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The Baltic Republics
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1994 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Antti Numminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 6 THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1992 ISBN 951-25-0709-9 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1994: National Defence College All rights reserved Painatuskeskus Oy Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1994 Preface Until the end of the First World War, the Baltic region was understood as a geographical area comprising the coastal strip of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Danzig to the Gulf of Finland. In the years between the two World Wars the concept became more political in nature: after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania obtained their independence in 1918 the region gradually became understood as the geographical entity made up of these three republics. Although the Baltic region is geographically fairly homogeneous, each of the newly restored republics possesses unique geographical and strategic features. -
Commission Implementing Decision (Eu) 2017
L 50/82 EN Official Journal of the European Union 28.2.2017 COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2017/351 of 24 February 2017 amending the Annex to Implementing Decision 2014/709/EU concerning animal health control measures relating to African swine fever in certain Member States (notified under document C(2017) 1261) (Text with EEA relevance) THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Council Directive 89/662/EEC of 11 December 1989 concerning veterinary checks in intra- Community trade with a view to the completion of the internal market (1), and in particular Article 9(4) thereof, Having regard to Council Directive 90/425/EEC of 26 June 1990 concerning veterinary and zootechnical checks applicable in intra-Community trade in certain live animals and products with a view to the completion of the internal market (2), and in particular Article 10(4) thereof, Having regard to Council Directive 2002/99/EC of 16 December 2002 laying down the animal health rules governing the production, processing, distribution and introduction of products of animal origin for human consumption (3), and in particular Article 4(3) thereof, Whereas: (1) Commission Implementing Decision 2014/709/EU (4) lays down animal health control measures in relation to African swine fever in certain Member States. The Annex to that Implementing Decision demarcates and lists certain areas of those Member States in Parts I, II, III and IV thereof differentiated by the level of risk based on the epidemiological situation. That list includes, amongst others, certain areas of Latvia and Lithuania. -
Discover the Coast of North-Western Estonia!
Discover the coast of north-western Estonia! Coastal hiking trail The Baltic Coastal Hiking Route is part of the E9 long-distance hiking trail which stretches all the way from Portugal to Narva. In Lääne-Harju Keila-Joa Lohusalu Türisalu municipality the trail is divided into six one-day trips, covering Nõva-Vihterpalu, Vihterpalu-Padise, Padise-Paldiski, Paldiski-Kersalu, Kersalu- Photo: Egle Kaur  ³ Laulasmaa, Laulasmaa-Vääna-Jõesuu but, of course, everyone can hike a distance that is suitable for them, whatever the length and Lohusalu ® location. Look out for white-blue-white markings and enjoy the hike. 1  Pakri lighthouse 1 2 Lighthouses Photo: Visit Estonia  The tallest lighthouse in the Baltics is Pakri lighthouse, measuring 52m high, but there is also another working lighthouse in Lääne- Meremõisa Harju municipality. Surprisingly you can find it in the bell tower of St Matthias Church in Harju-Madise. 7 3 2 Adra 12 Waterfalls 13 9 4 3 4 Lääne-Harju municipality is rich in waterfalls. The Keila waterfall, the Treppoja waterfall, and the Türisalu cascades are well Laulasmaa  known even for visitors who come from farther away, but when the water levels are high the beauty of a waterfall can also 2 3 Keila Falls be admired at Uuga, Pakri, Leetse, and the Kersalu cliffs on the coast. Photo: Kalev Laast ® Net shed of Kase Ants 5 5 1  Käesalu Beaches   4 5 There is no official beach in Lääne-Harju municipality, but there is an amazingly large selection of beautiful sandy Pakri Bank beaches on which you can enjoy the sun and take a dip in the water. -
Prioriteetsete Ohtlike Ainete Allikaanalüüs Halliste Jões Abja- Paluoja Piirkonnas Reostusallika Kindlaks Määramiseks Ning Reostuse Lõpetamiseks
