DOCSLIB.ORG

The Lymphatic System 3: Its Role in the Immune System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Lymphatic System 3: Its Role in the Immune System Copyright EMAP Publishing 2020 This article is not for distribution except for journal club use Clinical Practice Keywords Lymphatic system/ Immunity/Antigens/Lymphocytes Systems of life This article has been Lymphatic system double-blind peer reviewed In this article... ● The role of the lymphatic system in providing immune responses ● How different lymphocytes respond to pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins ● The role of the spleen in providing immunity The lymphatic system 3: its role in the immune system Key points Authors Yamni Nigam is professor in biomedical science; John Knight is associate The lymphatic professor in biomedical science; both at the College of Human and Health Sciences, system plays an Swansea University. important role in the immune system Abstract The lymphatic system plays an important role in providing immune responses to harmful micro-organisms and toxins that enter the body. This article, the third in a It produces a range six-part series on the system, discusses its main functions in providing immunity. of cells that detect and kill invading Citation Nigam Y, Knight J (2020) The lymphatic system 3: its role in the immune pathogenic system. Nursing Times [online]; 116: 12, 45-49. micro-organisms and toxins otential pathogens (micro- Immune cells of the Phagocytes can deal organisms capable of causing lymphatic system with many disease) are ubiquitous in the The immune system includes a vast range pathogens, but Penvironment and can enter the of distributed defence cells: these are the others need a more body via the skin (through direct contact, leucocytes (white blood cells). The more- specialised response particularly if the epidermis is injured basic innate immune leucocytes are the from lymphocytes through cuts, grazes or burns), the respira- first responders, responsible for imme- tory system (through inhalation), the gut diate and non-specific engagement with a Circulating lymph (through ingestion) and the genito- pathogen; they include phagocytes (cells transports some of urinary tract (through sex or the insertion capable of engulfing and absorbing bac- these cells around of invasive devices such as catheters). teria and other small cells and particles) the body to Although each of these sites is protected such as macrophages and dendritic cells, encounter pathogens by unique barriers and defences, some which encounter and indiscriminately ‘eat’ and toxins pathogens can breach these preliminary unwanted microbes or infected cells. defences and enter the body. If innate cells cannot deal with the path- Various ‘checkpoints’ The immune system comprises a range ogen, more-specialised cells known as in the lymphatic of cells – some basic and innate, others lymphocytes need to be ‘introduced’ to a system can raise a extremely specialised – to detect and pathogen to recognise it as a threat, before response when remove pathogens from the body. The lym- they can launch an attack on it. lymph containing phatic system works alongside the pathogens passes immune system to destroy unwanted Macrophages through them pathogens either locally and directly, or by These large-cell phagocytes are derived alerting the whole body to the infection from monocytes (large phagocytic white and helping to mount a wider systemic blood cells); they can be fixed in tissues or immune response. mobile in the blood. Macrophages are The first two articles in this series dis- capable of reeling in microbes with their cussed the role of lymph in supporting the cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopods) and cardiovascular system, and examined the engulfing them; they are tough cells that organs and tissues that make up the lym- survive well and can perform this function phatic system. This article focuses on the many times over. Macrophages are also immune function of the lymphatic system. able to trap antigens (small molecules Nursing Times [online] December 2020 / Vol 116 Issue 12 45 www.nursingtimes.net Copyright EMAP Publishing 2020 This article is not for distribution except for journal club use Clinical Practice Systems of life found on the surface of all cells) and pre- Fig 1. Major immune components of the lymphatic system sent them to other leucocytes of the immune system. Healthy cells in the body contain self- antigens, which act as important flags to Adenoids prevent the immune system from attacking Tonsils the body’s own cells. Phagocytes recognise pathogens and