Ray Kurzweil from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

Home , Our Lady Peace

Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

Ray Kurzweil From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Raymond "Ray" Kurzweil (/ˈkɜrzwaɪl/ KURZ -wyl; born February 12, 1948) is an Ray Kurzweil American author, inventor, futurist, and is a director of engineering at Google. Aside from futurology, he is involved in ﬁelds such as optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology, and electronic keyboard instruments. He has written books on health, artiﬁcial intelligence (AI), transhumanism, the technological singularity, and futurism. Kurzweil is a public advocate for the futurist and transhumanist movements, as has been displayed in his vast collection of public talks, wherein he has shared his primarily optimistic outlooks on life extension technologies and the future of Born February 12, 1948 nanotechnology, robotics, and Queens, New York, U.S. biotechnology. Nationality American

Kurzweil was the principal inventor of the Alma mater Massachusetts Institute of Technology (B.S.) first CCD flatbed scanner,[2] the first omni-font optical character recognition,[2] Occupation Author, entrepreneur,, the first print-to-speech reading machine futurist and inventor for the blind,[3] the first commercial Employer Google Inc. [4] text-to-speech synthesizer, the first Spouse(s) Sonya Rosenwald Fenster music synthesizer Kurzweil K250 capable (1975–present)[1][1] of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments, and the first Children Ethan, Amy commercially marketed large-vocabulary Awards Grace Murray Hopper speech recognition.[5] Award (1978) National Medal of Kurzweil received the 1999 National Technology (1999) Medal of Technology and Innovation, America's highest honor in technology,, from President Clinton in a White House ceremony. He was the recipient of the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize for 2001,[6] the world's largest for innovation. And in 2002 he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, established by the U.S. Patent Office. He has received nineteen honorary doctorates, and honors from three U.S. presidents. Kurzweil has been described as a "restless genius" [7]

1oof2233 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

by The Wall Street Journal and "the ultimate thinking machine"[8] by Forbes. PBS included Kurzweil as one of 16 "revolutionaries who made America"[9] along with other inventors of the past two centuries. Inc. magazine ranked him #8 among the "most fascinating" entrepreneurs in the United States and called him "Edison's rightful heir".[10]

Kurzweil has authored seven books, ﬁve of which have been national bestsellers. The Age of Spiritual Machines has been translated into 9 languages and was the #1 best-selling book on Amazon in science. Kurzweil's book The Singularity Is Near was a New York Times bestseller, and has been the #1 book on Amazon in both science and philosophy. His latest bestseller is How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed..[11] Kurzweil speaks widely to audiences public and private and regularly delivers keynote speeches at industry conferences like DEMO, SXSW and TED. His website catalogs his public speaking, publications and media appearances.[12] He maintains the news website, KurzweilAI.net (http://www.kurzweilai.net/), which has over three million readers annually.[13]

Contents

11 Life, inventions, and business career 1.1 Early liflifee 1.1.22 Mid-d-liflifee 1.3 Later liflifee 22 Boooks 33 VVieiewwss 3.1 Encouraging futurism and transhumanism 3.2 Stance on the future of genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics 3.3 The Law of Accelerating Returns 3.4 Health and aging 3.5 Kurzweil's view of the human neocortex 44 Predictions 4.1 Past predictions 4.2 Future predictions 55 Receptptioionn 5.5.11 Praiaise 5.2 Criticism 66 See alalso 77 Referencess 88 Exterernal linkss

2oof2233 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

Life, inventions, and business career

Early life

Ray Kurzweil grew up in the New York City borough of Queens. He was born to secular Jewish parents who had escaped Austria just before the onset of World WWar II, and he was exposed via Unitarian Universalism to a diversity of religious faiths during his upbringing. Kurzweil is an agnostic[14] and panpsychist.[15] His father was a musician, a noted conductor, and a music educator. His mother was a visual artist. Kurzweil decided he wanted to be an inventor at the age of 5. In his youth, Kurzweil was an avid reader of science ﬁction literature. At the age of eight, nine, and ten, he read the entire Tom Swift Jr. series. When he was 8 or 9 years old, he built such things as a robotic theater and robotic game. He was involved with computers and built computing devices by the age of 12. At the age of 14, Kurzweil wrote a paper describing his theory of the neocortex, which he later submitted alongside several other projects for the Westinghouse Science Talent Search.[16]

Kurzweil attended Martin Van Buren High School. During class, he often held onto his class textbooks to seemingly participate, but instead, focused on his own projects which were hidden behind the book. His uncle, an engineer at Bell Labs, taught young Kurzweil the basics of computer science.[17] In 1963, at age fifteen, he wrote his first computer program.[18] He created a pattern-recognition software program that analyzed the works of classical composers, and then synthesized its own songs in similar styles. In 1965, he was invited to appear on the CBS television program I've Got a Secret, where he performed a piano piece that was composed by a computer he also had built.[19] Later that year, he won first prize in the International Science Fair for the invention;[20] Kurzweil's submission to Westinghouse Talent Search of his first computer program alongside several other projects resulted in him being one of its national winners, which allowed him to be personally congratulated by President Lyndon B. Johnson during a White House ceremony. These activities collectively impressed upon Kurzweil the belief that nearly any problem could be overcome.[21]

Mid-life

He obtained a B.S. in computer science and literature in 1970 at MIT. He went to MIT to study with Marvin Minsky who became a mentor of sorts. He took all of the computer programming courses oﬀered at MIT in the ﬁrst year and a half.

In 1968, during his sophomore year at MIT, Kurzweil started a company that used a computer program to match high school students with colleges. The program, called the Select College Consulting Program, was designed by him and compared

3oof2233 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

thousands of diﬀerent criteria about each college with questionnaire answers submitted by each student applicant. Around this time, he sold the company to Harcourt, Brace & World for $100,000 (roughly $672,841.95 in 2013 dollars) plus royalties.[22]

In 1974, Kurzweil founded Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. and led development of the first omni-font optical character recognition system, a computer program capable of recognizing text written in any normal font. Before that time, scanners had only been able to read text written in a few fonts. He decided that the best application of this technology would be to create a reading machine, which would allow blind people to understand written text by having a computer read it to them aloud. However, this device required the invention of two enabling technologies—the CCD flatbed scanner and the text-to-speech synthesizer.. Development of these technologies was completed at other institutions such as Bell Labs, and on January 13, 1976, the finished product was unveiled during aa news conference headed by him and the leaders of the National FFederation of the Blind. Called the Kurzweil Reading Machine, the device covered an entire tabletop. It gained him mainstream recognition: on the day of the machine's unveiling, Walter Cronkite used the machine to give his signature soundoff, "And that's the way it is, January 13, 1976." While listening to The Today Show,, musician Stevie Wonder heard a demonstration of the device and purchased the first production version of the Kurzweil Reading Machine, beginning a lifelong friendship with Kurzweil.