Prioriteetsete ohtlike ainete allikaanalüüs Halliste jões Abja- Paluoja piirkonnas reostusallika kindlaks määramiseks ning reostuse lõpetamiseks Aruanne Tallinn 2014 Töö nimetus: Prioriteetsete ohtlike ainete allikaanalüüs Halliste jões Abja-Paluoja piirkonnas reostusallika kindlaks määramiseks ning reostuse lõpetamiseks Töö autorid: Mailis Laht, Vallo Kõrgmaa, Katri Vooro Töö teostaja: Eesti Keskkonnauuringute Keskus OÜ Marja 4D Tallinn, 10617 Tel. 6112 900 Fax. 6112 901 [email protected] www.klab.ee Lepingu nr: 3-2_11/150-7/2012 Töö valmimisaeg: 01.03.2014 Töö on teostatud SA Keskkonnainvesteeringute Keskuse toel Sisukord 1. Eessõna ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Olemasolev olukord ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.1. Reostuse poolt ohustatud ala iseloomustus ............................................................................ 6 3. Uuritavad ained ............................................................................................................................... 8 3.1. Ftalaadid ehk ftaalhappe estrid ............................................................................................... 8 3.2. Di-(2-etüülheksüül)ftalaat - DEHP ......................................................................................... 12 3.3. Polüaromaatsed süsivesinikud (PAH-d) ............................................................................... -
Kanalisatsiooni Arendamise Kava Aastateks 2009- 2021
Sangaste valla ühisveevärgi ja –kanalisatsiooni arendamise kava aastateks 2009- 2021 1. SISSEJUHATUS 5 2. SISUKOKKUVÕTE 6 2.1 Elanikkond ......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Asulate investeeringuprojektid ........................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Keeni asula investeeringud ............................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Lossiküla investeeringud ................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Sangaste aleviku investeeringud ........................................................................ 8 2.2.4 Sangaste valla investeeringuprojektide kokkuvõte ............................................. 8 2.3 Pikaajalise investeeringuprogrammi maksumus ................................................. 9 2.3.1 Maksumuse arvutamise alused .......................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Projektide maksumus ......................................................................................... 9 3. ÜVK ARENDAMISE KAVA KOOSTAMISE LÄHTEANDMED 10 3.1 Õiguslik baas ................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Valga maakonna planeering ............................................................................ 11 3.3 Sangaste valla üldplaneering ........................................................................... 12 3.4 Reovee ärajuhtimise suublad .......................................................................... -
The Early Katian (Late Ordovician) Reefs Near Saku, Northern Estonia and the Age of the Saku Member, Vasalemma Formation
Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2014, 63, 4, 271–276 doi: 10.3176/earth.2014.30 The early Katian (Late Ordovician) reefs near Saku, northern Estonia and the age of the Saku Member, Vasalemma Formation Björn Krögera, Linda Hintsb, Oliver Lehnertb–d, Peep Männikb and Michael Joachimskic a Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, Helsinki, Finland; [email protected] b Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia c Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 5, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany d Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden Received 15 July 2014, accepted 13 October 2014 Abstract. Reefs developed simultaneously during the latest Sandbian/earliest Katian global Guttenberg Isotopic Carbon Excursion (GICE) in several places across Baltoscandia. Latest Sandbian/earliest Katian patch reefs are also described from the Vasalemma Formation of northern Estonia. The Saku Member of the Vasalemma Formation was previously considered as a proximal facies related to the reefs. However, the Saku Member clearly post-dates the GICE interval and ranges from the latest Keila to Rakvere in terms of regional stages. Some small reefs occur in direct proximity to the stratotype of the Saku Member. New δ13C data from the stratotype section and the adjacent reefs indicate that these reefs developed before the deposition of the Saku Member during the GICE interval. The chemostratigraphic data support the hypothesis of a short-time Baltoscandian reef growth event that terminated during the GICE interval. Key words: carbon isotopes, GICE excursion, Kope excursion, Ordovician reefs, Oandu Stage, Estonia. -
ESUKA – JEFUL 3 – 1 2012.Indd
