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Somateria mollissima (Common )

European Red List of

Supplementary Material

The European Union (EU27) Red List assessments were based principally on the official data reported by EU Member States to the European Commission under Article 12 of the Birds Directive in 2013-14. For the European Red List assessments, similar data were sourced from BirdLife Partners and other collaborating experts in other European countries and territories. For more information, see BirdLife International (2015).

Contents Reported national population sizes and trends p. 2 Trend maps of reported national population data p. 5 Sources of reported national population data p. 8 Species factsheet bibliography p. 13

Recommended citation BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Further information http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/info/euroredlist http://www.birdlife.org/europe-and-central-asia/european-red-list-birds-0 http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/europe http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist/

Data requests and feedback To request access to these data in electronic format, provide new information, correct any errors or provide feedback, please email [email protected].

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Somateria mollissima (Common Eider)

Table 1. Reported national breeding population size and trends in Europe1. Country (or Population estimate Short-term population trend4 Long-term population trend4 Subspecific population (where relevant) 2 territory) Size (pairs)3 Europe (%) Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Denmark 23,000 3 2011 medium 0 0 1999-2011 good + 100-1000 1980-2011 good DK: Faroe Is 6,000 1 2002 medium ? ? DK: 50,000-100,000 8 2000-2012 medium + 200-300 2000-2012 medium + 200-300 1980-2012 medium Estonia 2,000-4,000 <1 2008-2012 medium - 50-70 2001-2012 medium 0 0-10 1980-2012 medium Finland 94,000-132,600 13 2006-2012 good - 44-62 2001-2012 good - 41-58 1980-2012 good France 1 <1 2011 good - 80-90 1999-2011 good - 80-90 1985-2011 good Germany 1,000-1,400 <1 2005-2009 good + 11-40 1998-2009 medium 0 0 1985-2009 medium Iceland 300,000 35 1990 good - 10-29 2001-2007 medium + 30-50 1980-1990 poor Rep. Ireland 160 <1 2012 medium + 2000-2012 medium + 1980-2012 medium Italy 3-6 <1 2006-2013 good 0 0 2001-2012 medium + 1999-2012 Netherlands 4,300-5,000 1 2009-2010 good - 37-62 2002-2011 medium - 23-39 1981-2011 medium Norway 150,000 17 2013 good - 0-10 2000-2013 poor F 0 1982-2013 medium NO: Svalbard 20,000-27,500 3 2001-2013 poor ? ? Poland 0-1 <1 2008-2012 medium F 0 1997-2012 medium + 1997-2012 Russia 40,000-50,000 5 2003-2011 good ? ? Sweden 73,000-127,000 12 2008-2012 good - 50-70 2001-2012 good - 40-60 1980-2012 good Switzerland 1-3 <1 2008-2012 medium 0 0 2001-2012 good 0 0 1988-2012 good Ukraine 700-1,100 <1 2000 medium - 10-15 2001-2012 medium - 15-30 1980-2012 medium United Kingdom 27,000 3 2004-2009 medium - 15 1990-2006 good + 35 1970-2006 good EU27 224,000-320,000 31 Decreasing Europe 791,000-955,000 100 Decreasing 1 See 'Sources' at end of factsheet, and for more details on individual EU Member State reports, see the Article 12 reporting portal at http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/article12/report. 2 The designation of geographical entities and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 3 In the few cases where population size estimates were reported in units other than those specified, they were converted to the correct units using standard correction factors. 4 The robustness of regional trends to the effects of any missing or incomplete data was tested using plausible scenarios, based on other sources of information, including any other reported information, recent national Red Lists, scientific literature, other publications and consultation with relevant experts. 5 Trend directions are reported as: increasing (+); decreasing (-); stable (0); fluctuating (F); or unknown (?). 6 Trend magnitudes are rounded to the nearest integer.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Somateria mollissima (Common Eider)

Table 2. Reported national wintering population sizes and trends in Europe1. Note that some countries within the species' wintering range did not report any data, and that only minimum totals are presented, to avoid double-counting of birds moving between countries. Country (or Population estimate Short-term population trend4 Long-term population trend4 Subspecific population (where relevant) 2 territory) Size (individuals)3 Europe (%) Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Albania 1-9 <1 2002-2012 medium - 20-50 2002-2012 medium ? Belarus 0 <1 2009-2013 good ? - 100 1981-1997 medium Belgium 5-10 <1 2008-2012 good - 2001-2012 good - 95-100 1980-2012 good Bulgaria 0-20 <1 1997-2012 good F 0-200 2000-2012 medium + 0-100 1980-2012 good Denmark 140,000 5 2008 good - 50-100 2000-2011 good - 50-100 1980-2011 good DK: Faroe Is 5,000-15,000 <1 1992 medium ? ? DK: Greenland 1,000,000-1,500,000 40 2000-2012 medium + 10-50 2000-2012 poor + 10-50 1980-2012 poor Estonia 10-50 <1 2008-2012 medium - 20-50 2001-2012 medium - 50-70 1980-2012 medium France 410-1,700 <1 2009-2012 medium ? - 71 1980-2012 medium Germany 320,000 10 2000-2005 good - 11-100 1997-2009 medium - 21-100 1980-2005 medium Iceland 566,072-1,127,396 26 2006-2008 good - 33 2000-2014 0 0 1980-2014 Rep. Ireland 470 <1 2006-2011 medium + 448 1999-2011 good ? Italy 98-171 <1 2007-2009 good F 0-40 2000-2009 good F 0-35 1991-2009 good Netherlands 58,853-83,885 2 2006-2010 good - 31-56 2000-2011 medium - 28-56 1981-2011 medium Norway 250,000-500,000 12 1994-2003 medium - 0-10 2000-2012 ? Poland 600-6,000 <1 2011-2012 medium F 0 2005-2012 good ? Russia 19,500-19,520 1 2003 good - 10-20 1996-2006 poor + 100-110 1977-2005 good Serbia 0 <1 2008-2012 medium ? ? Slovenia 0-1 <1 2008-2012 medium 0 0 2001-2012 medium - 0-100 1980-2012 medium Spain 1 <1 2008-2010 medium F 0 2000-2010 good F 0 1980-2010 good Sweden 55,000-80,000 2 2008-2012 good 0 0 2001-2012 medium + 400 1980-2012 medium Switzerland 30-55 <1 2008-2012 good - 40-50 2001-2012 medium - 70-80 1980-2012 good Turkey 5-20 <1 2002-2012 poor ? ? Ukraine 100-300 <1 1998-2009 medium - 10-15 1998-2009 medium - 25-30 1980-2009 medium United Kingdom 63,000 2 2004-2008 medium - 11 1999-2010 medium - 28 1980-2010 medium EU27 638,000-695,000 22 Decreasing Europe 2,480,000-3,860,000 100 Decreasing