Kurzweil's next major business venture began in 1978, when Kurzweil Computer Products began selling a commercial version of the optical character recognition computer program. LexisNexis was one of the ﬁrst customers, and bought the program to upload paper legal and news documents onto its nascent online databases.

Kurzweil sold his company to Lernout & Hauspie. Following the bankruptcy of the latter, the system became a subsidiary of Xerox formerly known as Scansoft and now as Nuance Communications, and he functioned as a consultant for the former until 1995.

Kurzweil's next business venture was in the realm of electronic music technology. After a 1982 meeting with Stevie Wonder, in which the latter lamented the divide in capabilities and qualities between electronic synthesizers and traditional musical instruments, Kurzweil was inspired to create a new generation of music synthesizers capable of accurately duplicating the sounds of real instruments. Kurzweil Music Systems was founded in the same year, and in 1984, the Kurzweil K250 was unveiled. The machine was capable of imitating a number of instruments, and in tests musicians were unable to discern the diﬀerence between the Kurzweil K250 on piano mode from a normal grand piano.[23] The recording and mixing abilities of the machine, coupled with its abilities to imitate diﬀerent instruments made it possible for a single user to compose and play an

4oof2233 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

entire orchestral piece.

Kurzweil Music Systems was sold to Korean musical instrument manufacturer Y Young Chang in 1990. As with Xerox, Kurzweil remained as a consultant for several years. Hyundai acquired Young Chang in 2006 and in January 2007 appointed Raymond Kurzweil as Chief Strategy Oﬃcer of Kurzweil Music Systems.[24]

Later life

Concurrent with Kurzweil Music Systems, Kurzweil created the company Kurzweil Applied Intelligence (KAI) to develop computer speech recognition systems for commercial use. The ﬁrst product, which debuted in 1987, was an early speech recognition program.

Kurzweil started Kurzweil Educational Systems in 1996 to develop new pattern- recognition-based computer technologies to help people with disabilities such as blindness, dyslexia and ADD in school. Products include the Kurzweil 1000 text-to- speech converter software program, which enables a computer to read electronic and scanned text aloud to blind or visually impaired users, and the Kurzweil 3000 program, which is a multifaceted electronic learning system that helps with reading, writing, and study skills.

During the 1990s Kurzweil founded the Medical Learning Company.[25] The company's products included an interactive computer education program for doctors and a computer- simulated patient. Around the same time, Kurzweil started KurzweilCyberArt.com—a website featuring computer programs to assist the creative art process. The site used to oﬀer free downloads of a program called AARON—a visual art synthesizer developed by Harold Cohen—and of "Kurzweil's Cybernetic Poet", which automatically creates poetry. During this period he also started KurzweilAI.net, a website devoted towards showcasing news of Raymond Kurzweil at the scientiﬁc developments, publicizing the ideas Singularity Summit at Stanford in of high-tech thinkers and critics alike, and 2006 promoting futurist-related discussion among the general population through the Mind-X forum.

In 1999, Kurzweil created a hedge fund called "FatKat" (Financial Accelerating Transactions from Kurzweil Adaptive Technologies), which began trading in 2006. He has stated that the ultimate aim is to improve the performance of FatKat's A.I.

5oof2233 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

investment software program, enhancing its ability to recognize patterns in "currency fluctuations and stock-ownership trends."[26] He predicted in his 1999 book, The Age of Spiritual Machines, that computers will one day prove superior to the best human financial minds at making profitable investment decisions. In 2001, Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace released an album, titled Spiritual Machines, based on Kurzweil's book. Kurzweil's voice was featured in the album, reading excerpts from his book.

In June 2005, Kurzweil introduced the "Kurzweil-National Federation of the Blind Reader" (K-NFB Reader)—a pocket-sized device consisting of a digital camera and computer unit. Like the Kurzweil Reading Machine of almost 30 years before, the KK-NFB Reader is designed to aid blind people by reading written text aloud. The newer machine is portable and scans text through digital camera images, while the older machine is large and scans text through ﬂatbed scanning.

Kurzweil made a movie called The Singularity Is Near: A True Story About the Future[27] in 2010 based, in part, on his 2005 book The Singularity Is Near . Part fiction, part non-fiction, he interviews 20 big thinkers like Marvin Minsky, plus there is a B-line narrative story that illustrates some of the ideas, where a computer avatar (Ramona) saves the world from self-replicating microscopic robots. In addition to his movie, an independent, feature-length documentary was made about Kurzweil, his life, and his ideas called Transcendent Man. Filmmakers Barry Ptolemy and Felicia Ptolemy followed Kurzweil, documenting his global speaking-tour. Premiered in 2009 at the Tribeca Film Festival, [27] Transcendent Man documents Kurzweil's quest to reveal mankind's ultimate destiny and explores many of the ideas found in his New York Times bestselling book, The Singularity Is Near , including his concept exponential growth, radical life expansion, and how we will transcend our biology. The Ptolemys documented Kurzweil's stated goal of bringing back his late father using AI. The film also features critics who argue against Kurzweil's predictions.

In 2010, an independent documentary ﬁlm called Plug & Pray premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival, in which Kurzweil and one of his major critics, the late Joseph Weizenbaum, argue about the beneﬁts of eternal life. [28]

Kurzweil frequently comments on the application of cell-size nanotechnology to the workings of the human brain and how this could be applied to building AI. While being interviewed for a February 2009 issue of Rolling Stone magazine, Kurzweil expressed a desire to construct a genetic copy of his late father, Fredric Kurzweil, from DNA within his grave site. This feat would be achieved by exhumation and extraction of DNA, constructing a clone of Fredric and retrieving memories and recollections—from Ray's mind—of his father.[29]

In December 2012 Kurzweil was hired by Google in a full-time position to "work on new projects involving machine learning and language processing".[30] Google

6oof2233 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

co-founder Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one-sentence job description: "to bring natural language understanding to Google".[31]

Kurzweil is married with two children. His wife, Sonya Rosenwald Fenster, whom he married in 1975, is a child psychologist, while his son works as a venture capitalist and his daughter a choreographer.[32]

Books

Kurzweil's first book, The Age of Intelligent Machines, was published in 1990. The nonfiction work discusses the history of computer artificial intelligence (AI) and forecasts future developments. Other experts in the field of AI contribute heavily to the work in the form of essays. The Association of American Publishers' awarded it the status of Most Outstanding Computer Science Book of 1990.[33]

In 1993, Kurzweil published a book on nutrition called The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life. The book's main idea is that high levels of fat intake are the cause of many health disorders common in the U.S., and thus that cutting fat consumption down to 10% of the total calories consumed would be optimal for most people.

In 1999, Kurzweil published The Age of Spiritual Machines, which further elucidates his theories regarding the future of technology, which themselves stem from his analysis of long-term trends in biological and technological evolution. Much emphasis is on the likely course of AI development, along with the future of computer architecture..