ESUKA – JEFUL 2012, 3 – 1: 129 – 154 COLOUR TERM ‘BLACK’ IN ESTONIAN PLACE NAMES Kaidi Rätsep Institute of the Estonian Language, Tallinn, and the University of Tartu Abstract: Must ‘black’ is considered to be the most common colour attribute in place names. The article provides a brief overview of must ‘black’ in Estonian place names. The data was obtained from kohanimekartoteek ‘place names card index’ of the Institute of the Estonian Language. In the index there are 1377 slips beginning with (or containing) must ‘black’, discounting within-parish duplicate slips 1081 place names were found. Altogether, 728 different place name variants were discovered. The most frequent occurrences of must in the nominative case were Mustjõgi ‘Black-river’ (frequency = 26), Mustjärv ‘Black-lake’ (22), Mustkivi ‘Black-stone’ (21), Mustoja ‘Black-rivulet’ (18) and Mustmägi ‘Black-hill’ (16). In the genitive case Musta talu ‘Black farm’ (22) was twice as frequent as the next most common, Musti talu ‘Musti farm’ (11). According to the studied material the most common determinant was talu ‘farm’ (231), followed by mägi ‘hill’ (70), mets ‘forest’ (45) and heinamaa ‘hayfi eld’ (43). Keywords: place names, must ‘black’, colour attribute, Estonia 1. Introduction The idea of searching kohanimekartoteek ‘place names card index’ of the Institute of the Estonian Language, for col- our terms was effectuated by the earlier research into basic col- our terms. Examples of other colours include valge ‘white’, hall ‘grey’, sinine ‘blue’, roheline ‘green’, kollane ‘yellow’, punane ‘red’ and pruun ‘brown’. For dialectal equivalents to basic col- our terms, e.g. ahk ‘grey’, haljas ‘green’, vahane, vahass ‘yel- low’, ver(r)ev ‘red’, see Oja 2011. -
Enumeratio Renovata Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae, Daniae Et Baltiae“ Coleoptera Catalog
Sahlbergia 21.2 (2015), 6-39 6 Estonian Additions to Silfverberg’s „Enumeratio renovata Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae, Daniae et Baltiae“ Coleoptera Catalog Uno Roosileht A faunistic list which updates H. Silfverberg’s “Enumeratio renovata Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae, Daniae et Baltiae” with respect to Coleoptera in Estonia is presented. The data is from specimens in the collection of the Estonian Museum of Natural History and from specimens collected by the author. The material were collected by hand, using nets and sifters and in recent years also using window and pitfall traps. The Estonian section of Silfverberg’s catalogue is updated with 308 species. – Sahlbergia 21(2): 6–39. Uno Roosileht. Estonian Museum of Natural History, Lai 29A, Tallinn 10133, ESTONIA, +372 5516547; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Coleoptera, faunistic list, Estonia Introduction H. Silfverberg’s catalogue of Coleoptera “Enumeratio 1961, Haberman 1962, Freude et al. 1964, 1967, 1971, renovata Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae, Daniae et Bal- 1974, Haberman 1968, Kryzhanovskii 1965, Miländer tiae” was published in 2010, containing distribution data 1978, Voolma et al. 1997, Heliövaara et al. 2004, 2014) for beetle species in Finland (F), Karelia (K), Sweden (S), were used to determine the species. Different catalogs, Norway (N), Denmark (D), Latvia (A), Lithuania (I) and checklists, lists and articles (Burakowski et al. 1978, 1979, Estonia (E). The collection of the Estonian Museum of 1980, 1981, 1986, 1990, 2000, Ferenca et al. 2002, Telnov Natural History contains species, collected in Estonia be- 2004, Telnov et al. 2007, 2008, Süda 2009, Silfverberg fore 2010, whose data have not been previously published, 2010, 2014, Tamutis et al. -
Vasalemma Valla Imago Kohalike Õpilaste Hulgas Bakalaureusetöö
Tartu Ülikool Sotsiaal- ja haridusteaduskond Ajakirjanduse ja kommunikatsiooni instituut Vasalemma valla imago kohalike õpilaste hulgas Bakalaureusetöö Koostaja: Kadri Kaldur Juhendaja: Aune Past MA Tartu 2011 SISUKORD SISUKORD................................................................................................................................ 2 SISSEJUHATUS........................................................................................................................ 3 1. TEOREETILISED JA EMPIIRILISED LÄHTEKOHAD ................................................ 5 1.1 Imago definitsioon...................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Imago kujunemine...................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Imago uuringud ........................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Asukohaturundus...................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Vasalemma valla tutvustus....................................................................................... 16 1.5.1 Valla sümboolika: ............................................................................................ 16 1.6 Valla panus noorsootöösse....................................................................................... 17 2. METOODIKA JA VALIM............................................................................................. -
YEARBOOK PRIIT SAUK, Director General, Road Administration
