On Translation

University of Gezira Faculty of Education- Hantoub

Impacts of Machine Translation on Learners and Translators

A Comparative Study with Special Focus on Press Translation

Muneer Taha Hassan Al Soroji

September 2012

Impacts of Machine Translation on Learners and Translators

A Comparative Study with Special Focus on Press Translation

Muneer Taha Hassan Al Soroji B.Sc, Economics, University of Khartoum (1976) M.A. Translation, University of Khartoum (1998)

A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics (Translation) Department of English Faculty of Education University of Gezira,Wad Medani, Sudan

Main Supervisor: Dr. Hassan Ali Eissa Bushara Co. Supervisor: Dr. Lubab El Tayeb El Mukashfi

September 2012

Impacts of Machine Translation on Learners and Translators

A Comparative Study with Special Focus on Press Translation

Muneer Taha Hassan Al Soroji

Examination Committee:

Name Position Signature

Dr. Hassan Ali Eissa Bushara Chairman ………………

Dr. Babiker Omer Abdel Magid External examiner ………….. Dr. Zahir Abuobieda Ahmed Internal examiner ………….

Date of examination: 10\9\ 2012

Dedication

To all members of Family

III

Acknowledgment

I owe many thanks, appreciation and respect to my supervisor, Dr. Hassan Ali Eissa Bushara, head of Unit of

Translation and Arabicization, University of Khartoum and to my co-supervisor, Dr. Lubab El Tayeb El Mikashfi, associate professor, Department of English Language, Faculty of

Education – Hantoob, University of Gezira, for the efforts they exerted in supervising this thesis for a prolonged time with tolerance and patience.

My gratitude is also extended to students of M.A. Translation,

Part Two, Unit of Translation and Arabicization (2009),

University of Khartoum and students of M.A Translation, Center for Languages & Translation, University of Juba (2009) as well as to professional translators at the Sudan National Assembly

(the Parliament) for their kind help in carrying out the translation task which constitutes the backbone of this study.

My special thanks are extended to my family which rendered me much help all through the period of preparing this thesis.

IV Impacts of Machine Translation on Learners and Translators (A Comparative Study with Special Focus on Press Translation) Muneer Taha Hassan Al Soroji Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics (Translation) September 2012 Department of English Faculty of Education-Hantoub University of Gezira

Abstract

Since computerization is applied everywhere nowadays, this study dealt with this concept in teaching translation taking press translation as a model. It aimed at knowing the extent of usefulness of the machine for both the translation learners and the translators on the one hand and their standard in press translation on the other hand. The data of the study came in a form of a translation assignment that contained Arabic-English journalistic items excerpted from the most prominent Sudanese Arabic and English newspapers. A random sample composed of a number of M.A. translation students and translators served as the subjects of the study and they were asked to translate these journalistic items without resorting to the computer in order to compare their renditions with that of the latter. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted in the study and a translation model was suggested by the researcher to be compared with that of the respondents and the machine. The results of the study have shown that the machine (computer) has positive impacts on translation: it can play a considerable role in teaching translation; it helps translators in performing their job in a short period of time especially when work is bulky and urgent, beside machine translation participates in eradicating computer illiteracy. The study has also proved that the translation of the machine is not entirely perfect and will never replace human beings in this field, as the machine is just a solid device that operates by human feeding. Nevertheless, it can be relied upon to a great extent, as the machine gives a firsthand rendition that with some "polishing" and “fine tuning” by translators can produce an acceptable translation. The study recommends translation students to undertake extra exercises of translation by themselves and compare them with that of the computer. As for the translators, the study recommends them to resort to the machine in performing their job when work is bulky and urgent. As regards designers of translation courses and programs, the study recommends furnishing classes with a translation system based on computers that provide translation during class to be compared with that of the students aiming at enriching discussion and at the same time making a giant leap in the way of teaching translation, i.e., shifting from the traditional one to a modern one. Since almost all universities and higher educational institutes do not provide press translation as such in their translation courses, the study recommends provision of such courses in full, as press translation constitutes a considerable item of daily newspapers that play, i.e. the newspapers, a significant role in our daily life. In connection, the study recommends designing special press translation courses for those interested in becoming journalists who ought to sit for an obligatory examination (Journalists' Registration Examinations set by Sudan National Council for Press and Publications) which includes a question about translation

اثار الترجمة اآللية على دارسي الترجمة والمترجمين )درأسة مقأرنة بتركيز خأص على ألترجمة ألصحفية( منير طه حسن ألسروجي دكتورأه ألفلسفة في أللغويأت ألتطبيقية )ألترجمة( سبتمبر 2102 قسم أللغة ألألنجليزية كلية ألتربية- حنتوب جامعة الجزيرة ملخص ألدرأسة بمأ أن ألحوسبة أصبحت سمة ألعصر ألحديث ألمنتشرة في كل مكأن، فأن هذه ألدرأسة تنأولت هذأ ألمفهوم في مجأل تدريس ألترجمة أخذه ألترجمة ألصحفية إنموذجأ لها. هدفت ألدرأسة ألي معرفة مدى أألفأدة ألتي يمكن أن تقدمهأ ألترجمة أأللجامعةية لدأرسي ألترجمة وألمترجمين من نأحية ومعرفة مستوى طألب ألترجمة وألمترجمين في ترجمة ألموأد ألصحفية من ألنأحية أألخرى. جأءت مأدة ألدرأسة في شكل تكليف يشتمل على موأد صحفية عربية وأنجليزية تم أختيأرهأ من صحف سودأنية سيأرة عربية وانجليزية وعهد بهأ ألى عينة عشوأئية تتكون من مجموعتين، طألب مأجستير ترجمة ومترجمين، وطلب منهم ترجمة ألتكليف دون ألرجوع ألى جهأز ألحأسوب بهدف مقأرنة ترأجمهم مع ترجمة أألخير. أتبعت ألدرأسة المنهج ألوصفي ألتحليلي. تم تحليل ترأجم ألمجموعتين ومن ثم مقأرنتهأ بألترجمة أآللية وبأنموذج ترجمة مقترح من ألدارس. أظهرت نتأئج ألدرأسة أن ألحأسوب له أثأر أايجابية قي مجأل ألترجمة ويمكن أن يلعب دورأ مقدرأ فى مجأل تعليم ألترجمة عألوة على أنه قأدر أن يكون خير معين للمترجمين ويؤدي لهم دورأ تكميليأ في أنجأز مهأمهم في وقت وجيز عندمأ يكون ألعمل كثيفأ ومطلوبأ بصورة عأجلة. عألوة على ذلك فأن ألترجمة أآللية تسهم فى محو أألمية ألحأسوبية. وأتضح من ألدرأسة أن أأللة )ألحأسوب( لهأ مسأويئهأ وأل يمكنهأ بأي حأل من أألحوأل أن تحل محل ألبشر فى مجأل ألترجمة . وبألرغم من ذلك، فأنه يمكن أألعتمأد عليهأ أذ أنهأ توفر ترجمة أولية يمكن بمعألجأت بسيطة أن تعطي ترجمة مقبولة. أوصت ألدرأسة طألب ألترجمة بأستخدأم ألحأسوب لتحسين مستوأهم بأجرأء مزيد من تمأرين ألترجمة بأنفسهم ومن ثم مقأرنتهأ بتلك ألتي تقدمهأ أأللة. وبألنسبة للمترجمين، فأنها أوصت بأللجوء ألى ألحأسوب في أوقأت ذروة ألعمل وعند ألضرورة. وبألنسبة لمصممي برأمج ومنأهج ألترجمة، أوصت بتجهيز قأعأت ألدرأسة بأجهزة حأسوب لتمد ألطالب بنمأذج من ألترجمة يتم مقأرنتهأ أثنأء ألمحأضرة بترأجمهم بهدف أثرأء ألنقأش دأخل قأعأت ألدرأسة، ولضرورة ادخال الترجمة الصحفية في مناهج الجامعات وتصميم دورات للترجمة الصحفية تساعد ألداريسين في امتحان ألقيد ألصحفي. VI

Table of Contents Dedication……………………………………………….………III Acknowledgment……………………………………………....IV Abstract (English)…………………………………….…..…... V Abstract (Arabic)…………………………….…………....……VI Table of Contents………………………..…….………………VII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…...…………………..……1 1-0 Background………………………………………………….1 1.1 Statement of the problem……………………………...…..2 1.2 Objectives of the study..…….…………...………………...3 1.3 Questions of the study….....………....…….………………4 1.4 Hypothesis of the study…...………………………….…….4 1.5 Significance of the study …. …...……………….….….…..5 1.6 Methodology of the study ….….…………..…….……….…7 1.7 Limits of the study …...………………………………….…..7 1.8 Terminology of the Study………………………………....…8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW………….…....……..9 2-0 Introduction…………………..…………………….…..……..9 2.1 Translation: Definition and importance ……...... …………..9 2.1.1 Definition……………..……………………………….....9 2.1.2 Importance….………………………………………….11 2.2 Historical Background………..…………………...……..…..14 2.2.1 Translation in the Western World………….………….15 2.2.2 Translation in the Arab World…………………..…..…18 2.3 Theories of Translation……………………….………..……..22 2.4 Translation Equivalence……………..…….……..…………..28 2.4.1 Types of Equivalence………………………………...... 30 2.4.1.1 The Formal equivalence………………………………31 2.4.1.2 The Dynamic equivalence……………………………32 VII

2.4.1.3 The Ideational equivalence………………………….. 35 2.5 Main Types of Translation…………..………………………. 37 2.5.1 Written Translation…………….…………...…………. 38 2.5.1.1 Literal Translation (Metaphrase)…………..……….. 40 2.5.1.2 Non-literal (free) translation (paraphrase)……….… 40 2.5.2. Interpretation …………………………………………….. 42 2.5.2.1 Simultaneous interpretation………….……………… 43 2.5.2.2 Consecutive interpretation………………………..…. 44 2.5.1.3 Transliteration……………………..…………….…….. 44 2.5.1.4 Machine translation …………………………...……… 46 2.5.1.4.1 Definition ……………………………………………..46 2.5.1.4.2 Computer-assisted translation (CAT)……………...47 2.5.1.4.3 History and evolution of machine translation….…. 47 2.5.1.4.4 Human Translation vs. Machine Translation………52 2.6 Is translation into mother tongue more successful than into a second language? …...………..………………….55 2.7 Controversy of whether translation is an art, craft or science?...... 57 2.8 What is good translation?...... 59

2.9 Journalism and Journalistic Translation ……………..……....61

2-9-1 Journalism: Definition, Importance and Characteristics…...61

2.9.2 Journalistic Translation: Definition, Importance and

Principles……………………………………………………63 2.10 The News: Definition and features………....…...………….69 2.10.1 Components of the News……………..…………………73 2.10.1.1 The News Headline………………………………....…73 2.10.1.1.1 Distinctive Features of English news Headline…...74 2.10.1.1.2 Features of the Arabic newspaper headline…….82

VIII

2.10.1.2 The neck (source & date) of the headline…………...86 2.10.1.3 The Lead………………….…………………….……....87 2.10.1.4 The Body………………………….…..……………….88 CHAPTER THREE : METHODOLIGY of the STUDY…………………90 3.0 Introduction:….……………………………………….……………90 3.1 Subjects ……………………….…………………………………..90 3.2 Material ………………………………………………….………...93 3.3 Study Design………………………………………………….…...93 3.4 Procedures of data analysis……………………………….……..95 3.5 Validity of the study……………………………….…………....…95 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS of DATA and DISCUSSION: 97 4.0 Introduction………….………………...…………..………….……97 4.1 Data Analysis and Discussion ………………………….....….…97 4.1.F. Translation of Arabic journalistic items into English………….….98 4.1.S Translation of English Journalistic Items into Arabic…………....127 CHAPTER FIVE : SUMMARY, CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS……………………...……..148 5.0 Summary ………………..………………………………….……….…148 5.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………...149 5.2 Recommendations…………………………….………….……. 152 REFERENCES ………………………………...…………….……156 APPENDICES ...... …...161 Appendix 1: Translation Assignment……....………………..161 Appendix 2: A Model (suggested) translation………………..165

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1-0 Background

Till recently, after inventing the computer in the 20th century and its development to its recent forms, translation has been undertaken in its traditional way with the help of dictionaries and lexicons. More precisely, the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st have witnessed a giant leap in computer technology that introduced many programs (software) among which programs of translation. Thus, Machine

Translation (MT) - sometimes referred to as computer-aided translation - with the help of the revolution of computer sciences, has become accessible to everybody and in various languages. However, a number of questions arise: could MT stand as a helping hand in teaching translation learners and students? Could it facilitate the job of professional translators?

In other words, could MT replace translators one day? Could the machine be trustful and reliable in this regard? Could it play a complementary role in the profession of translation? Could it be useful with respect to time consumption, editing, grammar

2 perfection, abbreviations and acronyms such as those of the international organizations, scientific terms…etc?

To tackle these questions, the researcher will examine MT with special focus on one of the most important areas of translation, namely, the journalistic translation which constitutes a main component of daily newspapers that play a paramount role in contemporary life.

1-1 Statement of the Problem:

Beyond doubt, the electronic revolution that began in the 20th century and is still expanding day after day to the extent that it has become a scientific phenomenon, includes all fields of science and knowledge among which is translation. In this 3rd

Millennium, the era of globalization, personal computers turn to be a source of translation programs (software) and electronic dictionaries that can be referred to on line. Why, however, such facilities provided by modern technology are not to be exploited in teaching translation as well as helping translators performing their job in a quick and acceptable manner.

The problem of the study is that modern technology (computer) can be used in teaching translation, helping translators to

2 3 perform their job and that journalistic translation be provided in universities and higher educational institutions in full courses.

1-2 Objectives of the Study:-

1-To draw the attention of the designers of translation courses to the possibility of making use of the computer in teaching translation in universities and higher educational institutions.

2-To ascertain that machine (computer) can stand as a lab or a medium that helps translation instructors in performing their job more efficiently.

3-To find out to what extent translators can rely on computer in providing them with first-hand renditions that help them in performing their job properly and timely.

4-To look into the probability of whether machine translation can substitute that of human.

5-To get aware of the standard of high-ranking translation students (M.A) in journalistic translation in comparison with that of the machines translation.

6-To see whether translation students/trainees are aware of the principles of editing and translating good news and journalistic items from Arabic into English and vice versa.

4 1-3 Questions of the Study :-

1-Can MT be introduced in translation syllabus in higher educational institutions (universities and academies) to help instructors perform their job more efficiently?

2-Is it of benefit to introduce machines (computers) to help in instructing translation students and trainees?

3-Could the machine, in the near future, replace man in the profession of translation?

4-To what extent do renditions of translation students and translators differ from that of machine?

1-4 Hypothesis of the study:

1- The impact of MT on translators and translation learners is negative.

2- The impact of MT on translators and translation learners is positive if MT is used and treated in a proper way.

3-Translators and translation learners are computer literates.

4-Translation learners and translators apply rules and principles of editing Arabic/English journalistic items.

5-The machine can replace man in translation in the near future.

6-It is useless to introduce MT in translation courses in universities and translation centers.

7- Renditions of students and translators do not differ from that of the machine.

1-5 Significance of the study:

This study may be beneficial to five categories: translation instructors, translation students, translators, journalists and designers of translation courses.

As for translation instructors, the study draws their attention to the usefulness of machine as a teaching medium in communicating the subject to the students in a modern way the matter that enrichesdiscussion and viewpoints in the classroom, thus, computerizing translation teaching.

In regard to translation students, the study stresses that MT can help them in comparing both their homework or class work with that of the machine, hence making use of the machine in correcting grammar mistakes, spelling mistakes and knowing abbreviations and acronyms that they may not be aware of them. On the other hand, this study may help translation students get aware of the principles of editing and rendering journalistic items from Arabic into

English and vice versa, as it sheds light on such principles.

With respect to translators and translation firms, the study stresses the point that MT may facilitate their job by accomplishing their work in a short period of time, particularly when work is urgent and bulky.

As regards those journalists who desire to become journalist translators, the study may be of interest to them as it sheds light on the facility rendered to them by the machine, i.e., MT, and at the same time it makes them get aware of the properties of editing good news in general and rendering news from Arabic into English and vice versa in particular.

As for designers of translation courses, the study draws their attention to the significance of introducing machine in translation courses through furnishing classrooms with computers, besides including journalism in its broad sense in such courses.

Furthermore, the study emphasizes the significance of MT in a way or another in eliminating computer illiteracy.

Lastly, this study may be of significance in the translation field in

Sudan as it is the first to be conducted in connection with press translation.

1-6 Methodology of the research:

The study will adopt certain technique in data collection consisting in some journalistic items, especially news, from the most prominent Sudanese Arabic and English dailies. Such items were given as a translation assignment to the subjects of the research: (12) M.A. translation students in University of Khartoum

(Translation and Arabicization Unit- Faculty of Art) and University of

Juba (Center for Languages & Translation) together with (8) translators working in Sudan National Assembly (the Parliament) so as to be translated, analyzed and compared with renditions of the machine and those suggested by the researcher. Thus, the study will follow the descriptive analytical approach which is an appropriate approach to describe the problem of the study.

1-7 limits of the study:

The study is limited to the M.A. translation students in Translation

& Arabicization Unit - Faculty of Arts - University of Khartoum,

Center for Languages & Translation - Juba University and some translators working in Sudan National Assembly (the Parliament).

1-8 – Terminology of the study

Source Language = SL Target Language = TL

Source Text = ST Target Text = TT

Machine Translation = ML

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2-0 Introduction

This chapter deals with translation concept in general: definition, historical background, theory, purposes, types and methods so as to enable the reader to grasp thorough information about the study.

Also in this chapter journalistic translation will be highlighted, as it constitutes the complementary part of the study as well as it provides the data of the study in the form of journalistic excerpts.

This study is the first in Sudan to deal with the subject of machine translation in relation with press translation, as no previous studies have been conducted in this regard.

2-1 Translation: definition and importance

2-1-1 Definition:

Etymologically, Lewis (1974: 265) puts forward that "translate" is formed from the Latin "trans + latus", which means "carried across".

This coincides with what mentioned by Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (Translation), that “translation is a "carrying across" or "bringing across", the Latin translato derives from transferre

(trans, "across" + ferre, "to carry" or "to bring."

(Catford 1965:1) defines translation as "an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another." Implicitly, this means that translation is converting one language (Source Language, SL) to another (Target Language,

TL) so that the TL could convey the intended message in SL. In other words, it is a process through which the translator decodes

SL and encodes his understanding of the TL form. Thus, translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and subsequent production of an equivalent text that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is called the "source text," (or ST) and the text that it is to be translated into, i.e. the final product, is called the "target text" (or TT).

In line with the above definition, Reiss (1971:161) regards translation as "a bilingual mediated process of communication which ordinarily aims at the production of a TL text that is functionally equivalent to a ST, whereas Bell (1991:8) asserts that

"translation involves the transfer of meaning from a text in one language into a text in another language."

Furthermore, Catford (1965:35) points out that

"it is generally agreed that meaning is important in translation

- particularly in total translation. Indeed, translation has often

been defined with reference to meaning; a translation is said

to 'have the same meaning' as the original."

It is clear from the above definitions that the core of the translation process is sticking to the meaning in the SL. This is regarded as the most essential step for attaining a good translation.

However, this means that a good translation should fulfill the same function in the TL as in the SL, i.e., the translator must attempt to reproduce the meaning of the passage as understood by the writer.

He has to reflect the exact contextual meaning of the original.

2-1-2 Importance:

Beyond doubt, translation has been playing an essential role throughout history in disseminating culture and knowledge of many nations to others. In other words, translation has made

12 inter-linguistic communication between different peoples possible.

Many famous literary works (among other types of work whether scientific or others) that were written centuries ago such as novels, epics (heroic poems), folktales…etc became well known worldwide through translation. For example the famous Persian folktale of

''Kalila wa Dimna'' was translated by Ebin Al Mogafaa into Arabic centuries ago and became well known to a considerable number of

Arabic-tongue literates as well as to illiterates through narrating by others. In contemporary life, there is the famous Egyptian novelist,

Najeeb Mahfoz, who won Nobel literature prize and most of his novels have been translated into main international languages. In

Sudan, AL Tayib Salih's " Mosim Al Hejra Ela Al Shamal (The

Season of Migration to the North) was admired world-wide and has been translated into more than 30 languages.

Ordudari (2006:2) points out that "human beings, throughout history, have made an effort to take advantage of various methods of communication with the intention of utilizing the knowledge of other nations and endeavoring to preserve this knowledge for the coming generations. As the most effective method of

13 communication, language has been employed to satisfy the very need of communication. The predicament that may emerge as an obstacle in the way of communication seems to be the fact of dissimilarity of languages throughout the world. In today's world, communication between different nations with different languages is feasible through translation."

Bates (1943:7) claims that, "nothing moves without translation…No change in thought or in technology spreads without the help of translation."

Thus, in today's world – that turned to be a small village as a result of telecommunication revolution and modern transportation facilities - it can be said that people are basically dependant on translation in all life's aspects. Blasing (2001, an article), claims that

"history bears on translation, just as translation has a bearing on history or, at least, literary history."

Statistically speaking, there is a direct relationship between the development of a nation and the degree of its activity in translation.

Al Hussain (1996:5) explains that:

"according to U.N. statistics, the books that were translated

into Japanese language during 1975 were about 170,000

books while those translated into Arabic during 1948-1968

were less than 4000. This fact, however, clearly shows the close

link between translation and development of nations, and it

discloses to us one of the mysteries behind Japan advancement

which was able to bring together originality and modernization in a

precise balance that seized the appreciation and admiration of the

whole world."