Kurzweil's next book, published in 2004, returned to human health and nutrition. Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever was co-authored by Terry Grossman, a medical doctor and specialist in alternative medicine.

The Singularity Is Near , published in 2005, was made into a movie starring Pauleyy Perrette from NCIS.[34] In February 2007, Ptolemaic Productions acquired the rights to The Singularity is Near ,, The Age of Spiritual Machines and F Fantastic Voyage including the rights to ﬁlm Kurzweil's life and ideas for the documentary ﬁlm Transcendent Man, which was directed by Barry Ptolemy.

Transcend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever ,,[35] a follow-up to F Fantastic Voyage,, was released on April 28, 2009.

Kurzweil's latest book, How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed, was released on Nov. 13, 2012.[36] In it Kurzweil describes his Pattern Recognition Theory of Mind, the theory that the neocortex is a hierarchical system of pattern recognizers, and argues that duplicating this architecture in machines could lead to an artiﬁcial superintelligence.[37]

7oof2233 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

Kurzweil is also writing a novel called Danielle, about his imaginary superheroine daughter who solves problems through intelligence.[38]

Views

Encouraging futurism and transhumanism

Kurzweil's standing as a futurist and transhumanist has led to his involvement in several singularity-themed organizations. In December 2004, Kurzweil joined the advisory board of the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence.[39] In October 2005, Kurzweil joined the scientific advisory board of the Lifeboat Foundation.[40] On May 13, 2006, Kurzweil was the first speaker at the Singularity Summit at Stanford.[41] In May 2013, Kurzweil was the keynote speaker at the 2013 proceeding of the Research, Innovation, Start-up and Employment (RISE) international conference in Seoul, Korea Republic.[42]

In February 2009, Kurzweil, in collaboration with Google and the NASA Ames Research Center, announced the creation of the Singularity University training center for corporate executives and government officials. The University's self-described mission is to "assemble, educate and inspire a cadre of leaders who strive to understand and facilitate the development of exponentially advancing technologies and apply, focus and guide these tools to address humanity's grand challenges".[43] Using Vernor Vinge's Singularity concept as a foundation, the university offered its first nine-week graduate program to 40 students in June, 2009.

Stance on the future of genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics

Kurzweil is working with the Army Science Advisory Board to develop a rapid response system to deal with the possible abuse of biotechnology. He suggests that the same technologies that are empowering us to reprogram biology away from cancer and heart disease could be used by a bioterrorist to reprogram a biological virus to be more deadly, communicable, and stealthy. Fortunately, he believes that we have the scientiﬁc tools to successfully defend against these attacks, similar to the way we defend against computer software viruses. He has testiﬁed before Congress on the subject of nanotechnology, advocating that nanotechnology has the potential to solve serious global problems such as poverty, disease, and climate change, viz. "Nanotech Could Give Global Warming a Big Chill".[44] In media appearances, Kurzweil has also stressed the extreme potential dangers of nanotechnology[19] but argues that in practice, progress cannot be stopped because that would require a totalitarian system, and any attempt to do so would drive dangerous technologies underground and deprive responsible scientists of the tools needed for defense. He suggests that the proper

8oof2233 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

place of regulation is to ensure that technological progress proceeds safely and quickly, but does not deprive the world of profound beneﬁts. He stated, "To avoid dangers such as unrestrained nanobot replication, we need relinquishment at the right level and to place our highest priority on the continuing advance of defensive technologies, staying ahead of destructive technologies. An overall strategy should include a streamlined regulatory process, a global program of monitoring for unknown or evolving biological pathogens, temporary moratoriums, raising public awareness, international cooperation, software reconnaissance, and fostering values of liberty, tolerance, and respect for knowledge and diversity."" [45]

The Law of Accelerating Returns

Main article: Accelerating change

In his 1999 book The Age of Spiritual Machines Kurzweil proposed "The Law of Accelerating Returns", according to which the rate of change in a wide variety of f evolutionary systems (including the growth of technologies) tends to increase exponentially.[46] He gave further focus to this issue in a 2001 essay entitled "The Law of Accelerating Returns", which proposed an extension of Moore's law to a wide variety of technologies, and used this to argue in favor of Vernor Vinge's concept of a technological singularity.[47] Kurzweil suggests that this exponential technological growth is counter-intuitive to the way our brains perceive the world- since our brains were biologically inherited from humans living in a world that was linear and local- and, as a consequence, he believes it has encouraged great skepticism in his future projections.

Health and aging

Kurzweil admits that he cared little for his health until age 35, when he was found to suﬀer from a glucose intolerance, an early form of type II diabetes (a major risk factor for heart disease). Kurzweil then found a doctor (Terry Grossman, M.D.) who shares his non-conventional beliefs to develop an extreme regimen involving hundreds of pills, chemical intravenous treatments, red wine and various other methods to attempt to live longer. Kurzweil was ingesting "250 supplements, eight to 10 glasses of alkaline water and 10 cups of green tea" every day and drinking several glasses of red wine a week in an eﬀort to "reprogram" his biochemistry.[48] Lately, he has cut down the number of supplement pills to 150.[49]

Kurzweil joined the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, a cryonics company. In the event of his declared death, Kurzweil will be perfused with cryoprotectants, vitriﬁed in liquid nitrogen, and stored at an Alcor facility in the hope that future medical technology will be able to repair his tissues and revive him.[50]

9oof2233 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

He has authored three books on the subjects of nutrition, health and immortality: The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life,, Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever and Transcend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever ..[51] In all, he recommends that other people emulate his health practices to the best of their abilities. Kurzweil and his current "anti-aging" doctor, Terry Grossman, MD., now have two websites promoting their ﬁrst[52] and second book.[53]

He has stated that he believes that in the future, everyone will live forever. [54] In a 2013 interview, Kurzweil said that in 15 years, medical technology could add more than a year to one's remaining life expectancy for each year that passes, and we could then "outrun our own deaths". He has been an extreme advocate of SENS Research Foundation for the successful defeating of aging, and has encouraged acts of donation to hasten their rejuvenation research.[31][55]

Kurzweil's view of the human neocortex

According to Kurzweil, technologists will be creating synthetic neocortexes based on the operating principles of the human neocortex with the primary purpose of extending our own neocortexes. He believes that the neocortex of an adult human consists of approximately 300 million pattern recognizers. He draws on the commonly accepted belief that the primary anatomical diﬀerence between humans and other primates that allowed for superior intellectual abilities was the evolution of a larger neocortex. He claims that the six-layered neocortex deals with increasing abstraction from one layer to the next. He says that at the low levels, the neocortex may seem cold and mechanical because it can only make simple decisions, but at the higher levels of the hierarchy, the neocortex is likely to be dealing with concepts like being funny, being sexy, expressing a loving sentiment, creating a poem or understanding a poem, etc. He believes that these higher levels of the human neocortex were the enabling factors to permit the human development of language, technology, art, and science. He stated, "If the quantitative improvement from primates to humans with the big forehead was the enabling factor to allow for language, technology, art, and science, what kind of qualitative leap can we make with another quantitative increase? Why not go from 300 million pattern recognizers to a billion?”[56]

