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TESIS Morelia, Michoacán. Octubre De 2019 UNIVERSIDAD MICHOACANA DE SAN NICOLÁS DE HIDALGO INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES HISTÓRICAS PROGRAMA INSTITUCIONAL DE DOCTORADO EN HISTORIA DOS AGENTES DIPLOMÁTICOS DEL PORFIRIATO. JOAQUÍN CASASÚS Y ENRIQUE CREEL TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE: DOCTORA EN HISTORIA PRESENTA: OLIMPIA REYES PINEDA ASESORA: DRA. MARÍA DEL ROSARIO RODRÍGUEZ DÍAZ Profesora/Investigadora de Tiempo Completo C Esta investigación fue realizada gracias al apoyo del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Morelia, Michoacán. Octubre de 2019 ÍNDICE CAPITULAR RESUMEN 4 ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCCIÓN 6 CAPÍTULO 1. JOAQUÍN D. CASASÚS, ARTÍFICE Y OPERADOR DE LA DIPLOMACIA PORFIRIANA. 31 1.1 Joaquín Casasús. “Una vida dedicada al servicio público” 35 1.2 SECRETARIO GENERAL Y DELEGADO EN LA SEGUNDA CONFERENCIA PANAMERICANA, 1901-1902. 45 1.3 Un abogado devenido embajador. 62 1.4 La Tercera Conferencia de Río de Janeiro y la organización de la agenda panamericana, 1905-1906. 65 CAPÍTULO 2. EL QUEHACER DIPLOMÁTICO DE JOAQUÍN CASASÚS 87 2.1 La Convención para la equitativa distribución de las aguas del Río Grande, 1906. 88 2.2 México y Estados Unidos ante la crisis hondureña de 1909. 99 2.3 El Chamizal, un logro de la diplomacia mexicana. 111 CAPÍTULO 3. ENRIQUE CREEL CUILTY. EL DIPLOMÁTICO GOBERNADOR 124 3.1 Enrique C. Creel. La forja de un prestigio en el ámbito económico-financiero 126 3.2 Gobernador de Chihuahua, 1904-1911. 130 3.3 Un bienio de actividades diplomáticas, Creel y su misión en Centroamérica 1906- 1908. 138 3.4 El embajador itinerante 1907-1908. 153 3.5 La labor “pacificadora” de Creel ante los levantamientos antiporfiristas de 1908. 164 2 CAPÍTULO 4. ENRIQUE CREEL. UN OPERADOR DE LA DIPLOMACIA PORFIRISTA 179 4.1 Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores, 1910-1911. 181 4.2 Diplomacia contra diplomacia, la gestión de Enrique Creel y el asilo político a José Santos Zelaya 190 4.3 Bahía Magdalena. Una “espina dolorosa” en las relaciones México-Estados Unidos 1907-1911. 202 EPÍLOGO 226 FUENTES 242 ANEXO 263 3 RESUMEN Esta tesis se refiere a las gestiones diplomáticas de Enrique Creel y Joaquín Casasús quienes fueron miembros de la élite política porfirista, cuyas misiones y negociaciones contribuyeron a fortalecer las relaciones de México con Estados Unidos y otros países del continente y resolvieron situaciones trascendentales para el régimen. En la elaboración del perfil biográfico, político y diplomático de Creel y de Casasús, constatamos la confluencia de algunas variables como su origen, sus nexos políticos, los lugares de socialización, la residencia, las redes clientelares, entre otras. Con respecto a Joaquín Casasús señalamos que su designación como embajador de México ante Estados Unidos respondió a su conocimiento del derecho internacional y a sus habilidades políticas, y sobre todo a su cercana amistad y vínculo entre las familias Casasús -Díaz pudiendo afirmar que con su nombramiento el presidente Díaz contaba con un enviado personal y un partidario político de su completa confianza. Referente a Enrique Creel nos expusimos su destacado papel en la administración porfirista contribuyendo a la conformación del sistema bancario y ejerciendo un poder real en la administración por medio de sus relaciones clientelares. En la presente investigación se estudió, bajo nuevas fuentes, a estos dos personajes clave, y se logró contribuir al conocimiento del ser y quehacer diplomático de Joaquín Casasús y de Enrique Creel. Se concluyó que estos representantes de México en el exterior defendieron los intereses de la administración porfirista en grado tal que siguieron, en algunos casos, las instrucciones giradas desde la presidencia y la secretaria de Hacienda y no la emitida por la cancillería. Se trató de emisarios, nombrados ex profeso o ad hoc como ocurrió en las misiones de Centroamérica y El Chamizal desempeñadas por Creel y Casasús, respectivamente. Con lo que se pretendió aportar una nueva visión de estos dos diplomáticos porfiristas, que apunte a mostrar que sus conocimientos, sus acciones y gestiones fueron necesarias para el México que ayudaron a construir. Palabras clave: Joaquín Casasús, Enrique Creel, Porfiriato, Diplomacia, Panamericanismo. 