As such is the importance of translation in lives of nations.

2-2 Historical Background

The history of translation is quite ancient. Since different languages exist around the globe, the need for translation has been rapidly growing through ages. Steiner (1975:48) points out that

"Translation exists because men speak different languages."

The first evidence to the existence of translators in ancient times was the letters sent by princes of the Levant to Ikhnaton demanding money and assistance. Then other evidence followed as can be seen in the agreement concluded by Ramses II, the

Egyptian Pharaoh, and the King of the Hittites whereas each of

them had a copy of the agreement in each one's own language

(Najeeb,2005:5). Newmark (1988) supports this viewpoint by pointing out that "documentary evidence of translation can be traced back to 3000 B.C, during the old Egyptian Kingdom."

2-2-1 Translation in the Western World

Jacobson claims that translating is a Roman invention (McGuire

1980:2). Zakhir (2008:3) supports this claim by putting forward that:

"Cicero – the Roman orator - and Horace (first century BC)

were the first theorists who distinguished between word-for-

word translation and sense-for-sense translation. Their

comments on translation practice influenced the following

generations of translation up to the twentieth century."

Another prominent figure in ancient Europe who marked a turning point in translating development was St. Jerome (fourth century

CE). Munday (2001:3) says that "Jerome's approach to translating the Greek Septuagint Bible into Latin would affect later translations of the scriptures." Moreover, these conflicts on Bible translation were intensified with the coming of the Reformation in the sixteen

century, when “translation came to be used as a weapon in both dogmatic and political conflicts as nation states began to emerge and the centralization of the Church started to weaken evidence in linguistic terms by the decline of Latin as a universal language.”

(McGuire 1980:4).

Zakhir (2009 :1) mentions that the invention of printing techniques in the fifteenth century had a positive impact on the field of translation and helped in the appearance of early theorists. He cited

Etienne Dolet (1509-46), whose heretic mistranslation of one of

Plato’s dialogues, the phrase” rien du tout” (nothing at all) that showed his disbelief in immortality, led to his execution, adding that the seventeenth century knew the birth of many influential translation theorists the most prominent of which was John Dryden

(1631- 1700) who was famous for his distinction between three types of translation; metaphrase (literal translation), paraphrase and imitation. Zahkir went on saying that in the eighteenth century, the translator was compared to an artist with a moral duty both to the work of the original author and to the receiver and that with the

17 enhancement of new theories and volumes on translation process, the study of translation started to be systematic citing Alexander

Frayer Tayler's volume “Principles of Translation” (1791) as an example.

Furthermore, McGuire(1980:5) points out that the nineteenth century was characterized by two conflicting tendencies; the first considered translation as a category of thoughts and saw the translator as creative genius, who enriches the literature and language into which he is translating, while the second saw him through the mechanical function of making a text or an author known.

In addition, Zakhir (2009:1) states that the nineteenth century

knew also the sustenance of Romanticism the matter that yielded

many theories and translations in the field of literature, especially

poetic translation such as the one used by Edward Fitzgerald

(1809-1863) for Rubaiyat Al-Khayyam (1858).

Mehrach (1977: 6) adds that in the second half of the twentieth century, studies on translation became an important course in language teaching at schools and the creation of a variety of methods and models of translation had added much

to its value, e.g., the grammar-translation method studies the grammatical rules and structures of foreign languages and the cultural model is also a witness for the development of translation studies in that period, as translation requires also cultural understanding of the way people in different societies think.

In addition, Zakhir (2009:4) states that another model that appeared in that period was a text-based translation model, which focuses on texts rather than words or sentences in the translation process. He stresses that the history of translation in the west is wide and rich and that "since its birth, translation has been the subject of a variety of research and conflicts between theorists.

Each theorist approaches it according to his viewpoint and field of research, the fact that gives its history a changing quality."

2-2-2 Translation in the Arab World

The early translations used in Arabic are dated back to the time of

Syrians (the first half of the second century AD), who translated into

Arabic a large heritage that belongs to the era of paganism

Bloomshark (1921:10-12) c.f. Addidaoul,2000:83).

Syrian's translations were more literal and faithful to the original

Ayad (1993:168) c.f. Addidaout, (2000:8).

According to Addidaout, Jarjas was one of the best Syrian translators; his famous Syrian translation of Aristotle's book the

World was very faithful and close to the original.

Zakhir, (2009:5) mentions that:

The time of the prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) was

of paramount importance for translation theory. The spread of

Islam and the communication with non-Arabic speaking

communities as Jews, Romans and others pushed the

prophet to look for translators and to encourage the learning

of foreign languages. One of the most famous translators of

the time is Zaid Ibn Thabet, who played a crucial role in

translating letters sent by the prophet to foreign kings of

Persia, Syria, Rome and Jews, and also letters were sent by

those kings to the prophet

Najeeb (2005:5) points out that caliph Omar Bin Katab is regarded as the first arabicizer whereas he ordered to arabicize the divans (departments, offices, bureaus) as in Persia. Thus,

20 he established soldiers' divan so as to register the name of the soldiers, besides divan of messages and post.

Furthermore, Zakhir (2009) points out that another push to Arabic translation was done by the translation of the Holy Quran and that according to Ben Chakroun, (2002:9), the early translators of the

Quran focused on its meaning. He cited Salman Al Farisias the one who translated Surat Al –Fatiha for Persian Muslims. Besides, the

Holy Koran received a special interest from the translators. It was translated into Persian by Sheikh Mohammad Al-Hafid Al-Boukhari and into Turkish by Sheikh Al-Fadl Mohammad Ben Idriss Al-

Badlissi.

Jabr (2001:12) maintains that the true beginning of translation on scientific basis took place in the age of "Bani Umayah" State under the auspices of Khalid Bin Yazid Bin Ma'awya (died 85 A.H) who was fond of sciences. He brought numerous Greek philosophers who had good command of Arabic language and asked them to translate several scientific books from the Greek and Coptic language into Arabic. Then Caliph Marwan Bin Al Hakam followed

Khalid Bin Yazid Bin Ma'awya in enhancing the translation field.

"Marwan is regarded as the most prominent Umayyad caliph

21 concerned about translation and Arabicization, as his main concern was Arabicizing the divans whereas the Egyptian divans were still at that time in the Coptic language, the Levant divans in the Roman language and the Iraqi's in the Persian language.

Najeeb (2005:5) says that another era that witnessed important developments in Arab translation was that of the first Abbasid period (750-1250). Translation knew an enhancement with the

Caliph Al-Mansour, who built the city of Baghdad, and was further enhanced in the time of the Caliph Al-Ma'moun Bin Haron Al

Rashid, who built "Bait Al- Hikma", which was the greatest institute of translation at the time. During the period, translators focused on

Greek philosophy, Indian science and Persian literature (Al- Kasimi,

2006:11). The most brilliant star in translation at that time was

Hunayn Bin Ishaq who used to be paid that quantity of gold equivalent to the volume of translation he made.

Moreover, the Egyptian scholar Mona Baker (1997:13) distinguishes between two famous methods in Arabic translation; the first belongs to Yohana Ibn Al-Batriq and Ibn Naima Al-Himsi,

22 and is based on literal translation, that is, each Greek word was translated by its equivalent Arabic word, while the second refers to

Hunayn Ibn Ishaq and is based on the sense-for-sense translation as a way to create fluent target texts that preserve the meaning of the original.

Zakhir (2009) sums up by saying that:

"In short, the history of translation in the Arab world is marked

by many changes and events. Since its early beginnings with

Syrians, translation knew the birth of many theorists who sited

up the basis of Arabic translation and theories. In fact, it is in

religious discourse where Arabic translation reached it peak,

as the translation of Koran received much interest from Arab

translators.”

Thus, Arabs came to know translation for a long time; as

translation is deeply rooted in their life since the early days of

Islam.

2-3 Theories of Translation

According to Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2000, theory is "a formal set of ideas that is indented to explain why something happens or exists." Larson (l991:1) claims that "good theory is

based on information gained from practice. Good practice is based on carefully worked-out theory. The two are interdependent."

Moreover, Vallejo (2005:3) points out that:

"The study of proper principle of translation is termed as

translation theory. This theory, based on solid foundation on

understanding of how languages work, recognizes that

different languages encode meaning in different forms, yet

guides translators to find appropriate ways of preserving

meaning, while using the most appropriate forms of each

language. Translation theory includes principles for translating

figurative language, dealing with lexical mismatches,

rhetorical questions, inclusion of cohesion markers, and many

other topics crucial to good translation."

Najeeb (2005:5) points out that the first attempt to set a specific method for translation was in the period of Cicero (106-43 B.C) who laid down the principles of free translation. Cicero called for considering meaning rather than word and that the translator has to be explainer and proficient in rhetoric when writing what he reads in the TL without abiding himself by literalism of the original text.

By doing so, the translator can master his original language with its rhetoric aspects so as to reach a refined text in the end, hence enhance his competence and improves his literary standard in writing.

Jabr (2001:12) points out that this method of translation, i.e., the free translation, continued for a long period of time and it found supporters till the time of Saint Jerome (347-420) when he was given an assignment by the Pope to translate the Holy Bible into

Latin. In attempting to do this job, Jerome was ascertained that this method of free translation fell short in translating the Holy Bible whereas the latter contains books and fictions that have no way to deviate from. He was also convinced that there were some manners and expressions which were difficult to translate literally, and that if he translated them in such a way, i.e., literally, then the translation would be odd and unacceptable. Thus, Jerome followed a method that combined the free translation and the literal one.

Saint Jerome, the Paton saint of translation, is still considered one of the greatest translators in history for rendering the Bible into

Latin. The Roman Catholic Church used his translation (known as

the Vulgate) for centuries, but even this translation at first stirred much controversy (Wikipedia encyclopedia, 2008).

Moreover, Vallejo (2005 :3-5) points out that one of the earliest attempts to establish a set of major rules or principles to be referred to in literary translation was made by the French translator and humanist Etienne Dolet , who in 1540 formulated the following fundamental principles of translation (La Maniere de Bien Traduire d'uneLangue en Aultre), usually regarded as providing rules of thumb for the practicing translator:

1-The translator should understand perfectly the content and

intention of the author for whom he is translating. The

principal way to reach it is reading all the sentences or text

completely so that you can give the idea that you want to say

in the target language because the most important

chrematistic of this technique is translating the message as

clearly and naturally as possible.

2- The translator should have a perfect knowledge of the

language from which he is translating and an equally excellent

knowledge of the language into which he is translating.

3-The translator should avoid the tendency to translate word

by word, because doing so is to destroy the meaning of the

original and to ruin the beauty of the expression.

4-The translator should employ the forms of speech in

common usage. He should bear in mind the people to whom

the translation will be addressed and use words that can be

easily understood.

Furthermore, Wikipedia free encyclopedia, points out that:

"the distinction that had been drawn by the ancient Greeks

between 'metaphrase" (literal translation) and "paraphrase"

would be adopted by the English poet and translator John

Dryden (1631-1700) who represented translation as the

judicious blending of these two models of phrasing when

selecting, in the target language, "counterparts," or

equivalents, for the expressions used in the source language."

Regarding contemporary viewpoints on translation theory, Shi

(2009, an article), says that "proper understanding of a literary

27 discourse is the first and foremost step of any translation and to understand it correctly the three factors, namely, the author, the text and the reader must all be counted in so that meaning is best determined and a perfect piece of translation is produced."

Houbert (1998, an article) urges that a full understanding of the source text and accurate rendering in the target language usually give the client satisfaction and make the assignment of the translator an intellectually gratifying one and that "as with all other communication skills, creativity is best appreciated and yields the best result when used appropriately."

According to Munday, (2001) any text falls into one of three different groups: informative, expressive and directive. The informative text provides knowledge that one does not have beforehand such as dictionaries, journalistic articles, manuals…etc.

The expressive text deals with expression of attitude or judgment and often contains many adjectives and adverbs and many connectors such as therefore, however, or on the other hand and is found in private letters and poems. The directive text is normally used when the sender wants the receiver to do something such rules, regulations, an invoice…etc. Then the translator has to

28 analyze the text by identifying it according to the above mentioned groups, knowing its controlling idea and syntax, thereafter starts translating.

2-4 Translation Equivalence

According to Trotter (2006:1), the term equivalence describes the relationship between a translation and the text from which it is translated. He claims that translation is generally indeterminate on the ground that there is no single acceptable translation – but many. However, despite this, "the rationalist metaphor of translation equivalence prevails."

Leonardi (2000) points out that:

"The comparison of texts in different languages inevitably

involves a theory of equivalence. Equivalence can be said to

be the central issue of translation although its definition,

relevance, and applicability within the field of translation

theory have caused heated controversy, and many different

theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated

within this field in the past fifty years."

Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, 342) view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which "replicates the same situation

29 as in the original, whilst using completely different wording". They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text. According to them, equivalence is therefore the ideal method when the translator has to deal with proverbs, idiom, clichés, nominal or adjectival phrases and the onomatopoeia.

Karimi (Translation Directory,2006) maintains that if a specific linguistic unit in one language carries the same intended meaning/ message encoded in a specific linguistic medium in another, then these two units are considered to be equivalent. The domain of equivalents covers linguistic units such as morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, idioms and proverbs. So, finding equivalents is the most problematic stage of translation and this does not mean that the translator should always find one-to-one categorically or structurally equivalent units in the two languages, that is, sometimes two different linguistic units in different languages carry the same function. For example, the verb "happen" in the English sentence "he happens to be happy" equals the adverb "Etefaghan"

(by chance) in the Persian sentence: "u Etefaghan khosh hal ast".

The translator, after finding out the meaning of a SL linguistic form,

should ask himself/herself what the linguistic form is in another

language- TL- for the same meaning to be encoded by.

Regarding examples of English/ Arabic translation equivalence,

Youssif (2006) mentions the following:

الكاميرا الخفية Candid camera

العدسات االصقة Contact lenses

في التاني السالمة Haste makes waste

ماء من تحت تبن Still water runs deep

He thinks that the problem in translation always lies in searching for the equivalence (such as the examples above) and not for the formal correspondence such as:

يعوم العملة To float currency

السيدة االولي The first lady

يغسل االموال To launder money

الوزير االول )رئيس الوزراء( The premier

السوق االسود Black market

2-4-1- Types of Equivalence Leonardi (2000) points out that Nida argues that there are two types of equivalence, namely, formal

31 equivalence –which in the second edition by Nida and Taber (1982) is referred to as formal correspondence - and dynamic equivalence.

2-4-1-1 Formal equivalence: focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content', unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon the 'principle of equivalence effect'. In the second edition (1982) of their work, the two theorists provide a more detailed explanation of each type of equivalence. In the same context, Fawcett (1997) mentions that formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalence of a

SL word or phrase and that Nida and Taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. They therefore suggest that these formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. Fawcett thinks that the use of formal equivalents might at times have serious implications in the TL since the translation will not be easily understood by the target audience.

Furthermore, Fawcett believes that Nida and Taber themselves assert that "typical formal correspondence distorts the grammatical

32 and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard."

2-4-1-2 The Dynamic Equivalence: Nida and Taber (1982:200) define dynamic equivalence as a translation principle through which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL wording will produce the same effect on the TL audience as the original wording did upon the SL audience. They argue that:

"Frequently, the form of the original text is changed; but as

long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in

the source language, of contextual consistency in the transfer,

and of transformation in the receptor language, the message

is preserved and the translation is faithful".

It is clear that Nida is in favor of the application of dynamic

equivalence, as a more effective translation procedure. Despite

using a linguistic approach to translation, Nida is much more

interested in the message of the text or, in other words,

in its semantic quality. He, therefore, strives to make sure that this

message remains clear in the target text.

Lorick (2008, an article) points out that translators must decide what kind of translation best fits the work they are rendering.

Sometimes verbatim rendering is best, but often it is not. When embarking on translating any text, the translator has to decide if he is going to translate it word for word, i.e. a verbatim rendering, or seeks a dynamic equivalence. According to Lorick the dynamic equivalent translation takes into account the context and apparent intent of the original. When providing a dynamic equivalent translation, the translator considers the culture of the original document, understands "the nuances of the original language, and takes into account idiomatic expressions. The result is a finished product that comes alive to the reader with the actual intent of the original." Thus, Lorick claims that the key components of a dynamic equivalent translation include the following: correct understanding of the idiomatic expressions, consideration of the author's culture and careful understanding of the nuances of the original language.

Moreover, Wikipedia (the free encyclopedia) points out that the question of fidelity vs. transparency has been formulated in terms of, respectively, "formal equivalence" and "dynamic equivalence."

The latter two expressions are associated with the translator

Eugene Nida and were originally coined to describe ways of translating the Bible, but the two approaches are applicable to any translation. Formal equivalence corresponds to "metaphrase," and dynamic equivalence to "paraphrase." Dynamic equivalence (or functional equivalence) conveys the essential thought expressed in the source text- if necessary, at the expense of literality, original

sememe {from the Greek (semaino), "mean, signify" is a semantic language unit of meaning, correlative to morpheme. IT is a proposed unit of transmitted or intended meaning; it is atomic or indivisible. A sememe can be the meaning expressed by a morpheme, such as the English pluralizing morpheme -s which carries he sememic feature '+ plural'} and word order, the source text's active vs. passive voice, etc. By contrast, formal equivalence

(sought via literal translation) attempts to render the text "literally" or word for word (the latter expression being itself

35 a word-for-word rendering of the classical Latin "verbum pro verbo") –if necessary, at the expense of features natural to the target language. Thus, Wikipedia (the free encyclopedia) claims that there is, no sharp boundary between dynamic and the formal equivalence. On the contrary, they represent a spectrum of translation approaches. Each is used at various times and in various contexts by the same translator and at various points within the same text-sometimes simultaneously. Competent translation entails the judicious blending of dynamic and formal equivalents.

2-4-1-3 The ideational equivalence: to the dichotomy of formal vs. functional equivalence, Farghal (1994) adds that there is one more type of equivalence which is often neglected in translation theory but frequently used in practice, namely, the “ideational equivalence”. He says that this type of equivalence captures the idea independently of formal and functional constraints. Thus, it

"exclusively stresses the communicative sense of an utterance rather than its formal and/or functional correspondence in the TL."

According to his viewpoint, this type of equivalence can be particularly useful when formal and functional equivalences fail.

He cited the ideational equivalent "died" for the metaphorical death euphemism in the Arabic utterance: "intaqala almudiru ila jiwari rabbihi amsi" (The manager died/passed away yesterday). This euphemism has no English equivalent, and the formal equivalent

"transferred to the neighborhood of his Lord" sounds odd. Similarly, the ideational equivalent "were killed" is the only feasible option for religion-based Arab verb /istushida/ in the utterance /istushida talatatu filastiniyyina fi aldiffati algarbiyyati amsi/ (Three

Palestinians were killed in the West Bank yesterday). This verb has no English formal equivalent, and to use the functional equivalent

"fell as martyrs" would sound awkward as a biblical expression in a rational world.

It is obvious that Farghal’s remark regarding the ideational equivalence is quite sound and more satisfactory than the formal and the dynamic ones, as the latter two fail short in conveying and expressing the exact equivalence from the SL to the TL as shown in the example above.

37 2-5 Main Types of Translation

There is a common misconception among many people as far as types of translation are concerned. Many people refer to the translator as an interpreter, while this does not hold true.

Lawless (an article, web site) points out:

Translation is written - it involves taking a written text (such as a book or an article) and translating it in writing into the target language. Interpretation is oral - it refers to listening to something spoken (a speech or phone conversation) and interpreting it orally into the target language

Thus, there are two major categories of translation: written translation that is performed by translators, and an oral one that is undertaken by interpreters. In other words and in broad sense, translation is written communication and Interpreting is oral communication.

Jabr (2001) is in line with this categorization: "It is generally agreed that the word "translation" is confined to written translation while "interpretation" is limited to oral translation.

Massey (2004) substantiates this point by saying that both of them, i.e., translation and interpretation, serve the purpose of

38 making communication possible between speakers of different languages and that "in the past there has been a tendency to perceive interpreting as an area of translation, but from the second half of the 20th century differentiation between the two areas has become necessary."

2.5.1 Written Translation:

This is the most wide spread type of translation. It is used generally in converting and transferring many types of documents, texts, books, poetry…etc to other languages.

According to Wikipedia, (the free encyclopedia):

"Written translation, however, is broadly divided into two main

types: literal translation (metaphrase) and non-literal (or free)

translation (paraphrase). The Greek term for "translation,"

"metaphrasis" ("a speaking across"), has supplied English

with "metaphrase" (a "literal translation," or "word-for-word"

translation) – as contrasted with "paraphrase" ("a saying in

other words, from the Greek "paraphrasis"). "Metaphrase"

corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to

"formal equivalence," and "paraphrase", to "dynamic

equivalence."

2-5-1-1 Literal translation (metaphrase):

By literal translation is meant word-by-word translation. In other words, it is transferring the meaning of each individual word in a text to another equivalent word in the target language. While some say that this type of translation is clearly appropriate for dictionaries, it is not that useful for complex passages of text,

Nabokov's (1964; viii-ix) claims the contrary by saying that

"rendering, as closely as the associative and syntactical capacities of another language, allows the exact contextual meaning of the original …Only this {literal translation} is true translation."

But still, criticism of literal translation is huge. The French scholar,

Dolet (1509-1546), suggests that in order to produce an adequate translation, a translator should "avoid the tendency to translate word by word", since word by word translation, as Dolet explains,

"misinterprets the original content and spoils the beauty of its form"

(c.f Miremadi: 1993:74). Nida (1964:14) supports Dolet by saying that renderings in such a way, i.e. word-for-word "generally makes for a doubtful translation." "Doubtful" in the sense that word by word

40 translation, i.e. literary translation, sometimes does not coincide with the spirit of the TL due to variation of languages with respect to

metaphor and paronomasia, thus distorts the intended meaning.

