OPERATION UNTHINKABLE

QMUNi 2017

DEAR DELEGATES

Welcome to Operation Unthinkable! My name is Desmond Barton and I am in my third year at Queen’s studying politics and global development. I first became involved with MUN last year with the Queen’s Model United Nations Team, and am excited to be directing my first Crisis!

The original Operation Unthinkable refers to the code word for Allied plans against the , drafted at the end of World War II. In this committee, delegates will represent the three major powers of the United Kingdom, the , and the Soviet Union, staring down a world that is now forever changed. Diplomacy is the name of the game – each side has its desired outcome, but none of these align entirely. One thing is clear: further loss of life must be prevented at all costs. Following the atrocities of World War II, no one is prepared to enter a protracted military conflict that will surely claim the lives of thousands, if not more.

As delegates, your role is to shape the relations between your three states that will now take hold. Compromises must be made, and all delegates must be willing to work either opposing bloc. It is my hope that you will find this committee memorable and engaging. It is my pleasure to welcome you to QMUNi 2017!

Sincerely, Desmond Barton Crisis Director

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INTRODUCTION

It is May 2nd, 1945. As these documents reach you, the war in Europe is essentially at a close. After two weeks of grueling urban warfare, Berlin, the heart of , has fallen to The . German troops and civilians who were not slaughtered in the fighting now flee to surrender to the advancing Allied Expeditionary Forces in the west. They are well aware that The Red Army’s wrath will leave no man, woman, or child untouched as retribution for the tens of millions of Soviet civilians slaughtered by the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS just years prior. Despite the current lack of an official surrender from the remaining political and military figureheads of Hitler’s Third Reich, they are no longer a concern. While the Western Allied powers, the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, seek to establish the conditions and territorial boundaries set at the just a few months earlier, the USSR has other objectives in mind. Despite their shared objectives for the future of Europe, tensions arise between the Western powers as the age of Pax Britannia is on the decline in the face a new age of Pax Americana. As the delegates representing your respective states in this conference, it is your duty to navigate the intricacies of your similar and competing objectives via the diplomatic tools at your disposal. However, each state must be prepared to resort to force in defense of their objectives. The fate of Europe rests in your hands; will you manage to resolve your differences or will irreconcilable ideologies once again condemn Europe to the horrors of war? The choice is yours.

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THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

“God and my right”

British Political Situation and Concerns

Decline of Pax Britannia

Despite the failure of former Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement and the brief instability his resignation created, provided exemplary leadership in the face of circumstances that required no less. Working tirelessly with his war ministry, Churchill and his colleagues succeeded in retaining domestic stability even during such events as The Blitz. Despite this domestic stability within the United Kingdom and the eventual victory of the Allies over Nazi Germany, the effects of The Second World War on The United Kingdom and the total Commonwealth had great ramifications for the 's’ status as the global hegemonic power. As the British came to rely increasingly on American industry, agriculture, and financial loans to pay the expenses of the war effort, gradually this improved the United States ability to project its power and influence on a global scale. Allied institutions such as the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force were structured in such a way that reflected the new reality of American influence. Despite the good intentions of the United States, they are a relatively young state; not yet properly tested in matters of subtle global diplomacy and maintenance of global order as the British Empire is. Thus it is not only in the

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best interest of the United Kingdom to ensure the continuation of Pax Britannia, but also in the best interest of all.

Soviet Threat to the Balance of Power Within Europe

Just three months ago at the Yalta Conference, the British delegation, led by Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, pushed for the recognition of the necessity of free elections and democratic institutions in Eastern and Central Europe. In direct contrast, the Soviet delegation demanded that Eastern and Central Europe be established as a Soviet sphere of political influence. Despite the conference concluding with the Soviet delegation agreeing to these terms as well as the provision of free elections in Soviet-occupied , their duplicitous nature is not to be underestimated. In just the few short months that have passed, such incidents as Polish political opposition members being arrested in Soviet-occupied Poland indicates the Soviets will not hold true to their word. As the Soviet troops currently present an overwhelming influence in states such as Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, we must tread carefully in asserting the right of Central and Eastern Europe to free and unfettered democracy lest we unwillingly condemn them to permanent Soviet occupation. If our diplomacy fails and conflict comes yet again to a head, the pure numerical superiority of the Red Army will surely grant them an advantage.

British Economic Situation and Concerns

Weak Economy and Damaged Infrastructure

Once the leading global economic power, the war effort has sapped our nation of its economic prowess. With immeasurable damage inflicted upon valuable infrastructure throughout The Blitz, a number of key facilities necessary production in the cities of London, Liverpool, Birmingham, Glasgow, and Hull remain ineffectual. It is of the utmost necessity that these factories be restored in the event of a revived conflict in Europe requiring continued construction of armaments, munitions, vehicles, and vessels. While we are

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capable of repairing them ourselves, it would greatly expedite the process if we were able to come about an agreement with either the American or Soviet delegation regarding building materials. Keep in mind, however, that whatever efforts we put towards repairing these facilities will directly affect how many resources we can put to work regarding the re-establishment of reliance on domestic agriculture and food-stuffs.