the toxins they may pro- duce as foreign bodies by the presence of their different (non-self ) antigens; they engulf and sequester (capture/trap) these foreign pathogens, which are then rapidly Thymus killed by intracellular digestion. Axillary lymph nodes Lymphocytes Bronchus-associated Lymphocytes are sentinel cells of adaptive lymphoid tissue immunity; they make up 20-30% of circu- lating leucocytes and include B-lympho- Spleen cytes and T-lymphocytes. Bone marrow harbours about 12% of the body’s lympho- cytes, whereas the spleen and lymph nodes Intestine contain approximately 55% of resident Peyer’s patches lymphocytes; the remainder are found in other lymphatic organs and tissues. Free Appendix lymphocytes in the blood amount to only about 2% of the lymphocyte population Bone marrow Inguinal lymph (Pabst, 2018). node B-lymphocytes B-lymphocyte cells (B-cells) are formed and mature in the bone marrow. Once released, they develop the ability to deter- mine which antigens they should react to factories – while a small proportion are other more-specialised lymphocytes to kill (immunocompetence) and which are retained as memory B-cells, able to quickly them. This ‘coating’ of foreign cells by harmless (self-tolerance). Mature B-cells mass produce the same antibodies again if antibody molecules is known as opsonisa- colonise secondary lymphoid organs such that particular antigen is encountered in tion and makes the pathogen more attrac- as lymph nodes or the spleen and: future. Plasma cells are capable of pro- tive to circulating phagocytes. ● Are responsible for humoral immunity ducing around 2,000 antibodies per Finally, when bound to their corre- (which acts via the humors – fluids second (Alberts et al, 2015). They are usu- sponding antigens, antibodies can activate such as blood or lymph); ally detectable in the humor (plasma) after a system of potent plasma enzymes of the ● Combat pathogens by producing and 4-7 days and float freely in blood and complement system. This group of 20 or so dispatching antibodies. lymph, binding to foreign antigens on the proteins, once activated, forms a protein Collectively called immunoglobulins surface of the pathogen or to the toxin that conglomerate – termed a membrane attack (Ig), antibodies are among the most abun- triggered their formation. complex (MAC) – which attacks and rup- dant protein components in the blood and tures pathogens’ membranes leading to cell an important part of the immune system The role of antibodies. Although they cannot lysis and death. The complement system (Alberts et al, 2015). As a naïve B-cell directly destroy antigens or kill pathogens can be activated by antigen-antibody com- becomes fully mature, it can display thou- themselves, the action of antibodies can: plexes or recognition of bacteria. sands of membrane-bound antibodies on ● Help to inhibit micro-organisms; its surface, and each B-cell has its own ● Highlight them for detection and T-lymphocytes unique set of these ready to identify and attack by other immune cells. Pathogens are not always found in fluids; bind to a particular antigen. If a random First, as antibodies bind to the foreign many become intracellular (invade the encounter with a potentially pathogenic pathogens, they neutralise them by physi- cells) where antibodies cannot reach. For- foreign antigen results in binding and trig- cally blocking binding sites on the path- tunately, another branch of adaptive gering of any of these membrane anti- ogen so it cannot attach to tissue cells and immunity can provide more direct cell-to- bodies, it activates the B-cell. cause disease. cell combat. This is cell-mediated immu- The B-cell rapidly clones itself, forming Second, antibodies cause agglutination nity and is facilitated by the T-lympho- masses of B-cells, all with the same of pathogens as they can bind to more than cytes (T-cells), which are produced in the instructions for producing the antibody one antigen simultaneously. Agglutinated bone marrow and mature in the thymus designed to fight that particular antigen. pathogens clump and cannot move around gland (see part 2). The majority of these cloned cells become as easily, so it is easier for macrophages to There are a few different types of JENNIFER N.R. SMITH B-plasma cells – large antibody-producing detect and phagocytose them, and for T-cells, but the two main ones are: Nursing Times [online] December 2020 / Vol 116 Issue 12 46 www.nursingtimes.net Copyright EMAP Publishing 2020 This article is not for distribution except for journal club use Clinical Practice Systems of life Fig 2. Immune reactions inside a lymph node discussed the