Translation must take into account constraints that include context, the grammar rules of the two languages, their writings conventions, and their idioms. A common misconception is that there exists a simple word-for-word correspondence between any two languages, and that translation is a straightforward mechanical process. Such a word-for-word translation, however, cannot take into account context, grammar, conventions, and idioms. (Stretdictionary.com).

Furthermore, Massey (2004) points out that if the translation or interpretation was carried out only word for word, then "it would either produce utterances that sound very unnatural to the native speaker of the target language or it would distort the meaning."

Also,

2-5-1 -2 Non-literal (free)translation (paraphrase):

Translatum (a web site) defines free translation as "translating loosely from the original. Contrasted with word-for-word or literal

translation, this may be the best method depending on the most appropriate unit of translation involved." Catford (1965:35) puts forwards that:

" it is generally agreed that meaning is important in translation

– particularly in total translation. Indeed, translation has often

been defined with reverence to meaning; a translation is said

to ' have the same meaning' as the original… Meaning, in our

view, is a property of a language. A SL text has a SL

meaning, and a TL text has a TL meaning."

According to Nida (1984), translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. In addition, (Vallejo 2005:4) urges that the translator should avoid the tendency to translate word by word, because doing so is to destroy the meaning of the original and to ruin the beauty of the expression. He confirms the importance of this point by saying that literal translation can transmit another meaning.

Thus, word-for-word translation is criticized by many translation theorists as a deficient way of translation, as it has many drawbacks that should be avoided, as shown above, and free translation is widely agreed upon to be the best alternative.

2-5-2 Interpretation

Wikipedia (the web free dictionary) defines Interpretation or interpreting as "the intellectual activity that consists of facilitating oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between two or among three or more speakers who are not speaking, or signing, the same language."

Here, the speaker resorts to the interpreter to ensure that the audience understands what he says. It is, however, important that both the speaker and the interpreter be acquainted before working together starts and the interpreter should be aware of the topic addressed before the beginning of the work and to know what the demographics of the audience are in order to ease his mission.

43 2-5-2-1 Simultaneous Interpretation

Hamid (2007:43) points out that in this type of interpretation, the interpreter – who sits inside a cabin or a box- follows and interprets spontaneously and simultaneously the speech of the speaker speaking in a conference, meeting or other else and "sometimes

the interpretation takes place with a written text. In other times the translator may have some data on the subject treated in the conference or the gathering. This feature links this type of oral translation to the written one."

However, this type of interpretation, i.e. simultaneous interpretation, needs more concentration on the speech of the speaker so as to grasp as far as possible his utterance. i.e., as mentioned by

Translatum (a website):

"the interpreter starts to translate before the speaker has

finished his/her utterance. Most often used, i.e., simultaneous

interpretation, at large events such as conferences and

carried out by panels of at least two interpreters using special

equipment. As this type of work is particularly tiring and

stressful, the rule of thumb is that an interpreter should be

able to take a break after 45 minutes of continuous work."

2-5-2-2 Consecutive interpretation

Here, the interpreter starts to translate only after the speaker has finished his/her utterance. Consecutive interpretation is often used at smaller conferences and it is generally used in courtroom settings and speeches where just one interpreter is often enough

(Translatum, website).

In this type of interpretation, the interpreter intervenes at a particular point depending on his grasping of the meaning. Hamid

(2007:43) puts it forward that "this intervention may be after some

minutes and not according to sentences and phrases…The interpreter may speak at the end of the speech of the person concerned".

2-5-1-3 Transliteration

According to Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary,2000, to

transliterate means:"to write words or letters using letters of a

different alphabet or language."

Bayer, (2007:1) points out that:

"Transliteration occurs when the translator transcribes the SL

characters or sounds in the TL. In other words, transliteration

implies the writing of words with characters of another alphabet

that represents the same sound or sounds. Sometimes, the

translator may not find the required equivalents in the TL,

especially in the fields of modern sciences and technology, so he

finds himself compelled to resort to this kind of translation."

Zakhir (2008: 2) claims that this operation, i.e. transliteration, usually concerns proper names that do not have equivalents in the

,)ميتدددلوجيا( TL text. Examples of these names are mitodolojya

opira ,)ايكولوجيددا( ikolojya ,)جغرافيددا( jorafiya ,)بيبلوغرافيددا( bibliyografya

,from the English words methodology, bibliography )اوبيدددرا( geography, ecology and opera. He adds that some critics refuse to consider transliteration as a proper translation as it "relies on transcription rather than searching for the cultural and semantic equivalent word in the TL." He claims that if this holds true, how then the translator acts when he "finds himself obliged to transcribe proper nouns or culturally-bound words in the SL text for the sake of preserving the local color."

2.5.1.4 Machine Translation (MT)

2.5.1.4.1 Definition

Machine translation (MT) is the application of computers to the translation of texts from one natural language into another language (Hutchins,2005:15). Gimenez (2008:2) defines MT as "the use of computer to translate a message, typically text or speech, from one natural language to another." Arnold et al (1994:1) point out that automatic translation or machine translation, as generally known- is the attempt to automate all, or part of the process of translation from one human language to another”. This, however, implies that MT is a procedure whereby a computer program analyzes a source text and produces a target text without further human intervention. In other words, MT is an automatic translation in which computers take over all the work of translating. However, later on with the development and evolution of this field, machine translation turned to be known as a computer-assisted translation

(CAT) or "computer-aided translation," "machine-added human translation" (MAHT).

2-5-1-4-2 Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT)

Computer-assisted translation (CAT), also called "computer- aided translation," "machine-added human translation" (MAHT) and

"interactive translation," is a form of translation wherein a human translator creates a target text with the assistance of a computer program. Here, the machine supports a human translator. CAT can include standard dictionary and grammar software. The term, however, normally refers to a range of specialized programs available to the translator, including translation-memory, terminology-management, concordance, and alignment programs.

With the internet, translation software can help non-native-speaking individuals understand web pages published in other languages

(Wikipedia, free encyclopedia, 2008). Thus, CAT should not be confused with ET, as ET aims at doing a translation, while CAT helps the translator performing his job.

2-5-1-4-3 History and evolution of Machine Translation

Arnold et al (1994:12) mention that from ancient times people tried to find methods to transfer foreign languages into their own and that the stone of Rosetta found in Egypt is one of these

48 witnesses. They point out that "since 2nd WW and the following

Cold war, automatic translation became a very hot item for international espionage agencies. And after computers kicked off from the early 1950s, the developments went a spur. Arnold et al say that there is no clear evidence about who first had the idea of automatic translation but they claim that:

"the actual development of machine translation can be traced

to conversations and correspondence between Andrew D.

Booth, a British crystallographer, and Warren Weaver of

Rockefeller Foundation in 1947, and more specifically to a

memorandum written by Weaver in 1949 to Rockefeller

Foundation which included the following two sentences" I

have a text in front of me which is written in Russian but I am

going to pretend that it is really written in English and that it

has been coded in some strange symbols. All I need do is

strip off the code in order to retrieve the information contained

in the text."

Hutchins (2005) points out that the realistic possibilities of automating translation came only in the 20th century whereas "in mid 1930s, a French-Armenian George Artsrouni and a Russion

Petr Troyanskii applied for patents for translating machines."

Hutchins ranks Troyanskii higher than Artsrouni on the ground that the former proposed not only a method for automatic bilingual dictionary, but also a scheme for coding interlingual grammatical roles (based on Esperanto) and an outline of how analysis and synthesis might work. However, Troyanskii's ideas were not known about until the end of the 1950s.

In addition, Hutchins illustrates that the experiment took place in

Georgetown University (1954) involved fully-automatic translation of over sixty Russian sentences into English and it was quite successful the matter that "ushered in an era of substantial funding for machine-translation research," and that within three to five years form that date machine translation would be a solved problem.

During the 1950s, enthusiasts voiced extraordinary claims for new Machine Translation technology. It has not lofty goals, promising quick and cheap translation. DARPA (Defense Advanced

Study Projects Agency, an agency of the United States Department of Defense) funded a computer program to translate Soviet

50 documents into English. The difficulties of machine translation became clear when the Russian term hydraulic ram was translated as "water goat." There was a backlash of skepticism following the disastrous failure of the machine translation effort in the 1950s.

(Global Security org, a web site)

By 1964, the US government sponsors had become increasingly concerned at the lack of progress; they set up the Automatic

Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC), which concluded in a famous 1966 report that ET was slower, less accurate and twice as expensive as human translation and that is no immediate or predictable prospect of useful machine translation.

It saw no need for further investment in MT research; and instead it recommended the development of machine aids for translators such as automatic dictionaries, and the continued support of basic study in computational linguistics. (Hutchins, 2005)

After the ALPAC report, which found that the ten-year-long study had failed to fulfill expectations, funding was greatly reduced. But beginning in the late 1980s, as computational power increased and

became less expensive, more interest was shown in statistical models for machine translation (Axis Translation, a web site).

Important advances occurred during the 1980s. The administrative and commercial needs of multilingual communities stimulated the demand for translation, leading to the development - in countries such as France, Germany, Canada and Japan- of new machine translation systems such as Logos (from German to

French and vise versa) and the internal system created by the Pan-

American Health organization (from Spanish to English and vise versa)as well as a number of systems produced by Japanese computer companies. Study also revived in the 1980s because large-scale access to personal computers and word-processing programs produced a market for less expensive machine translation systems (Craciunescu et al, Translation Journal, web site)

Today, there are many software programs, several of them online for translating source language. Such software includes the

SYSTRAN system which powers both Google translate, AltaVista's

Babelfish, StarDict…etc. These tools produce a rough translation that gives the summary of the source text (Axis Translation, a website). Craciunescu asserts that “the Internet with its universal access to information and instant communication between users has created a physical and geographical freedom for translators that was inconceivable in the past”.

2.5.1.4.4 Human Translation vs. Machine Translation:

Craciunescu (2004, an article) states that some translators totally reject machine translation because they associate it with the point of view that translation is merely one more marketable product based on a calculation of investment versus profits. They define translation as an art that possesses its own aesthetic criteria that have nothing to do with profit and loss, but are rather related to creativity and the power of the imagination.

This, however, coincides with the view that machine translation will never cope with human translation which focuses on the exact contextual meaning of the original text in a manner where both

53 content and language are easily acceptable and comprehendible.

Merriam-Webster, an online dictionary, mentions that, “The cultural context is of paramount importance in translation, as the proper understanding and scientific accuracy require that the translator should know the cultural context of the text to be translated so as to convey its content to the target language in words parallel to those in the context. It is improper, however, upon translating words that express political beliefs or doctrines, to rely exclusively on lexical semantics that may be misleading to the translator who does not take into account the marginal meanings derived from the cultural context”,.

Dilmanc (a website) puts forward the advantages of Machine translation as follows:

Advantages:

 Quick translation: using the machine translation system

enables you to save your time while translating large texts.

 Low price: if a professional translator translates your text, you

have to pay enough money for each page but often we need

54  just a point of matter, general idea. In this case, machine

translation system is reliable and effective to us.

 Confidentiality: many people use machine translation systems

to translate their private emails because no one would agree

to give his private correspondence to translator who he does

not know or no one would entrust financial documents to other

people.

 Universality: Usually a professional translator becomes

specialized in a definite field, but machine translation system

can translate any text about any area. For the translation of

special terminology, you have to just switch on a

corresponding setting.

 Online translation and translation of web page content: the

advantage of online translation services is obvious. Online

translation services are at hand and you can translate

information quickly with this service. Furthermore, you can

translate any web page content and query of search by the

use of machine translation system.

As regards the disadvantages of machine translation. Omniglot (a web site) mentions the following:

 Accuracy is not offered by the machine translation on a

consistent basis. You can get the gist of the draft or document

but machine translation only does word to word translation

without comprehending the information which might have to be

corrected manually later on.

 Systematic and formal rules are followed by machine

translation so it cannot concentrate on a context but solve

ambiguity and neither makes use of experience or mental

outlook like a human translator can.

2.6 Is translation into mother tongue more successful than

Into a second language?

Some people think that translation into the mother tongue is more successful than into a second language. Jabak (an article, web site) says that:

"it is commonly believed that translators are better at

translating into their native language than into a second

language. The underlying reason for this assumption is that

translators have a more profound linguistic and cultural

background of their mother tongue than of a second language

which they have to learn in order to be well-versed

translators."

In other words, native language translators are well acquainted and aware of the various linguistic elements of their native language (such as semantics, syntax, morphology and lexicology) and cultural elements (such as proverbs, idioms, metaphors, collocations and swear words) than the translators who translate into a foreign language. According to Jabak , this holds true because "such translators are born and bred in the culture into which they translate these culture-bound aspects,." And that the translator's second language, for the most part, learned, rather than the acquired first language and that the translator's second language "is always in progress and never complete."

Furthermore, Dickins et al (2002:2) point out that "translator training normally focuses on translation into the mother tongue, because higher quality is achieved in that direction than in translating into a foreign language."

Galibert(2008, an article) is in line with the above viewpoints. She claims that "professional translation always require the translator to

translate toward his own mother tongue," because translations

require "the full picture" on the target country (or countries). In other

words, according to her viewpoint, one needs to be able to think

like someone from the target country. She urges that

'Grammatically correct' is a lot different from 'ethnically correct' and

that:

"even when a translator has traveled several times to the

source country and has authored works in the source

language, he is unlikely to provide professional top quality

translations. So, once again, a translator should ALWAYS

translate towards his won language."

2-7 Controversy of Whether Translation is an Art, Craft or

Science

Despite the fact that translation and interpretation nowadays are

rapidly increasing worldwide and playing a crucial role in the world's

affairs due to the fact that the globe has turned to be a small

village, the issue of translation - whether it is an art, craft or

science- has a long history and still remains controversial. Ordudari

(2006, an article, web site) claims that: "Theoretically, one can

58 consider translation as a science; practically, it seems rational to

consider it an art," and that some scholars regard translation as a creative process, thus it is "subjective and cannot be systematized by laws." He believes that whether translation is regarded as a science, art or craft, the most important point is that "a good translation should play the same role in the TL as the original did in the SL."

To other scholars, translation is a second-hand art. Belloc

(1931:6) believes that translation "has never been granted the dignity of the original work, and has suffered too much on the general judgment of letters." Savory (1969:49) points out that "there are no universally accepted principles of translation, because the only people qualified to formulate them have never agreed among themselves”. This implies that Savory does not tend to consider translation as a science. While Chukovski (1984:93) confirms that

'translation is not only an art, but a high art.", Newmark (1988:7) refers to translation as "a craft".

Additionally, some scholars think that translation is both craft and science. Gabr (2001:2) argues that "translation being a craft on the one hand, requires training, i.e. practice under supervision, and

59 being a science on the other hand, has to be based on language theories." Azizinezhad (2004:3) goes in the same line pointing out that:

"translation has a lot in common with arts as well as sciences.

It sometimes becomes highly dependent on the idiosyncrasies

and intuition of the translator. Like composers and painters,

translators often find their own moods and personalities

reflected in their work.""

Another viewpoint is that of Baker (1993:5) who claims that translation is academically a newborn discipline and just starting to find its way as a subject in an increasing number of universities and colleges worldwide. He stresses that translation, like any young discipline, has to approach the findings and theories of other related disciplines so as to develop itself and find its own methods and principles; but which disciplines can serve this purpose is still a controversial issue.

2-8 What is good translation?

To make good translation, certain factors should be taken into consideration. However, some scholars have put forward some

recommendations in this respect. As cited in Miremadi (1993:74) the French scholar Dolet (1509-1546) suggests that, in order to produce an adequate translation, a translator should "avoid the tendency to translate word for word", since word for word translation, as Dolet explains , "misinterprets the original content and spoils the beauty of its form"

Another important factor that leads to a fine translation is that the translated text in the TL should reflect the spirit of the SL text.

Belloc (1931-153) maintains that translation must reflect the spirit of the original at the expense of the letter. In support to this viewpoint,

Edwards (1957:13) argues that approximate truth should be expected in translation which should bring the truest possible feel of the original. Knox (1957:5) goes in line with these viewpoints by pointing out that translation should be "read with the same interest and enjoyment which a reading of the original would have afforded." Therefore, it seems that both Edwards(1957) and

Knox(1957) believe in "equivalent effect" as a criterion of good translation. Foster (1958:6) substantiates more the aforementioned views by saying that the only good translation is one which conveys the same purpose in the TL as the ST does.

2-9 Journalism and Journalistic Translation

2-9-1 Journalism: Definition, Importance and Characteristics:

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines journalism as "the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or television". Furthermore, the Free Merriam-

Webster Dictionary (a web site) defines it as "writing designed for publication in a newspaper or a magazine."

Beyond doubt, journalism plays an important role in people's daily life, since it is the fourth estate and a considerable number of people come in touch with it every day.

Jabr (2002, 104) claims that journalism turned to cover the whole world and all kinds of sciences and knowledge. Now, there is the daily newspaper, the evening one, the weekly, and the monthly…etc. These newspapers, however, devote whole pages to politics, economics, sciences, arts, advertisements and even obituaries.

Regardless of the kind of an article or news, Jabr goes on saying that the nature and function of journalism necessitate that the one

involved in it (i.e. the journalist) should do his best to attract the biggest number of readers. Thus, the journalist differs from any other writer. He has to provide the reader with the element of enjoyment, whether through the text or through his writing techniques. As regards writing techniques in journalism, Najeeb

(2005:207) believes that journalism has its own technique which are characterized by the following:

1-A medium-standard language; not that deep classical nor that popular slang of public corridors and quarters, rather it is a simple classical understood by most readers.

2-Concentration of ideas and information in a minimal space as far as possible because journalism always aims at "breviary that makes sense", or at the useful breviary. But this economization in words leads to create sentences full of subsidiary adjectives and meanings, as well as it leads to using abbreviations and acronyms the matter that puts a heavy burden on the shoulder of the translator.

3-The exciting concentrated headlines, to the extent that its concentration reaches the limit of puzzles. For such a reason

translators are advised not to translate the headline before translating the whole text.

4-The writer of the article often expresses his personal viewpoint whether explicitly or implicitly.

2-9-2 Journalistic translation: Definition, importance and

Principles

Appanama (a web site) points out that "journalistic translation refers to the translation of writing in newspapers, magazines, or other agency engaged in the collection and dissemination of news."

Nowadays, it is rare that a newspaper, magazine or any other journalistic publication is free of a translated item. Journalistic translation turned to be part and parcel of many renowned newspapers, locally or globally and it can be the best means to convey news, thoughts, visions and events that occur around the globe in a simple way accessible to everybody.

Appanama (a web site) states that translators working in this field have to meet all the requirements usually demanded from a translator as well as tight deadlines, the ability to selectively edit before translating, and journalistic training. Several factors are

64 important in selecting what news to translate: (1) readership demographics; (2) editorial view-point; (3) space limitation; (4) time limitation; and (5) the limitation of the source (A Dictionary of translation Technology, 2006:120-121). Moreover, journalistic translation is "the translation of newspapers, articles, books, bibles, radio and television broadcasts.

However, translation for newspapers has some peculiarity that distinguishes it from generic non-fiction translation. At first sight, one could think that a newspaper text- since it expresses facts and communicates information- is a purely denotative text, therefore relatively easy to translate as far as construction and style are concerned, with a few difficulties of lexical order at the most

(Collezioni, a web site).

Hassof (an article, web site) puts forward some principles that should be taken into consideration in journalistic translation, namely:

1-The limit of freedom of the journalist in translating the original text: Acting freely with translation stems from a pressing desire to get free of some of the components of the original text and try to draft a new text that to a large extent takes into consideration the

65 genre of the receiver…Freedom in translation does not mean, however, to cut down translation through omitting the main ideas or to get rid of those paragraphs that the translator finds himself unable to render. Freedom in translation does not mean increasing the rendition via introducing new ideas or conflicting ideas that do not appear in the original text. Freedom in translation is used to communicate with the recipient audience by means of a careful change of the function of the original text (summarizing it, explaining its ideas or simplifying its linguistic standard…etc) without affecting the ideas that constitute its overall meaning.

2-The impact of the rendered text on the receiver:

As the writer of the original text does, the translator has to make an idea about his readers before starting translating the text from the

SL to the TL. The translator of journalistic texts who resorts to a technique understandable to his readers in fact speaks with them in their idiom. But that one who affects searching for words and expressions that mist the meaning and make comprehension difficult speaks with them by his own idiom. The good translator is

66 the one who poses the following questions during the process of translating any journalistic text:

* Are most of the readers going to understand this term or that expression?

*Does this term or that expression negatively affect the general meaning of the text, or does the context of the text is capable to eliminate any confusion?

*Will the recipient understand the new term or there is a necessity to accompany it with an explanatory clause?

*What is the linguistic standard that will be understandable to the recipient?

*Is there a need to change the technique of the original text or not?

3-The impact of the ideology of the newspaper on translation:

Every newspaper has its own shape and trend. By shape is meant its form that distinguishes it from other newspapers in the stalls.

Regarding the trend, it matches the editorial policy that is subject to various determinants: ideological, intellectual, political, or economic…etc. The thought and ideology of the journalist who

67 translates have its impact in selecting the texts that will be translated.