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Somateria mollissima (Common Eider)

Table 2. Reported national wintering population sizes and trends in Europe1. Note that some countries within the species' wintering range did not report any data, and that only minimum totals are presented, to avoid double-counting of birds moving between countries. Country (or Population estimate Short-term population trend4 Long-term population trend4 Subspecific population (where relevant) 2 territory) Size (individuals)3 Europe (%) Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality 1 See 'Sources' at end of factsheet, and for more details on individual EU Member State reports, see the Article 12 reporting portal at http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/article12/report. 2 The designation of geographical entities and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 3 In the few cases where population size estimates were reported in units other than those specified, they were converted to the correct units using standard correction factors. 4 The robustness of regional trends to the effects of any missing or incomplete data was tested using plausible scenarios, based on other sources of information, including any other reported information, recent national Red Lists, scientific literature, other publications and consultation with relevant experts. 5 Trend directions are reported as: increasing (+); decreasing (-); stable (0); fluctuating (F); or unknown (?). 6 Trend magnitudes are rounded to the nearest integer.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Trend maps

A symbol appears in each country where the species occurs: the shape and colour of the symbol represent the population trend in that country, and the size of the symbol corresponds to the proportion of the European population occurring in that country.

KEY

Ç Large increase (≥50%) È Large decrease (≥50%) Ç Moderate increase (20–49%) È Moderate decrease (20–49%) Ç Small increase (<20%) È Small decrease (<20%) ñ Increase of unknown magnitude ò Decrease of unknown magnitude

å Stable or fluctuating 0 Unknown ¢ Present (no population or trend data) Ð Extinct since 1980

Each symbol, with the exception of Present and Extinct, may occur in up to three different size classes, corresponding to the proportion of the European population occurring in that country. ñ Large: ≥10% of the European population ñ Medium: 1–9% of the European population ñ Small: <1% of the European population

The designation of geographical entities and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Figure 1. Breeding population sizes and short-term trends across Europe.

Figure 2. Breeding population sizes and long-term trends across Europe.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Figure 3. Reported wintering population sizes and short-term trends across Europe. Note that some countries within the species' wintering range did not report any data.

Figure 4. Reported wintering population sizes and long-term trends across Europe. Note that some countries within the species' wintering range did not report any data.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Somateria mollissima (Common Eider)