importance of tissue drainage and the transport of lymph back into the circulatory system to ensure Helper T-cell homoeostasis. While lymph is circulating contacting Activated helper around the body, it passes through various displayed antigen T-cell interacts with ‘checkpoint’ sites of the lymphatic system; B-cell and releases these sites include lymph nodes, the cytokines, which spleen and various types of mucosa-asso- activate the B-cell ciated lymphoid tissue (MALT) (Fig 1). The lymph nodes, in particular, play a major role in trapping foreign material. Displayed antigen Immunity at the lymph nodes Macrophage Approximately 600-700 lymph nodes are displaying antigen situated in clusters around the body in Cytokines lymphatic vessels; they range from about stimulate 1-2mm to 2cm in size and are often pal- B-cell to pable in the neck, armpit and groin. proliferate These tightly packed balls of lymphoid Antigen receptor cells and protein primarily act to: ● Monitor lymph arriving at each node B-cell combining for pathogens that may have entered with antigen Activated B-cell the system; ● Attempt to eliminate them before they can cause any damage to the body.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Te2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
    [Show full text]
  • IFM Innate Immunity Infographic
    UNDERSTANDING INNATE IMMUNITY INTRODUCTION The immune system is comprised of two arms that work together to protect the body – the innate and adaptive immune systems. INNATE ADAPTIVE γδ T Cell Dendritic B Cell Cell Macrophage Antibodies Natural Killer Lymphocites Neutrophil T Cell CD4+ CD8+ T Cell T Cell TIME 6 hours 12 hours 1 week INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Innate immunity is the body’s first The adaptive, or acquired, immune line of immunological response system is activated when the innate and reacts quickly to anything that immune system is not able to fully should not be present. address a threat, but responses are slow, taking up to a week to fully respond. Pathogen evades the innate Dendritic immune system T Cell Cell Through antigen Pathogen presentation, the dendritic cell informs T cells of the pathogen, which informs Macrophage B cells B Cell B cells create antibodies against the pathogen Macrophages engulf and destroy Antibodies label invading pathogens pathogens for destruction Scientists estimate innate immunity comprises approximately: The adaptive immune system develops of the immune memory of pathogen exposures, so that 80% system B and T cells can respond quickly to eliminate repeat invaders. IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DISEASE If the immune system consistently under-responds or over-responds, serious diseases can result. CANCER INFLAMMATION Innate system is TOO ACTIVE Innate system NOT ACTIVE ENOUGH Cancers grow and spread when tumor Certain diseases trigger the innate cells evade detection by the immune immune system to unnecessarily system. The innate immune system is respond and cause excessive inflammation. responsible for detecting cancer cells and This type of chronic inflammation is signaling to the adaptive immune system associated with autoimmune and for the destruction of the cancer cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages − CSF-1
    CSF-1−Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Daisuke Kurotaki, Shigeyuki Kon, Kyeonghwa Bae, Koyu Ito, Yutaka Matsui, Yosuke Nakayama, Masashi Kanayama, This information is current as Chiemi Kimura, Yoshinori Narita, Takashi Nishimura, of September 29, 2021. Kazuya Iwabuchi, Matthias Mack, Nico van Rooijen, Shimon Sakaguchi, Toshimitsu Uede and Junko Morimoto J Immunol published online 14 January 2011 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2011/01/14/jimmun Downloaded from ol.1001345 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2011/01/14/jimmunol.100134 Material 5.DC1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on September 29, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2011 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Published January 14, 2011, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001345 The Journal of Immunology CSF-1–Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Daisuke Kurotaki,*,† Shigeyuki Kon,† Kyeonghwa Bae,† Koyu Ito,† Yutaka Matsui,* Yosuke Nakayama,† Masashi Kanayama,† Chiemi Kimura,† Yoshinori Narita,‡ Takashi Nishimura,‡ Kazuya Iwabuchi,x Matthias Mack,{ Nico van Rooijen,‖ Shimon Sakaguchi,# Toshimitsu Uede,*,† and Junko Morimoto† The balance between immune activation and suppression must be regulated to maintain immune homeostasis.
