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A Study of Guillaume De Palerne As a Self-Reflexive Romance

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A Study of Guillaume De Palerne As a Self-Reflexive Romance Reflections of writing, rewriting, and reading in twelfth-century French literature: A study of Guillaume de Palerne as a self-reflexive romance Eleanor Hodgson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of French University of Sheffield —July 2015— Abstract This thesis explores Guillaume de Palerne as a self-reflexive romance in which twelfth-century practices of writing, rewriting, and reading are reflected in the narrative. As a romance excluded from the main corpus of texts analysed in medieval studies, Guillaume suffered from critical neglect throughout much of the twentieth century. However, a recent rise in interest in this work has called for its integration into mainstream scholarship. This study develops this trend by examining the contribution that Guillaume can make to existing knowledge of romance production and reception. Detailed analysis of Guillaume and its main themes is presented alongside discussion of the intertextual rewriting found within the text. Taking a bipartite form divided into four chapters, the first half of the study explores transformation, before moving on to the notions of doubling and correspondence, and finally to recognition. The thesis argues that the ‘intertextual game of romance’ played between poet and audience is reflected in the Guillaume narrative through the stress placed on transformation and recognition. By exploring doubling and correspondence, this analysis also highlights the relationship between transformation and recognition in the narrative, which in turn mirrors the partnership between poet and audience in romance creation. With its primary focus on the text, this study is facilitated by an engagement with theoretical frameworks, particularly of intertextuality, that discuss medieval composition and reception, stemming both from medieval studies and from modern literary theory. The thesis argues for a holistic approach to examining texts such as Guillaume, stressing the importance of simultaneously exploring both the intra- and extra-diegetic spheres of this work. In so doing, it sheds new light on this overlooked text, and argues for acknowledgement of the place held by Guillaume in the development of French romance. Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 7 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 9 Critical scholarship on Guillaume de Palerne ................................................. 11 New critical ground and aims of the thesis ...................................................... 24 Theoretical framework and methodology ........................................................ 26 Chapter outlines ................................................................................................ 40 Chapter One: Women as catalysts of transformation ............................................ 45 Melior ............................................................................................................... 48 Queen Felise ..................................................................................................... 68 Alixandrine ....................................................................................................... 82 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 105 Chapter Two: Space as a catalyst of transformation ............................................ 109 The straits of Messina .................................................................................... 114 The forest ........................................................................................................ 124 The ‘vergier’ ................................................................................................... 140 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 164 Chapter Three: Doubling and Correspondence .................................................... 169 Doubling and correspondence in the twelfth century ..................................... 172 Alphonse and Guillaume as human/animal hybrids ....................................... 185 The partnership between Alphonse and Guillaume ....................................... 212 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 227 Chapter Four: Recognition and Reading ............................................................... 233 Recognition of the werewolf in Guillaume and Bisclavret ............................ 240 Recognition of Alphonse as wolf, beast, and werewolf ................................. 256 Animal-skin disguises and recognition at the Palermo palace ....................... 269 Recognition, reception, and the audience of Guillaume de Palerne .............. 283 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 298 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 303 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 315 Appendix ................................................................................................................... 347 Major Dramatis Personae discussed in this study .......................................... 347 Plot summary .................................................................................................. 347 5 Acknowledgements I owe a great deal of thanks to a number of people who have supported me during this research. Firstly, I would like to thank the Department of French at the University of Sheffield, where my interest in medieval French literature was sparked as an undergraduate, and where I have had an academic home for nearly nine years. The advice and encouragement given to me by colleagues has helped me to develop as a researcher, and their friendship has offered me valuable ‘down-time’ away from the thesis. I am also grateful to the Department for providing me with the Dorothy Mable Tingle Bursary, without which I would not have been able to undertake this project. I also wish to express my thanks to fellow postgraduate students in the School of Languages and Cultures. I am very lucky to have had a network of people with whom to discuss work, and most importantly with whom to laugh and let off steam. I would also like to thank my close friends outside of the University, who have patiently listened when I have talked about this thesis, and who have supported me throughout the project. Thanks must go to my two fantastic supervisors, Penny Simons and Helen Abbott. Although Guillaume de Palerne was unknown to Helen when I began this research, she has provided valuable support throughout the project, and for which I am very grateful. I will be forever thankful to Penny for encouraging me to continue with postgraduate study, for her academic guidance, and for her tireless enthusiasm and support that has helped me to tackle this undertaking. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their love and help throughout the past four years. My parents have always supported me, and I am truly grateful to them for encouraging me to pursue my interests, and for caring so much about what I do. And lastly, thanks to Alastair, whose patience and support has been invaluable, and who has helped me to get through this thesis ‘about an Irish werewolf’ with a smile. 7 Introduction Guillaume de Palerne, an anonymous Old French romance of 9664 verses, has been identified as under-researched in the recent work of three medievalists. In 2011, Eley placed Guillaume within ‘a group of texts that have existed on the periphery of mainstream scholarship’.1 In 2012, Ferlampin-Acher remarked that Guillaume is ‘un de ces romans médiévaux souvent oubliés par la critique’, an argument also presented in Simons’s work of the same year.2 Although the text was first edited in 1876 and attracted some attention from nineteenth-century scholars including Gaston Paris and F. M. Warren, it suffered from a lack of critical scholarship throughout much of the twentieth century.3 When Guillaume was examined, critics most often turned to it as part of their analysis of an individual theme treated throughout a wider corpus of works, focusing in particular on the lycanthropic elements of the romance. To date only one monograph has been published with Guillaume as its sole subject of study, Dunn’s 1960 The Foundling and the Werwolf.4 The title of this volume highlights the dominant focus on the werewolf in critical analysis of Guillaume, further stressed by the work’s position in the category of ‘romans d’aventure et d’amour’ under the subsection ‘la survivance du merveilleux’ in the Grundriss der romanischen Literaturen des Mittelalters.5 1 Penny Eley, ‘Partonopeus de Blois’: Romance in the Making (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2011), p. 1. Eley aligned Guillaume with Partonopeus de Blois, the romances of Hue de Rotelande, and Aimon de Varenne’s Florimont, commenting on the neglect of these texts in critical scholarship. 2 Christine Ferlampin-Acher, ‘Introduction’, in Guillaume de Palerne, trans. by Christine Ferlampin- Acher (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2012), pp. 7-112 (p. 7). Penny Simons, ‘The Significance of Rural
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