Lend-Lease Programs and Agriculture

Through the Lend-Lease programs we signed with the United States under the tenure of their late-President Roosevelt, our war effort was provided with invaluable materials, weaponry, and food that we lacked or were incapable of efficiently producing at the time at the time; steel, oil, and a variety of warplanes and to name a few. In return, we provided them with valuable technologies and even the use of many of our military and naval bases. As the war in Europe has now come to an end, it would be wise to assume that the Americans will seek to eventually eliminate the programs all together. As such, it is within our best interest to ensure that these programs continue for as long as possible while we attempt to improve our domestic access to such materials. We must be wary, however, as whatever resources we put to use this access will impede our ability to rebuild domestic factories and infrastructure.

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THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

“One out of many”

American Political Situation and Concerns

Rise of Pax Americana

Ever since the conclusion of the First World War, The United States of America has gone to great lengths to pursue policies of isolationism. Yet our involvement in the Second World War has put an end to such policies. With the former global hegemonic power of the British Empire on the decline, our position upon the international stage has risen to challenge their status. Unscathed by the scourges of war, our economic, military, and political might is more than considerable. As we are the only Western democratic nation left fit to sustainably lead the recovery of Europe and the establishment of a democratic world order around economic ideals of free-trade, we must push to take our place as the new global hegemon to the benefit of all who pursue values of lasting peace, liberty, and democracy. However, we are not the only ones who wish to ensure the global success of our values. The USSR, despite their promises at the Yalta Conference, have made many an indication that their values will never be the same as ours. As such, we must not be afraid to assert ourselves in this conference lest we be perceived as weak.

Establishment of a Free and Democratic Europe

Undoubtedly it is within both the interests of ourselves and our British counterparts to ensure the establishment of democratic governments and free elections within Europe. However, while granting them the immediate right to self-determination is admirable, at this time there is too much risk involved in

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such ventures. As such, it is within the best interest of all for our great nation to remain directly involved in the rebuilding of the political and economic institutions of the European states to ensure that they all embody values of liberty, democracy, and free-trade.

Soviet Involvement in the Pacific Theatre

While victory over the Japanese Empire is almost certain, our people tire of war. For too long we have fought alone in the Pacific Theatre. Now that the war in Europe is nearly at a close, the securing of Soviet commitment to engage our enemy in the east at the Yalta Conference just a few months will prove to be invaluable to bringing the conflict to a swift and decisive end. However, just because we would benefit from such a commitment does not mean we should turn a blind eye to the transgressions of the Soviet Union. In this matter, diplomacy will be key to ensure that the promise made by the Soviet delegation at the Yalta Conference remains unbroken.

American Economic Situation and Concerns

Economic Capabilities and the Necessity of New Markets

Boosted by the sheer manufacturing power necessary to remain as both an arms provider and active participant in the war, our economic analysts assure us that this resurgence in our once crippled economy will enable us to become an, if not the, dominant global economic power. With our success in dictating the agenda of the Bretton Woods Conference last summer, it is time to set about ensuring the profitability of our position within the new global economic order. Developing deals with the British is essential to strengthen our position in the once impregnable region of the British sterling. From automobiles to cigarettes and state-of-the-art military equipment to household items such as refrigerators, our current manufacturing capability will allow us to provide whatever the British desire and more. While the Soviets may talk a big game about the

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infallibility of their communist ideology, surely there are some discrete economic deals to be made in return for a degree of political compliance on their behalf.

Lend-Lease Programs

Under the Lend-Lease programs, we sought to be “the arsenal of democracy”. From small arms to military vehicles and mass amounts of produce and artificial foodstuffs, we provided our allies (most notably the British) with items necessary to not just winning the war, but continuing to retain the civilian support and encouragement of the war effort through harsh measures such as curfews and rationing. Now that the conflict is practically over, the necessity for such programs is no longer an immediate concern. However, as the British have yet to recover their ability to provide such goods and comforts for their own civilians, it would be wise to assume that they will do what they must to ensure the continuation of the programs. As such, these programs will prove to be an invaluable diplomatic tool at the upcoming conference in ensuring British complicity regarding a variety of objectives. However, we must tread carefully, as such an elder power on the decline such as the United Kingdom will be sensitive to any perceived grievances if we wield this tool too brashly. As the circumstances of the war dictated, we eventually agreed to a similar Lend-Lease program with the Soviets to ensure that they would keep the Nazi war machine engaged on the Eastern Front while we engaged the enemy on the coast of Normandy. As the war has drawn to a close, it would only be to the detriment of our own goals at this conference that we would continue to abide by the Lend-Lease program. However, regarding agricultural produce, we should entertain the idea of providing them with such produce in return for territorial or political concessions.