    [Show full text]
  • Innate Immunity in the Lung: How Epithelial Cells Fight Against
    Copyright #ERSJournals Ltd 2004 EurRespir J 2004;23: 327– 333 EuropeanRespiratory Journal DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00098803 ISSN0903-1936 Printedin UK –allrights reserved REVIEW Innateimmunity in the lung: how epithelialcells ght against respiratorypathogens R. Bals*,P.S. Hiemstra # Innateimmunity in the lung: how epithelial cells ® ghtagainst respiratory pathogens *Deptof Internal Medicine, Division of R Bals, P S Hiemstra #ERS JournalsLtd 2004 PulmonaryMedicine, Hospital of the Uni- versityof Marburg, Philipps-University, ABSTRACT: Thehuman lung is exposed to a largenumber of airborne pathogens as a # resultof the daily inhalation of 10,000 litres of air Theobservation that respiratory Marburg,Germany; Deptof Pulmonology, LeidenUniversity Medical Center, Leiden, infectionsare nevertheless rare is testimony to the presence of anef®cient host defence TheNetherlands systemat the mucosal surface of the lung Theairway epithelium is strategically positioned at the interface with the Correspondence:P S Hiemstra,Dept of environment,and thus plays a keyrole in this host defence system Recognition Pulmonology,Leiden University Medical systemsemployed by airwayepithelial cells to respond to microbialexposure include the Center, P O Box9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The actionof the toll-like receptors Netherlands Theairway epithelium responds to such exposure by increasing its production of Fax:31 715266927 mediatorssuch as cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides Recent® ndings E-mail: p s hiemstra@lumc nl indicatethe importance of these peptides
    [Show full text]
  • Our Immune System (Children's Book)
    OurOur ImmuneImmune SystemSystem A story for children with primary immunodeficiency diseases Written by IMMUNE DEFICIENCY Sara LeBien FOUNDATION A note from the author The purpose of this book is to help young children who are immune deficient to better understand their immune system. What is a “B-cell,” a “T-cell,” an “immunoglobulin” or “IgG”? They hear doctors use these words, but what do they mean? With cheerful illustrations, Our Immune System explains how a normal immune system works and what treatments may be necessary when the system is deficient. In this second edition, a description of a new treatment has been included. I hope this book will enable these children and their families to explore together the immune system, and that it will help alleviate any confusion or fears they may have. Sara LeBien This book contains general medical information which cannot be applied safely to any individual case. Medical knowledge and practice can change rapidly. Therefore, this book should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. SECOND EDITION COPYRIGHT 1990, 2007 IMMUNE DEFICIENCY FOUNDATION Copyright 2007 by Immune Deficiency Foundation, USA. Readers may redistribute this article to other individuals for non-commercial use, provided that the text, html codes, and this notice remain intact and unaltered in any way. Our Immune System may not be resold, reprinted or redistributed for compensation of any kind without prior written permission from Immune Deficiency Foundation. If you have any questions about permission, please contact: Immune Deficiency Foundation, 40 West Chesapeake Avenue, Suite 308, Towson, MD 21204, USA; or by telephone at 1-800-296-4433.
    [Show full text]
  • Corpora Amylacea Act As Containers That Remove Waste Products from the Brain
    Corpora amylacea act as containers that remove waste products from the brain Marta Ribaa,b,c,1, Elisabet Augéa,b,c,1, Joan Campo-Sabariza,d, David Moral-Antera,d, Laura Molina-Porcele, Teresa Ximelise, Ruth Ferrera,d, Raquel Martín-Venegasa,d, Carme Pelegría,b,c,2, and Jordi Vilaplanaa,b,c,2 aSecció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; bInstitut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; cCentros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; dInstitut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentàries (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08291 Barcelona, Spain; and eNeurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc- Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain Edited by Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, and approved November 5, 2019 (received for review August 8, 2019) Corpora amylacea (CA) in the human brain are granular bodies 6). Nonetheless, we observed that CA contain glycogen synthase formed by polyglucosan aggregates that amass waste products of (GS), an indispensable enzyme for polyglucosan formation, and different origins. They are generated by astrocytes, mainly during also ubiquitin and protein p62, both associated with processes of aging and neurodegenerative conditions, and are located predom- elimination of waste substances (5). The relationship between CA inantly in periventricular and subpial regions. This study shows that and waste substances is recurrent in the literature. Already in 1999, CA are released from these regions to the cerebrospinal fluid and after a detailed and complete review, Cavanagh indicated that “CA are present in the cervical lymph nodes, into which cerebrospinal functions seem to be directed towards trapping and sequestration fluid drains through the meningeal lymphatic system.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Immune Systems