Predictions

Main article: Predictions made by Ray Kurzweil

Past predictions

Kurzweil's ﬁrst book, The Age of Intelligent Machines, presented his ideas about the future. It was written from 1986 to 1989 and published in 1990. Building on Ithiel de Sola Pool's "Technologies of Freedom" (1983), Kurzweil claims to have

110oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

forecast the demise of the Soviet Union due to new technologies such as cellular phones and fax machines disempowering authoritarian governments by removing state control over the ﬂow of information.[57] In the book Kurzweil also extrapolated preexisting trends in the improvement of computer chess software performance to predict that computers would beat the best human players "by the year 2000".[58] In May 1997 chess World Champion Garry Kasparov was defeated by IBM's Deep Blue computer in a well-publicized chess tournament.[59]

Perhaps most significantly, Kurzweil foresaw the explosive growth in worldwide Internet use that began in the 1990s. At the time of the publication of The Age of Intelligent Machines, there were only 2.6 million Internet users in the world, [60] and the medium was unreliable, difficult to use, and deficient in content. He also stated that the Internet would explode not only in the number of users but in content as well, eventually granting users access "to international networks of libraries, data bases, and information services". Additionally, Kurzweil claims toto have correctly foreseen that the preferred mode of Internet access would inevitably be through wireless systems, and he was also correct to estimate that the latter would become practical for widespread use in the early 21st century.

Kurzweil also claims to have accurately forecast that, by the end of the 1990s, many documents would exist solely in computers and on the Internet, and that they would commonly be embedded with sounds, animations, and videos that would inhibit their transfer to paper format. Moreover, he claims to have foreseen that cellular phones would grow in popularity while shrinking in size for the foreseeable future.

Kurzweil's predictions for 2009 were mostly inaccurate, claims Forbes magazine. For example, Kurzweil predicted, "The majority of text is created using continuous speech recognition." This is not the case.[61]

Future predictions

In 1999, Kurzweil published a second book titled The Age of Spiritual Machines,, which goes into more depth explaining his futurist ideas. The third and ﬁnal part of the book is devoted to predictions over the coming century, from 2009 through 2099. While in The Singularity Is Near he makes fewer concrete short-term predictions, but includes many longer-term visions.

He believes that with radical life extension will come radical life enhancement. He is conﬁdent that within 10 years we will have the option to spend some of our time in 3D virtual environments that appear just as real as real reality, but these will not yet be made possible via direct interaction with our nervous system. He believes that 20 to 25 years from now, we will have millions of blood-cell sized devices, known as nanobots, inside our bodies ﬁghting against diseases, improving our memory, and cognitive abilities. He believes that a machine will

111oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

pass the Turing test by 2029, and that around 2045, "the pace of change will be so astonishingly quick that we won't be able to keep up, unless we enhance our own intelligence by merging with the intelligent machines we are creating". He stresses that "AI is not an intelligent invasion from Mars. These are brain extenders that we have created to expand our own mental reach. They are part of our civilization. They are part of who we are. So over the next few decades our human-machine civilization will become increasingly dominated by its non-biological component." [62]

In 2008, Kurzweil said in an expert panel in the National Academy of Engineering that solar power will scale up to produce all the energy needs of Earth's people in 20 years. According to Kurzweil, we only need to capture 1 part in 10,000 of the energy from the Sun that hits Earth's surface to meet all of humanity's energy needs.[63]

Reception

Praise

Kurzweil was referred to as "the ultimate thinking machine" by Forbes[8] and as a "restless genius"[7] by The Wall Street Journal. PBS included Kurzweil as one of 16 "revolutionaries who made America"[9] along with other inventors of the past two centuries. Inc. magazine ranked him #8 among the "most fascinating" entrepreneurs in the United States and called him "Edison's rightful heir".[10]

Kurzweil has received many awards and honors, including:

First place in the 1965 International Science Fair [20] for inventing the classical music synthesizing computer. The 1978 Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery. The award is given annually to one "outstanding young computer professional" and is accompanied by a $35,000 prize.[64] Kurzweil won it for his invention of the Kurzweil Reading Machine.[65] In 1986, Kurzweil was named Honorary Chairman for Innovation of the White House Conference on Small Business by President Reagan In 1988, Kurzweil was named Inventor of the Year by MIT and the Boston Museum of Science.[66] In 1990, Kurzweil was voted Engineer of the Year by the over one million readers of Design News Magazine and received their third annual Technology Achievement Award[66][67] The 1994 Dickson Prize in Science. One is awarded every year by Carnegie Mellon University to individuals who have "notably advanced the ﬁeld of

112oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

science." Both a medal and a $50,000 prize are presented to winners.[68] The 1998 "Inventor of the Year" award from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[69] The 1999 National Medal of Technology.[70] This is the highest award the President of the United States can bestow upon individuals and groups for pioneering new technologies, and the President dispenses the award at his discretion.[71] Bill Clinton presented Kurzweil with the National Medal of TTechnology during a White House ceremony in recognition of Kurzweil's development of computer-based technologies to help the disabled. The 2000 TTelluride TTech Festival Award of Technology..[72] Two other individuals also received the same honor that year. The award is presented yearly to people who "exemplify the life, times and standard of contribution of Tesla, Westinghouse and Nunn." The 2001 Lemelson-MIT Prize for a lifetime of developing technologies to help the disabled and to enrich the arts.[73] Only one is meted out each year to highly successful, mid-career inventors. A $500,000 award accompanies the prize.[74] Kurzweil was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2002 for inventing the Kurzweil Reading Machine.[75] The organization "honors the women and men responsible for the great technological advances that make human, social and economic progress possible."[76] Fifteen other people were inducted into the Hall of Fame the same year. [77] The Arthur C. Clarke Lifetime Achievement Award on April 20, 2009 for lifetime achievement as an inventor and futurist in computer-based technologies.[78] In 2011, Kurzweil was named a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council.[79] In 2013, Kurzweil was honored as a Silicon Valley Visionary Award winner on June 26 by SVForum[80] In 2014, Kurzweil was honored with the American Visionary Art Museum’s Grand Visionary Award on January 30.[81][82][83] Kurzweil has received 20 honorary doctorates in science, engineering, music and humane letters from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Hofstra University and other leading colleges and universities, as well as honors from three U.S. presidents - Clinton, Reagan and Johnson.[84][85] Kurzweil has received seven national and international ﬁlm awards including the CINE Golden Eagle Award and the Gold Medal for Science Education from the International Film and TV Festival of New York. [66]

Criticism

113oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

Kurzweil's ideas have generated criticism within the scientiﬁc community and in the media.