4-Time compulsion in specialized journalistic translation: One of the most prominent problems associated with journalistic translation today is the ability to produce a rendered text that takes into consideration honesty and devotion to the source and "acceptance" in the TL in a short period of time. Indeed, he is the proficient translator that develops the efficiency of quickness in undertaking the translation with maintaining the meaning of the original text at the same rime. What so ever is the allowed time span, the translating journalist should present a product that is acceptable in terms of quality and should meet all determinants of reliable translation…In general, the point of tightness or ampleness of time during undertaking the journalistic translation is connected with various factors:

* The enjoyment of the translator in touching on a certain subject rather than others. Whenever the translator finds himself harmonizing with the subject, his rendition will be quick and sound.

* Difficulty or easiness of the subject.

*The pre-knowledge of the translator about the subject.

*Experience and practice in the field of translation

*The method adopted in translation

5- Altering the meaning in some journalistic renditions:

Through the following;

- mistakes in translating idioms

-mistakes in translating common expressions

-mistakes relating to overlapping of structure and

composition between the two languages

-mistakes relating to technique

-excessive translation

-deficient translation

-mistakes related to misunderstanding of the original text

-lacking the encyclopedic knowledge that accompanies

the textual performance

-inserting the identity of the translator…etc.

6-The Ethical aspect in journalistic translation:

The translator is not an author but he is restricted by the meaning of an original text that he has to convey it honestly and reliably. He is also restricted by his responsibility towards the reader in the

69 sense that he, i.e. the translator, should not lie to him. Personal altering should give way to objective one so that rendition is undertaken in the proper way.

2-10 The news: Definition and features

As pointed out previously, news may be regarded as the most important item in a newspaper. It is the first item that attracts the reader whose eyes move from the first glance to the manshette and then move to the details.

In broad sense, news means information about current events or that would be of current interest to the public. Oxford Advanced

Learners Dictionary (2000) defines news as "new information about something that happened recently" or "reports of recent events that appear in newspapers or on television or radio" or "a regular television or radio broadcast of the latest news" or " a person, thing or event that is considered to be interesting enough to be reported as news."

Additionally, Merriam-Webster (an online dictionary) defines news as " a report of recent events" or " previously unknown information" or " something having a specified influence or effect" or " material

70 reported in a newspaper or news periodical or a newscast" or

"matter that is newsworthy".

Notwithstanding, the definition of news is a controversial one.

Jabr (2002, 105-106) mentions that "some people say that the news is stating an event that is published in the newspapers and broadcasted by radio, TV. and other mass media, believing that this event concerns the public. Others think that news is a presentation of all happenings and all what the events denote and its repercussions. Furthermore, some people think that news is a presentation of an event that affects the soci-economic, political, materialistic or other relations as well as it is a presentation to all happenings around the world that is important for man to be aware of on the ground that the word "NEWS" is the initials of the basic directions: North, East, West and South."

Anyhow, these definitions cannot hold true unless they meet certain conditions. In fact, no "complete" news exists because any subsidiary event opens the door for other subsidiary events. For example, if talking is about a summit conference of peacemakers, this may lead to mention the violent events in Egypt, Algeria,

Palestine, etc. But there exists what the people of journalism term as the "integrated news' in the sense that it meets the conditions that make it a complete subject and satisfies the curiosity of the reader. The integrated news, questions of journalism, namely,

What, When, Where, Who, Why, as well as How, and all of them are termed as the 5Ws & H:

I keep six honest serving-men

(They taught me all I knew);

Their names are What and Why and When

And How and Where and Who

Rudyard Kipling

An English author and poet

Regardless of the kind of the article or the news, we find that the nature and function of the journalism necessitates that the one who is engaged in it should do his best to attract the biggest number of readers. Thus, the journalist differs from any other writer or author.

He has to provide the reader with the element of enjoyment, text- wise and technique-wise, and conviction through simple presenting of the idea. The most important characteristic of the technique of

72 editing news is what is known as the ABC rule:

A: accuracy

B: brevity

C: clarity

To apply this rule in editing the journalistic items and consequently translating them, the journalist/translator should take this rule in consideration and should observe the following points:

1- Simplicity: by using simple/short terms and expressions

and avoid complicated ones inapprehensible to the

ordinary reader.

2- Using short sentences or what is known as the telegraphic

sentences, i.e., avoiding nonsense and padding that do not

add to the meaning but encumber it and even veil it in

many cases.

3- Clarity: that is, using words of specific indications whose

meaning does not confuse the reader.

Jabr (2002:106) concludes by saying that the most important characteristic of news is objectivity. Thus, the journalistic reporter

73 who is assigned to cover an event has to abstract himself totally free from his personal feeling and report the event with the utmost objectivity.

2-10-1 Components of the news

The journalistic news is composed of four main parts: the headline, the neck (the source & date), the lead and the body.

2-10-1-1 The News Headline

A headline is a text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article. It catches the attention of the reader and relates well to the topic. Modern headlines are typically written in an abbreviated style omitting many elements of a complete sentence but almost always including a non-copula verb (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines a headline as "the title of a newspaper article printed in large letters especially at the front of the top page" or" a short summary of the most important items of news, read at the beginning of a news program on the radio or television."

Furthermore, the free dictionary, Google, defines the headline as

"the title or the caption of a newspaper article usually set in large

74 type" or " an important or sensational piece of news, often used in the plural" or "a line at the head of a page or passage giving information such as the title, author, and page number."

It is said that editing a headline is an art by itself, i.e., it is rhetoric, because it should be attractive to the reader once his eyes fall on it.

2.10.1.1.1 Distinctive features of an English news headline

Dodain (2008, 420-421) points out that an English news headline is governed by certain features:

1-Omission of articles, auxiliaries and conjunctions: e.g.

Opposition Claims Government Responsible for Crimes

2-Simple present is mostly used (for past, present perfect and

cont). Jabr (2002, 112) is in line of this rule on the ground that

if past tense is used - even for an event that already

happened -in the headline this will produce a negative

impression on the reader that this news is an old one, hence

he neglects it. So the simple present tense is used to revive

and freshen the news:

Students Fight for Course Changes

3-Using gerund (verb +ing) to express an event happening at

the time being:

The World Heading for Crisis

4-Using infinitive (to + verb) for the future:

Queen to Visit Egypt

5-Passive structures are preferred in headlines:

Demonstrators Killed in Clashes

6-Use of nouns as adjectives:

Arab Bank, Egypt Airlines

In addition, Jabr (2002:113-114)) mentions more features of the

English headline:

7-Using acronyms and abbreviations:

UNCTAD Urges Policy to Spur Growth

8-Using metaphoric expressions:

Cruising into Troubles

9-Irregular arrangement of words:

Rape Part of Serb Tactics, Says Amnesty

10-Using quotation and punctuation marks to spare

space:

Fauler: "Boston Must Win"

Factory Close...600 Jobless

11-Using short words instead of long ones:

aide: assistance cut: reduce, reduction

slam: criticize pact: agreement, contract

12-Using idioms:

Pollution Peaks as Britain Bakes

Gloom to Bloom

It is worth noting that no headline comprises all these features at one time, but may contain one or more of them depending on what the editor sees.

However, appanama (a website) mentions that in order to translate a headline properly, one needs first to understand correctly its meaning. In other words, news headlines can be difficult to be translated since the sentences are fragmentary, and contain abbreviations and acronyms of proper names.

Intertextuality of a text can also make it very difficult for translators if they are not familiar with the history, the culture or the text they are translating. Newspaper headlines make extensive use of intertextual reference, as the following three examples;

1- from the Guardian Weekly (GW) show:-Taken

Silence of the Damned (GW March 1-7-2001) (reference to

the film "Silence of the Lamps" in the title of an article on

humanitarian crises in West Africa and Afghanistan. "Silencio

de los damnificados." – In Spanish, it lost its meaning and

wouldn't make reference to the movie.

2-The Blame in Spain (GW, Feb 22-28, 2001) (reference to

the song "The Rain in Spain" from the musical My Fair Lady),

as the title an editorial poking fun at frictions in relations

between Britain and Spain. "Culpa en Espana"- Spanish

translation would not imply they are making fun of the musical.

3-In the late 1970's Braniff Airlines tried to promote their all-

leather interiors by translating the English slogan "Fly in

leather." Unfortunately, the literal translation invited Spanish-

speaking passengers to "Fly naked."

In addition, Appanama (a web site) illustrates that sometimes some journalistic translators try to flatten the headline. Thus, a flattening effect or choosing a word less powerful and vivid than the original is created. These are not mistakes or mistranslations in the usual sense, since they fall within the general semantic range. It is

78 like making a photocopy of an original and having the print look obviously fainter.

Appanama mentions also another important aspect that the translators should observe when rendering English news headlines, namely, that one relating to political commentaries. Political commentaries can create serious problems to translators.

Politicians very readily create new words and terms. Just think, for example of road map, New Deal, Manifest Destiny, trickle-down economics, détente, affirmative action…etc. They are words that in a political speech can be very many; they are an obstacle for the translator to decode and then, to recode into the target culture.

The Translation City (a web site) points out that there are two reasons causing difficulties when attempting to understand correctly the meaning of news headlines:

1-Frequent violation of linguistic standards (shortened

structure of the sentence, omission of articles, link-verbs and

word order)

2-Not full and deep enough knowledge of the culture and

realities of the country where the language studied is the

native one; also superficial understanding of phraseological

expressions.

As a rule, it is reasonable to translate the headline after

having read the whole article. It makes the meaning of the

headline clear.

Further, The Translation City explains that when making the translation of news headlines, it is necessary to keep in mind their following distinctive features:

1-Authors rarely use full sentences. Here it's important to

understand and interpret the headline correctly and make its

adequate translation: "Hundreds Wounded, Scores Dead in

Russia Hostage Crisis"

2- Full sentences taken for headlines are mainly characterized

by the omission of articles:" Italy's Bank Governor Paints

Black Picture"

3-Abbriviations: their meaning is generally expressed in the

first paragraph of the article" OPEC to Reduce Production"

4-News headlines can be referred to as ellipses (sentences

with the omission of certain words for the sake of drawing

80 attention to the subject matter): " UN to Resume Operations in

Iraq"

5-Denominative sentences are also widely used as news headline: " Brave New Economy for Singapore"

6-Word combinations with a gerund or a participle can also be used for headlines: "Muddying the Waters"

7-In order to draw readers' attention, authors widely use colons and question marks in news headlines:" Is the Weak

Euro Making Germany Complacent?"

8-The question used in a headline can be indirect: "What is

Wrong with Paying Off the National Debt"

9-In order to draw public attention to the subject, authors often resort to various forms of slang and colloquial language in news headline:" Hey, Wanna Buy Some Used Mortgages?"

10-The use of pun (playing upon words) and purposely changed set expressions complicate the translation of news headlines a good deal: "To Save or not to Save?" (imitation of

Shakespeare’s "to be or not to be?”).

As pun is based on the double meaning of a word, with the second meaning often being slang, the translator has the right just to give certain commentary or explanation to a word combination because the translation is theoretically impossible. In other words, as a rule, the headline is followed by a sentence annotation which explains the meaning of the pun or gives a clue to understanding the meaning of the headline.

11-It is advisable to keep in mind that the majority of English headlines are laconic. Laconicism is the peculiarity of the

English language so when rendering a headline into English it is important to read carefully the context so as to provide adequate translation.

12-English news headlines are also distinguished by the wide range of pet names when denoting public figures: Tricky Dicky

(Nickson), Teddy (Theodor Roosevelt). In order to deliver adequate translator, the translation should either provide commentaries or replace pet names by full ones.

13-Authors frequently use occasional innovations in their

news headlines for the sake of seeking publicity. The

descriptive translation and background knowledge are the

main clues to successful translation: "Jiscarded" – this

innovation is based on the pun: To discard- to dismiss, Jicsar

d'Esten – the French president who discharged the prime

minister Shirak because he was keeping to de Gaulle's

principles.

14-English headlines are characterized by the absence of

past-time verb forms. Present-time forms are used instead:

"Libya Signs Deal to Pay Berlin Bombing Victims". What is

more, English news headlines generally lack personal verbal

forms of future tenses. They are replaced by the infinitive:"

NATO to Test Air Power in Europe"

2.10.1.1.2 Features of the Arabic Newspaper Headline

Watson (1996:166-170) points out that " in Arabic newspapers there is very little, if any, difference between the syntax of front- page headlines and the syntax of inside-page news headlines.

Front-page headlines are often shortened, but not to the same

83 degree as English headlines: the definite article, conjoins, possessive pronouns and possessive structures cannot be omitted due to the rules of Arabic syntax…Where changes are made in terms of word order or word omission, Arabic is usually flexible enough to produce a structure which remains grammatically standard; for example, where verbs are omitted a headline can still be a grammatical verbless sentence or a grammatical noun phrase.

Furthermore, Watson mentions that there are three basic types of syntactic structure used for Arabic headlines:

1-Noun phrase: a noun-phrase headline results rather from

nominalization of the verb, or from omission of the verb.

Where both the verbal action and the subject (either the agent

or the passive subject) are crucial to convey the headline

information, the verb is nominalized to an initial verbal noun

which often functions as the first term in an annexion (idafa).

This structure is found where the logical subject is an

indefinite noun or noun phrase, and functions grammatically

as the annex in an initial annexion phrase:

 i'tiqal 'adad min ansar 'mawj' fi adan wa-abyan

al-Sharq al-Awsat 29/4/95

"Arrest of a number of 'mawj' supporters in Aden

and Abyan"

 maqtal khams raha'in fi ma'arik damiyah

al-Sharaq al-Awsat 8/4/95

"Killing of five hostages in bloody conflicts"

2-Verbless nominal clause: where both the subject and the predicate are crucial to convey the headline information, but the verbal action is not, a headline will be a verbless nominal clause which results from omission of a verb or from simply no omission where the non-elided sentence is interpreted as a verbless sentence:

 hall al-khilafat al-sa'udi – al-yamani namudhaj li-hall

al-qadaya

al-Sharq al-Awsat 18/3/95

"Saudi-Yemeni solution to differences model for

conflict solutions"

 al-mutamar al-barlamani khatwah li-ra'b al-sad' al-

arabi

al-Sharq al-Awsat 8/4/95

"Parliamentary conference step to mend Arab

divisions"

3-Nominal clauses with imperfect verb: headline clauses can be nominalized by a change in word order from the normal classical Arabic V(erb) – S(ubject) – C(complement) to the word order S(ubject) – V(erb) – C(complement) …

Additionally, the verb is put in the imperfect aspect in order to stress the immediacy of the news item even when the event has already taken place. A nominal clause with an imperfect verb is used where the action of the verb, the logical subject

(usually the agent of the verb and the verbal complement) are crucial to convey the message of the headline. The initial subject will either be a definite noun with no expansion, as in:

 ughanda tastajwib suddniyyin wa-tuddhim maqarr

munazzamat ighathah

al-Sharq al-Awsat 29/4/95

"Uganda questions Sudanese and attacks aid

organizations headquarters"

or an expanded definite noun, as in:

 al-sira bayn al-hukumah/ wa-al-mu'aradh fi faransa

yabda bi-l-muhajirin wa-yantahi bi-l-intikhabat al-

urubiyyah

al-Thawra 5/6/89

"Conflict bETween the government and the

opposition in France begins with immigration and

ends with European elections"

Or an expanded indefinite noun, as in:

 tafu'ul fi "obic" yas'ad bi-l-si'r 33 sant

al-Sharq al-Awsat 4/6/89

"Optimism in OPEC raises prices by 33 cent"

Jabr (2001:113) points out that the simple present, the gerund

(verb +ing) and (to +verb) tenses are translated into Arabic in the present tense putting into consideration that headline should neve0r be a verbal clause, i.e. the beginning of the Arabic headline should never be a verb.

2.10.1.2 The neck (source & date) of the headline:

The neck of the news includes important information such as the place and date on which the event occurs, the source (the name of

the news agency), and sometimes the name of the reporter and

(some newspapers do not often mention the date on the ground

that the date of the issue serves this purpose): Tokyo, Oct; 13

(Agencies)

Taba, Egypt, Dec; 10 (MENA)

2.10.1.3 The Lead

Jacobi (1991:50), defines the lead as that sentence that "captures the attention of the reader and sums up the focus of the story. The lead also establishes the subject, sets the tone and guides the reader into the article or the news…In a news story, the introductory paragraph tells the most important facts and answers the questions: who, what, where, when, why, and how."

Jabr (2002:116) stresses that "upon translating the English lead into Arabic, the translation should be started by a verbal clause where the verb makes the sentence more effective and dynamic."

This, however, indicates that there is an inverse correlation between the beginnings of the lead in the two languages (English and Arabic).

Watson (1996: 177-178) also reaffirms this feature: "in the news details which follow the summary, nominal clauses given in the summary are replaced by verbal clauses; verbs are given in the

perfect aspect; clauses are linked synthetically; and where the identity of the agent has been partially withheld in the summary it is revealed in the details."

Polking (1990: 136) points out that in a feature story, the author may choose to open in a number of ways, including the following:

 an anecdote

 a shocking or startling statement

 a generalization

 pure information

 a description

 a quote

 a question

 a comparison

2.10.1.4 The Body

For the news story, details and elaboration are evident in the body of the news story and flow smoothly from the lead. Quotes are

used to add interest and support to the story and the inverted pyramid is used with most news stories (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Jabr (2002: 116) demonstrates that " the more the importance of the information diminishes, the more delaying its mentioning in the news so that the news ends with the least- importance information."

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY of the STUDY

3 -0 Introduction

This chapter deals with the methodology adopted for conducting this study. It deals with the description of the tools of data collection, the subjects, instrument for data analysis, in addition to validity and reliability of the tools of the study. The researcher followed the descriptive approach which is the best that suits and describes the problem in question and analyzes the renditions of the subjects (translation learners and professional translators) of some excerpts of Sudanese Arabic and English newspapers.

3-1 Subjects

To achieve the goals of the study, a translation assignment was taken as an instrument for tackling its problem. This assignment was distributed among two groups whose members were randomly chosen. The first group was a mixed group of (12) translation learners (students/ government-sponsored trainees) representing students of M.A Translation, Part Two, Translation and

Arabicization Unit, University of Khartoum and students of M.A.

Translation, Center for Languages & Translation, University of

Juba. The second group comprised (8) translators working as government officials at Sudan National Assembly (the Parliament) who hold different translation degrees ranging from higher diploma to M.A.. Respondents of the two groups were native speakers of

Arabic and their academic background ranges from B.Sc to higher diploma in various fields (agriculture, education, economics, political science, philosophy …etc). The subjects of the first group

(translation learners) sat for proficiency and admission exams before joining their translation courses in both universities

(Khartoum and Juba) and 58% of them joined the courses at their own expense and their occupations range from secondary school teachers, free-lance translators, government officials up to housewives. The remaining, 42%, were government-sponsored trainees, i.e., they learn at the expense of the government (two of them work for Ministry of Council of Ministers and one for Sudan

T.V). Their translation curricula include various translation subjects such as legal, scientific, economic, literary, etc, save journalistic translation (which is the theme of the complementary part of this

theses). In spite of the fact that all the subjects of this group were studying at two universities, the researcher assumes that they may represent all other universities and centers in Sudan that provide translation courses on the ground that both universities are pioneers in the field of translation teaching as well as their system and procedures in admitting learners are sound and reliable the matter that indicates the command of those students and learners of reasonable standard of English.

As for the translators group, 50% of them hold the degree of

M.A. Translation, while the other 50% hold higher diploma in transition. The subjects of this group undertake both written translation and simultaneous interpretation of the deliberations and discussions of the sittings of the National Assembly. They also cover the seminars and workshops that are held at the premises of the Parliament. Therefore, all of them are expected to have a good command of translation and interpretation from Arabic into English and vice versa (French is also provided). They provide different types of translation and interpretation, as the Assembly consists of standing committees that deal with various sectors such as the

Agriculture Affairs Committee, the Economic Affairs Committee, the

Foreign Affairs Committee, Public Grievances Committee, Security and Defense Committee…etc, whose members are members of the

National Assembly itself.

3-2 Material

The data of this study consisted of two categories of Arabic and

English journalistic items excerpted from some well-known

Sudanese daily newspapers in the form of a translation task. The newspapers were: two Arabic dailies (Al Ray Al Aam and El

Khartoum) and three English dailies (Sudan Vision, Khartoum

Monitor and The Advocate). The items were diversified including political & economic news, reportage, columns and editorials. The

Arabic items included political news, an economic news, a reportage and a column. The English items included one political news, economic news, one editorial and a column.

3-3 Study Design

This study scrutinized renditions of (4) English journalistic items and other (4) Arabic ones. In selecting these items, the researcher

opted for diversification so that they cover the most important and interesting components of a newspaper as well as subjecting the respondents to different types of journalistic items.

The instrument that was used to conduct the study was a translation assignment which included (13) English and Arabic journalistic items ranging from news, reportage, editorial to columns. The assignment was administered to (12) M.A. translation learners at two reputable universities in Sudan, University of

Khartoum and University of Juba, together with (8) professional translations working in one of the most prominent constitutional institutions responsible of enacting legislations and overseeing the

Executive, namely, the Sudan National Assembly which with

Council of States represents the first power, the Legislature.

The students were not asked to perform the assignment in the class; rather they did it as homework so as to ensure that they feel free and not be under any stress or time limit as felt in the classroom. The same procedure was applied on the translators asking them not to resort to the machine (the computer). The

renderings of the two groups were carefully analyzed, discussed and compared with those of the MT and a suggested model of translation was also provided by the researcher. This was done in an attempt to support the study's basic assumption that MT can be useful, favorable and positive for both: translation learners if introduced in translation courses, and translators if used and treated properly.

3-4 Procedures of Data Analysis

For comparing the translations of the two groups on the one hand with that of the machine on the other to see to what extent the latter is beneficial to translators in general and to translation learners in particular, the renderings of the two groups were carefully analyzed, discussed and compared with the MT and a suggested model was given by the researcher. The translation assignment was classified into two groups of journalistic items; one in Arabic and the other in English, reflecting an overview of the most prominent Arabic and English Sudanese newspapers.