Sources

Albania Winter population size: Bino pers. obs. Winter short-term trend: Bino pers. obs. Belarus Winter population size: Bogdanovich I.A. - personal communication Winter short-term trend: Bogdanovich I.A. - personal communication Winter long-term trend: Nikiforov M.E., Kozulin A.V., eds. Belarussian birds at the beginning of XXI century: status, numbers, distribution. - 1997. - Minsk. - 187 p. Belgium Winter population size: waterbird database INBO + Aves, seabird database INBO Winter short-term trend: waterbird database INBO and Aves, seabird database INBO Winter long-term trend: waterbird database INBO and Aves, seabird database INBO Bulgaria Winter population size: BSPB GIS related ornithological database Kostadinova, I. & S. Dereliev. 2001. Results from the Mid-winter Counts in Bulgaria. BSPB Conservation Series Book3. Michev T., Profirov L. 2003. Mid-Winter Numbers of Waterbirds in Bulgaria (1977-2001). Pensoft, Sofia, 160 pp. Winter short-term trend: BSPB GIS related ornithological database Michev T., Profirov L. 2003. Mid-Winter Numbers of Waterbirds in Bulgaria (1977-2001). Pensoft, Sofia, 160 pp. Winter long-term trend: Michev T., Profirov L. 2003. Mid-Winter Numbers of Waterbirds in Bulgaria (1977-2001). Pensoft, Sofia, 160 pp. BSPB GIS related ornithological database Denmark Breeding population size: BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Wageningen, The Netherlands: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12) Heldbjerg, H. & Lerche-Jørgensen, M. (2012): Overvågning af de danske almindlige fuglearter i Danmark 1975-2011. Årsrapport for Punkttællingsprojektet. Dansk Ornitologisk Forening. (The Danish Point Count Census for breeding birds during the period 1999-2011) Breeding short-term trend: Heldbjerg, H. & Lerche-Jørgensen, M. (2012): Overvågning af de danske almindlige fuglearter i Danmark 1975-2011. Årsrapport for Punkttællingsprojektet. Dansk Ornitologisk Forening. (The Danish Point Count Census for breeding birds during the period 1999-2011) Breeding long-term trend: Heldbjerg, H. & Lerche-Jørgensen, M. (2012): Overvågning af de danske almindlige fuglearter i Danmark 1975-2011. Årsrapport for Punkttællingsprojektet. Dansk Ornitologisk Forening. (The Danish Point Count Census for breeding birds during the period 1980-2011) Winter population size: Pihl, S., Clausen, P., Petersen, I.K., Nielsen, R.D., Laursen, K., Bregnballe, T., Holm, T.E. & Søgaard, B. (2013): Fugle 2004-2011. NOVANA. Aarhus Universitet, DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE nr. 49. 188 s. Winter short-term trend: Pihl, S., Clausen, P., Petersen, I.K., Nielsen, R.D., Laursen, K., Bregnballe, T., Holm, T.E. & Søgaard, B. (2013): Fugle 2004-2011. NOVANA. Aarhus Universitet, DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE nr. 49. 188 s. Winter long-term trend: Pihl, S., Clausen, P., Petersen, I.K., Nielsen, R.D., Laursen, K., Bregnballe, T., Holm, T.E. & Søgaard, B. (2013): Fugle 2004-2011. NOVANA. Aarhus Universitet, DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE nr. 49. 188 s. DK: Faroe Is Breeding population size: TemaNord (2010) Action plan for seabirds in Western-Nordic areas. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. Hammer et al. (2014) Færøsk trækfugleatlas [Faroese migration atlas]. Fróðskapur / Faroe University Press, Tórshavn. Winter population size: BirdLife International 2004 DK: Greenland Breeding population size: F. Merkel, 2004. Evidence of Population Decline in Common Breeding in Western Greenland. - Arctic 57: 27-36. Merkel, F. 2010. Evidence of Recent Population Recovery in Common Eiders Breeding in Western Greenland. - Journal of Wildlife Management 74(8):1869–1874 Breeding short-term trend: Merkel, F. 2010. Evidence of Recent Population Recovery in Common Eiders Breeding in Western Greenland. - Journal of Wildlife Management 74(8):1869–1874 Breeding long-term trend: Merkel, F. 2010. Evidence of Recent Population Recovery in Common Eiders Breeding in Western Greenland. - Journal of Wildlife Management 74(8):1869–1874 Winter population size: Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Merkel, F.R. 2006. The importance of Southwest Greenland for wintering seabirds. – British Birds 99: 282-298. Merkel, F. 2010. Evidence of Recent Population Recovery in Common Eiders Breeding in Western Greenland. - Journal of Wildlife Management 74(8):1869–1874 Winter short-term trend: Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Merkel, F.R. 2006. The importance of Southwest Greenland for wintering seabirds. – British Birds 99: 282-298. Winter long-term trend: Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Merkel, F.R. 2006. The importance of Southwest Greenland for wintering seabirds. – British Birds 99: 282-298. Estonia Breeding population size: Elts, J., Leito, A., Leivits, A., Luigujõe, L., Mägi, E., Nellis, Rein, Nellis, Renno, Ots, M., Pehlak, H. 2013. Status and numbers of Estonian birds, 2008−2012. Hirundo 26(2): 80-112. URL: http://www.eoy.ee/hirundo/file_download/149/Elts_et_al_2013_2.pdf Breeding short-term trend: Elts, J., Leito, A., Leivits, A., Luigujõe, L., Mägi, E., Nellis, Rein, Nellis, Renno, Ots, M., Pehlak, H. 2013. Status and numbers of Estonian birds, 2008−2012. Hirundo 26(2): 80-112. URL: http://www.eoy.ee/hirundo/file_download/149/Elts_et_al_2013_2.pdf Breeding long-term trend: Elts, J., Leito, A., Leivits, A., Luigujõe, L., Mägi, E., Nellis, Rein, Nellis, Renno, Ots, M., Pehlak, H. 2013. Status and numbers of Estonian birds, 2008−2012. Hirundo 26(2): 80-112. URL: http://www.eoy.ee/hirundo/file_download/149/Elts_et_al_2013_2.pdf