Although the idea of a technological singularity is a popular concept in science ﬁction, some authors such as Neal Stephenson[86] and Bruce Sterling have voiced skepticism about its real-world plausibility. Sterling expressed his views on the singularity scenario in a talk at the Long Now Foundation entitled The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole..[87][88] Other prominent AI thinkers and computer scientists such as Daniel Dennett,[89] Rodney Brooks,[90] David Gelernter[91] and Paul Allen[92] also criticized Kurzweil's projections.

Daniel Lyons, writing in Newsweek, criticized Kurzweil for some of his predictions that turned out to be wrong, such as the economy continuing to boom from the 1998 dot-com through 2009, a US company having a market capitalization of more than $1 trillion, a supercomputer achieving 20 petaflops, speech recognition being in widespread use and cars that would drive themselves using sensors installed in highways; all by 2009.[93] To the charge that a 20 petaflop supercomputer was not produced in the time he predicted, Kurzweil responded that he considers Google a giant supercomputer, and that it is indeed capable of 20 petaflops.[93]

In the cover article of the December 2010 issue of IEEE Spectrum, John Rennie criticizes Kurzweil for several predictions that failed to become manifest by the originally predicted date. "Therein lie the frustrations of Kurzweil's brand of tech punditry. On close examination, his clearest and most successful predictions often lack originality or profundity. And most of his predictions come with so many loopholes that they border on the unfalsiﬁable."[94]

Bill Joy, cofounder of Sun Microsystems, agrees with Kurzweil's timeline of future progress, but thinks that technologies such as AI, nanotechnology and advanced biotechnology will create a dystopian world.[95] Mitch Kapor, the founder of Lotus Development Corporation, has called the notion of a technological singularity "intelligent design for the IQ 140 people...This proposition that we're heading to this point at which everything is going to be just unimaginably diﬀerent—it's fundamentally, in my view, driven by a religious impulse. And all of the frantic arm-waving can't obscure that fact for me."[96]

Some critics have argued more strongly against Kurzweil and his ideas. Cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter has said of Kurzweil's and Hans Moravec's books: "It's an intimate mixture of rubbish and good ideas, and it's very hard to disentangle the two, because these are smart people; they're not stupid."[97] Biologist P. Z. Myers has criticized Kurzweil's predictions as being based on "New Age spiritualism" rather than science and says that Kurzweil does not understand basic biology..[98][99] VR pioneer Jaron Lanier has even described Kurzweil's ideas

114oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

as "cybernetic totalism" and has outlined his views on the culture surrounding Kurzweil's predictions in an essay for Edge.org entitled One Half of a Manifesto..[100]

In a critical review of Kurzweil's book How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed, philosopher Colin McGinn refers to "the hype so blatantly brandished in its title" and asks: "He is clearly a man of many parts—but is ultimate theoretician of the mind one of them?" McGinn calls Kurzweil's claim that pattern recognition is the key to mental phenomena "obviously false" and concludes that the book is "interesting in places, fairly readable, moderately informative, but wildly overstated".".[101]

ohn Gray, the British philosopher, argues that contemporary science is what magic was for ancient civilizations. It gives a sense of hope for those who are willing to do almost anything in order to achieve eternal life. He quotes Kurzweil's Singularity as another example of a trend which has almost always been present in the history of mankind.[102]

See also

Accelerating change Singularity University Paradigm shift TTechnological singularity Predictive medicine Transhumanism Simulated reality Transcendent Man

References

1.1. ^^ Rozen, Leah (1987-03-09). Talk May 3.3. ^^ Ikenson, Ben (2004). Patents: Be Cheap, but Ray Kurzweil Stands to Ingenious Inventions, How they work Make Millions by Yakking to His Voice and How they came to be Computer (http://www.people.com (http://books.google.com /people/archive/article /books?id=-HSwaSyqPBwC& /0,,20095795,00.html). Retrieved pg=PA139). Black Dog & Leventhal. 2013-02-14. pp. 139–140. 2.2. ^^ a bb "Inventor Proﬁle Ray Kurzweil" ISBN 978-1579123673."Invented in (http://www.invent.org/Hall_Of_Fame 1976, the Kurzweil Reading Machine is /180.html). Invent Now, Inc. Retrieved the world's ﬁrst computer to transform 9 February 2013. text into computer-spoken word." 4.4. ^^ Klatt, D. (1987) "Review of Text-to- Speech Conversion for English" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82(3):737-93

115oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

5.5. ^^ "Ray Kurzweil Bio" 16. ^^ http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows (http://www.kurzweilai.net /2012-11-27/ray-kurzweil-how-create- /ray-kurzweil-bio). KurzweilAI. mind-secret-human-thought-revealed Retrieved 2013-07-28. /transcript 6.6. ^^ "Raymond Kurzweil 2001 17. ^^ "Inventor of the WWeek" Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner" (http://web.mit.edu/invent (http://web.mit.edu/invent/a-winners /iow/kurzweil.html). WWeb.mit.edu. /a-kurzweil.html). MIT. Retrieved 10 Retrieved 2011-04-21. February 2013. 18. ^^ "KurzweilAI.net" 7.7. ^^ a bb Bulkeley, William (1989-06-23). (http://www.kurzweilai.net "Kurzweil Applied Intelligence, Inc.". /meme/frame.html?main=/articles The Wall Street Journal.. /art0467.html). KurzweilAI.net. p. A3A."Among the leaders is Kurzweil, Retrieved 2011-04-21. a a bb a closely held company run by 19. ^^ In Depth: Ray Kurzweill Raymond Kurzweil, a restless (http://www.booktv.org/Program 41-year-old genius who developed both /7515/In+Depth+Ray+Kurzweil.aspx). optical character recognition and Book TV. 2006-11-05. Retrieved speech synthesis to make a machine 2010-05-18. that reads aloud to the blind." 20. ^^ a bb "Alumni Honors" 8.8. ^^ a bb Pfeiﬀer, Eric (1998-04-06) "Start (http://www.societyforscience.org Up" (http://www.forbes.com/asap/1998 /Page.aspx?pid=261). Society for /0406/017.html). Forbes. Retrieved on Science and the Public. Retrieved 2013-01-25. 2010-05-18. 9.9. ^^ a bb "Who Made America?" 21. ^^ http://techland.time.com/2010/04 (http://www.pbs.org /02/an-interview-with-ray-kurzweil/ /wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade 22. ^^ "Biography of Ray Kurzweil" /innovators_hi.html). PBS. Retrieved 9 (http://www.kurzweiltech.com February 2013. /raybio.html). Kurzweiltech.com. 10. ^^ a bb "26 Most Fascinating 1976-01-13. Retrieved 2011-03-27. Entrepreneurs" (http://www.inc.com 23. ^^ Donald Byrd and Christopher /magazine/20050401/26-index.html). Y Yavelow (1986). "The Kurzweil 250 Inc. Retrieved 9 February 2013. Digital Synthesizer". Computer Music 11. ^^ Kurzweil, Ray (2012). How to Journal 10 (1): 64. Create a Mind: The Secret of Human doi:10.2307/3680298 (http://dx.doi.org Thought Revealed. ISBN 0670025291.1. /10.2307%2F3680298). 12. ^^ "Public Speaking General JSTOR 3680298 (//www.jstor.org/stable Information" /3680298). (http://www.kurzweilai.net/public- 24. ^^ "Hyundai names Kurzweil Chief speaking-general-info). Retrieved 10 Strategy Oﬃcer of Kurzweil Music February 2013. Systems" (http://www.kurzweilai.net 13. ^^ http://www.kurzweilai.net /news/frame.html?main=news_single.h /ray-kurzweil-bio tml?id%3D6360). Kurzweilai.net. 14. ^^ http://transcripts.cnn.com 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2012-04-27. /TRANSCRIPTS/0805/30/gb.01.html 15. ^^ http://www.mtnmath.com/whatrh /node28.html

116oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

25. ^^ List of Private Companies 32. ^^ Ray Kurzweil, Founder, Chairman & Worldwide, BusinessWeek CEO, Kurzweil Technologies | CRN.com (http://investing.businessweek.com (http://www.crn.com/news/channel- /businessweek/research/stocks/private programs/174907129/ray-kurzweil- /person.asp?personId=542059). founder-chairman-ceo-kurzweil- Investing.businessweek.com. Retrieved technologies.htm;jsessionid=NL5Tvlov on 2011-06-16. 5t9uG2oJX2Tohg**.ecappj02). 26. ^^ O'Keefe, Brian (May 2, 2007). "The Retrieved on 2012-03-27. smartest (or the nuttiest) futurist on 33. ^^ Colin, Johnson (1998-12-28). "Era of Earth" (http://money.cnn.com Smart People is Dawning". Electronic /magazines/fortune/fortune_archive Engineering Times.. /2007/05/14/100008848/). CNN .. 34. ^^ "The Singularity Is Near: IMDB" Retrieved May 22, 2010. (http://www.imdb.com/title 27. ^^ a bb Raymond Kurzweil /tt1049412/). Retrieved 2012-02-10. (http://www.imdb.com 35. ^^ "Transcend: Nine Steps to Living /name/nm0961244/) at the Internet Well Forever" Movie Database (http://www.rayandterry.com 28. ^^ Independent documentary Plug & /transcend/). Pray (http://www.plugandpray-film.com 36. ^^ "Ray Kurzweil’s How to Create a /en/). Plugandpray-film.com. Retrieved Mind published" on 2011-06-16. (http://www.kurzweilai.net 29. ^^ Transcendent Man /ray-kurzweils-how-to-create-a-mind- (http://www.hulu.com/watch/295707 published). KurzweilAI. November 17, /transcendent-man) makes comments 2012. substantiating this at about mark 37. ^^ Kurzweil, Ray (2012). How to Create 00:50 mentions resurrecting dead at a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought about 1:10. Revealed. New York: Viking Books. 30. ^^ Letzing, John (2012-12-14). "Google ISBN 978-0-670-02529-9. Hires Famed Futurist Ray Kurzweil" 38. ^^ Fernandez, Jay A. (March 8, 2012). (http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2012/12 "SXSW Preview: Damon Lindelof /14/google-hires-famed-futurist- Interviews Ray Kurzweil About What ray-kurzweil/?mod=WSJBlog& Hollywood Gets Wrong (Q&A)" utm_source=twitterfeed& (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com utm_medium=twitter& /risky-business/sxsw-2012-damon- source=email_rt_mc_body&ifp=0). The lindelof-ray-kurzweil-297218). The WWall Street Journal. Retrieved Hollywood Reporter. 2013-02-13. 39. ^^ Board | Singularity Institute for 31. ^^ a bb Will Google's Ray Kurzweil Live Artificial Intelligencee Forever? (http://online.wsj.com/article (http://www.singinst.org/aboutus /SB1000142412788732450470457841 /board). Singinst.org. Retrieved on 2581386515510.html), interview atat 2011-06-16. WSJ, April 12, 2013. 40. ^^ Lifeboat Foundation Advisory Boards (http://lifeboat.com /ex/boards#robotics). Lifeboat.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-16.

117oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

41. ^^ Printable version: Smarter than 48. ^^ Never Say Die: Live Forever thou? / Stanford conference ponders a (http://www.wired.com/news/medtech brave new world with machines more /0,1286,66585,00.html?tw=wn_tophea powerful than their creators d_3). Wired.com. Retrieved on (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin 2011-06-16. /article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/12 49. ^^ CNN.com – Transcripts /BUG9IIMG1V197.DTL& (http://transcripts.cnn.com type=printable). Sfgate.com /TRANSCRIPTS/0805/30/gb.01.html). (2006-05-12). Retrieved on Transcripts.cnn.com (2008-05-30). 2011-06-16. Retrieved on 2011-06-16. 42. ^^ . RISE/Future Conference. 21–22 50. ^^ Philipkoski, Kirsten (2002-11-18). May 2013 "Ray Kurzweil's Plan: Never Die" http://www.futureconference.or.kr (http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle /bs/content.php?co_id=KeynoteSpeech. /news/2002/11/56448). Wired.. Retrieved 7 May 2013. Missing or Retrieved 2013-02-11. empty |title= (help) 51. ^^ TRANSCEND | Home page 43. ^^ "F"FAQ | Singularity University" (http://www.rayandterry.com (http://singularityu.org/about/faq/). /TRANSCEND/). Rayandterry.com. Singularityu.org. 2008-09-20. Retrieved on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2011-03-27. 52. ^^ Live Long Enough to Live Forever 44. ^^ "Nanotech Could Give Global (http://www.fantastic-voyage.net/). Warming a Big Chill" Fantastic Voyage. Retrieved on (http://www.qsinano.com 2011-06-16. /pdf/ForbesWolfe_NanotechReport_July 53. ^^ Ray and Terry's Longevity Products – 2006.pdf) (PDF). July 2006. Retrieved Store Front Page June 16, 2011. (http://www.rayandterry.com 45. ^^ "Nanotechnology Dangers and /index.asp). Rayandterry.com. Defenses" (http://www.kurzweilai.net Retrieved on 2011-06-16. /nanotechnology-dangers- 54. ^^ "As Humans and Computers Merge and-defenses). KurzweilAI. Retrieved ... Immortality? | PBS NewsHour | July 2013-07-28. 10, 2012" (http://www.pbs.org 46. ^^ Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual /newshour/bb/business/july- Machines, Viking, 1999, p. 30 dec12/immortal_07-10.html). PBS. (http://books.google.com 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2012-07-11. /books?id=ldAGcyh0bkUC&lpg=PP1& 55. ^^ "Ray Kurzweil At SENS 3 | Video" pg=PA630#v=onepage&q&f=false) (http://www.exponentialtimes.net and p. 32 (http://books.google.com /videos/ray-kurzweil-sens-3). /books?id=ldAGcyh0bkUC&lpg=PP1& Exponential Times. 2011-08-25. pg=PA632#v=onepage&q&f=false) Retrieved 2013-07-28. 47. ^^ "The Law of Accelerating Returns" 56. ^^ "Ray Kurzweil: Your Brain in the (http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law- Cloud" (http://www.youtube.com of-accelerating-returns). Kurzweilai.net /watch?v=0iTq0FLDII4). YYouTube. (2011-06-05). Retrieved on 2013-02-19. Retrieved 2013-07-28. 2011-06-16. 57. ^^ Kurzweil, Ray (1990). The Age of Intelligent Machiness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 446. ISBN 0-262-11121-7.

118oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

58. ^^ Kurzweil, Ray (1990). The Age of 67. ^^ Engineer of the Year Hall of Fame, Intelligent Machiness. Cambridge, MA: 6/12/2007 MIT Press. p. 133. (http://www.designnews.com/article ISBN 0-262-11121-7. /CA6451495.html) 59. ^^ Weber, Bruce (1997-05-12). "Swift 68. ^^ Dickson Prize (http://www.nndb.com and Slashing, Computer Topples /honors/045/000111709/). Nndb.com. Kasparav" (http://www.nytimes.com Retrieved on 2011-06-16. /1997/05/12/nyregion/swift- 69. ^^ Corporation names new members and-slashing-computer-topples- (http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice kasparov.html). The New York Times.. /2005/corporation-0608.html). Retrieved 2013-02-13. WWeb.mit.edu (2005-06-08). Retrieved 60. ^^ Fleeing the dot.com era: decline in on 2011-06-16. Internet usage (http://findarticles.com 70. ^^ TTechnology Administration. THE /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_2001_Feb NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY /ai_70910777/pg_3). Findarticles.com. RECIPIENTS. 1985–2006 Recipients Retrieved on 2011-06-16. (http://web.archive.org 61. ^^ Kurzweil, Ray (2012). "Ray /web/20070928061946/http: Kurzweil's Predictions For 2009 Were //www.technology.gov/medal Mostly Inaccurate" /Recipients.htm). technology.gov (http://www.forbes.com/sites 71. ^^ TTechnology Administration. THE /alexknapp/2012/03/20/ray-kurzweils- NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY. predictions-for-2009-were-mostly- 2007 Events and Activities inaccurate/). Forbes. (http://web.archive.org 62. ^^ Ray Kurzweil: the ultimate thinking /web/20071218140046/http: machine (http://www.kurzweilai.net //www.technology.gov/medal/). /ray-kurzweil-the-ultimate-thinking- technology.gov machine). KurzweilAI (2012-03-01). 72. ^^ Telluride Tech Festival Retrieved on 2013-09-23. (http://www.techfestival.org/honorees) 63. ^^ "Solar Power to Rule in 20 Years, 73. ^^ Winners' Circle: Raymond Kurzweil Futurists Say" (http://web.mit.edu/invent/a-winners (http://www.livescience.com /a-kurzweil.html). WWeb.mit.edu. /environment/080219-kurzweil- Retrieved on 2011-06-16. solar.html). LiveScience. 2008-02-19. 74. ^^ Lemelson-MIT Prize Retrieved 2011-03-27. (http://web.mit.edu/invent 64. ^^ ACM Awards: Grace Murray Hopper /a-prize.html). WWeb.mit.edu Award (http://awards.acm.org (2006-10-27). Retrieved on /hopper/). Awards.acm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-16. on 2011-06-16. 75. ^^ Ray Kurzweil Inventor Profile 65. ^^ ACM: Fellows Award / Raymond (http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame Kurzweil (http://awards.acm.org /180.html). Invent.org (1948-02-12). /citation.cfm?id=3622009&srt=all& Retrieved on 2011-06-16. aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER). 76. ^^ Hall of Fame Overview Awards.acm.org. Retrieved on (http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame 2011-06-16. /1_0_0_hall_of_fame.asp). Invent.org. 66. ^^ a b cc http://www.kurzweilai.net Retrieved on 2011-06-16. /ray-kurzweil

119oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

77. ^^ Hall of Fame 2002 86. ^^ Miller, Robin (2004-10-20). "Neal (http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame Stephenson Responds With Wit and /1_1_4_listing_induction.asp?vInductio Humor" (http://interviews.slashdot.org n=2002). Invent.org. Retrieved on /article.pl?sid=04/10/20/1518217). 2011-06-16. Slashdot. Retrieved 2008-08-28. "My 78. ^^ "The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation" thoughts are more in line with those of (http://www.clarkefoundation.org Jaron Lanier, who points out that while /news/042009.php). hardware might be getting faster all Clarkefoundation.org. 2009-04-20. the time, software is shit (I am Retrieved 2011-03-27. paraphrasing his argument). And 79. ^^ "Design Futures Council Senior without software to do something Fellows" (http://www.di.net/about useful with all that hardware, the /senior_fellows/). Di.net. hardware's nothing more than a really 80. ^^ http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose complicated space heater." /news/2013/06/27/hear-from-2013- 87. ^^ Brand, Stewart (2004-06-14). "Bruce visionary-award- Sterling – "The Singularity: Your winners.html?page=all Future as a Black Hole"e" "" 81. ^^ http://www.avam.org/news- (http://blog.longnow.org/2004/06 and-events/pdf/press-releases /14/bruce-sterling-the-singularity- /2013/AVAM- your-future-as-a-black-hole/). The Long 2014%20Gala%20Honorees- Now Foundation. Retrieved 12.11.13.pdf 2009-06-08. 82. ^^ http://events.baltimore.cbslocal.com 88. ^^ Sterling, Bruce. "The Singularity: /baltimore_md/events/avams- Y Your Future as a Black Hole" 2014-gala-celebration-honoring- (http://media.longnow.org/seminars ray-kurzw-/E0-001-066126729-0 /salt-0200406-sterling/salt-0200406- 83. ^^ http://www.kurzweilai.net/a-tour- sterling.mp3) (MP3). "It's an end-of- with-ray-adventure-in-art-and-dance- history notion, and like most end-of- at-the-american-visionary-art-museum- history notions, it is showing its age." award-gala-honoring-ray-kurzweil 89. ^^ Dennett, Daniel. "The Reality Club: 84. ^^ http://www.kurzweilai.net One Half Of A Manifesto" /ray-kurzweil-biography (http://www.edge.org/discourse 85. ^^ Raymond Kurzweil, /jaron_manifesto.html#dennett). (http://people.forbes.com/profile Edge.org. "I'm glad that Lanier /raymond-kurzweil/146841)) Forbes, entertains the hunch that Dawkins and Retrieved 2012-06-05 I (and Hofstadter and others) 'see some flaw in logic that insulates [our] thinking from the eschatalogical implications' drawn by Kurzweil and Moravec. He's right. I, for one, do see such a flaw, and I expect Dawkins and Hofstadter would say the same."

220oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

90. ^^ Brooks, Rodney. "The Reality Club: 93. ^^ a bb Lyons, Daniel (May 2009). "I, One Half Of A Manifesto" Robot" (http://www.newsweek.com (http://www.edge.org/discourse /id/197812/page/2). Newsweekk.. /jaron_manifesto.html#brooks). Retrieved 2009-05-22. "During the Edge.org. "I do not at all agree with height of the dotcom boom in 1998, Moravec and Kurzweil's predictions for Kurzweil predicted that the economy an eschatological cataclysm, just in would keep on booming right through time for their own memories and 2009 and that at least one U.S. thoughts and person hood to be company would have a market preserved before they might otherwise capitalization of more than $1 trillion, die." neither of which occurred. Kurzweil 91. ^^ Transcript of debate over feasibility also predict-ed that by 2009 a top of near-term AI (moderated by Rodney supercomputer would be capable of Brooks): "Gelernter, Kurzweil debate performing 20 petaflops, the same as machine consciousness" the human brain. In fact, the top (http://www.edge.org/discourse supercomputer at the time, the IBM /jaron_manifesto.html#brooks). Roadrunner, was capable of only 1.456 KurzweilAI.net. petaflops mark. Kurzweil also 92. ^^ Allen, Paul. "The Singularity Isn't predicted that by now our cars would Near" be able to drive themselves by (http://www.technologyreview.com communicating with intelligent sensors /view/425733/paul-allen- embedded in highways, and that the-singularity-isnt-near/). TTechnology speech recognition would be in Review. "Kurzweil's reasoning rests on widespread use." the Law of Accelerating Returns and 94. ^^ Rennie, John (December 2010). "Ray its siblings, but these are not physical Kurzweil's Slippery Futurism" laws. They are assertions about how (http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing past rates of scientific and technical /software/ray-kurzweils-slippery- progress can predict the future rate. futurism/). IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved Therefore, like other attempts to 2012-08-13. forecast the future from the past, these 95. ^^ Joy, Bill (April 2000). "Why the "laws" will work until they don't." future doesn't need us" (http://www.wired.com/wired/archive /8.04/joy_pr.html). Wired. Retrieved 2008-09-21. "...it was only in the autumn of 1998 that I became anxiously aware of how great are the dangers facing us in the 21st century. II. can date the onset of my unease to the day I met Ray Kurzweil..." 96. ^^ O'Keefe, Brian (2007-05-02). "The smartest (or the nuttiest) futurist on Earth" (http://money.cnn.com /magazines/fortune/fortune_archive /2007/05/14/100008848/). F Fortune.. Retrieved 2008-08-28.

221oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

97. ^^ Ross, Greg. "An interview with 99. ^^ Myers, PZ. "Singularitarianism?" Douglas R. Hofstadter" (http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula (http://www.americanscientist.org /2011/02/singularitarianism.php). /bookshelf/pub/douglas-r-hofstadter). Pharyngula blog. Retrieved 14 American Scientist. Retrieved February 2011. 2008-08-28. 100. ^^ Lanier, Jaron. "One Half of a 98. ^^ Lyons, Daniel (May 2009). "I, Robot" Manifesto" (http://www.edge.org (http://www.newsweek.com /3rd_culture/lanier/lanier_p1.html). /id/197812). Newsweekk. Retrieved Edge.org. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 2009-07-24. "Still, a lot of people think 101. ^^ McGinn, Colin (2013-03-21). Kurzweil is completely bonkers and/or "Homunculism" full of a certain messy byproduct of (http://www.nybooks.com/articles ordinary biological functions. They /archives/2013/mar/21/homunculism include P. Z. Myers, a biologist at the /?pagination=false). The New York University of Minnesota, Morris, who Review of Books.. has used his blog to poke fun atat 102. ^^ Gray, John (2011). The Kurzweil and other armchair futurists Immortalization Commission: Science who, according to Myers, rely on junk and the Strange Quest to Cheat Death.. science and don't understand basic Farrar, Straus and Giroux. biology. "I am completely baﬄed by ISBN 978-0374175061.1. Kurzweil's popularity, and in particular the respect he gets in some circles, since his claims simply do not hold up to even casually critical examination," writes Myers. He says Kurzweil's Singularity theories are closer to a deluded religious movement than they are to science. "It's a New Age spiritualism—that's all it is," Myers says. "Even geeks want to ﬁnd God somewhere, and Kurzweil provides it for them.""

External links

KurzweilAI.net – website, blog and newsletter (http://www.kurzweilai.net/) Raymond Kurzweil's IP (https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=pts& hl=en&q=ininventor:%22Raymond+C.+Kurzweil%22) – all of Raymond Kurzweil's US patents & patent applications Appearances (http://www.c-spanvideo.org/raykurzweil) on C-SPAN In Depth interview with Kurzweil, November 5, 2006 (http://www.c- spanvideo.org/program/Kurz) Raymond Kurzweil (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0961244/) at the Internet Movie Database Ray Kurzweil (http://www.nndb.com/people/101/000032005) at the Notable

222oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11 Ray KKuurrzzwweeiil - WWiikkiippeeddiiaa, tt, hhe ffrreee eenncycycclloopepeddiiaa hhttttpp::////eenn.w.wiikkiippeeddiiaa.o.orrg/g/ww//iinnddeexx.p.phhpp??ttiittllee==Rayy__KK......

Names Database WWorks by or about Ray Kurzweil (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn- n88-274457) in libraries (WorldCat catalog) 2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal (http://www.time.com/time/health /article/0,8599,2048138,00.html), Lev Grossman, Time, February 10, 2011 Ray Kurzweil – That Singularity Guy (http://www.viceland.com/int/v16n4 /htdocs/ray-kurzweil-800.php), Interview April 2009 Ray Kurzweil (http://twit.tv/show/triangulation/9/) interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Kurzweil& oldid=603874908" Categories: 1948 births American agnosticss American people of Austrian-Jewish descent American science writers American technology writers Artiﬁcial intelligence researchers FFellows of the Association for Computing Machineryy Futurologists Google employees Grace Murray Hopper AAward laureates Immortalityty Jewish American scientists Jewish agnostics Lemelson–MIT Prize Life extensioniststs Living peoplele Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni National Medal of TTechnology recipientss Singularitarianism Transhumaniststs People from Queens, New York Machine learning researchersrs

This page was last modiﬁed on 12 April 2014 at 13:24. TText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-proﬁt organization.

223oof22 33 22001144--0044--1141111::22 11