YEARBOOK PRIIT SAUK, Director General, Road Administration Dear yearbook readers, The mission of the Road Administration is to develop a safe, functioning and economic traffic environment. The 101st year in the history of the Road Administration passed in an instant and was very busy for all employees and officials. There is reason to be proud of our achievements, but we are also apprehensive ADMINISTRATION ROAD about the future. Many thanks to every colleague and partner as well as every client for their commitment! It has been a year of stable work. 2019 was antee the people of Saaremaa a bigger and In addition to structural changes, the cooper- historically the best year in terms of the mon- more comfortable aircraft for connection ation between divisions and departments still etary volume of the preservation and repair with the continent. requires some practice and the review and of public roads. In total, we used 149 million specification of some processes. Fortunately, euros for the preservation and 83.4 million 2019 can be considered a breakthrough year customer-focused thinking, describing ser- euros for the development of the road net- in the development of the organisation. As vices on the basis of process management work. The yearbook also gives information we are preparing the next step on the road principles and constant improvement are on the number of kilometres covered by the to becoming the Mobility Administration or coded into the DNA of the Road Administra- works and the most exciting objects. the Transport Administration, we carried tion. Service owners have mostly understood out a significant structural reform as of 1 their roles and we’re improving and optimising The satisfaction of the customers of our May 2019. -
Kultuuripärandi Aastat Õisus Vääristas Kaunis Käsitöönäitus
Nr 11 (220) Detsember 2013 Hind 0,26 € Halliste ja Mõisaküla lehekülg Kultuuripärandi aastat Õisus KODUKANDIS vääristas kaunis käsitöönäitus Väikesed ja suured õi- sulased ja käsitööhuvilised kaugemaltki said detsembri algul ilusa elamuse Õisu rahvaseltsi eestvõttel korral- datud kinda- ja sokinäituselt. Õisu rahvatoas laudadel oli kokku ligi seitsekümmend villast mulgimustrilist kinda- ja üle poolesaja sokipaari. Osa neist olid eaka õisulase Hilje Kõik Halliste valla teatripäeval esinenud näiteringid said publiku poolt sooja vastuvõtu osaliseks. Tamme, enamus aga samuti Foto: Meelis Sõerd. Õisu käsitöömeistri Mari Leesi näputööd, mis kuuluvad Hal- listest pärit ettevõtja Ahto Orle Hallistes tehti teatrit Halliste rahvamajas sai novembri lõpul teoks traditsioo- erakogusse. niline valla teatripäev, kus astusid üles ka külalised Abjast ja Näituse avamisel Õisu Mõisakülast. raamatukogus andis Halliste Teatripäeva avas rahvamaja juhataja Laine Pedaja, tehes vallavanem Ene Maaten Mari saalitäiele piirkonna näitemängusõpradele ettepaneku muutagi Leesile üle tänukirja pärimus- Halliste valla teatripäev, arvestades huvi selle vastu ka väljast- kultuuri oskuste säilitamise, poolt, edaspidi piirkondlikuks ettevõtmiseks. Seda pooldas ka teostamise ja jagamise eest. teatripäeval osalejaid tervitanud Halliste valla haridus- ja kul- Õisu rahvaseltsi nimel tänas tuurikomisjoni esimees Jüri Ojamaa. käsitöömeistrit esimees Virve Lavalaudadel pakkus esmalt mõnusat nalja Mõisaküla kultuu- Kivja. Laulsid Halliste kooli rimaja näitering Laine Pedaja lavastatud -
Eastern Estonia
Kunda Nordic Cement Ltd BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN EASTERN ESTONIA Endla Nature Reserve EXISTING FOREIGN COMPANIES IN EASTERN ESTONIA 2 ABOUT ESTONIA ▪ Population: 1,316,000 ▪ Total area: 45,336 km² ▪ Population density: 30 inhabitants per km² ▪ Capital city: Tallinn ▪ Length of sea border of continental Estonia: 1,242 km ▪ Member of UN, EU, NATO, OECD, WTO, euro area, Schengen area ▪ Time zone: GMT +2 hours ▪ The offi cial language is Estonian. English, Russian, Finnish and German are widely spoken as well. ▪ Daytime temperature: 0 °C to –30 °C in winter and +15 °C to +30 °C in summer Why invest in Estonia Foreign enterprises are attracted to Estonia for the following reasons: ▪ Good business climate ▪ Corporate income tax rate for reinvested profi t is 0% ▪ Access to the EU Single Market ▪ Low level of corruption ▪ Low manufacturing setup costs and the presence of supporting industries, a highly-developed infrastructure and a smooth transportation system (inland transport, rail connections, ports) ▪ Entrepreneurial tradition ▪ Estonia is politically and economically stable and has a fl exible, well-educated and comparatively low-cost labour force: ▪ 1st on the Tax Competitiveness Index (Tax Foundation 2016) ▪ 3rd on the Index of Economic Freedom in the EU (9th in the world), (The Heritage Foundation 2016) ▪ 12th on the Ease of Doing Business Index (World Bank 2016) Port of Sillamäe and Sillamäe Free Zone 3 ABOUT EASTERN ESTONIA ▪ Eastern Estonia consists of four very distinct counties: Ida-Viru (with Jõhvi city as its centre), Jõgeva