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Somateria mollissima (Common Eider) Estonia Winter population size: Elts, J., Leito, A., Leivits, A., Luigujõe, L., Mägi, E., Nellis, Rein, Nellis, Renno, Ots, M., Pehlak, H. 2013. Status and numbers of Estonian birds, 2008−2012. Hirundo 26(2): 80-112. URL: http://www.eoy.ee/hirundo/file_download/149/Elts_et_al_2013_2.pdf Winter short-term trend: Elts, J., Leito, A., Leivits, A., Luigujõe, L., Mägi, E., Nellis, Rein, Nellis, Renno, Ots, M., Pehlak, H. 2013. Status and numbers of Estonian birds, 2008−2012. Hirundo 26(2): 80-112. URL: http://www.eoy.ee/hirundo/file_download/149/Elts_et_al_2013_2.pdf Winter long-term trend: Elts, J., Leito, A., Leivits, A., Luigujõe, L., Mägi, E., Nellis, Rein, Nellis, Renno, Ots, M., Pehlak, H. 2013. Status and numbers of Estonian birds, 2008−2012. Hirundo 26(2): 80-112. URL: http://www.eoy.ee/hirundo/file_download/149/Elts_et_al_2013_2.pdf Finland Breeding population size: Archipelago Bird Census data. Breeding short-term trend: Archipelago Bird Census data. Breeding long-term trend: Archipelago Bird Census data. Hario, M. & Rintala, J. 2006: Fledgling production and population trends in Finnish Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima mollissima) – evidence for density dependence. – Canadian Journal of Zoology 84: 1038-1046. France Breeding population size: DUPUIS V. et les coordinateurs espèce 2012 ?Les oiseaux nicheurs rares et menacés en France en 2011. ?[Rare and endangered breeding birds in France in 2011.] , LPO, p. 289-325 Breeding short-term trend: ROCAMORA, G. & YEATMAN-BERTHELOT, D. 1999 Oiseaux menacés et à surveiller en France. Liste rouge et recherche de priorités. Populations. Tendances. Conservations, Société d’Etudes Ornithologiques de France/Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux, Paris, 598 p. 2012 Eider à duvet, Soamteria mollissima (Linné, 1758) in Cahiers d'habitat Natura 2000. Connaissance et gestion des habitats et des espèces d'intérêt communautaire. Tome 8, Oiseaux, Paris, La Documentation française, 311-313 Breeding long-term trend: ROCAMORA, G. & YEATMAN-BERTHELOT, D. 1999 Oiseaux menacés et à surveiller en France. Liste rouge et recherche de priorités. Populations. Tendances. Conservations, Société d’Etudes Ornithologiques de France/Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux, Paris, 598 p. 2012 Eider à duvet, Soamteria mollissima (Linné, 1758) in Cahiers d'habitat Natura 2000. Connaissance et gestion des habitats et des espèces d'intérêt communautaire. Tome 8, Oiseaux, Paris, La Documentation française, 311-313 Winter population size: Deceuninck, B., Maillet, N., Ward, A., Dronneau, C. & Mahéo, R. 2013 Synthèse des dénombrements d'Anatidés et de Foulques hivernant en France à la mi-Janvier 2012, Rochefort sur Mer, LPO, 42 Winter short-term trend: LPO - Wetlands International 2012 Base de données des dénombrements d’oiseaux d’eau « Wetlands International » 1980-2012 réalisés à la mi- janvier, LPO - BirdLife France, Rochefort Winter long-term trend: LPO - Wetlands International 2012 Base de données des dénombrements d’oiseaux d’eau « Wetlands International » 1980-2012 réalisés à la mi- janvier, LPO - BirdLife France, Rochefort Germany Breeding population size: Gedeon, K., C. Grüneberg, A. Mitschke & C. Sudfeldt (in Vorb.): Atlas Deutscher Brutvogelarten. SVD & DDA, Münster. Breeding short-term trend: Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten e.V. Breeding long-term trend: Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten e.V. Winter population size: Wahl, J., J. Bellebaum, J. Blew, S. Garthe, K. Günther & T. Heinicke (in Vorb.): Rastende Wasservögel in Deutschland 2000-2005: Bestandsschätzungen und Schwellenwerte für Rastgebiete nationaler Bedeutung. Vogelwelt. Winter short-term trend: Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment Programme / Seabirds at Sea-Programm Winter long-term trend: Hüppop, O., H.-G. Bauer, H. Haupt, T. Ryslavy, P. Südbeck & J. Wahl (2013): Rote Liste wandernder Vogelarten Deutschlands, Fassung Januar 2013. Ber. Vogelschutz Vol. 49/50. Iceland Breeding population size: Kristinn Haukur Skarphéðinsson. 1994. Tjón af völdum arna í æðarvörpum. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands. Unnið fyrir umhverfisráðuneytið. Reykjavík: Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands. Breeding short-term trend: Jón Einar Jónsson Breeding long-term trend: Jón Einar Jónsson Winter population size: Arnþór Garðarsson 2009 Winter short-term trend: Guðmundur A Guðmundsson in litt. 31/03/2015 Winter long-term trend: Guðmundur A Guðmundsson in litt. 31/03/2015 Republic of Ireland Breeding population size: Expert opinion - D. Suddaby (BirdWatch Ireland). Balmer, D., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B., Swan, B., Downie, I. & Fuller, R. (2013) Bird Atlas 2007-11 The breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. British Trust for Ornithology. Cotton, D.C.F. 2004. Appendix B Flora and fauna. In: McGowan, J. Inishmurray: Island Voices. Aeolus. Hall, M.E., Newton, S., Suddaby, D. & Trewby, M. (2006) Seabird Productivity on the west coast of Ireland in 2006. NPWS Seabird Monitoring Project Report 2006. Leonard K. 2010. A survey of breeding Eiders Somateria mollissima in Northern Ireland in 2009. Irish Birds 9: 11-18. Breeding short-term trend: BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12). Balmer, D., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B., Swan, B., Downie, I. & Fuller, R. (2013) Bird Atlas 2007-11 The breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. British Trust for Ornithology. Gibbons D.W., Reid J.B, & Chapman R.A. (1993) The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland 1988-1991. Poyser, London. Breeding long-term trend: Balmer, D., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B., Swan, B., Downie, I. & Fuller, R. (2013) Bird Atlas 2007-11 The breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. British Trust for Ornithology. Sharrock, J.T.R. (1976) The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland. T. & AD Poyser. Winter population size: Crowe, O. & Holt, C. (2013) Estimates of waterbird numbers wintering in Ireland, 2006/07 – 2010/11. Irish Birds 9:4. Winter short-term trend: Crowe, O. (2013) Calculations of short- and long-term trends of wintering waterbirds for Article 12 reporting. Unpublished note. Crowe, O. & Holt, C. (2013) Estimates of waterbird numbers wintering in Ireland, 2006/07 – 2010/11. Irish Birds 9:4.