    Immunology 101 (for the Non-Immunologist) Abhinav Deol, MD Assistant Professor of Oncology Wayne State University/ Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit MI Presentation originally prepared and presented by Stephen Shiao MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Disclosures Bristol-Myers Squibb – Contracted Research What is the immune system? A network of proteins, cells, tissues and organs all coordinated for one purpose: to defend one organism from another It is an infinitely adaptable system to combat the complex and endless variety of pathogens it must address Outline Structure of the immune system Anatomy of an immune response Role of the immune system in disease: infection, cancer and autoimmunity Organs of the Immune System Major organs of the immune system 1. Bone marrow – production of immune cells 2. Thymus – education of immune cells 3. Lymph Nodes – where an immune response is produced 4. Spleen – dual role for immune responses (especially antibody production) and cell recycling Origins of the Immune System B-Cell B-Cell Self-Renewing Common Progenitor Natural Killer Lymphoid Cell Progenitor Thymic T-Cell Selection Hematopoetic T-Cell Stem Cell Progenitor Dendritic Cell Myeloid Progenitor Granulocyte/M Macrophage onocyte Progenitor The Immune Response: The Art of War “Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.” -Sun Tzu, The Art of War Immunity: Two Systems and Their Key Players Adaptive Immunity Innate Immunity Dendritic cells (DC) B cells Phagocytes (Macrophages, Neutrophils) Natural Killer (NK) Cells T cells Dendritic Cells: “Commanders-in-Chief” • Function: Serve as the gateway between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Microbiome Participation in Local Immune Response Regulation in Respiratory Diseases
    microorganisms Review Lung Microbiome Participation in Local Immune Response Regulation in Respiratory Diseases Juan Alberto Lira-Lucio 1 , Ramcés Falfán-Valencia 1 , Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas 2, Ivette Buendía-Roldán 3 , Jorge Rojas-Serrano 4 , Mayra Mejía 4 and Gloria Pérez-Rubio 1,* 1 HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; [email protected] (J.A.L.-L.); [email protected] (R.F.-V.) 2 Tobacco Smoking and COPD Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; [email protected] 4 Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; [email protected] (J.R.-S.); [email protected] (M.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-55-5487-1700 (ext. 5152) Received: 11 June 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 16 July 2020 Abstract: The lung microbiome composition has critical implications in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized the understanding of pulmonary physiology and pathology. Currently, it is clear that the lung is not a sterile place; therefore, the investigation of the participation of the pulmonary microbiome in the presentation, severity, and prognosis of multiple pathologies, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial lung diseases, contributes to a better understanding of the pathophysiology. Dysregulation of microbiota components in the microbiome–host interaction is associated with multiple lung pathologies, severity, and prognosis, making microbiome study a useful tool for the identification of potential therapeutic strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Qnas with Max D. Cooper and Jacques F. A. P. Miller
    QNAS QnAswithMaxD.CooperandJacquesF.A.P.Miller QNAS Brian Doctrow, Science Writer Anyone who has ever contracted chicken pox can thank the adaptive immune system for future pro- tection against the disease. It is also thanks to this system that vaccines prevent diseases. The adaptive immune system provides organisms with a memory of past infections, enabling the body to quickly kill returning infections before they can do significant damage. Immunologists Jacques F. A. P. Miller and Max D. Cooper determined that adaptive immunity requires 2 distinct cell types that perform comple- mentary functions. Miller’s findings, published in the early 1960s in Lancet (1) and Proceedings of the Royal Society (2), showed that the ability to distinguish one’s own cells from foreign cells, a key feature of the adap- tive immune system, depends on lymphocytes, now known as T cells, matured in an organ called the thy- mus. Subsequently, Cooper reported in Nature (3) that Max Dale Cooper. Image courtesy of Georgia Research antibody production depends on a separate set of Alliance/Billy Howard. lymphocytes, dubbed B cells. The division of labor between T and B cells is a fundamental organizing principle of the adaptive immune system, the discov- did cancer research. I started working on leukemia and ery of which laid the groundwork for modern immu- this gave me an interest in lymphocytes. nology and made possible many subsequent medical advances, including monoclonal antibody produc- Cooper: I became interested through patients that I tion, vaccine development, and checkpoint inhibi- was taking care of: Children that had deficient immune tion therapies for cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy As Related to Tumor Formation Book Four
