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Phylogenetics of Bees Phylogenetics of Bees Rustem Abuzarovich Ilyasov Doctor in Division of Life Sciences Major of Biological Sciences, and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors Incheon National University Songdo-dong, Incheon South Korea and Ufa Scientific Center Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics Ufa Russia Hyung Wook Kwon Professor in Division of Life Sciences Major of Biological Sciences, and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors Incheon National University Songdo-dong, Incheon South Korea p, p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK Adjlane N., Badmazhapova E., Berezin A., Borodachev A., Brandorf A., Dar S. A., Dukku U.H., Eskov E., Gajda A., Gregorc A., Gulov A., Gushchina E., Hatjina F., Ilyasov R.A., Kandemir I., Kireeva T., Konusova O., Kucher A., Kwon H.W., Lee M.-l, Mitrofanov D., Ostroverkhova N., Özkan-Koca A., Pogorelov Y., Raffiudin R., Requier F., Rodrigues M., Seeley T.D., Yartsev V. (2020) Phylogenetics of bees. Editors: Ilyasov R.A., Kwon H.W. Boca Raton, London, New-York: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. 290 pp. (12 Color & 55 B/W Illustrations). ISBN 9781138504233. ii Phylogenetics of Bees CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20190924 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-50423-3 (Hardback) Th is book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable eff orts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. Th e authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, includ- ing photocopying, microfi lming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profi t organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ilyasov, Rustem Abuzarovich, 1980- editor. | Kwon, Hyung Wook, 1968- editor. Title: Phylogenetics of bees / editors: Rustem Abuzarovich Ilyasov, Hyung Wook Kwon. Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019037641 | ISBN 9781138504233 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Bees--Phylogeny. | Bees--Variation. Classification: LCC QL563 .P495 2020 | DDC 595.79/9--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019037641 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface iii Acknowledgments v Introduction ix 1. The origin and evolution of the colony in Apidae 1 Eskov, E.K. 2. Phylogenies of Asian honey bees 28 Raffiudin, R. and Shullia, N.I. 3. The origin of the European bees and their intraspecific biodiversity 58 Brandorf, A.Z. and Rodrigues, M. 4. The classic taxonomy of Asian and European honey bees 72 Dar, S.A., Dukku, U.H., Ilyasov, R.A., Kandemir, I., Kwon H.W., Lee, M.L. and Özkan Koca, A 5. Genetic diversity of honey bee Apis mellifera in Siberia 97 Ostroverkhova, N.V., Kucher, A.N., Konusova, O.L., Kireeva, T.N., Rosseykina, S.A., Yartsev, V.V. and Pogorelov, Y.L. 6. Current drivers of taxonomic biodiversity loss in Asian and European bees Hatjina, F., Gajda, A. and Dar, S.A. 7. The loss of taxonomic biodiversity of honey bees Apis mellifera 144 and main breeds in Russia Berezin, A.S., Borodachev, A.V., Borodachev, V.A., Mitrofanov, D.V. and Savushkina, L.N. 8. Breeding better and healthy honey bees is the only way to 178 save a native biodiversity Gregorc, A. 9. Honey bees in Latin America 206 Requier, F. 10. The history of honey bees in North America 222 Seeley, T.D. Conclusion 233 References 237 Index 281 Color Plate Section 283 Preface The first idea of writing this book came about after reading the books of Ruttner “Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees” (1988), Michener “The Bees of the World” (2000), Kipyatkov “Life Cycles in Social Insects Behaviour, Ecology And Evolution” (2006), and Hepburn “Honeybees of Asia” (2011). Meantime I met with Professor Hyung Wook Kwon who invited me to postdoctoral position in Incheon National University, South Korea. In Korea, we working very hard and met many times with local beekeepers and scientists on Conferences of The Korean Beekeeping Society. Compared with western honeybees, eastern honeybees reveals very thin coverage for honey bee taxonomy, phylogenetics, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, and pathology. Especially, eastern honey bee Apis cerana there are no clear defined subspecies such as western honey bee Apis mellifera. In order to solve this issues and breaks between eastern and western honey bee sciences, we decided to write the book, which will combine western and eastern teams of scientists to resolving the common for all honey bees unclear patterns of evolution, taxonomy, and phylogenetics. We was pleased when CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group indicated an interest in a publishing this book “Phylogenetics of Bees”. This book contains works not only about phylogenetics, but also about current aspects of adaptivity and expansion to the New World. We fervently hope that this collation will provide stimuli to broaden the base of the development of taxonomy and phylogenetics of the Asian and European honeybees. We hope that this book will stimulate further research, both empirical and theoretical, in this important and promising field. With the publication of this book, we wish to thank all contributing authors as well as the referees for their help. As well, I appreciate my scientific advisors prof. Alexey Nikolenko (Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Federal Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences) and prof. Hyung Wook Kwon (Incheon National University) for the help in editing and for the constructive discussions of basic ideas in this book. Rustem Ilyasov Incheon National University Songdo-dong, Incheon, Yeonsu-gu September 24, 2019 Introduction Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living and over 2,000 extinct species of Hymenoptera have been described (Mayhew 2007, Janke et al. 2013, Aguiar et al. 2013). Honey bees are flying eusocial insects closely related to wasps and ants, and are known for their role in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey and beeswax. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea and are presently considered a clade, called Anthophila. There are over 16,000 known species of bees in seven recognized biological families (Michener 2000, Danforth et al. 2006). They are found on every continent except Antarctica, in every habitat on the planet that contains insect- pollinated flowering plants. Some species, including honey bees, bumble bees, and stingless bees live socially in colonies. Bees are adapted for nectar and pollen nutrition, the former primarily as an energy source, and the latter for protein and other nutrients. Most pollen is used as food for larvae. Bee pollination is important both ecologically and commercially. The decline in wild bees has increased the value of pollination by commercially managed hives of honey bees. The size of the bees ranges from tiny stingless bee species whose worker bees are less than two millimeters long to Megachile pluto, the largest species of the leafcutter bee, whose females can attain a length of forty millimeters. The most common bees in the Northern Hemisphere are the Halictidae or sweat bees, but they are small and often mistaken for wasps or hoverfly species. Vertebrate predators of bees include birds, such as bee-eaters; insect predators include beewolves and dragonflies. Human beekeeping or apiculture has been practiced for a thousand years, since at least the times of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece. Apart from honey and pollination, honey bees produce beeswax, royal jelly, and propolis. Bees have appeared in mythology and folklore, through all phases of art and literature, from ancient times to the present day, though primarily focused in the Northern Hemisphere, where beekeeping is far more common. Some big questions in the study of honey bees are their evolution and phylogenetics. The resolution hinges on understanding the phylogenetic relationships of the four bee subgroups: orchid bees, bumble bees, stingless bees, and honey bees. These problems are studied by three methods, based on morphological data, nuclear DNA (nDNA) characters, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) features. The fact that no consensus is reached reflects the complexity of the challenges, and shows the need for additional research. x Phylogenetics of Bees Honey bees compose a single genus Apis in the family Apidae. All Apis honey bee species are similar in morphology, social biology, nest architecture, foraging behavior, and the use by foragers of a complex “dance” to signal direction and distance to food sources.
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