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Somateria mollissima (Common Eider) Republic of Ireland Winter long-term trend: Crowe, O. (2013) Calculations of short- and long-term trends of wintering waterbirds for Article 12 reporting. Unpublished note. Crowe, O. & Holt, C. (2013) Estimates of waterbird numbers wintering in Ireland, 2006/07 – 2010/11. Irish Birds 9:4. Sheppard, R. (1993) Ireland's Wetland Wealth. Irish Wildbird Conservancy. Italy Breeding population size: Gustin M, Brambilla M & Celada C. 2010. Valutazione dello stato di Conservazione dell'avifauna italiana. Volume I, Non-Passeriformes. Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Lega Italiana Protezione Uccelli (LIPU) Brichetti P & Fracasso G. 2013. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 1/2: . Oasi Alberto Perdisa, Bologna Breeding short-term trend: Gustin M, Brambilla M & Celada C. 2010. Valutazione dello stato di Conservazione dell'avifauna italiana. Volume I, Non-Passeriformes. Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Lega Italiana Protezione Uccelli (LIPU) Brichetti P & Fracasso G. 2013. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 1/2: Anatidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa, Bologna Winter population size: IWC ISPRA Winter short-term trend: IWC ISPRA Winter long-term trend: IWC ISPRA Baccetti N, Dall'Antonia P, Magagnoli P, Melega L, Serra L, Soldatini C & Zenatello M. 2002. Risultati dei censimenti degli uccelli acquatici svernanti in Italia: distribuzione, stima e trend delle popolazioni nel 1991-2000. Biol. Cons. Fauna 111: 1-240 Netherlands Breeding population size: NEM, Sovon en CBS (Boele et al. 2011-2013, van Dijk et al 2010) Breeding short-term trend: NEM, Sovon en CBS, Boele et al. (2013) Breeding long-term trend: Sovon Winter population size: Hornman et al 2012 Winter short-term trend: NEM (Sovon, RWS, CBS), Hornman et al 2013 Winter long-term trend: NEM (Sovon, RWS, CBS), Hornman et al 2013 Norway Breeding population size: The Norwegian Monitoring programme for seabirds, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen pers.comm. Breeding short-term trend: The Norwegian Monitoring programme for seabirds, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen pers.comm. Breeding long-term trend: same source as ST population trend Winter population size: Svorkmo-Lundberg, T., Bakken, V., Helberg, M., Mørk, K., Røer, J.E. & Sæbø, S. 2006. Norsk VinterfuglAtlas. Fuglenes utbredelse, bestandsstørrelse og økologi vinterstid. Norsk Ornitologisk Forening, Trondheim. 496 pp. Winter short-term trend: P. Shimmings in litt. 27/03/2015 NO: Svalbard Breeding population size: 1). Norwegian Polar Institute unpublished data. 2). Bangjord, G., Haugskott, T. & Hammer, S. 2013. Svalbard birds - a basic field guide. Longyearbyen Field Biological Society. 124 pages. Poland Breeding population size: Komisja Faunistyczna 2009. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2008. Raport nr 25. Not. Orn. 50: 111–142; Komisja Faunistyczna 2010. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2009. Raport nr 26. Ornis Polonica 52: 117–148; Komisja Faunistyczna 2011. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2010. Raport nr 27. Ornis Polonica 52: 117–149; Komisja Faunistyczna 2012. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2011. Raport nr 28. Ornis Polonica 53: 105– 140; Komisja Faunistyczna 2012. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2012. Raport nr 29. Ornis Polonica 54: 109–150; http://www.komisjafaunistyczna.pl/kf-en/ index_en.html (access date: 09.10.2013); Szymon Bzoma - unpublished data; National expert: Szymon Bzoma Waterbird Research Group KULING ul. Startowa 7a/13 80-461 Gdańsk Poland, [email protected] Breeding short-term trend: Czyżak M. 2001. Edredon Somateria mollissima - nowym gatunkiem lęgowym dla Polski. Not. Orn. 42: 63-64; Zielińska M. 2007 In: Sikora A., Rohde Z., Gromadzki M., Neubauer G. & Chylarecki P. (eds.) 2007. Atlas rozmieszczenia ptaków lęgowych Polski 1985-2004. Bogucki Wyd. Nauk.: 80-81 Winter population size: MZPM: Chodkiewicz T., Kuczyński L., Sikora A., Ławicki Ł., Chylarecki P., Neubauer G., Meissner W., Rohde Z. 2013. Opracowanie raportu dla Komisji Europejskiej z wdrażania Dyrektywy Ptasiej w Polsce w zakresie Monitoringu Ptaków Polski w Państwowym Monitoringu Środowiska. Sprawozdanie dla Głównego Inspektoratu Ochrony Środowiska. OTOP, Marki; Meissner W., Chodkiewicz T., Bzoma Sz., Brewka B., Woźniak B. 2012. Monitoring ptaków zimujących. Sprawozdanie dla GIOŚ. OTOP (source: http://monitoringptakow.gios.gov.pl/raporty?file=files/pliki/raporty_faza3/RaportMPP3_etap8_zad2%264_zima2012.pdf); Chodkiewicz T., Neubauer G., Meissner W., Sikora A., Chylarecki P., Woźniak B., Bzoma S., Brewka B., Rubacha S., Kus K., Rohde Z., Cenian Z., Wieloch M., Zielińska M., Zieliński P., Kajtoch Ł., Szałański P., Betleja J. 2012. Monitoring populacji ptaków Polski w latach 2010–2012. Biuletyn Monitoringu Przyrody 9: 1–44 (source: http://monitoringptakow.gios.gov.pl/ publikacje?file=files/pliki/publikacje/Biuletyn9_2012.pdf) Winter short-term trend: Meissner W. 2007. Ptaki morskie w strefie polskich wód terytorialnych – czy potrafimy wskazać obszary najbardziej i najmniej konfliktowe? II Konferencja „Rynek energetyki wiatrowej w Polsce”. 20-21.03.2007, Warszawa. Russia Breeding population size: Krasnov Yu.V., Gavrilo M.V., Ström H., Shavykin A.A. 2006. Numbers and distribution of birds in the coastal water areas of Kola Peninsula on the data of aero-observations in the late-summer period of 2003. - Ornitologia, 33: 125-137 (in Russian). Krasnov Yu.V., Gavrilo M.V., Shavykin A.A. Condition, numbers and organization of monitoring of Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) in Barents and White seas. – Zoological Journal, in press. (in Russian). Gavrilo M.V. 2011. Fauna and populations of birds in some high-latitude islands of Western Arctic. – In: Matishov G.G., Tishkov A.A. (eds.) Terrestrial and marine ecosystems / Russian input in MPG 2007/2008. Moscow, Paulsen: 344-364 (In Rusian). Ivanenko N.Yu. 2013. Avifauna of West Murman by the example of Pechenga Bay and Ainovy Islands. – Birds of northern and southern seas of Russia: fauna, ecology. Apatity, KNC RAN: 64-102 (in Russian). Breeding short-term trend: Koryakin A.S. 2012. Monitoring of sea birds in Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea (1967-2010). – Zoological Journal, 91, no.7: 800-808 (in Russian). Krasnov Yu.V., Gavrilo M.V., Shavykin A.A. Condition, numbers and organization of monitoring of Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) in Barents and White seas. – Zoological Journal, in press. (in Russian).