    SEER Program Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Book Four Second Edition U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutesof Health SEER PROGRAM SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR CANCER REGISTRARS Book 4 - Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Second Edition Prepared by: SEER Program Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Editor in Chief: Evelyn M. Shambaugh, M.A., CTR Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Assisted by Self-Instructional Manual Committee: Dr. Robert F. Ryan, Emeritus Professor of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Mildred A. Weiss Los Angeles, California Mary A. Kruse Bethesda, Maryland Jean Cicero, ART, CTR Health Data Systems Professional Services Riverdale, Maryland Pat Kenny Medical Illustrator for Division of Research Services National Institutes of Health CONTENTS BOOK 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AS RELATED TO TUMOR FORMATION Page Section A--Objectives and Content of Book 4 ............................... 1 Section B--Terms Used to Indicate Body Location and Position .................. 5 Section C--The Integumentary System ..................................... 19 Section D--The Lymphatic System ....................................... 51 Section E--The Cardiovascular System ..................................... 97 Section F--The Respiratory System ....................................... 129 Section G--The Digestive System ......................................... 163 Section
    [Show full text]
  • Cells, Tissues and Organs of the Immune System
    Immune Cells and Organs Bonnie Hylander, Ph.D. Aug 29, 2014 Dept of Immunology [email protected] Immune system Purpose/function? • First line of defense= epithelial integrity= skin, mucosal surfaces • Defense against pathogens – Inside cells= kill the infected cell (Viruses) – Systemic= kill- Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites • Two phases of response – Handle the acute infection, keep it from spreading – Prevent future infections We didn’t know…. • What triggers innate immunity- • What mediates communication between innate and adaptive immunity- Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann Ralph M. Steinman Jules A. Hoffmann Bruce A. Beutler Ralph M. Steinman 1996 (fruit flies) 1998 (mice) 1973 Discovered receptor proteins that can Discovered dendritic recognize bacteria and other microorganisms cells “the conductors of as they enter the body, and activate the first the immune system”. line of defense in the immune system, known DC’s activate T-cells as innate immunity. The Immune System “Although the lymphoid system consists of various separate tissues and organs, it functions as a single entity. This is mainly because its principal cellular constituents, lymphocytes, are intrinsically mobile and continuously recirculate in large number between the blood and the lymph by way of the secondary lymphoid tissues… where antigens and antigen-presenting cells are selectively localized.” -Masayuki, Nat Rev Immuno. May 2004 Not all who wander are lost….. Tolkien Lord of the Rings …..some are searching Overview of the Immune System Immune System • Cells – Innate response- several cell types – Adaptive (specific) response- lymphocytes • Organs – Primary where lymphocytes develop/mature – Secondary where mature lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells interact to initiate a specific immune response • Circulatory system- blood • Lymphatic system- lymph Cells= Leukocytes= white blood cells Plasma- with anticoagulant Granulocytes Serum- after coagulation 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulp Border in L1-Deficient Mice Selective Malformation of the Splenic White
    Selective Malformation of the Splenic White Pulp Border in L1-Deficient Mice Shih-Lien Wang, Michael Kutsche, Gino DiSciullo, Melitta Schachner and Steven A. Bogen This information is current as of September 27, 2021. J Immunol 2000; 165:2465-2473; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2465 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/5/2465 Downloaded from References This article cites 45 articles, 12 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/5/2465.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 27, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2000 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Selective Malformation of the Splenic White Pulp Border in L1-Deficient Mice1 Shih-Lien Wang,* Michael Kutsche,† Gino DiSciullo,* Melitta Schachner,† and Steven A. Bogen2* Lymphocytes enter the splenic white pulp by crossing the poorly characterized boundary of the marginal sinus. In this study, we describe the importance of L1, an adhesion molecule of the Ig superfamily, for marginal sinus integrity.
    [Show full text]