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La Ciudad Sin Muros: Esparta Durante Los Períodos Arcaico Y Clásico

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La Ciudad Sin Muros: Esparta Durante Los Períodos Arcaico Y Clásico Espacio y tiempo en la percepción de la Antigüedad Tardía Antig. crist. (Murcia) XXIII, 2006, págs. 939-951 LA CIUDAD SIN MUROS: ESPARTA DURANTE LOS PERÍODOS ARCAICO Y CLÁSICO JESÚS D. CEPEDA RUIZ Doctor en Historia Antigua RESUMEN La ciudad de Esparta fue una polis difícil de encuadrar en el prototipo de ciudades griegas desde la época arcaica hasta el fi nal del período helenístico. La ausencia de una muralla que protegiese la ciudad, así como la falta de un núcleo urbano concentrado desde su fundación, la convierten en una ciudad peculiar desde un punto de vista urbanístico. La falta de monumenta- lidad en sus edifi cios y el hecho de que todavía no se haya encontrado su necrópolis, incrementa el número de enigmas que la comunidad investigadora tiene todavía pendiente respecto a una ciudad y una sociedad muy diferente a la del resto de estados griegos. ABSTRACT The city of Sparta was a polis that fi t not really well in the prototype of greek cities from the archaic period to the end of the hellenistic time. The absence of a wall that protected the city, and the lack of an urban design from the foundation of the city, gave a peculiar characteristic from an urban point of view. The lack of monumentality in the buildings and the absence of the necropolis, increase the number of riddles that schollars have with a city and a society very different from the rest of the greek states. INTRODUCCIÓN Existen una serie de mitos sobre la sociedad espartana que debemos ir desterrando y que los últimos congresos sobre Estudios Espartanos así lo ponen de manifi esto. Esparta no fue ni una 939 ciudad ni una sociedad aislada. Es cierto, que su ubicación geográfi ca, en medio de un valle regado por el río Eurotas1, y fl anqueado por dos cadenas montañosas como los montes Parnon y los Taygeto, formados durante el Plioceno2, infl uyó de manera decisiva en el desarrollo de la ciudad, pero no puede hablarse de ciudad aislada3. El investigador alemán Conrad Stibbe señala como ubicación ideal la situación de Esparta, en donde los jóvenes dorios podrían desarrollar una sociedad muy peculiar, como fue la espartana, sin ser molestados4. El valle sobre el que descansa la ciudad, tiene una longitud de aproximadamente unos 18 kilómetros, y su punto más ancho llega a ser de diez. Su puerto natural, Gytheon, se encontraba a tan solo cuarenta kilómetros, con lo que la salida natural al mar, quedaba asegurada. Tampoco fue una sociedad austera, y esto puede ser difícil de aceptar, habida cuenta de que el mismo lenguaje del mundo en que vivimos, todavía mantiene como adjetivo para determinar algo austero, el término «espartano». Un hotel, en Wisconsin, en la ciudad de Esparta (existen más de cien localidades en Estados Unidos con este nombre) tiene como eslogan: «Esparta fue derrotada en Leuctra en el 372 a. C., por lo que no esperen encontrar en este hotel habitacio- nes espartanas». La atracción que en las últimas décadas ha despertado todo lo que rodea a la sociedad espartana, desde su férrea disciplina a su modo de vida militarizado, pasando por la «libertad» tan peculiar de sus mujeres, ha llevado a la celebración de congresos sobre la sociedad y vida en Esparta desde fi nales de la década de los ochenta, en lugares tan dispares como Sidney, Estocolmo, Londres, Nueva York, Glasgow o el próximo que tendrá lugar en Nottingham en Septiembre del 2007. La atracción de esta sociedad no se ha ceñido exclusivamente al entorno académico, debido a que los autores de novela histórica han encontrado en el mundo espartano un auténtico fi lón, entre los que debemos destacar las publicaciones de Las Puertas del Infi erno y Spartans, que tienen como tema principal la batalla de las Termópilas. Este tema ya fue llevado al cine a principios de la década de los sesenta, y en breve, podremos ver una nueva producción cinematográfi ca con George Clooney en el papel del aguerrido rey Leónidas. A pesar de la atracción que Esparta todavía ejerce sobre nuestro entorno actual, es muy difícil tratar de dilucidar lo que los autores de época arcaica y clásica primero, y helenística y 1 STIBBE, C. Das andere Sparta. Meinz. 1996, p. 20, considera que en la actualidad, el río Eurotas a su paso por Esparta y sus alrededores, está quedándose muy mermado debido a los múltiples canales que se construyen para el regadío de las tierras circundantes. Ni tan siquiera, el aporte natural de los numerosos torrentes que confl uyen en el Eurotas, son sufi cientes para cubrir la creciente demanda de agua de la zona. 2 WILKINSON, K. «Geoarchaeological studies of the Spartan acropolis and Eurotas valley: some preliminary conclusions», CAVANAGH & WALKER (eds.), Sparta in Laconia. Proceedings of the 19th British Museum Classical Colloquium. Londres. 