3-5 Validity of the tools of the study

This study is the first to be conducted in Sudan that deals with MT and journalism at the same time. For this reason and to ensure

validity and creditability of the tools of the study, the data were given to a number of translation instructors and professors to assess and evaluate them so as to know whether they could serve the purpose of the study or not. Their remarks and comments were positive and in favor of the validity and creditability of the data.

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS of DATA and DISCUSSION

4-0 Introduction

This chapter verifies whether or not MT is actually useful to both translators and translation learners by means of examining and contrasting the rendering of some journalistic items by two groups

(a translation learners group and a professional one) with that of the machine. A suggested translation by the researcher was also provided. This was done as an attempt to see to what extent can

MT stand as a helping hand for both groups. For illustration and to carry out the analysis and discussion appropriately, two categories of journalistic items from Sudanese press (one in English and the other in Arabic) were used as a material of the study.

4-1 Data Analysis and Discussion

Each datum and excerpt of the translation assignment will be examined one by one in the light of the renderings of the two groups (students and professional translators) alongside with the provision of the machine and the suggested translation of the researcher. The journalistic text was presented first followed by

98 translated samples and commentary on them. 'A' denotes the translation samples of the students; 'B' those of the professional translators, 'C' those of the computer and 'D' the suggested translation of the researcher. 'F' stands for "First" (which is the first part of the assignment) and S stands for "Second" (which is the second part of the assignment ).

4-1-F Translation of Arabic journalistic items into

English:

ترجم عناوين االخبار و تفاصيلها والمواا الحويفيا اللاليوا والمرلوار لون الحويا ا السا انيا الى اللغا االنجليزيا: 4-1-F-1

1- اخبارسياسيا:- عالا الحيف لندن، 3 ابريل، وكاالت: خال ات حا بين كي لان واوكالبا حال تاقيف البشير

كشفت صحيفة "التايمز" البريطانية النقاب عن الن ح دناي بني بنان كنم ننان االنني

العننال ل ننن المتحنندو ولنناير نا ينننا اوكننانبا ننندعم نحامننة الينايننات الدوليننة دننا

نذك ر و ا ال ع ت ق ا ا ل ت م ا ص د ه ا ا ال ال ي ن ر ي ن م د ن ل ا ل ن ر ع ي ر ع م ن ر ا ل ب ش ن ي ر ب ن ن ب ع ا ل ن ن ز ا ي ن م

يا يننا و ولالننت "التننايمز" ان بننان كننم نننان يننص النندعاو بشننال صننري لمحاكمننة

الرعير البشير بل انه يالل يم ال ح نع اوكانبا يم هذا الشانوووالخو

A - Group One: Samples of Students' Translation:

A-1 London, 3rd April, agencies

Acute disputes between Key Moon and Okambo on

Albashier arrest warrant

The British newspaper "The Times" disclosed an acute dispute between the UN Secretary general Ban Keymoon and the ICC prosecutor Luis Morino Okambo on the arrest warrant issued against president Omer Albashier by the later. The arrest warrant

deals with the conflict in Darfur. According to the times, KeyMoon rejected the suing of the president frankly. He further disagreed with Okambo on the issue.

A-2 3rd April, Agencies, London

Intense differences between Ki- moon & Ocampo on Bashir's

arrest warrant

British daily "Times" disclosed an intense difference between UN

Secretary General, Ki-moon and ICC prosecutor, Luis Moreno-

Ocampo, on arrest warrant against president Al-Bashir due to the dispute in Darfur. Times reported that K-moon evidently rejected such warrant to try president Al-Bashir, however, the Secretary

General involved in a difference with Ocampo in this regard…etc.

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A-3 London, April 3, Agencies

Severe Discord Between Ki and Okambo on Basir Detaining

The British daily "Times" unveiled an acute discord between Ban Ki

Mon, UN General Secretary, and Lewis Morino Okambo, ICC prosecutor, on the bill of arrest issued by the latter against

President Bashir for the conflict in Darfur. The "Times" stated that

Ki Mon not only expressly refused the claim of presenting president

Bashir in front of court, but also contented Okambo on the issue…etc.

A-4 Acute disagreement between Ki-miin and Ocampo about

the arrest of Al-Bashir

The Times British journal unveil acute disagreement between the

UN Secretary general ki-moon and Luis Moreno Ocampo the prosecutor of the international criminal court (ICC) about the arrest warrant issued by the latest on behalf of the president Omar Al-

Bashir because of Darfur dispute. The times reported that Ban Ki- moon refused the trial of president Al-Bashir explicitly rather he disagreed with Ocampo relevant to this matter…etc.

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B- Group Two: Samples of Translators’ Renditions:

B-1 London, April 3, Agencies

Extreme discordant between Ban Ki-moon and Ocambo

regarding Al-Bashir Arrest Warrant

The Daily British "Times" newspaper has revealed about an ensuing radical discordant between UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-

Moon and (ICC) General Prosecutor Morris Ocamba regarding the arrest warrant issued against president Omar Al Bashir in connection to Darfur conflict. The "Times" reported Ban Ki-Moon clear objection for putting president Al Bashir before the (ICC), their differences over this issue is too far of being reconciled…etc.

B-2- Serious Differences between Ki-moon and Ocampo

over Al-Bashir Arrest

The Times newspaper disclosed that there are serious differences between Pan Ki- Moon the secretary General of the United Nations and Lewis Morino Ocampo the prosecutor of the International

Criminal Court over the arrest warrant issued by the later against president Omar Albashir for the conflict in Darfur. The Times mentioned that Pan Ki-Moon expressed rejection to call for the

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bringing Omar Albashir to the court, and he even had differences with Ocampo in this respect…etc.

B-3- 3 April 2009 London-Agencies

Sharp Disputes between Keymon and Okambo on AlBashir

Arrest

"Te Times" newspaper disclosed that sharp dispute between the

Secretary general of the United Nations Ban Keymon and the ICC prosecutor Louis Okambo on the arrest warrant issued by Keymon against president Al basher due to the dispute in Darfur. The Times said that Ban Keymon obviously rejected the appeal against Al basher. Moreover, he interfered with Okambo in a dispute therefore.

B-4- London, 3 April, Agencies

Acute Difference between KI-moon and Ocampo over Arrest

of al-Bashir

The Times newspaper unveiled an acute difference between the

UN Secretary-General Ban K-moon and the ICC prosecutor Luis

Moreno Ocampo over the arrest warrant issued by the latter for the president al-Bashir for (involving in) Darfur conflict. The daily also reported that Ban Ki-moon frankly refused the call to indict al-Bashir

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and embroiled in a dispute with Ocampo in this respect…etc.

C- The MT

London, April 3, agencies

Sharp differences between the moon and to the arrest of

Bashir on Ocampo

The newspaper "The Times" the British unveiled a sharp disagreement between Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary-General and the persecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo, International Criminal Court, on the arrest warrant issued by the latter against president Omar al-

Bashir because of the conflict in Darfur. She said, "The Times" Ban

Ki-moon refused to explicitly call for the prosecution of president

Bashir, it embroiled in a dispute with ocampo in this issue…and so on.

D- The Researcher’s Suggested Rendition:

London, April 3, Agencies

Sharp Difference Between Ki-Moon and Ocampo over

Al –Bashir Arrest

The British daily, "The Times", revealed sharp disagreement between UN Secretary-General, Ban KI-Moon, and Prosecutor-

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General of the International Criminal Court, Luis Moreno Ocampo,

over the warrant arrest issued by the latter against president Omar

Al-Bashir in connection to the conflict in Darfur. The Times added that Ban Ki-Moon has explicitly rejected the call for prosecuting president Al-Bashir, rather he embroiled in a dispute with Ocampo in this regard.

After analyzing the renderings of this item by all respondents

(the two groups), the following remarks were observed:

1- With respect to the first component of this news, i.e. the head line, the students differed greatly in translating its main point (the

see A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-4).Here) )خالفدات حدادة ) .core of the news), i.e is a grouping of some of their renderings of this term:

* fierce controversy, strong disagreement, acute variance,

strong differences, intense differences, severs dispute, severe

disagreement, severe differences, acute disagreement, acute

dissension, severe discord, acute differences.

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As for the second group (the professional translators), their renderings of this term varied greatly also (see B-1, B-2, B-3, and

B-4). Below are some of them:

a-strong dispute, disagreement, acute differences, serious

differences, sharp disputes, harsh dispute, acute differences,

extreme discordant

By comparing the renderings of the two groups, it was evident that both students and translators conveyed the intended meaning of this term but they differed in wording. The most common word used by the majority of the respondents of the two groups, (35%), was "differences".

Looking at the MT (see C) will show that the provision of the machine partially coincides with that of the majority of the respondents whereas its rendition for this term came as "sharp differences". This rendition may be the best of all, since it included more expressive word for describing high degree of difference in viewpoints, namely the word "sharp". Unfortunately none of the respondents provided this word. The researcher opted for the rendition of the machine, i.e. "sharp differences".

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2- As for the remaining part of the headline, it was observed that

(75%) of the students spelled the names of the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the prosecutor-general of the

International Criminal Court (ICC) wrongly (see A-1, A-3 and A-4).

Consider the translations of the two names that they were translated wrongly:

 Key Moon, Kee Moon, -Keemon, Kemoon, Kei Moon,

 Okambo, Ocambo

As for the professional translators, it is found that about (38%) of them wrote the two well-known names improperly (see B-1 and B-

3) as follows:

 -Keymoon, Okambo, Ocambo

 Ki Mon and Okambo

Regarding MT, the rendering came a bit funny as regards the name of the UN Secretary-general: "the moon", i.e. the machine provided transliteration even without capitalizing the letter "m", as any proper noun entails (see C). But in the details it provided the correct name and this might be because in the details the name was mentioned in full, contrary to the headline where it was abbreviated, as the drafting of the headline entails. However, this

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shows that there is a problem in spelling proper nouns. Spelling

properly, whether proper nouns or others, is part and parcel of a

good translation. Oleri (2009, an internet conversation) believes that your name is your name and people should learn how to spell it

if they want to reference you bearing in mind that if your name is

unusual people are probably going to misspell it, no matter what

you do, and “polite correction is the best remedy you can offer".

Definitely, there is no correct way to spell or pronounce proper nouns. This, however, does not mean that spelling names properly should be ignored. Translation as a profession needs perfection and that the translator should always keep in line with the events that go around the world, i.e. he has to be self-informed, well- informed and well-cultured by means of , for example, bi-lingual reading of daily newspapers, magazines or even resorting to

Internet. It is believed that the translator should be encyclopedic.

As for the MT, the name of the prosecutor-general of the ICC was provided correctly, Ocampo. So had the respondents (whether students or professionals) resorted to the Internet or any known

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English daily, for checking the right spelling, they should have gotten the right spelling instead of just jotting the name and that is all. In general, right spelling improves both reading and writing, hence translation perfection.

3- Regarding capital letters in the headline, it was observed that all the respondents did not capitalize the minor words (e.g. prepositions, conjunctions...etc) such as "and" and "on" and this is right as far as the rules of capital letters are concerned. According to Basic English the Mikie Metric Way (a website), "words that do not need to be written with a capital letter, unless they are the first word of the name, are a, an, and, the, of, to, by, etc). Thus, all the respondents followed this rule and this is a merit.

As for the major words, save the names, some of the respondents of the two groups opted for not using capital letters while the others used them. Also, this does not mark any limitation in their translation. Mark O'Meara (in Internet article, 2009) states that some publications choose to capitalize all major words in a headline. Both choices are correct and this is a matter of the style chosen:

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1-Indiana Bites Emmylou in Shock Attack

2-Indiana bites Emmylou in shock attack

Despite this, the researcher observed that while the majority of

English newspapers and publications, whether Sudanese or foreign, use the first style, the machine follows the second one.

4- As regards the details of the news, (24%) of the translators did not identify the nationality of the newspaper, i.e., they mentioned only its name, the Times, and neglected its nationality, British (see

B-2). This point should be taken into consideration by translators in general because there are many newspapers having the same name worldwide.

5- It was observed that (50%) of the translation students rendered

improperly such as "the later, the latest and )االخيدر( the Arabic term the late" (see A-1) instead of the proper English term "the latter". Of course, all these three equivalents do not reflect the exact meaning of the Arabic word, especially "the late" which means "a person no longer alive", i.e. a dead person according to Oxford Advanced

Learner's Dictionary. The same mistake was made by some of the

as (االخير( translators whereas (16%) of them referred to Arabic term

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"the later" instead of "the latter" (see B-2) the matter that altered the intended meaning totally. Electronically, the machine provided the right equivalent, "the latter".

the arrest warrant, all ,)مدذكرة االعتقدال( ,As for the core of the news 6- the respondents, except one student, rendered it properly whereas that dissentient rendered it as "bill of arrest" (see A-3).

7- One of the translators(8%) got confused and stated that the UN

Secretary–General was the one who issued the warrant arrest against President Al Bashir (see B-3). Of course, this is a big mistake and may change the whole intended meaning of the text and it indicates that the translator did not grasp the right content of the news as well as showing that the translator knowledge was far away from the global current/hot issues.

8- One of the students provided a queer rendering with respect to

whereas he rendered it as "on behalf of the )فدي حدا الدرئيس( the term president" (see A-4) that makes the reader wonders on what ground he stood for that translation!

9-Renditions of the students varied with respect to the Arabic

whereas some of them translated it as )دخددل فدي خددالف مددع( phrase

"clashed with", "entered into dispute", "went to disagree", "had a

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controversy", "had a variance with", "contented" and "in difference

with". While the translations of the professional translators in this regard included: "in dispute with", "in disagreement with", "went into

difference with", "embroiled in a dispute with", "entered in a dispute

with", "had difference with", went into difference with" and

"disagreed with".

On the other hand, the MT for the said term came as "embroiled in a dispute with".

Looking at the renditions of the two groups for this term, it is observed that there is no big difference between them and that all of them conveyed the intended meaning save (16%) of them (two students) translated it awkwardly and meaningless: "clashed with" and "contented".

,is deeply considered (دخل في خالف مع) If the essence of the said term it will be found that the term implies an implication in the sense that the UN Secretary-General felt implicated by the step taken by the

ICC Prosecutor-general and the best word that reflects such implication is "embroiled". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary illustrates that "to embroil" means "to involve somebody/yourself in an argument or a difficult situation: He became embroiled in a

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dispute with his neighbors". Thus, the MT in this regard (i.e. embroiled in a dispute with) can be regarded as the best for expressing the intended meaning of this point of the said news.

Only (5%) of the respondents (one professional translator) provided this proper rendition for this term (see B -4).

2- اخبار اقتصادية Economic News 2-

4-1-F-2 واشنط ، 8 ابريل، وكاالت:- البنك الدولي يلاقع تراجع نما بلدان شرق اسيا

لا ا ل ب ن ك ا ل ن د و ل م ا ن ا ل ن م ن ا ا ال ل ت د ن ا ي ي ي ن م ش ن ر ا ا ي ن ي ا ي ي ش ن د ب ن ا ا ك ب ي ن ر ا ي ن م ر ن ل ر ا ن ع د ر ك ن ة

الدنناي اتو وافنناح البنننك لننم قريننر لننه ان بانندان شننرا ايننيا البننال عننديها " 01" بانندان و نن

الدي و اي ند يتعرح نماا ينايا بننبة 3و3% اي ندف ليمة النما التم دققت ا المنطقة

المذكا و يم العال 7112لو ون المتالع اال بزيد النما النناي يم الدي ع ننبة "3و%5"

ننخف ا ع ننبة "03%" التم دققت ا يم العال 7112لوووالخو

A- Group one: Samples of Students' Translation:-

A-1- International Bank expects Decrease on East

Asia Countries growth

The International Bank declared that the economic growth in East

Asia shall witness a huge decrease of exports. It added, in a report, that 10 of the East Asian countries including China and Thailand

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shall witness 5.3% yearly growth, that's half of the growth rates achieved by the same areas in 2007. It's to be expected that the yearly growth in China will not increase more than 6.5% less than

13% achieved in 2007.

A-2- International Bank expect a fall back in East Asia

Countries Growth

The International Bank said that the economic growth in East Asia will witness a big slowness under the fall back of movement of the exports and the bank added in its report that East Asia countries which amount to (10) country and include China and Tieland will know annual growth of the %5.3 percentage which is hafe of the growth value made by the indicated area in the year 2007(AB). The annual growth in China isn't expected to exceed %6.5 percentage declaring from 13% which achieved in the year 2007 (AB).

B- Group Two: Sample of translators’ renditions:-

The International Bank expects a drop in East Asian

Countries Growth

The International Bank stated that economic growth in East Asia is witnessing great slowness under fallback of exports movement.

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The Bank added in its report that the ten countries of East Asia,

including China and Thailand, will witness annual growth at the rate

of 5.3% that is half growth value realized by said area in 2007. The

annual growth in China is not expected to increase more than 6.5%

at decreasing rate of 13% realized in 2007.

C- The MT

World Bank is expected to decline in the growth of the

countries of East Asia

The World Bank said that economic growth in East Asia will be greatly slowing the decline in exports. The report assessed the

World Bank that the countries of Eastern Asia of the "10" and includes the countries of China and Thailand will find an annual growth rate of 5.3%, half the value of the growth achieved in the same area in 2007. It is not expected to exceed annual growth in

China the percentage of "6.5%" down from "13%" of the year 2007.

D- The Researcher's Suggested Rendition:-

World Bank Expects Decline of Growth in East Asia Countries

The World Bank reported that the economic growth in East Asia will witness significant slowdown in the light of decline of exports,

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(5.3%), i.e. half the rate achieved by the said region in 2007. The annual growth rate in China is expected not to exceed (6.5%), lower than (13%) attained in 2007.

After considering the translations of the respondents with respect to the above economic journalistic news, the following points were observed:

in )البنك الدولي( of the translation students rendered the term (25%) - 1 the headline as "The International Bank" instead of the right name,

World Bank. This again demonstrates that some translators do not culture themselves by reading newspapers and publications or even listen to mass media (see A-1). However, the MT for this name is: World Bank.

2- surprisingly enough, (25%) of the Translators made the same above mentioned mistake and this is quite disappointing for translators whom one expects to be quite accurate and precise

(look at B).

The MT, however, provided the right term, World Bank.

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3- One of the students' translations drew attention to his weakness to the extent that one wonders how such a student joined the M.A translation course. Observe his poor translation in (A-2).

3-استطالعات: 3-Reportages 4-1-F-3

3 - الراي العام، 11 ابريل:-

"حبابات" ي زلن الفضائيات

يقا المثل "اد ن الالد ولد الالد" وووي ل الحبابة االن نثل نا كانت عايه ايال زنان

ربننم و حمننل ادفايهاووووايرهننا ننن التفاصننيلر ال ان يو هننا اصننب قننال بننه ننات

الا ر ى ر " ن ف ي ن ة " د و ل ع ن د ي ن ن ا ال د ف ن ا ي ق ن ا " ن ح ن ن ث ا ن ن ا ن ث ن ل ا ي ا ن ن ن ا ن و و و ي ا ن ن ا ا د ن ع

الترييه ووو وا يص يارو ان اكان د انة الدفاييووو الا لبنا م اذا انت نا يافيات

الواليك ويوه لا ح ا ن ة و و ا د ع ا ل ب ي ت ز ا ن د ا و ا ل ن ن ف ر و و و ي ن م ا ل د ن ي ف ا ي ن ا ي ر ال ب ن ن م ي ن م

القاهروووو بنحع اليي ة والب دلة ياا ك ر" وووالخو

A- Group One: Samples of Students’ Translations:-

A-1 Grandmas in the Era of Space Channels

The proverb says:" who is kinder than the son is the son's son".

Does the grandma of today look like she used to be in old days, bringing up and carrying her grandchildren... in addition to other details? Nafisa, a grandmother of a number of grandchildren says:

"We (grandmothers) look like any other human being … I like

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117

recreation… and refuse the idea of being a baby-sitter of my

grandchildren. I always say to my daughters: if you are not free for

your children, send them to nurseries … I like the pizza very much

as well as traveling. In summer I travel to my son in Cairo… we like

to lead a happy life, so why do we make it miserable?"

A-2 Satellite Grandmothers

According to a proverb (grandmothers are more kind to their grandchildren than to their own children). Does it apply to today's grandmothers, do thy raise and nurse their grandchildren as grandmothers do in the past? Or their role is entrusted to other bodies? Nafisa, a grandmother of a number of grandchildren said( we, like any other person like to have entertainment… I reject the idea of being a nurse to my grandchildren… I say to my daughter if you have no time for your children take then to a nursery … I like pizza and traveling … on summer I travel to my son in Cairo …we love taking care of ourselves, don't we have the right?

B- Group Two: Samples of Translators’ Renditions:-

B-1 Grandmothers in Satellites Era

117

118 There is a saying that "the most kind than your son is the son of your son", hence, is grandmother is the same as in the past, bringing up and holding her grandson… and other details? Mrs

Nafesa, a grandmother to a number of grandsons said that we are just like any other human being, I like entertainment… and refuse the idea of nursing my grandsons, and say to my daughters that if they do not have time to their children let them be taken to the nursery school, I like pitzza very much, also traveling as I do travel to my son in Cairo during summer, that is why "we do not want to trouble ourselves and be in tension".

