sus sugerencias benevolentes que reorientaron mi trabajo, sus potentes conocimientos compartidos y su paciencia extraordinaria con mis múltiples retos fueron muy apreciados y esenciales para mi proceso de auto-decolonización. Quiero hacer un reconocimiento grande a mis vecinxs, amigxs y compañerxs de la comunidad de Santa Rosa por compartir, apoyarme y enseñarme, y por darme la bienvenida de ser otra compañera andando junto en sus caminos. Agradezco profundamente las sabidurías y los sentipensamientos compartidos. En especial, gracias por la amistad y el apoyo primordial del extraordinario Pepe Rivera y de Silvia Vetancourt, sus familiares, y Elenita y Mati, quienes alegraron mis días. A lxs inteñxs de otros sectores de Íntag, como Isabel Anangonó, Marcia Ramírez y muchxs otrxs: ¡Mil gracias y mi eterno reconocimiento para ustedes! Sin el cariño generoso y el apoyo emocional, intelectual, conceptual y logística de Kattya Hernández (ahora hermana del alma), sé que me habría descarrilado, gracias por ser mi amiga, eje, confidente y aliada, y gracias por nuestros cafés futuros también. Un reconocimiento muy especial merece mi gran amiga, Mary Ellen Fieweger, quien me acogió en su tierra y en sus casas. Su generosidad, honestidad, sentido del humor, charlas estimulantes, paciencia y postres son solo partes de lo que valoro de nuestra amistad. ¡Mil gracias! A mis amigxs que soportaban mi ausencia y retiro, discúlpenme y gracias por entenderme y apoyarme. Les quiero mucho. Y de manera especial, con mucho amor, agradezco a mi hermana Mare; sé que siempre puedo contar contigo. Finalmente, agradezco a Elena Francés, experta editora de mi tesis, responsable de que ya sea legible; aprecio mucho tu profesionalidad y eficacia. A Tiana, mi hija favorita, siempre valoraré los meses de coexistencia iluminándome por tu compañía, amor, mimos y comida -te amo. A Mateo, mi hijo favorito, tu paz interior y tu confianza en mí me fortalecen -te amo. Mis amores, mis vidas, mis r-p-s. 10 11 Tabla de contenidos Introducción .................................................................................................................. 15 Parte uno Conceptualizando Naturaleza ..................................................................... 33 Capítulo primero Conceptualizaciones de la Naturaleza: Conceptos, contextos, nociones fundamentales y exploraciones .................................................................... 35 1. Concepciones de la Naturaleza: La problematización ................................................ 36 1.1. La complejidad ontológica de la Naturaleza ............................................... 36 1.2. Esencialismo y el buen salvaje ecológico .................................................... 40 2. Concepciones de la Naturaleza: Doctrinas, matrices y acercamientos ....................... 45 2.1. Aproximaciones a la reducción del dualismo Naturaleza/cultura ............... 49 2.2. Aproximaciones relacionales: Relacionalidad, redes, sentipensar y ontología relacional ............................................................................................................ 53 3. Concepciones de la Naturaleza: Tejidos fundamentales ............................................ 58 3.1. Colonialidad de la Naturaleza y hacia la decolonialización de la ‘lógica’ de la Naturaleza ....................................................................................................... 58 3.2. Territorio y Naturaleza: Nexo fundamental................................................. 61 3.3. Antropocentrismo, antropomorfismo y seres-de-la-Naturaleza .................. 65 Capítulo segundo Concepciones de la Naturaleza: Articulaciones inteñas ............. 71 1. Contextualizando Íntag ............................................................................................... 72 1.1. El entorno natural geográfico de Íntag ........................................................ 72 1.2. La socio-historia de la zona de Íntag ........................................................... 77 1.3. La población inteña: Demografía y organización sociopolítica .................. 81 1.4. La minería .................................................................................................... 84 2. Las concepciones de la Naturaleza: Narraciones inteñas ........................................... 88 2.1. La Naturaleza “es vida” y otras formulaciones inteñas de la Naturaleza .... 88 2.2. Las concepciones de ‘territorio’ y Naturaleza ............................................. 94 3. Naturaleza y minería: Defensas, amenazas, despojos y luchas ................................ 101 3.1. Defensa: ‘Tocaría luchar hasta el último’.................................................. 103 3.2. Conflicto socioambiental: Análisis e implicaciones .................................
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