1998, pp. 149-156. 3 STIBBE, C., op. cit., 1996, p. 23, mantiene que el hecho de que algunos de los más famosos arquitectos y escultores del momento (Teodoro de Samos y Rhoikos, Scias y Baticles de Magnesia, arquitecto y escultor que cons- truyó el templo de Apolo en Amiclas), fuesen llamados a trabajar en Esparta, especialmente en el siglo VI a. C., es una muestra de la mentalidad abierta de sus dirigintes y de que no podemos considerar, al menos para ese período de tiempo, la sociedad esapartana como austera. 4 STIBBE, C., op. cit. 1996, p. 21. La visión de sociedad aislada que presenta este autor es la que se ha mantenido durante gran parte del siglo XX en la comunidad investigadora. Sin embargo, las evidencias arqueológicas aparecidas en los distintos santuarios de la ciudad, en donde el material en que estaban realizados algunos objetos votivos como el márfi l, así como la iconografía que presentaban otros, presentan claramente una sociedad en la que existía un intercambio comercial y posiblemente ideológico con el mundo exterior. Buena prueba de ello serían los famosos certámenes musicales celebrados en Esparta durante el período arcaico, o los importante grupos fi loespartanos que surgieron en Atenas durante el período clásico, que suponen un contrapunto a la teoría de sociedad aislada. 940 romana después, nos han transmitido sobre esta sociedad tan «distinta», porque en la mayoría de las ocasiones se tiende a magnifi car cada uno de los aspectos de la misma, y porque gran parte de las fuentes literarias que nos informan sobre Esparta son foráneas, es decir tenemos muy pocos testimonios de autores que fuesen espartanos, o que viviesen allí una buena parte de su vida, como fueron los casos de Alcman y Tirteo para el período arcaico o de Jenofonte para el clásico. Uno de los mayores problemas que nos encontramos a la hora de dilucidar lo que existe de realidad y lo que es fi cción en el contexto espartano, se debe principalmente a la idealización que realizaron los autores de época romana sobre Esparta, debido principalmente a lo destacado de su disciplina y de su entorno militarizado. Excavaciones arqueológicas en Esparta Las primeras investigaciones que tenemos sobre Laconia y la ciudad de Esparta, son una serie de descripciones realizadas por viajeros, que desde el siglo XVII, se interesaron por esta parte de Grecia. El mercader Bernard Randolph había leído los cuadernos de viaje de Cyriac de Arcona, personaje de mediados del siglo XV, y había quedado tan impresionado por las descripciones que realizaba, que decidió organizar un viaje al Peloponeso, fruto del cual editó dos libros referentes a esta zona en 1689, bajo los títulos de «Compañero de viaje en Grecia» y «Grecia: un compañero literario», realizando un interesante estudio sobre la ciudad de Mistras, situada a diez kilómetros de Esparta. En el siglo XIX, la irrupción de investigadores ingleses hace su aparición en las personas de Sir William Gell (1823) y del coronel W. M. Leake (1830), aunque sus investigaciones te- nían objetivos diferentes. La del coronel Leake, incluía un minucioso informe de la topografía del Peloponeso que perseguía un objetivo estratégico, pero aún tuvo tiempo para proporcionar interesantes datos sobre la Acrópolis de Esparta e incluso fue capaz de identifi car la situación exacta de Amiclas. Sir William Gell, por su parte, facilitó los primeros datos sobre el Teatro y el lugar en donde se ubicaba5. La sociedad espartana había seducido a los viajeros del siglo XIX, fruto de una mezcla de fascinación y atracción por un estado griego diferente a los demás, por lo que se organizaron un buen número de expediciones por parte de viajeros o anticuarios que dejaron por escrito sus experiencias, cuanto menos interesantes como libros de aventuras, pero carentes en la mayoría de las veces de rigor científi co6. En 1828, Francia quería asegurar su presencia en Grecia y demostrar a la opinión publica su compromiso con la libertad de aquél país. De esta forma, envió un contingente de 14.000 hombres, entre los que se encontraba un nutrido grupo de científi cos franceses que iban a estudiar la topografía, fl ora, arquitectura y arqueología del Peloponeso. Por primera vez, se llevaban a cabo en la zona, excavaciones sistemáticas y trazado de mapas topográfi cos que se complementaron con estudios estadísticos de población. El resultado de estos estudios fue la publicación del libro «Expedition scientifi que Morea». Sin embargo los primeros estudios que abordarán principalmente excavaciones arqueológicas, serán llevados a cabo por los alemanes Ludwig Ross, publicando después en 1841 los resultados de su investigación en «Reisen und Resierouten durch Greichenland», y E. Curtius, cuya publicación «Peloponnesos: Eine histo- 5 CASILLAS, J. M. La Antigua Esparta. Madrid. 1997, p. 24. 6 CASILLAS, J. M., op. cit., p.
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