B-2 Grandmothers in the Time of T.V. Channels

There is a proverb that says (more kind than a son is a son of a son) … So is the grandmother is just like before raise her grandbabies and handle other things of the like? Or her role is now taken by others. Nafisa, who is a grandmother for a number of grandsons and grand daughters, says: me like any other person likes entertainment... and refuse to be an incubator for my grandsons and daughters …I usually say to my daughters if you don't have time for your kinds, take them to the nursery… I love pizza so much, I also like traveling, in summer I go to my son in

118

119 Cairo. I like to care for my appearance. Why I should not?

C- The MT

"Ahbubat" in time of satellite chancels

Proverb says, " shut the child born of a child" …Is Alahbubp now as it was brought up time and day with her grandchildren…and other details? Or is the role played by the actors become the other?

"Valuable" grandmother of a number of grandchildren says: "We, like any human being…I love entertainment ...and I refuse to be a nursery for the grandchildren…I say to my daughters, if you are

Vaziat oladkin dohn custody…and I love pizza too, travel…in the summer go to my son in Cairo…Bnhab Algihp and Albhdip over how?"

D- The Researcher Suggested Renditions:-

Grandmothers in the Era of Satellite Channels

The proverb says: "Grandmothers are more compassionate to their grandsons than to their sons". Is the grandmother of today like that one of the past entrusted with bringing up and caring for their grandchildren and undertaking other related tasks? Did her role turn to be played by others?. Nafisa, a grandmother of a number of

119

120 grandchildren, said, "we are like other human beings…I like entertainment … I refuse the idea of being a babysitter for my grandchildren …I tell my daughters that, " if you are not free to care for your children then take them to the nursery"…I like pizza very much as well as traveling…in summertime I travel to my son in

Cairo…why we live an uncomfortable life?"

The analysis of renditions of the respondents regarding the above-mentioned news excerpt demonstrated the following:-

1- With respect to the headline, (33%) of the translation students

whereas they )الفضدائيات( provided improper translation for the term rendered it as "space channels" and "TV channels" (see A-1). On the other hand, (37%) 0f the Translators provided also the same inaccurate translation such as: "Space Age, "Space Channels", and

"T.V Channels" (see B-1). The common mistake here is that all these renditions did not refer to the main device that transmits the

T.V. special programs which is the satellite. This means there are

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121 some translators who up to date do not differentiate between ground T.V. channels and satellite channels.

However, the MT provided the right English equivalent; satellite channels (see C).

2- In regard to the details, (50%) of the students group

and did not provide the "احن من الولد ولد الولدد" mistranslated the phrase intended meaning. In other words, they translated it literally and this yielded a reverse meaning in the TL (see A-1). The intended meaning in this proverb is that the grandmothers are more compassionate to their grandchildren than to their sons and this right meaning was provided by the other (50%) of the students (see

A-2), contrary to former (50%) who rendered it the other way round in the sense that grandchildren are more kind to their grandmothers

"ولد " than to their fathers. Surprisingly, they even rendered the term

literally as "son's son" (see A-1) instead of the right English الولدد equivalent "grandson". This is why many translation theorists urge to stick to the meaning of the text in the SL rather than conveying it to the TL word for word. Vallejo (2005 :3-5) mentions that the

French translator and humanist Etienne Dolet- who in 1540

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122 formulated the fundamental principles of translation- urged that the translator should avoid the tendency to translate word by word, because doing so is to destroy the meaning of the original and to ruin the beauty of the expression.

3- As for the professional translators, the percentage who misunderstood the meaning of the proverb is rather greater, 75%

(see B-1). This, however, stands as a limitation in the performance of translators on the ground that they are professionals and should be very precise in carrying out their work.

As regards the MT, the machine provided an awkward equivalent for the said phrase: "shut the child born of a child", (see C).

-as "incubator" (see B "حضدانة" One translator rendered the term 4-

2) which is an absolute literal translation that distorted the intended meaning of the term in the SL which is "babysitter" that was provided correctly by the machine (see C).

4-اعمود : Columns 4- 4-1-F-4 صحيفة الخرطال، عاناي "الخرطال اليال" 02 نا س:-

رنسا علي الرط

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113

ان مت يرننا الم الحرب النقنية النم شن ا نيماعة الدو االيتعما ية عام النايان بقدد اثا و االفطراب ويا اليب ة الاطنية النايانية التم ا حدت يم

ي ا لقرا نحامة الظا الدوليةو ول يا صدية االتيا نتحدث باي الحاانة

الفرننية الع ن يعاو ب يه العتراض طاعرو الرعير البشير اثنا انتقاله الم

العاصمة القطرية لح ا الفمة العربية، ينيل يرننا يم اعما القرصنة وانت اك

الحرنات التم يحري ا القانان الدولم ييل دايلوووالخو

A- Group One: Samples of Students' Translations:-

A-1- France in the Queue

France has joined the psychological war launched by imperialist countries against Sudan to ignite unrest inside the Sudanese national front united against the decision of the International

(injustice) Court. It is not a coincidence that the spokesman of the

French government declared his country's call for intercepting

President Bashir's plane on its way to Doha to attend the Arabian

Summit. This is because the French record on piracy and violation of sanctities vouched by the international law is in a full one.

A-2- France on the Line

France joined the psychological war which colonial countries carry on against the Sudan in order to provoke the disturbance

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321 of the Sudanese national bloc which united when refused the international injustice court decision. It is not by accident the choice of the French government spokesman to declare his country's call to intercept the plane of President Al Bashir while he is traveling to

Qatar capital for attending the Arab summit. France register is full of piracy works and violation of inviolability guarded by international law.

A-3- France on Line

France joined the psychological war launched by the imperialistic countries group against Sudan in an effort to inflame disorder amongst the Sudanese national front which has been united in confronting the decision of the International "Injustice" Court.

Selecting a spokesperson on behalf of the French Government to declare France appeal to block the way against President Al

Bashir's plane, while he is traveling to Qatari Capital to attend the

Arab Summit, was not an accident, for France's record is full of buccaneering and violation deeds safeguarded by the international law.

321

321 B- Group Two: Sample of Translators’ Renditions: -

France On Line

France joined the psychological war by colonial countries' group against Sudan…which aimed at creating tensions among the

Sudanese National Front, that united in rejecting the decision of the

International grievance court. It was not coincident to joise a speaker on the French government to declare his country's appeal to president Al Bashir airplane in the way to Qatari capital to attend the Arabic summit… France has a full records in hycha and that protected by the international law.

C- The MT

French Line

France joined the war against Alnksip to which group of colonial,

Sudan in order to cause disruption across the forehead, which joined the Sudanese national rejection of the decision of the court of the International Injustice. It was not a coincidence choose a government spokesman that France to announce his country's call to intercept the plane of President Al Bashir during his move to the capital of Qatar to attend the Arab Alfmp, France record in acts

321

321 piracy and violation of privacy guarded by a long record of international law.

D- The Researcher's Suggested Rendition:-

France on Line

France has joined the psychological war waged by a group of colonial countries against Sudan aiming at creating mess among the Sudanese national front that united its rank in rejecting the decision of the International Injustice Court. It was not a coincidence choosing a spokesman of the French government to announce his country's call to intercept President Al Bashir plane on route to Qatari capital to attend an Arab summit, as France's record in this regard is full of piracy acts and trespassing inviolabilities that are protected by international law.

After analyzing the renditions of the respondents with respect to the above journalistic column, the following remarks are observed:-

1- As for the headline, one of the students, (8%), provided an odd rendition to the above text: "France in the queue", i.e. he translated

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327 as a physical queue (see A-1) instead of a "الخدد " the term telephone line which is the intended meaning.

2- As for the details, one of the translation students rendered the

as "bloc" (see A-2) which does not convey the intended "الجبهة" word meaning in the SL which is "the front".

as )دعدوة( While two of the students, 16%, translated the word 3-

"appeal" (see A-3), one pro. translator, 12%, rendered it the like

(see B). Beyond doubt, there is a wide gap between the meanings

."here means (call) not "appeal )دعوة( of the two words whereas

However, the machine provided the proper equivalent, "call".

4.1.S Translation of English Journalistic Items into

Arabic

Translate the following news, its details and other journalistic items, excerpted from Sudanese Press, into Arabic language:-

4.1.S.1

1- Political:

Sudan Vision April 8:

Gration: Humanitarian Situation in Darfur Sound

021

021 US described humanitarian situation in Darfur as good in many of the war-ravaged areas while Obama's Special envoy into Sudan,

Scott Gration revealed that Washington emphases are on cessation of fire in Darfur and CPA implementation. Following his talks with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Deng Alor, Gration underscored the criticality of national elections run scheduled, voicing that humanitarian improvement in Darfur has been beyond his expectations…etc.

A- Samples of the Students' translations:-

A-1 قراشن: الوضع االنساني في أصداء دارفور

وصفت الواليات المتحدة الوضع االنساني في دارفور بانه افضل في عدد من المناطا التي

دمرتها الحرب في حيث ان المبعوث الخاص الوباما في السودان سكوت قراشن كشف ان

واشنطن تشدد علي وقف اطالق النار في دارفور وتنفيذ انفاقية السالم الشاملة وشدد قراشن فيما

تبع حديثه مع وزير الشئون الخارجية دينا الور علي الوضع الحرج لجدول االنتخابات القومية

واعرب ان التحسن في الوضع االنساني في دارفور اصبح فوق التوقعات

A-2 الوضع االنساني قي دارفور مستقر

وصفت الواليات المتحدة الوضع االنساني في دارفور بانه جيد كما في كثير من المناطا التي

دمرتها الحرب. بينما كشف المبعوث الخاص للرئيس اوباما في السودان اسكوت قريشن تاكيد

واشنطن علي وقف اطالق النار في دارفور وتطبيا اتفاقية السالم الشامل.

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321

واكد قريشن بعد محادثاته مع وزير الشئون الخارجية دينا الور اهمية تحديد موعد االنتخابات

العامة وذكر ان تحسين الوضع االنساني في دارفور قد فاق توقعاته.

B- Sample of Translators’ Translations:-

قريشن: االوضاع االنسانية في دارفور مستقرة

وصفت الواليات المتحدة االمريكية الوضع االنساني في دارفور بالجيد كاي منطقة دمرتها

الحرب، وذلك عندما كشف مبعوث اوباما الخاص للسودان سكوت قريشن عن تاكيد واشنطون

عن وقف اطالق النار بدارفور وتطبيا اتفاقية السالم الشامل. وعقب حديثه مع وزير الشئون

الخارجية دينج الور، حدد قريشن موقف اجراء جدول االنتخابات القومية الحرج، معبرا ان

التحسن االنساني في دارفور فاق كل توقعاته.

C- The MT

قريشن: الوضع االنساني في دارفور الصوت

الواليات المتحدة وصفت الوضع االنساني في دارفور جيدة في العديد من المناطا التي دمرتهدا

الحرب، في حين ان المبعوث الخاص الوباما في السودان سدكوت فريشدن كشدف ان واشدنطن

التركيز علي وقف اطالق النار في دارفور وتنفيذ اتفاق السالم الشامل ، عقدب مباحثدات اجراهدا

مع ق ر ي ش ن و ز ب د ر ا ل خ ا ر ج ي د ة د ي ن د ل ا ل د و ر ، ي ؤ ك د د ا ه م ي د ة ا ال ن ت خ ا ب د ا ت ا ل و ط ن ي د ة ا ل م ق د ر ر ا ل ب ع ي د د م ع ر ب د ا

علي ان تحسن االنسانية في دارفور قد فاق التوقعات.

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311 D- The Researcher's suggested translation:-

قريشن: الوضع االنساني في دارفور جيد

وصفت الواليات المتحدة الوضع االنساني في دارفور بالجيد في العديد من المنداطا التدي دمرتهدا

الحرب في وقت كشف فيه مبعوث اوباما الخاص للسودان، سدكوت قريشدن، بدان واشدنطن تشددد

علددي وقددف اطددالق النددار فددي دارفددور وتنفيددذ اتفاقيددة السددالم الشددامل. وعقددب مباحثاتدده مددع وزيددر

ل ا خ ا ر ج ي ة د ي ن ا ا ل و ر ، ا ك د ق ر ي ش د ن ع ل د ي ا ه م ي د ة ا ج د ر ا ء ا ال ن ت خ ا ب د ا ت ا ل ق و م ي د ة ا ل ت د ي ت د م ت ح د ي د د ج د د و ل ه ا

منوها الي ان تحسن االوضاع االنسانية في دارفور قد فاق توقعاته.

After considering the provisions of the respondents, the following remarks are prominent: -

1- With respect to the headline, one student (8%) provided an awkward rendition of the term "sound" whereas he translated it as

"الصدوت" and the machine as well rendered it awkwardly as "اصدداء"

(see A-1 and C). So that his translation of the entire headline came

Of course "sound" here means .)الوضدع االنسداني فدي اصدداء دارفدور ( :queer

"good and accurate, but not excellent" as provided in Oxford

Advanced Learner's Dictionary. The translation of the said student is just literal and this puts more emphasis on the fact that a

translator should strongly stick to the meaning in the SL so that the equivalent in TL comes sensible and meaningful.

311

313

"مسدتقر" Five of the students, (41%), translated the above term as 2-

(see A-2) which is not a precise equivalent of the intended

."is "stable" not "sound "مستقر" meaning. The English equivalent of

3- Almost all respondents did not grasp the meaning of the phrase

"criticality of national elections run scheduled" in the SL whereas

(see A-2 and B) "اهمية تحديد موعد االنتخابات" most of them rendered it as which is not the proper English equivalent of this phrase. The intended meaning here is the importance of conducting the national elections itself not its timing which was already set up.

"اهميدة االنتخابدات The MT is in conformity with the intended meaning

(see C) الوطنبة"

2- Economic:

4-1-S-2

The Advocate, April 14:

Council of Ministers Endorses an Agreement to Prevent

Double Taxation with Romania

030

032 The Council of Ministers, in its recent sitting chaired by the

President of the Republic, Field Marshall Omar Al Bashir, endorsed an agreement for preventing the double taxation between Sudan

and Rumania in support of economic cooperation between the two

sisterly countries...etc.

A- Group One: Sample of Students' Translations:-

وقع مجلس الوزراء على اتفاقية لمنع ازدواجية الضريبة مع رومانيا

وقع مجلس الوزراء في جلسته التي عقدت مؤخرا برئاسة المشير عمر البشير اتفاقية

لمنع ازدواجية الضريبة بين السودان ورومانيا دعما للتعون االقتصادي بين الدولتين

الشقيقتين.

B- Sample of translators’ renditions :-

يجيز مجلس الوزراء اتفاقية لمنع االزدواج الضريبي مع رومانيا

ف ي ج ل س ة ح د ي ث د ة ل م ج ل د س ا ل د و ز ر ا ء ، ب ر ئ ا س د ة ا ل س د ي د ر ئ د ي س ا ل ج م ه و ر ي د ة ا ل م ش د ي ر ع م د ر ا ل ب ش د ي ر ، ي ج ي د ز

المجلدددس معاهددددة لمندددع االزدواج الضدددريبي مدددا بدددين السدددودان ورومانيدددا وذلدددك دعمدددا للتعددداون

االقتصادي بين الدولتين الشقيقتين.

C- The MT

مجلس الوزراء يقر اتفاقا لمنع االزدواج الضريبي مع رومانيا

مجلس الوزراء في الجلسة االخيرة التي يراسها رئيس الجمهورية المارشال الميداني عمر البشير

وافا علي اتفاق منع االزدواج الضريبي بين السودان ورومانيا في دعم التعاون االقتصادي بين

البلدين الشقيقين.

312

311 D- The researcher’s Suggested Rendition:-

مجلس الوزراء يصادق على اتفاقية لمنع االزدواج الضريبي مع رومانيا

ج ا ا ز م ج ل س ا ل و ز ر ا ء ف د ي ج ل س د ت ه ا ال خ ي د ر ة ب ر ئ ا س د ة ر ئ د ي س ا ل ج م ه و ر ي د ة ا ل م ش د ي ر ع م د ر ا ل ب ش د ي ر ا ت ف ا ق ي د ة

لمنددع االزدواج الضددريبي بددين السددودان ورومانيددا وذلددك دعمددا للتعدداون االقتصددادي بددين البلدددين

الشقيقين.

After investigating the provisions of the respondents, the following

points are observed:

1- As regard to the headline, one student, (12%), started his

see A ) which is completely))وقد ع( translated headline with a verb wrong. This drawback should strongly be paid attention to because, as Watson mentioned, a headline will be a verbless nominal clause which results from omission of a verb. As for the translators , this same mistake was made by one of them (see B-1).

The machine, however, provided the proper equivalent (see C)

2- As for the details, one of the translators (12%) started the lead

.see B) which is an improper use) )في( sentence by the preposition

Jabr (2001:116) stresses that "upon translating the English lead into Arabic, the translation should be started by a verbal clause whereas the verb makes the sentence more effective and

311

311 dynamic." This, however, indicates that there is an inverse correlation regarding the beginnings of the lead in the two languages (English and Arabic).

Watson (1996: 177-178) also reaffirms this feature of Arabic news:

"in the news details which follow the summary, nominal clauses given in the summary are replaced by verbal clauses; verbs are given in the perfect aspect; clauses are linked synthetically; and where the identity of the agent has been partially withheld in the summary it is revealed in the details."

3-Editorial

4-1-S-3

Sudan Vision, April 8:

Upsurge of Violence in South Sudan, Why?

It goes without saying that the major reason for Salva Kiir urging the Ethiopian Prime Minister, who represented the black continent in the G-20 Summit, to ask the western states- especially the USA

– to help South Sudan to overcome the fierce financial crises facing

GoSS is the upsurge of popular violence in Southern Sudan and in particular violent protests by former members of SPLA who have

311

311 recently paralyzed normal activities in some towns in Central and

Eastern Equatoria states as veterans demanded payment that was overdue for five months. It seems that the protests were organized carefully so it came at the same time…etc.

A- Group One: samples of students' translations:-

A-1- اعمال عنف مفاجئة في جنوب السودان، لماذا؟

ان اعمال العنف هى السبب الرئيسي الذي جعلت سلفا كيدر يناشدد رئديس الدوزراء االثيدوبي

ان ي ط ل د ب ا ل د ى ا ل د د و ل ا ل غ ر ب ي د د ة ال س د ي م ا ا ل و ال ي د ا ت ا ل م ت ح د د ة ت ق د د ي م ا ل م س د ا ع د ا ت ل ج ن د و ب ا ل س د و د ا ن

للقضاء على االزمة المالية الطاحنة وخاصة التظاهرات العنيفة الني يقودها اعضاء سدابقين

في الجيش الشعبي لتحرير السودان، فقد ادت اعمال العندف الدى شدل االنشدطة الطبيعيدة فدي

بعددا المدددن فددي وسدد وشددرق االسددتوائية بينمددا يطالددب الجنددود بدددفع المرتبددات لهددم لخمددس

اشهر خلت. ويبدو ان االحتجاجات نظمت بدقة لتجيء متزامنة مع قمة تجمع العشرين دولة

حيددددددددددددددث يمثددددددددددددددل رئدددددددددددددديس الددددددددددددددوزراء االثيددددددددددددددوبي القددددددددددددددا رة السددددددددددددددمراء.

A-2- ازدياد العنف في جنوب السودان، لماذا؟

يعتبر ازدياد العنف في جنوب السودان خصوصا االحتجاجات العنيفة التي يقوم بها الجنود

السابقين بالجيش الشعبي واالزمة المالية الحادة السبب الرئيسي الذي دعا سلفا كير لحث رئيس

الوزراء االثيوبي الذي يمثل القارة السمراء بمجموعة العشرين لدعوة الدول الغربية خاصة

الواليات المتحدة بتقديم العون لجنوب السودان. ادى العنف في جنوب السودان في االونة االخيرة

الى حدوث شلل في الحياة الطبيعية في بعا مدن وس وشرق االستوائية اذ يطالب الجنود

311

311 السابقون برواتبهم الني تاخرت خمسة شهور. ويبدو ان االحتجاجات نظمت بصورة جيدة فقد

اتت في نفس الوقت.

B- Group Two: samples of translators’ renditions:

B-1– اندالع العنف في جنوب السودان

من البديهي ان السبب الرئيسي الذي حدا بسلفا كير الى حث رئيس الدوزراء االثيدوبي الدذي يمثدل

القارة السمراء في قمة العشرين على سؤال الدول الغربية خاصة الواليات المتحددة علدى مسداعدة

جنوب السودان لتجاوز االزمة المالية الحادة التي تواجهها حكومة الجنوب هدو انددالع عندف عدام

في جنوب السودان وخاصة االحتيجاجات المتسمة بالعنف من جانب اعضداء سدابقين فدي الحركدة

الشددعبية الددذين تسددببوا مددؤخرا فددي شددل االنشددطة العاديدد ة فددي بعددا مدددن واليتددي شددرق ووسدد

االستوائية عندما طالب قدامى الجنود بمتاخرات رواتبهم عن خمسة اشهر. ويبدو ان االحتجاجات

قد تم التنسيا لها جيدا ليتزامن حدوثها مع ...

B-2- لماذا تجدد العنف في جنوب السودان؟

ان من اهم االسباب التي دفعت بسل اف ك ي د ر ل ح د ث ر ئ د ي س ا ل د و ز ر ا ء ا ال ث ي د و ب ي ا ل د ذ ي ك د ا ن ي م ث د ل ا ل ق د ا ر ة

ل ا س و د ا ء ف ي ق م ة ا ل ع ش ر ي ن ا ن ي ط ل ب م د ن ا ل د د و ل ا ل غ ر ب ي د ة خ ا ص د ة ا ل و ال ي د ا ت ا ل م ت ح د د ة ل م س د ا ع د ة ج ن د و ب

السددودان لتجدداوز ازماتدده االقتصددادية التددي تواجدده حكومددة جنددوب السددودان، وذلددك نتيجددة لظهددور

موجات العنف التي شهدها جنوب السودان اخيرا، خاصة االحتجاجات التي اقترنت بالعنف من

االعضدداء السددابقين للجدديش الشددعبي لتحريددر السددودان، والددذين تسددببوا فددي تعطيددل مسددار االنشددطة

العامة في بعا مدن واليات وس وشرق االستوائية. وقد طالب قدامى الجنود بتسدديد متداخرات

حقددوقهم لمدددة خمسددة اشددهر. وقددد تددم تنظدديم هددذه االحتجاجددات بحددرص حتددي يتددزامن حدوثدده وفددا

برنامج واحد.