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Somateria mollissima (Common Eider) Russia Breeding long-term trend: Koryakin A.S. 2012. Monitoring of sea birds in Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea (1967-2010). – Zoological Journal, 91, no.7: 800-808 (in Russian). Krasnov Yu.V., Gavrilo M.V., Ström H., Shavykin A.A. 2006. Numbers and distribution of birds in the coastal water areas of Kola Peninsula on the data of aero- observations in the late-summer period of 2003. - Ornitologia, 33: 125-137 (in Russian). Bianki V.V. 2011. Causes of changes in the numbers of coastal birds in the Kandalaksha Bay in the second half of XX century. - Russian Ornithological Magazine, express-issue 20 (671): 1373-1375 (in Russian). Krasnov Yu.V., Gavrilo M.V., Shavykin A.A. Condition, numbers and organization of monitoring of Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) in Barents and White seas. – Zoological Journal, in press. (in Russian). Gavrilo M.V. 2011. Fauna and populations of birds in some high-latitude islands of Western Arctic. – In: Matishov G.G., Tishkov A.A. (eds.) Terrestrial and marine ecosystems / Russian input in MPG 2007/2008. Moscow, Paulsen: 344-364 (In Rusian). Ivanenko N.Yu. 2013. Avifauna of West Murman by the example of Pechenga Bay and Ainovy Islands. – Birds of northern and southern seas of Russia: fauna, ecology. Apatity, KNC RAN: 64-102 (in Russian). Winter population size: Krasnov Yu.V., Ström H., Gavrilo M.V., Shavykin A.A. 2004. Seabirds wintering in polynias along the Terskiy Coast of the White Sea and along East Murman Coast. - Ornitologia, 31: 51-57 (in Russian). Grishanov G.V., Romanov Yu.M. 2007. Hunting of Kaliningrad Region. Kaliningrad: 203 pp. Winter short-term trend: Krasnov Yu.V., Ström H., Gavrilo M.V., Shavykin A.A. 2004. Seabirds wintering in polynias along the Terskiy Coast of the White Sea and along East Murman Coast. - Ornitologia, 31: 51-57 (in Russian). Winter long-term trend: Krasnov Yu.V., Ström H., Gavrilo M.V., Shavykin A.A. 2004. Seabirds wintering in polynias along the Terskiy Coast of the White Sea and along East Murman Coast. - Ornitologia, 31: 51-57 (in Russian). Serbia Winter population size: Šćiban M, Đapić D, Sekereš O, Đorđević I, Ružić M, Stanković D, Radišić D, Gergelj J, Janković M, Radaković M, Rudić B, Agošton A, Dajović M. & Simić D. (2011): Rezultati Međunarodnog cenzusa ptica vodenih staništa u Srbiji 2012. godine. Ciconia 20: 120–1 Winter short-term trend: Šćiban M, Đapić D, Sekereš O, Đorđević I, Ružić M, Stanković D, Radišić D, Gergelj J, Janković M, Radaković M, Rudić B, Agošton A, Dajović M. & Simić D. (2011): Rezultati Međunarodnog cenzusa ptica vodenih staništa u Srbiji 2012. godine. Ciconia 20: 120–1 Winter long-term trend: BPSSS (2014) Unpublished data Slovenia Winter population size: BOŽIČ, L. (2008A): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 29 (136): 39–49. BOŽIČ, L. (2008B): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2009 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 29 (138/139): 169–179. BOŽIČ, L. (2010): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2010 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 31 (145/146): 131–141. BOŽIČ, L. (2011): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2011 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 32 (148/149): 67–77. BOŽIČ, L. (2012): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2012 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 33 (152/153): 109–119. Winter short-term trend: DOPPS Winter long-term trend: SOVINC, A. (1994): Zimski ornitološki atlas Slovenije. – Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana. ŠKORNIK I. (2012): Favnistični in ekološki pregled ptic Sečoveljskih solin. – Soline predelava soli, Seča. Spain Winter population size: SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 816 pp. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm7-291664.pdf Winter short-term trend: SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 816 pp. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm7-291664.pdf Winter long-term trend: SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 816 pp. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm7-291664.pdf Sweden Breeding population size: Ottosson, U., Ottvall, R., Elmberg, J., Green, M., Gustafsson, R., Haas, F., Holmqvist, N., Lindström, Å., Nilsson, L., Svensson, M., Svensson, S. & Tjernberg, M. 2012. Fåglarna i Sverige - antal och förekomst. Sveriges Ornitologiska Förening, Halmstad. Breeding short-term trend: Swedish Bird Survey (Svensk Fågeltaxering), Lund University. Breeding long-term trend: Swedish Bird Survey (Svensk Fågeltaxering), Lund University. Winter population size: Swedish Bird Survey (Svensk Fågeltaxering), Lund University. Winter short-term trend: Swedish Bird Survey (Svensk Fågeltaxering), Lund University. Winter long-term trend: Swedish Bird Survey (Svensk Fågeltaxering), Lund University. Switzerland Breeding population size: Swiss Ornithological Institute: http://www.vogelwarte.ch/information-service-monitoring-rare-breeding-and-visiting-birds.html Breeding short-term trend: Swiss Ornithological Institute: http://www.vogelwarte.ch/information-service-monitoring-rare-breeding-and-visiting-birds.html Breeding long-term trend: Swiss Ornithological Institute: http://www.vogelwarte.ch/information-service-monitoring-rare-breeding-and-visiting-birds.html Winter population size: Swiss Ornithological Institute. Winter waterbird census (January). http://www.vogelwarte.ch/monitoring-wintering-waterbirds.html Min Max of total count Winter short-term trend: Swiss Ornithological Institute. Winter waterbird census (January). http://www.vogelwarte.ch/monitoring-wintering-waterbirds.html Min Max refer to rough estimate based on regression (model error) Winter long-term trend: Swiss Ornithological Institute. Winter waterbird census (January). http://www.vogelwarte.ch/monitoring-wintering-waterbirds.html Turkey Winter population size: Kurt, B., Ozbağdatlı, N., Bozkurt, A.K., Arslangundoğdu, Z. ve Gursoy, A. 2002. Turkiye Sulakalanları Kıs Ortası Sukusu Sayımı, Doğal Hayatı Koruma Derneği, İstanbul, Turkiye. Çağlayan, E., Kılıç, D.T., Per, E. ve Gem, E. 2005. Turkiye Kıs Ortası Sukusu Sayımları 2005. Doğa Derneği, Ankara, Turkey Suseven, B., Onmus, O. ve İsfendiyaroğlu, S. 2006. Kıs Ortası Sukusu Sayımı (KOSK) Raporu, Doğa Derneği, Ankara Onmus, O. 2007. Turkiye Kıs Ortası Sukusu Sayımları 2007, Doğa Derneği, Ankara Akarsu, F. ve Balkız, Ö. 2010. Türkiye Kış Ortası Sukuşu Sayımları 2008-2009-2010, Doğa Derneği, Ankara Erciyas Yavuz, K., Kartal E.2011.Türkiye Kış Ortası Sukuşu Sayımları,2011, Ornitoloji Araştırma Merkezi, Samsun Erciyas Yavuz, K., Isfendiyaroglu S. 2013. 2012 Türkiye Kış Ortası Sukuşu Sayımları, Doğa Derneği, Ankara Birdlife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status, Cambridge UK: Birdlife International (Birdlife Conservation series no: 12) www.kusbank.org