4 ABSTRACT This thesis refers to the diplomatic efforts of Enrique Creel and Joaquín Casasús who were members of the Porfirist political elite, whose missions and negotiations helped to strengthen Mexico’s relations with the United States and other countries on the continent and resolved situations that were of great importance to the regime. In the elaboration of the biographical, political and diplomatic profile of Creel and Casasús, we noted the confluence of some variables such as their origin, their political ties, the places of socialization, residence, client networks, among others. With regard to Joaquín Casasús, we note that his appointment as Mexico’s ambassador to the United States was in response to his knowledge of international law and his political skills, and above all to his close friendship and bond between the Casasús-Díaz families, being able to affirm that with his appointment President Díaz had a personal envoy and a political supporter of his complete trust. Regarding Enrique Creel, we explained his outstanding role in the Porfirista administration, contributing to the formation of the banking system and exercising real power in the administration through his client relations. In the present research, these two key characters were studied under new sources, and it was possible to contribute to the knowledge of the diplomatic being and work of Joaquín Casasús and Enrique Creel. It was concluded that these representatives of Mexico abroad defended the interests of the Porfirist administration to such an extent that they followed, in some cases, the instructions drawn from the presidency and the treasury secretary and not from the chancellery. They were emissaries, appointed ex professo or ad hoc as happened in the missions of Central America and El Chamizal carried out by Creel and Casasús, respectively. With what was intended to contribute a new vision of these two Porfirist diplomats, aiming to show that their knowledge, their actions and actions were necessary for the Mexico they helped to build. Key words: Joaquín Casasús, Enrique Creel, Porfiriato, Diplomacy, Panamericanism. 5 INTRODUCCIÓN Durante los primeros años de la presidencia de Porfirio Díaz era evidente la situación de fragilidad y dependencia de nuestro país ante Estados Unidos, de modo que, el nuevo gobierno, intentó utilizar las rivalidades entre las potencias para su propio beneficio, así como desarrollar nuevas modalidades de resolución de los conflictos, como la mediación o el arbitraje, para evitar los peligros de la relación bilateral con una única potencia.1 Además de que la cancillería mexicana debió formular la política a seguir con el exterior basándose en las condiciones internas del país y en la coyuntura internacional.2 A decir de Duarte Espinosa, la construcción de un nuevo Estado suponía el establecimiento de una lealtad política amplia y dispersa que contribuyera a la consolidación de un régimen afirmándose que “el carácter autoritario de la mayor parte de éstos, hace de la política exterior el monopolio de la élite gubernamental y este grupo es el que define el interés nacional del Estado.”3 Para el caso mexicano, la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores ha sido la instancia encargada de defender la soberanía nacional, velar por la integridad territorial y defender los intereses del país frente a los gobiernos extranjeros.4 Sobre esta premisa, esta investigación pretende analizar las gestiones diplomáticas de Joaquín D. Casasús y Enrique C. Creel durante el periodo que abarcan los años de 1900 a 1910; esta década trajo consigo diversos acontecimientos de orden nacional e internacional que obligaron a la administración porfirista a fijar objetivos y posturas que lo mostraran como una nación en la que imperaba el orden, en vías de modernización y abierta a las inversiones extranjeras. Algunos de los acontecimientos fueron: la celebración de la Segunda Conferencia Panamericana en 1901-1902, la participación mexicana en la Tercera Conferencia de 1906; la cooperación como mediador en el conflicto centroamericano de 1906, la instalación de la Corte de Justicia Centroamericana en Cartago, Costa Rica en 1 DUARTE ESPINOSA, Frontera y diplomacia. Las relaciones México-Estados Unidos, pp.35-36. 2 HEREDIA, “La relación entre política interna y política exterior: una definición conceptual el caso de México”, p. 68. 3 HEREDIA, “La relación entre política interna y política exterior”, p. 76. 4 DUARTE ESPINOSA, Frontera y diplomacia. Las relaciones México-Estados Unidos, pp.35-36. 6 1908; el asilo político brindado a José Santos Zelaya en 1909; así como asuntos de carácter bilateral con Estados Unidos como el asunto de El Chamizal, Bahía Magdalena y el Tratado de Aguas, fueron algunos episodios de gran importancia para las relaciones exteriores de México. Aunado a lo anterior, el periodo que abordo se caracterizó por los numerosos conflictos internacionales que hicieron complejas las relaciones de los Estados latinoamericanos en el siglo XIX.5 La inestabilidad de los nuevos Estados favoreció el intervencionismo extranjero en los asuntos políticos, económicos, sociales y hasta identitarios. A decir de Almudena Delgado, las potencias utilizaron un amplio abanico de instrumentos, desde el apoyo financiero hasta la intervención militar, pasando por la intervención política de los agentes diplomáticos.6 Los nuevos Estados
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