311

317 B-3- االرتفاع المفاجيء للعنف في جنوب السودان، لماذا؟

يجدر بالذكر، ان السبب الرئيسي الذي دعا به سلفا كيررئيس الوزراء االرتدري الدذي مثدل القدارة

السددوداء فددي قمددة العشددرين، الددى سددؤال الدددول الغ ربيددة وبدداالخو الواليددات المتحدددة االمريكيددة

لمسدداعدة حكومددة جنددوب السددودان للتغلددب علددى حدددة االزمددة الماليددة التددي تواجههددا هددو التصدداعد

المفدداجيء للعنددف الشددعبي فددي جنددوب السددودان، خصوصددا المعارضددة وهددم االعضدداء السياسدديين

السابقين لجيش تحرير السودان الذين كانوا مؤخرا يشغلون نشاطهم الطبيعي في بعا المددن فدي

و ال ي ت ي و س و ش ر ق ا ال س ت و ا ئ ي ة ، ن ت ي ج د ة م ط ا ل ب د ا ت ب ا س د ت ح ق ا ق ا ت ت ص د ل ا ل د ى خ م س د ة ا ش د ه ر . و ي ب د د و ا ن

المعارضين كانوا منظمين جيدا النها جاءت في نفس الوقت.

C- The MT

تصاعد العنف في جنوب السودان، لماذا؟

غنددي عددن القددول ان السددبب الرئيسددي لسددالفا كيددر حددث رئدديس وزراء اثيوبيددا والتددي مثلددت القددارة

السددمراء فددي قمددة مجموعددة الدد 21 ان تطلددب مددن الدددول الغربيددة، خصوصددا الواليددات المتحدددة،

جنوب السودان للمساعدة في التغلب على االزمات المالية التي تواجه حكومة جنوب السودان خدو

تصاعد العند ف ا ل ش د ع ب ي ة ف د ي ح ن د و ب ا ل س د و د ا ن ، ع ل د ي و ج د ه ا ل خ ص د و ص ا ح ت ج ا ج د ا ت ع ن ي ف د ة م د ن ن ا ئ د ب

ض االع ا ء ا ل س ا ب ق ي ن ف ي ا ل ج د ي ش ا ل ش د ع ب ي ل ت ح ر ي د ر ا ل س د و د ا ن ف د ي ا ال و ن د ة ا ال خ ي د ر ة م د ن ا ال ن ش د ط ة ا ل ع ا د ي د ة

بالشلل في بعا المدن ، وس وشرق االستوائية من قدامى المحاربين وطالدب الددول التدي تداخر

الدددفع لمدددة خمسددة اشددهر. ي دب د د و ا ن ا ال ح ت ج ا ج د د ا ت ن ظ م د د ت ب ع ن ا ي د د ة ل د د ذ ل ك ج د د ا ء ت ف د د ي ت ف د د س ا ل و ق د د ت .

D- The researcher suggested rendition:-

تصاعد العنف في جنود السودان، لماذ؟

317

318 غني عن القول بان السبب الرئيس الذي دعا سلفا كير لحث رئديس الدوزراء االثيدوبي - الدذي مثدل

القارة السمراء في قمة مجموعة الد 21 – ع ل د ى م ط ا ل ب د ة ا ل د د و ل ا ل غ ر ب ي د ة خ ا ص د ة ا ل و ال ي د ا ت ا ل م ت ح د د ة

مسدداعدة جنددوب السددودان للتغلددب علددى ازماتدده الماليددة المسددتفحلة والتددي تواجههددا حكومددة جنددوب

السودان، ه و ت ص ا ع د و ت ي ر ة ا ل ع ن ف ا ل ش ع ب ي ف د ي ج ن د و ب ا ل س د و د ا ن خ ا ص د ة ا ال ح ت ج ا ج د ا ت ا ل ع ن ي ف د ة ا ل ت د ي

ي ق و م ب ه د ا ا ل م ن ت س د ب و ن ا ل س د ا ب ق و ن ل ل ج د ي ش ا ل ش د ع ب ي ل ت ح ر ي د ر ا ل س د و د ا ن و ا ل ت د ي ش د ل ت ا و ج د ه ا ل ح ي د ا ة ا ل ع ا د ي د ة

مددؤخرا فددي بعددا مدددن واليددات وسدد وشددرق االسددتوائية اذ ان قدددامى المحدداربين طددالبوا بسددداد

مستحقاتهم المالية ف ل ت د ر ة ا ل خ م س د ة ا ش د ه ر ا ل م ا ض د ي ة . و ي ب د د و ا ن ت ل د ك ا ال ح ت ج ا ج د ا ت ق د د ن ظ م د ت ب ص د و ر ة

دقيقة بحيث تتزامن مع هذا الحدث.

Consideration of the provisions of the whole respondents disclosed the following remarks:-

1- With respect to the headline, there is disparity between the respondents with respect to the term (upsurge of violence). One of the students (8%) provided an inaccurate English equivalent to this

see A-1) which is not the precise meaning of)اعمدال عندف مفاجئدة :term the word (upsurge). According to Oxford Advanced Learner's

Dictionary, upsurge: means "a sudden large increase in something". As for the translators , two of them (25%)provided the

see B-1 above). The) )انددالع( Arabic equivalent of (upsurge) as

English equivalent of the latter is (outbreak). Upsurge, however, means that there was already violence in South Sudan but

318

311 suddenly increased. Another pro. translator rendered the same

see B-2) which is not) )تجدد العندف( term , i.e. upsurge of violence , as

means that violence was )تجددد العندف( .also the proper translation ceased but been resumed, which differs to the meaning of

(upsurge) that indicates an increase in violence.

The MT was proper and gave the intended meaning (see C).

2- As for the details, half of the students (50%), skipped translating the expression (It goes without saying that) whose Arabic

)غني عدن or)من البديهي ان ) or )من المسلم به ان( or )من نافلة القول ان( equivalent is

May be the reason behind kipping the .)مدن الواضدح ان( or القدول ان( term is that those students found the term difficult for rendition due to the fact that this term is not widely used. One of them

(8%) tried to manipulate the term by providing a meaningless

,see A-2). As regards the translators) )بمعني بددون ذكدر( :expression

(see B-3) )يجددر بالدذكر( one translator (8%) translated the term as which is entirely wrong. It is known that the English equivalent

is (it is worth mentioning that) and it is always )يجددر بالدذكر ان( of mentioned at the tail of the news details not at the beginning.

311

311 The machine, however, provided the proper equivalent:

.( see C) )غني عن القول(

3- If we look closely at this news excerpt, we will find its essence is the reason that made Salva Kiir - who is the First

Vice President of Sudan - urge the Ethiopian Prime Minster.

Such a reason was disclosed after a long parenthetical clause and was identified as follows: "is the upsurge of popular violence in Southern Sudan and in particular violent protests by former members of SPLA…etc". However, 25% of the students placed this reason at the beginning of their renditions (see A-2 above). Certainly, this approach is not proper because it confuses the composition and sequence of the sentences of the text.

As for MT, it came properly and clearly and coincides with the intended meaning (see C below).

4-Columns

4-1-S-4 Focus, Sudan Vision, April 13

The Corrupt Israeli Minister

041

313 Avigdolr Lieberman, Netanyahu's Foreign Minister, is quoted (if you want peace, prepare for war). When a diplomat quotes this ancient

Roman saying, the world pays no attention to the first part, but only to the second. Coming from the mouth of the already infamous

Lieberman, it was a clear threat: the new government is entering upon a path of war, not of peace. He added "concessions do not bring peace, but quite the reverse. The world respected Israel when it won the six-day war." These are two fallacies in one sentence.

Returning occupied territory is not a "concession." When a highwayman or a burglar is compelled to return stolen property, or when a squatter vacates an apartment that does not belong to him, that is not a "concession."etc.

A- Group one: Samples of Students' Renditions:-

A-1- رئيس الوزراء االسرائيلي الفاسد

نقل عن افيقدور ليبرمان وزير خارجية نيتنياهو قوله اذا اردت السالم فاستعد للحرب. عندما ردد

الدبلوماسي هذا المثل الروماني القديم لم يكترث العالم للجزء االول بل انتبه للجزء الثاني فق . ما

جاء على لسان سيء السمعة ليبرمان يعتبر تهديد واضح ان الحكومة الجديدة متجهة نحو الحدرب

وليس ا ل س ال م . و ا ض ا ف ق ا ئ ال ا ل ت ن د ا ز ال ت ال ت ج ل د ب ا ل س د ال م . ا ل ع د ا ل م ا ح ت د ر م ا س د ر ا ئ ي ل ع ن د د م ا ف د ا ز ت ف د ي

حرب الستة ايام هناك خطائان في جملة واحدة. اعادة االرض المحتلة ليست تنازل. فعندما يجبر

313

312 قاطع طريا او لو علي ارجاع ممتلكات مسروقة او عندما يخلي من يحتل شقة ال يملكهدا فهدذا

ليس تنازل.

A-2- قال افيقدور ليبرمان وزير خارجية نيتنياهو )اذا كنت تريد السالم، استعد للحرب(.

عندما يذكر ديبلوماسي هذه المقولة الرومانية القديمة، فان العالم ال يهتم بدالجزء االول ولكدن فقد

بالثاني. وعندما تخرج هذه العبارة من فم ليبرمان غيدر المشدهور اصدال اعتبدرت تهديددا واضدحا

و ق د د خ ل د ت ا ل ح ك و م د ة ا ل ج د ي د د ة ط ر ي د ا ا ل ح د ر ب و ل د ي س ا ل س د ال م . و ا ض د ا ف ا ن ا ل ت ن د ازل ال يحقدا السدالم

ولكن العكس تماما. واحترم العالم اسرائيل عندما كسبت حرب الستة ايام". هذه افكدار خاطئدة فدي

جم ل ة و ا ح د د ة . و ت ع ت ب د ر ا ع د ا د ة ا ال ر ا ض د ي ا ل م ح ت ل د ة ل د ي س ت ن د ا ز ال ، ع ن د د م ا ي ج ب د ر س د ا ر ق ا و ق د ا ط ع ط ر ي د ا

بارجاع الممتلكات المسروقة او عندما يخلدي محتدل شدقة اليمتلكهدا او يجبدر ال سدارق اعدادة الملدك

المسروق، او عندما يخلي محتل شقة ال يمتلكها هذا ليس تنازال".

A-3- الوزير االسرائيلي الفاسد

لنق ع د ن و ز ي د ر ا ل خ ا ر ج ي د ة ا ال س د ر ا ئ ي ل ي ا ف ي غ د د و ر ل ي ب ر م د ا ن ق و ل د ه ) ا ذ ا ا ر د ت ا ل س د ال م ف ا س د ت ع د ل ل ح د ر ب ( .

عندما اقتبس احد الدبلوماسيين هذا المثل الروماني القديم لم يعره العالم اهتماما ولكن عندما

يصدر هذا القول من افيغدور ليبرمان غير المشدهور فدان ذلدك يعتبدر تهدديددا واضدحا حيدث قدال

)ان الحكومة الجديدة تدخل في طريا الحرب وليس السالم(. واضاف قائال )التندازالت ال تحقدا

السالم ولكن االحتباط يحققه(. )لقد احترم العالم اسرائيل عندما انتصرت في حرب االيام السدته( .

هاتين الفكرتين الخاطئتين جاءتا في جملة واحدة. ال تعتبر اعادة االراضي المحتلة تندازال. عنددما

يجبر قاطع الطريا او اللو علي اعادة المسروقات او عندما يخلي منتهك االراضدي الشدقة التدي

Group Two: samples of translators - ال Bيمتلكها ال يعتبر ذلك تنازال. renditions:

B-1- الوزير االسرائيلي سيء السمعة

312

311

اورد افغادور ليبرمان وزير الخارجية في حكومة نيتنياهو بانه )اذا اردت السالم فاستعد للحرب(

قعندما يستشهد دبلوماسي بهذا المل الروماني القديم تتوجه انظار واهتمام العالم الي الشطر الثاني

من المثال وليس االول، خاصة وان من ذكر المثل هو السديد ليبرمدان سديء السدمعة. و هدذا تهديدد

و ا ض ح ا ن ا ل ح ك و م ة ا ل ج د ي د ة ت و ا ج د ه م ر ح ل د ة ح د ر ب و ل د ي س س د ال م ب د ل ا ل ع ك د س . و ا ش د ا ر ا ل د ى ا ن ا ل ع د ا ل م

د ابد د ى ا ال ح ت د د ر ا م ال س د د ر ا ئ ي ل ب ع د د د ا ن ت ص د د ا ر ه ا ف د د ي ح د د ر ب ا ال ي د د ا م ا ل س د د ت و ف د د ي ا ن ه ن ا ل د د ك ف ه د د م خ د د ا ط ي ء

لمصطلح التنازل، اذ ان اعادة االراضي المحتلة ال تعني التندازل، او عنددما يجبدر قداطع الطريدا

او اللو على اعادة ممتلكات مسروقة او عندما يتخلى محتل عن مسكن ال يملكده فدان ذلدك ايضدا

ال يعني )تنازل(.

B-2- الوزير االسرائيلي الفاسد

عبر وزير الخارجية االسرائيلي افيغدور ليبرمان نيتنياهو قائال )اذا اردت السالم فجهدز للحدرب(

عندم ا ي ق ت ب س د ب ل و م ا س ي ه ذ ا ا ل م ث ل ا ل ر و م د ا ن ي ا ل ق د د ي م ، ف د ا ن ا ل ع د ا ل م س د و ف ل د ن ي ن ت ب د ه ا ل د ى ا ل ج د ز ء ا ال و ل

مندده، ولكددن فقدد للجددزء الثدداني. وجدداء بلسددان امددين مكتبددة مشددهور، اندده تهديددد واضددح فالحكومددة

ي الجد د د ة د ا خ ل د ة ف د د ي طر ي د ا ا ل ح د د ر ب ، و ل د ي س ا ل س د د ل م . و ا ض د ا ف ق د د ا ئ ال " ا ل ت ن د ا ز ال ت ال ت د دا ت ي ب ا ل س د ال م ب د ل

العكس. ولقد احترم العالم اسرائيل عندما كسب حرب السته ايام" هنالك مقهومين خاطئين في

جملة واحدة، فان الرجوع عن احتالل الحدود ليس بتنازل. فعندما يجبر قداطع الطدرق او السدارق

على ترك السرقة، او عندما يخلي المحتل شقة ليس ملكه، هذا ال يسمي تنازل.

311

311 C- The MT

الفساد وزير اسرائيلي

افيغدددور ليبرمددان، ونتنيدداهو وزيددر الخارجيددة، ونقلددت )اذا كنددت ترغددب فددي السددالم واالسددتعداد

للحددرب(. وعندددما نقلددت هددذا الدبلوماسددي قددائال الرومانيددة القديمددة، والعددالم ال يهددتم الجددزء االول،

ولكددن فقدد للثدداني، قادمددة مددن مصددب الفعددل الشددائن ليبرمددان، كددان تهديدددا واضددحا ان الحكومددة

الجديدة هي التي تدخل على طريا الحرب وليس السالم. واضداف ان "تندازالت ال تجلدب السدالم

ولكن العكس تمام. ان العالم تحترم اسرائيل التي فاز فيها الحرب التي استمرت سته ايام". وهذان

مغالطات في جملة واحدة. عودة االراضي المحتلة ليست "االمتياز". عندما طرق او لصمضطرة

للعودة م ل م ت ل ك ا ت ا ل م س ر و ق ة . ا و ع ت د د م ا ا ل م س د ت ق ط ن ا ت ع ل د ي ش د ف ة ال ت ن ت م د ي ا ل ي د ه و ا ل ت د ي ل ي س د ت ا م ت ي د ا ز .

D- The researcher suggested rendition:-

الوزير االسرائيلي الفاسد

نقل عن وزير خارجية نيتنياهو، افغدور ليبرمان، قولده )اذا كندت تريدد السدالم، فاسدتعد للحدرب(.

وعندما يستشهد دبلوماسي بهذا المثل الروماني القديم فان العالم ال يعدر اهتمامدا بالشدا االول منده

بل بالثاني. وعندما ياتي مثل كهذا على لسان ليبرمان والدذي هدو اساسدا رجدل سديء السدمعة فدان

االمر صي د ب ح ت ه د ي د د ا و ا ض د ح ا ا ن ا ل ح ك و م د ة ا ل ج د ي د د ة ت د د خ ل ط ر ي ق د ا ل ل ح د ر ب و ل د ي س ا ل س د ال م . و ا ض د ا ف

ليبرمان " ان التنازالت ال تجلب السالم وانما العكس تماما، فالعالم ابدى احترامه السرائيل عندما

انتصرت في حرب االيام السته". ان هاتين الفكرتين الخاطئتين جائتدا فدي جملدة واحددة. ان اعدادة

ارض محتلة ال يعتبر "تنازال". عندما يجبر قاطع طرق او لو الى اعادة ممتلكات مسروقة او

311

311 عندما يخلي محتل شقة ال يملكها فان ذلك ال يعتبر "تنازال" ايضا...الخ.

The analysis of the renderings of the above column revealed the following:

1- With respect to the headline, one student, 8%, provided improper translation due to his misunderstanding the intended meaning in the headline (see A-1 below). He rendered "Israeli Minister" as

while the intended person is the "Israeli ,"رئدديس الددوزراء االسددرائيلي"

Foreign Minister". This kind of mistakes misleads the whole translation and should be avoided as far as possible. As for the translators , also one of them rendered the headline improperly with regard to the characterization of the minister (see B-1). He

whose English) "سدديء السددمعة" as "الفاسددد" "translated "The corrupt equivalent is notorious). May be that both terms are slightly linked together with respect to bad characteristics, but they don’t have the same meaning. Translators have to be precise more than translation trainees and students.

As for the machine it provided the right equivalent words save putting the characterization of the minister at the beginning of the headline (see C below).

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041 "قال" Two of the students, 16%, rendered the word "quoted" as 2-

is "said" which "قدال" see A-2). The English equivalent for the word)

"نقدل totally differs from the word "quote" whose Arabic equivalent is

As for the Translators , 50% of them didn't provide the .عن...قولده"

"قال"، "عبر"، proper meaning of the term whereas they rendered it as

"see B-2) whose English equivalents are "said", expressed) "ذكدر" and "mentioned" respectively, and all of them do not satisfy the meaning of "quote".

As for the MT, it as well came a bit weak (see C).

3- Almost one third of the students (33%) mistranslated the sentence: "Coming from the mouth of the already infamous

Lieberman, it was a clear threat: the new government is entering upon a path of war, not of peace." (see A-3). As seen, they ascribed this sentence to Lieberman while it is the viewpoint of the columnist.

As for the machine, it provided an almost acceptable translation

(see C).

4- Disappointing and funny at the same time, one of the translator,(12%), translated the term "infamous Lieberman" as

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317 see B-2). This by all means shouldn't be done by a) "امدين مكتبدة مشدهور professional translator who is deemed by all to be quite accurate and precise.

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148 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5-0- Summary

This study investigated the possibility of making use of the computer in teaching translation in universities and higher educational institutions as well as it examined the extent to which it can help translators in carrying out their job, besides

knowing the standard of students and professionals in translating journalistic items on the ground that journalism is one of main concerns of people's daily life. To serve this purpose, a translation assignment consisted of (8) different journalistic excerpts (four in

Arabic and four in English), extracted from Sudanese daily newspapers, were given to two groups of translators. The first group was a mixed group consisting of (12) translation learners

(students + government-sponsored trainees) representing students of M.A Translation, Part Two, Translation and Arabicization Unit,

University of Khartoum and M.A. Translation students, Center for

Languages & Translation, University of Juba. The second group

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149 included (8) translators working as government officials in Sudan

National Assembly (the Parliament).

More emphasis was placed on the news on the ground that it constitutes the most important item in newspapers. In order to enrich the analysis and discussion, characteristics and rules of good news were included and used in assessing and comparing the renditions of the respondents (students and translators) with those of the machine and that of the researcher. It has been shown that rendition of the machine was reliable to a considerable degree and even in most cases quite useful for both students and translators.

5-1 Conclusion

The findings of the study showed that the machine (the computer) has positive effect and can play a paramount role in teaching translation in universities and higher educational institutes as well as it can act as a helping hand and play a complementary role for translators in performing their job, particularly translation firms when work is bulky and urgent at the same time, as MT is much faster than human translation. According to Systran - one of the oldest machine translation companies - humans can translate

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2000-3000 words a day, while Systran's MT software can translate

3700 words a minute (Translation and Interpretation, a web site). In

addition, MT is much cheaper than that of human and its software

has a better memory than human translation; it can store translated

documents and re-use phrases that have already been translated.

Beyond doubt, the rendition of the machine will neither be entirely correct nor replace man in this field, as the machine is just a solid device that operates by human feeding. In other words, MT is a long way from being able to replace human translation and many experts feel it may never do so. Nevertheless, it can be relied upon to a great extent, as the machine gives a first hand translation that can be treated with some minor amendments so as to give a proper and acceptable rendition. Since translation is a discretionary and indeterminate discipline that could accept more than one wording and drafting and that there is no single acceptable translation – but many, contrary to those disciplines that are based on calculations that give clear-cut answers such as mathematics or physics, and

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151 since a rendition of one person is liable to amending and correcting

by another, so the translation of the machine is the like.