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Somateria mollissima (Common Eider)

Ukraine Breeding population size: 1. Tucker G.M., Heath M.F. Birds in Europe: their conservation status. - Cambridge. U.K. Bird Life Conservation Series №. 3. 1994. 600 p. 2. Hagemaijer W.J.M., Blair M.J. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. Poyser. - London. 1997. 903 p. 3. Heath M.F., Evans M.I. Important birds areas in Europe. Priority sites for conservation. // Southern Europe. BirdLife International. - Cambridge. Vol.2., 2000. P. 691-724. 4. European birds populations; Estimates and trends Compiled by M. Heath, C. Borggreve, N. Peet, W. Hagemeijer/ BirdLife International/EBCC. 2000. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife Conservation Series N10, 160 p. 5. Численность и размещение гнездящихся околоводных птиц в водно-болотных угодьях Азово-Черноморского побережья Украины. Под ред. В.Д. Сиохин / Wetland International Киев. 2000. 476 с. 6. Горбань І. Оцінка чисельності гніздових птахів України. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія біологічна. Випуск 34. 2003. с. 147 – 158. Breeding short-term trend: 1. Directory of Azov – Black Sea Coastal Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky – Kyiv, 2003, Wetland International, 235 p. 2. Directory of Ukraine’s Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky& I. Zaruk. – Kyiv, 2006, Wetland International Black Sea Programme. - 312 p. Breeding long-term trend: 1. Tucker G.M., Heath M.F. Birds in Europe: their conservation status. - Cambridge. U.K. Bird Life Conservation Series №. 3. 1994. 600 p. 2. Hagemaijer W.J.M., Blair M.J. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. Poyser. - London. 1997. 903 p. 3. Heath M.F., Evans M.I. Important birds areas in Europe. Priority sites for conservation. // Southern Europe. BirdLife International. - Cambridge. Vol.2., 2000. P. 691-724. 4. European birds populations; Estimates and trends Compiled by M. Heath, C. Borggreve, N. Peet, W. Hagemeijer/ BirdLife International/EBCC. 2000. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife Conservation Series N10, 160 p. 5. Численность и размещение гнездящихся околоводных птиц в водно-болотных угодьях Азово-Черноморского побережья Украины. Под ред. В.Д. Сиохин / Wetland International Киев. 2000. 476 с. 6. Горбань І. Оцінка чисельності гніздових птахів України. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія біологічна. Випуск 34. 2003. с. 147 – 158. 7. Directory of Azov – Black Sea Coastal Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky – Kyiv, 2003, Wetland International, 235 p. 8. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. BirdLife Conservation Series 12; 2004. 374 р. 9. Directory of Ukraine’s Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky& I. Zaruk. – Kyiv, 2006, Wetland International Black Sea Programme. - 312 p. Winter population size: 1. Scott, D. A. & Rose, P.M. (1996). Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia / Wetland International Publ. No41, Wetland International , Wageningen, The Netherlands, 336 p. 2. European birds populations; Estimates and trends Compiled by M. Heath, C. Borggreve, N. Peet, W. Hagemeijer/ BirdLife International/EBCC. 2000. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife Conservation Series N10, 160 p. 3. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. BirdLife Conservation Series 12; 2004. 374 р. 4. Горбань І. Розміри популяцій зимуючих птахів України. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія біологічна. Вип. 35. 2004. С.23-39. 5. Directory of Ukraine’s Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky& I. Zaruk. – Kyiv, 2006, Wetland International Black Sea Programme. - 312 с.. 6. Бескаравайный М.М. Птицы морских берегов Южного Крыма. Симферополь. «Н.Оріанда»., 2008. 160 с. 7. Kostiushyn V., Andryuschenko Yu., Goradze I., Abuladze A., Mamuchadze J., Erciyas K. Wintering Waterbird Census in the Azow – Black Sea Coastal Wetlands of Ukraine, Georgia, and Turkey. – Wetlands International Black Sea Program. – 2011. – 130 pp. Winter short-term trend: 1. Scott, D. A. & Rose, P.M. (1996). Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia / Wetland International Publ. No41, Wetland International , Wageningen, The Netherlands, 336 p. 2. Heath M.F., Evans M.I. Important birds areas in Europe. Priority sites for conservation. // Southern Europe. BirdLife International. - Cambridge. Vol.2., 2000. P. 691-724. 3. European birds populations; Estimates and trends Compiled by M. Heath, C. Borggreve, N. Peet, W. Hagemeijer/ BirdLife International/EBCC. 2000. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife Conservation Series N10, 160 p. 4. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. BirdLife Conservation Series 12; 2004. 374 р. 5. Горбань І. Розміри популяцій зимуючих птахів України. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія біологічна. Вип. 35. 2004. С.23-39. 6. Directory of Ukraine’s Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky& I. Zaruk. – Kyiv, 2006, Wetland International Black Sea Programme. - 312 с.. 7. Бескаравайный М.М. Птицы морских берегов Южного Крыма. Симферополь. «Н.Оріанда»., 2008. 160 с. 8. Kostiushyn V., Andryuschenko Yu., Goradze I., Abuladze A., Mamuchadze J., Erciyas K. Wintering Waterbird Census in the Azow – Black Sea Coastal Wetlands of Ukraine, Georgia, and Turkey. – Wetlands International Black Sea Program. – 2011. – 130 pp. Winter long-term trend: 1. Scott, D. A. & Rose, P.M. (1996). Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia / Wetland International Publ. No41, Wetland International , Wageningen, The Netherlands, 336 p. 2. European birds populations; Estimates and trends Compiled by M. Heath, C. Borggreve, N. Peet, W. Hagemeijer/ BirdLife International/EBCC. 2000. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife Conservation Series N10, 160 p. 3. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. BirdLife Conservation Series 12; 2004. 374 р. 4. Горбань І. Розміри популяцій зимуючих птахів України. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія біологічна. Вип. 35. 2004. С.23-39. 5. Directory of Ukraine’s Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky& I. Zaruk. – Kyiv, 2006, Wetland International Black Sea Programme. - 312 с.. 6. Бескаравайный М.М. Птицы морских берегов Южного Крыма. Симферополь. «Н.Оріанда»., 2008. 160 с. 7. Kostiushyn V., Andryuschenko Yu., Goradze I., Abuladze A., Mamuchadze J., Erciyas K. Wintering Waterbird Census in the Azow – Black Sea Coastal Wetlands of Ukraine, Georgia, and Turkey. – Wetlands International Black Sea Program. – 2011. – 130 pp. United Kingdom Breeding population size: Musgrove, A.J., Austin, G.E., Hearn, R.D., Holt, C.A., Stroud, D.A. & Wotton, S.R. 2011. Overwinter population estimates of British waterbirds. British Birds 104: 364–397. Gibbons, D.W., Reid, J.B. & Chapman, R.A. 1993. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988–1991. Poyser, London. Breeding short-term trend: Gibbons, D.W., Reid, J.B. & Chapman, R.A. 1993. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988–1991. Poyser, London.; Musgrove, A.J., Aebischer, N.J., Eaton, M.A., Hearn, R.D., Newson, S.E., Noble, D.G., Parsons, M., Risely, K. & Stroud, D.A. 2013. Population estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom. British Birds 106: 64-100. Breeding long-term trend: Sharrock, J.T.R. 1976. The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland. Berkhamsted, T. & A.D. Poyser. Musgrove, A.J., Aebischer, N.J., Eaton, M.A., Hearn, R.D., Newson, S.E., Noble, D.G., Parsons, M., Risely, K. & Stroud, D.A. 2013. Population estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom. British Birds 106: 64-100. Winter population size: Musgrove, A.J., Austin, G.E., Hearn, R.D., Holt, C.A., Stroud, D.A. & Wotton, S.R. 2011. Overwinter population estimates of British waterbirds. British Birds 104: 364–397. Winter short-term trend: Holt, C.A., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Musgrove, A.J. (2012). Waterbirds in the UK 2010/11: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO/RSPB/JNCC, Thetford. 183 pp. Winter long-term trend: Holt, C.A., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Musgrove, A.J. (2012). Waterbirds in the UK 2010/11: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO/RSPB/JNCC, Thetford. 183 pp.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Bibliography

Bolduc, F. and Guillemette, M. 2003. Human disturbance and nesting success of Common Eiders: interaction between visitors and gulls. Biological Conservation 110: 77-83.

Bregnballe, T., Noer, H., Christensen, T.K., Clausen, P., Asferg, T., Fox, A.D. and Delany, S. 2006. Sustainable hunting of migratory waterbirds: the Danish approach. In: Boere, G., Galbraith, C. and Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds around the world, pp. 854-860. The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK.

Camphuysen, C.J., Berrevoets, C.M., Cremers, H.J.W.M, Dekinga, A., Dekker, R., Ens, B.J., van der Have, T.M., Kats, R.K.H., Kuiken, T., Leopold, M.F., van der Meer, J. and Piersma, T. 2002. Mass mortality of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in the Dutch Wadden Sea, winter 1999/2000: starvation in a commercially exploited wetland of international importance. Biological Conservation 106: 303-317.

Carboneras, C., Christie, D.A. and Kirwan, G.M. 2014. Common Eider (Somateria mollissima). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds.) 2014. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/52914 on 27 February 2015).

Ens, B.J. 2006. The conflict between shellfisheries and migratory waterbirds in the Dutch Wadden Sea. In: Boere, G., Galbraith, C. and Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds around the world, pp. 806-811. The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK.

Flint, V.E., Boehme, R.L., Kostin, Y.V. and Kuznetsov, A.A. 1984. A field guide to birds of the USSR. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Hagemeijer, W.J.M. and Blair, M.J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. T & A D Poyser, London.

Johnsgard, P.A. 1978. , geese and swans of the World. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London.

Kear, J. 2005. Ducks, geese and swans volume 2: species accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.

Keller, V.E. 1991. Effects of human disturbance on Eider ducklings Somateria mollissima in an estuarine habitat in Scotland. Biological Conservation 58: 213-228.

Madge, S. and Burn, H. 1988. Wildfowl. Christopher Helm, London.

Nikolaeva, N.G., Spiridonov, V.A. and Krasnov, Y.V. 2006. Existing and proposed marine protected areas and their relevance for seabird conservation: a case study in the Barents Sea region. In: Boere, G., Galbraith, C. and Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds around the world, pp. 743-749. The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK.

Scott, D.A. and Rose, P.M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae populations in Africa and western Eurasia. Wetlands International, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Snow, D.W. and Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2015) EUROPEAN RED LIST OF BIRDS