The study has also found that in some cases the machine is more capable and efficient than both translation learners and translators in providing a proper translation of terms, abbreviations, acronyms, names of international organizations …etc, which the translators are not aware of.

At the professional level, the results of the study have highlighted the fact that even the translators sometimes lack general information that is regarded as a prerequisite for carrying out their work.

As for the journalistic part, the study has clarified that a considerable number of translation learners as well as professionals are not aware of basics of journalistic translation, the news and its components in particular. and that some of them even try to skip some words and phrases that they deem difficult to translate. This, in turn, leads to incomplete and misleading translation.

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152 5-2- Recommendations

Based on the above-mentioned findings, the following recommendations are suggested to translation students, translators and concerned bodies responsible of designing translation courses in universities and higher educational institutes:-

First: for Translation Students:

1- To improve their standard of translation, they can make an extra exercise of translation (rather than that given in the class) in the normal way and then resort to the computer to compare it with that of the machine.

2- To implement the above recommendation, translation students have to be computer literates, as nowadays the one who is computer illiterate is regarded as a backward person.

3- Translation students should at least be bilingually well cultured and read as far as possible various kinds of cultural materials such as books, magazines, daily newspapers…etc. In other words, translator should be encyclopedic, as his "capital" is his general and diversified information.

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153 4-Those who are interested to be journalistic translators, should get aware of the features, rules and characteristics of editing journalistic items, as beyond doubt, journalism plays a great role in our daily life.

Second: for Professional Translators:

1- To be well cultured through intensive reading, as far as possible, of different types of informative materials such as books, magazines, newspapers…etc , as it is disappointing that a translator makes a mistake relative to a well known term, name or phrase.

2-Make use of the machine (the computer) during bulky-working hours, as it can reduce the amount of work by taking over translation where accuracy is not essential. Thus, it plays a complementary role and provides translators with first draft and with simple handling and "polishing" they can get good rendition.

Third: for Designers of Translation Programs & Courses:

1-To furnish the classes with computers so as to act as labs that provide machine translation which can be used in comparing renditions of the students during class work. This will make a giant

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154 leap in methods of teaching translation, i.e., shifting from the traditional way of teaching translation to a modern one based on computer. In other words, the recommendation is to computerize translation teaching and encourage introducing education technology in our educational institutions especially that computerization is now applied everywhere. This will enrich discussion and create dynamism in the class as well as it encourages learning computer basics that will in turn lead to eradication of computer illiteracy.

2- It came to the knowledge of the researcher that almost all universities and higher educational institutes do not provide journalistic translation as such in their translation courses. As journalistic translation constitutes a considerable item of newspapers that play a significant role of our daily life, it is recommended that this type of translation be provided to students of translation in all universities, academies and institutes.

3- To design special courses for those interested in becoming professional journalists who sit for an obligatory examination

(Journalists' Registration Examination, set by Sudan National

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155 Council for Press and Publications) which includes a question about translation especially that some private institutes started providing this journalistic service such as "Technosphere Press

Services Center" and others.

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Appendices

Appendix 1: Translation Assignment

بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم

تكليف خاص بترجمة صحفية لطالب القسم الثاني ماجستير ترجمة وحدة الترجمة والتعريب،كلية االداب- جامعة الخرطوم باالشتراك مع طالب ماجستير الترجمة،مركز اللغات والترجمة- جامعة جوبا وبعض المترجمين المحترفين الغراض بحث لنيل درجة الدكتوراة في الترجمة

التاريخ: ابريل 2112 تنويه: رجاء كتابة االسم )باالحرف االولى فق ( ، الوظيفة، جهة العمل، طالب مبعوث ام علي النفقة الخاصة، رقم الهاتف

ترجم عناوين االخبار، تفاصيلها والمواد الصحفية التالية والمختارة من الصحافة السودانية الىى اللغىة االنجليزية:

1 - سياسية:- عامة الصحف لندن، 1 ابريل، وكاالت خالفات حادة بين كي مون واوكامبو حول توقيف البشير كش ف ت ص ح ي ف ة " ا ل ت ا ي م ز " ا ل ب ر ي ط ا ن ي ة ا ل ن ق ا ب ع ن خ ال ف ح د ا د ب د ي ن ب د ا ن ك د ي م د و ن ا ال م د ي ن ا ل ع د ا م لالمم المتحدة ولويس مورينو اوكامبو مدعي محكمة الجنايات الدولية حول مذكرة االعتقدال التددي اصدددرها االخيددر فددي حددا الددرئيس عمددر البشددير بسددبب النددزاع فددي دارفددور. وقالددت "التايمز" ان بان كي مون رفا الدعوة بشكل صريح لمحاكمة الرئيس البشير بل انه دخدل في خالف مع اوكامبو في هذا الشان...الخ.

2- اقتصادية: واشنطن، 8 ابريل، وكاالت - البنك الدولي يتوقع تراجع نمو بلدان شرق اسيا اق ل ا ل ب ن ك ا ل د د و ل ي ا ن ا ل ن م د و ا ال ق ت ص د ا د ي ف د ي ش د ر ق ا س د ي ا س ي ش د ه د ب د ء ا ك ب ي د ر ا ف د ي ظ د ل ت ر ا ج د ع حركة الصادرات. واضاف البنك قي تقرير له ان بلدان شرق اسيا البالل عددها "31" بلدان وتضم الصين وتايالند ستعرف نموا سنويا بنسبة 1.1% اي نصف قيمة النمو التدي حققتهدا المنطقة المذكورة في العام 2117 م . و م د ن ا ل م ت و ق د ع ا ال ب ز ي د د ا ل ن م د و ا ل س د ن و ي ف د ي ا ل ص د ي ن ع د ن نسبة "1.1%" منخفضا عن نسبة "31%" التي حققتها في العام 2117م...الخ.

3-استطالعات:

الراي العام، 31 ابريل -

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"حبوبات" في زمن الفضائيات يقول المثل "احن من الولد ولد الولد" ...فهل الحبوبة االن مثل ما كانت عليه ايام زمان تربي وتحمل احفادها...وغيرها من التفاصيل؟ ام ان دورها اصبح تقوم به جهات اخرى؟ "نفيسة" جدة لعدد من االحفاد تقول " نحن مثلنا مثل اي انسان ...فانا احب الترفيه ... وارفا فكرة ان اكون حضانة الحفادي... اقول لبناتي اذا انتن ما فاضيات الوالدكن ودوهن الحضانة.. احب البيتزا جدا والسفر... في الصيف اسافر البني في القاهرة... بنحب الجيهة والبهدلة فوق كم؟" ...الخ.

4-اعمدة: صحيفة الخرطوم، عامود "الخرطوم اليوم" 37 مارس - فرنسا علي الخط انضمت فرنسا الي الحرب النقسية الني تشنها مجموعة الدول االستعمارية علي السودان بقصد اثارة االضطراب وس الجبهة الوطنية السودانية التي اتحدت في رفضها لقرار محكمة الظلم الدولية. ولم يكن صدفة اختيار متحدث باسم الحكومة الفرنسية العالن دعوة بالده العتراض طائرة الرئيس البشير اثناء انتقاله الي العاصمة القطرية لحضور الفمة العربية، فسجل فرنسا في اعمال القرصنة وانتهاك الحرمات التي يحرسها القانون الدولي سجل حافل...الخ.

بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم A Journalistic Translation Assignment for Students of M.A Translation Part Two-Translation and Arabicization Unit Faculty of Arts-University of Khartoum Jointly with M.A. Translation Students- Center for Languages & Translation University of Juba and Some Professional Translators For the purpose of PhD Study

Date: April 2009

Please write your name (in initials), job, employer, government-sponsored or at own expense, and tele. number

Translate the following news, its details and other journalistic items, excerpted from Sudanese Press, into Arabic language:- 1- Political: Sudan Vision April 8: Gration: Humanitarian Situation in Darfur Sound US described humanitarian situation in Darfur as good in many of the war-ravaged areas while Obama's Special envoy into Sudan, Scott Gration revealed that Washington emphases are on cessation

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of fire in Darfur and CPA implementation. Following his talks with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Deng Alor, Gration underscored the criticality of national elections run scheduled, voicing that humanitarian improvement in Darfur has been beyond his expectations…etc

2- Economic The Advocate, April 14: Council of Ministers Endorses an Agreement to Prevent Double Taxation with Romania The Council of Ministers, in its recent sitting chaired by the President of the Republic, Field Marshall Omar Al Bashir, endorsed an agreement for preventing the double taxation between Sudan and Rumania in support of economic cooperation between the two sisterly countries..etc

3-Editorial Sudan Vision, April 8: Upsurge of Violence in South Sudan, Why? It goes without saying that the major reason for Salva Kiir urging the Ethiopian Prime Minister, who represented the black continent in the G-20 Summit, to ask the western states- especially the USA – to help South Sudan to overcome the fierce financial crises facing GoSS is the upsurge of popular violence in Southern Sudan and in particular violent protests by former members of SPLA who have recently paralyzed normal activities in some towns in Central and Eastern Equatoria states as veterans demanded payment that was overdue for five months. It seems that the protests were organized carefully so it came at the same time..etc.

4-Columns Focus, Sudan Vision, April 13 The Corrupt Israeli Minister Avigdor Lieberman, Netanyahu's Foreign Minister, is quoted (if you want peace, prepare for war). When a diplomat quotes this ancient Roman saying, the world pays no attention to the first part, but only to the second. Coming from the mouth of the already infamous Lieberman, it was a clear threat: the new government is entering upon a path of war, not of peace. He added "concessions do not

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bring peace, but quite the reserve. The world respected Israel when it won the six-day war." These are two fallacies in one sentence. Returning occupied territory is not a "concession." When a highwayman or a burglar is compelled to return stolen property, or when a squatter vacates an apartment that does not belong to him, that is not a "concession"…etc.

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Appendix 2: A Model (suggested) Translation First: Arabic Journalistic Texts: Model Translation The Journalistic Text لندن، 1 ابريل، وكاالت London, April 3, Agencies Sharp Difference BETween Ki- Moon and Ocampo over خالفات حادة بين كي مون واوكامبو حول Al –Bashir Arrest توقيف البشير The British daily "The Times" revealed كشددفت صددحيفة "التددايمز" البريطانيددة النقدداب sharp disagreement between UN عددن خددالف حدداد بددين بددان كددي مددون االمددين Secretary-General, Ban KI-Moon, and Prosecutor-General of the العام لالمم المتحدة ولدويس موريندو اوكدامبو International Criminal Court, Luis مدعي محكمة الجنايات الدوليدة حدول مدذكرة Moreno Ocampo, over the warrant االعتقدددال التدددي اصددددرها االخيدددر فدددي حدددا arrest issued by the latter against الدددرئيس عمدددر البشدددير بسدددبب الندددزاع فدددي president Omar Al-Bashir in connection to the conflict in Darfur. دارفددور. وقالددت "التددايمز" ان بددان كددي مددون The Times added that Ban Ki-Moon رفددددا الدددددعوة بشددددكل صددددريح لمحاكمددددة has explicitly rejected the call for الدرئيس البشددير بدل اندده دخددل فدي خددالف مددع prosecuting president Al-Bashir, rather اوكامبو في هذا الشان...الخ. he embroiled in a dispute with Ocampo in this regard…etc.

واشنطن، 8 ابريل، وكاالت - -:Washington, April 8, Agencies البنك الدولي يتوقع تراجع نمو World Bank Expects Growth بلدان شرق اسيا Decline in East Asia Countries

قال البنك الدولي ان النمو االقتصادي في شدرق The World Bank reported that the اسيا سيشهد بد ءا كبيدرا فدي ظدل تراجدع حركدة economic growth in East Asia will الصددادرات. واضددداف البندددك قددي تقريدددر لددده ان witness significant slowdown in the بلدان شرق اسيا البالل عددها "31" بلدان light of decline of exports, adding that

East Asia countries – which are 10 in وتضددم الصددين وتايالنددد سددتعرف نمددوا سددنويا number and include China and Thailand – will observe an annual بنسبة 1.1% اي نصف قيمة النمو التي حققتها growth rate of (5.3%), i.e. half the rate المنطقدددة المدددذكورة فدددي العدددام 2117م. ومدددن achieved by the said region in 2007. المتوقع اال بزيد النمدو السدنوي فدي الصدين عدن The annual growth rate in China is نسدددبة "1.1%" منخفضدددا عدددن نسدددبة "expected not to exceed (6.5%), lower "%31 التي حققتها في العام 2117م...الخ. .than (13%) attained in 2007

صحيفة الراي العام، 31 ابريل - Al-Rai Alaam Newspaper, April 10 "حبوبات" في زمن الفضائيات Grandmothers in the Era of Satellite Channels يقدول المثدل "احدن مددن الولدد ولدد الولدد" ...فهددل The proverb says: "Grandmothers are more compassionate to their الحبوبة االن مثل ما كانت عليه ايام زمان تربي grandsons than to their sons". Is the وتحمل احفادها...وغيرها مدن التفاصديل؟ ام ان grandmother of today like that one of the past entrusted with bringing up دورها اصدبح تقدوم بده جهدات اخدرى؟ "نفيسدة" and caring for their grandchildren and undertaking other related tasks? Did جدة لعدد من االحفاد تقول " نحن مثلندا مثدل اي .?her role turn to be played by others Nafisa, a grandmother of a number of انسان ...فانا احب الترفيه ... وارفا فكدرة ان grandchildren, said, "we are like other اكون حضانة الحفادي... اقول لبنداتي اذا اندتن … human beings…I like entertainment I refuse the idea of being a babysitter ما فاضيات الوالدكن ودوهدن الحضدانة.. احدب for my grandchildren …I tell my daughters that, " if you are not free to البيتزا جدا والسفر... فدي الصديف اسدافر البندي care for your children then take them to the nursery"…I like pizza very much في القاهرة... بنحب الجيهة والبهدلة فدوق كدم؟" as well as traveling…in summertime I ...الخ. travel to my son in Cairo…why we live an uncomfortable life?"

صحيفة الخرطوم، عمود "الخرطوم اليدوم" Khartoum Newspaper, "Khartoum 37 Today" Column, March 17 مارس - فرنسا علي الخط France on Line

انضمت فرنسا الدي الحدرب النقسدية الندي تشدنها France has joined the psychological war waged by a مجموعدددة الددددول االسدددتعمارية علدددي السدددودان group of colonial countries against بقصد اثدارة االضدطراب وسد الجبهدة الوطنيدة Sudan aiming at creating mess among the Sudanese national front السودانية التي اتحدت في رفضها لقرار محكمة

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that united its rank in rejecting the الظلم الدولية. ولدم يكدن صددفة اختيدار متحددث decision of the International باسددم الحكومدددة الفرنسدددية العددالن دعدددوة بدددالده Injustice Court. It was not a coincidence choosing a spokesman العتددراض طددائرة الددرئيس البشددير اثندداء انتقالدده of the French government to announce his country's call to الددي العاصددمة القطريددة لحضددور الفمددة العربيددة، intercept President Al Bashir plane فسدددجل فرنسدددا فدددي اعمددد ال القرصدددنة وانتهددداك on route to Qatari capital to attend an Arab summit, as France's record الحرمددات التددي يحرسددها القددانون الدددولي سددجل in this regard is full of piracy acts حافل...الخ. and trespassing inviolabilities that are protected by international law.

Second: English Journalistic Texts:- صحيفة "سودان فيشن"، 1 ابريل Sudan Vision April 8 Gration:Humanitarian قريشن: الوضع االنساني في دارفور جيد Situation in Darfur Sound US described humanitarian وصددفت الواليددات المتحدددة الوضددع االنسدداني situation in Darfur as good in many of the war-ravaged فددي دارفددور بالجيددد فددي العديددد مددن المندداطا areas while Obama's Special التددي دمرتهددا الحددرب فددي وقددت كشددف فيدده envoy into Sudan, Scott Gration revealed that مبعدددوث اوبامدددا الخددداص للسدددودان، سدددكوت Washington emphases are on قريشدددن، بدددان واشدددنطن تشددددد علدددي وقدددف cessation of fire in Darfur and CPA implementation. اطالق النار في دارفور وتنفيذ اتفاقية السدالم Following his talks with the الشامل. وعقب مباحثاته مع وزير الخارجيدة ,Minister of Foreign Affairs Deng Alor, Gration دينددا الددور، اكددد قريشددن علددي اهميددة اجددراء underscored the criticality of االنتخابددات القوميددة التددي تددم تحديددد جدددولها national elections run scheduled, voicing that منوها الي ان تحسن االوضداع االنسدانية فدي humanitarian improvement in دارفور قد فاق توقعاته. Darfur has been beyond his expectations…etc.

صحيفة ال "ادفوكيت"، 31 ابريل :The Advocate, April 14 Council of Ministers Endorses an Agreement to

167 Prevent Double Taxation with Romania مجلس الوزراء يصادق على اتفاقية لمنع The Council of Ministers, in its recent sitting chaired by the االزدواج الضريبي مع رومانيا ,President of the Republic Field Marshall Omar Al Bashir, اجدداز مجلددس الددوزراء فددي جلسددته االخيددرة endorsed an agreement for preventing the double taxation برئاسدددة رئدددديس الجمهوريدددة المشددددير عمددددر between Sudan and Rumania in support of economic البشدير اتفاقيدة لمندع االزدواج الضدريبي بدين cooperation between the two sisterly countries...etc . السددددودان ورومانيددددا وذلددددك دعمددددا للتعدددداون

االقتصادي بين البلدين الشقيقين.

االفتتاحية، Editorial صحيفة "سودان فيشن"، 8 ابريل، :Sudan Vision, April 8 تصاعد العنف في جنود السودان، لماذ؟ Upsurge of Violence in South Sudan, Why? غني عن القول بان السبب الرئيس الذي دعا It goes without saying that the سددلفا كيددر لحددث رئدديس الددوزراء االثيددوبي - major reason for Salva Kiir urging الذي مثدل القدارة السدمراء فدي قمدة مجموعدة the Ethiopian Prime Minister, who ال 21 – على مطالبة الدول الغربيدة خاصدة represented the black continent in الواليددات المتحدددة مسدداعدة جنددوب السددودان the G-20 Summit, to ask the للتغلب على ازماتده الماليدة المسدتفحلة والتدي western states- especially the USA تواجهها حكومة جنوب السودان، هو تصاعد to help South Sudan to overcome – the fierce financial crises facing وتيددرة العنددف الشددعبي فددي جنددوب السددودان GoSS is the upsurge of popular خاصددة االحتجاجددات العنيفددة التددي يقددوم بهددا violence in Southern Sudan and in المنتسبون السدابقون للجديش الشدعبي لتحر يدر particular violent protests by former السددودان والتددي شددلت اوجدده الحيدداة العاديددة members of SPLA who have مؤخرا في بعا مدن واليات وس وشدرق recently paralyzed normal activities االسدددتوائية اذ ان قددددامى المحددداربين طدددالبوا in some towns in Central and Eastern Equatoria states as بسداد مستحقاتهم المالية لفترة الخمسدة اشدهر veterans demanded payment that الماضدددية. ويبددددو ان تلدددك االحتجاجدددات قدددد was overdue for five months. It نظمت بصورة دقيقدة بحيدث تتدزامن مدع هدذا seems that the protests were الحدث. organized carefully so it came at the same time...etc. اعمدة، Columns Focus, Sudan Vision, April 13 عمود "Focus" صحيفة "سودان فيشن" 03ابريل The Corrupt Israeli Minister الوزير االسرائيلي الفاسد Avigdor Lieberman, Netanyahu's Foreign Minister, is quoted (if you

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نقل عن وزيدر خارجيدة نيتنيداهو، افغددور ليبرمدان، want peace, prepare for war). قولددده )اذا كندددت تريدددد السدددالم، فاسدددتعد للحدددرب(. When a diplomat quotes this ancient Roman saying, the world وعندددما يستشدددهد دبلوماسدددي بهددذا المثدددل الرومددداني pays no attention to the first part, القديم فان العالم ال يعر اهتماما بالشا االول منه بدل but only to the second. Coming from the mouth of the already بالثاني. وعندما ياتي مثل كهدذا علدى لسدان ليبرمدان infamous Lieberman, it was a clear والددذي هددو اساسددا رجددل سدديء السددم عة فددان االمددر threat: the new government is entering upon a path of war, not of يصددبح تهديدددا واضددحا ان الحكومددة الجديدددة تدددخل peace. He added "concessions do طريقا للحرب وليس السالم. واضاف ليبرمدان " ان not bring peace, but quite the reserve. The world respected Israel التندددازالت ال تجلدددب السدددالم وانمدددا العكدددس تمامدددا، when it won the six-day war." فالعالم ابدى احترامه السرائيل عنددما انتصدرت فدي These are two fallacies in one sentence. Returning occupied حدرب االيدام السدته". ان هداتين الفكدرتين الخداطئتين territory is not a "concession." جائتددا فددي جملددة واحدددة . ان اعددادة ارض محتلددة ال When a highwayman or a burglar is compelled to return stolen property, يعتبددر "تنددازال". عندددما يجبددر قدداطع طددرق او لددو or when a squatter vacates an الى اعادة ممتلكدات مسدروقة او عنددما يخلدي محتدل apartment that does not belong to him, that is not a شدددددقة ال يملكهدددددا فدددددان ذلدددددك ال يعتبدددددر "تندددددازال" "concession"…etc. ايضا...الخ. 169

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