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THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

“Workers of the world, unite!”

Soviet Political Situation and Concerns

Establishment of a Soviet Sphere of Influence

For centuries, European leaders with high opinions of themselves have entertained ambitions of conquering our great land. From Napoleon and Wilhelm during the time of the Tsars to the Hun horde of Nazi Germany during the current era of our great Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, such aggressors have repeatedly utilized the corridors that the Eastern and Central European states provide to assault our borders, destroy our livelihood, and attempt to enslave our peoples. As such, it is a matter of security that we retain an overwhelming amount of influence in this region so as to prevent any further assault upon our home, our people, and our ideology. In defense of these, we cannot budge to the demands of the Americans nor the British who wish to provide a “Square Deal” for any of the states in these regions. If diplomacy fails and the cost to pay for the assurance of our future security is to once more delve into the chaos of war, so be it.

Soviet Economic Situation and Concerns

Recovery of Soviet Economic Capability

As the majority of our pre-war industrial strength was located near our European border, Hitler’s treacherous invasion of our great land decimated

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many facilities and lands necessary for the production of goods, comforts, and produce. While we managed to re-locate a reasonable amount of our manufacturing power east of and thus out of the hands of the German invaders, aside from production of cheap yet reliable small-arms and vehicles, our ability to provide for our people has been nearly incapacitated. Agriculture is our greatest concern, as currently our nation stands on the brink of starvation. Already one of the most inefficient sectors of our economy as our agriculturists research suggests that only 10% our land is arable, innovation and collectivization are key to ensuring its success with the parameters of glorious Marxism-Leninism. Crops that have managed to survive the harsh climate of our motherland within the more forgiving terrain of the chernozem in the past such as cereals, potatoes, flax, cotton, and sugar beets will serve as the foundation of Soviet agricultural innovation in the years to come.

Lend-Lease Program with the Americans

As a result of the early advances of the Nazi Germany’s invading army at the beginning of The Great Patriotic War, our ability to maintain production of arms and vehicles at the rate required was far from efficient. As such, after a great many deal of diplomatic envoys, we were able to secure a Lend-Lease program with the Americans. While we would never openly admit it, the arms, vehicles, resources, and produce provided by this agreement proved vital to the success of our war effort. Due to painstaking efforts, a degree of recovery regarding our manufacturing capability for military goods has been achieved by relocating various factories east of Moscow. Yet our access to oil, the necessity of which to continue supporting a capable military, navy, and air force cannot be understated, was greatly depleted when infrastructure necessary for the extraction of oil in the Dnipro-Donetsk Basin in Soviet Ukraine was destroyed by both our forces upon their initial retreat in the early 40s and by the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS during their retreat just months ago. As it seems increasingly likely that the Americans will terminate this program as soon as possible as the war is over and our ideological differences can no longer be reconciled, it is of the utmost importance that we re-develop extractive infrastructure in this region to ensure our access to oil is sustained.

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CHARACTER LIST

The United Kingdom

Sir Winston Churchill Prime Minister, Minister of Defence As a young man, Winston Churchill’s time served as an army officer across the British Empire heralded his future accomplishments. By the time he achieved the rank of commander of the Royal Scots Fusiliers during The First World War, he had already garnered a reputation as a well-seasoned politician. Despite polarized opinions from his colleagues, Churchill embodied the essence of public duty, committing his life to the service of his fellow countrymen, the British Crown, and the country itself. Assuming the great burden and honour of the office of Prime Minister at the onset of the Second World War, Churchill’s steely resolve, stable leadership, and unwavering faith in the ability of the British nation to overcome proved infallible in turning the tide of the war. With the Nazi regime in ruins, the time has come to re-establish liberty, order, and democracy in Europe. As the delegate assuming the role of Winston Churchill, it is your prerogative to carefully navigate this conference as you seek to restore balance to Europe and reestablish the United Kingdom to its position as a global hegemon without compare.

Lord Frederick Marquis Minister of Reconstruction A well renowned businessman, statesman, and politician, Frederick Marquis’ received a knighthood and other amiable honours as a result of his contribution to British industry. Appointed Minister of Food in 1940 during the premiership of Neville Chamberlain, Woolton proved his capability meticulously overseeing the rationing of food and organization of food programmes with Empirical territories such as Canada and nations such as the United States of America. As the war began to come to a close, Woolton was appointed Minister of Reconstruction under the premiership of Winston Churchill. As the delegate representative of this role, it will be your

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responsibility to oversee the reconstruction of Britain’s devastated economy and establishment of any necessary trade deals or financial agreements.

Anthony Eden Foreign Secretary Quickly rising to the rank of Captain as a result of his exceptional valour in the First World War, Anthony Eden dedicated himself to the service of the British Crown and people at an early age. Acquiring a seat in Parliament at the age of twenty-six, Eden quickly rose through the political ranks of the Conservative Party to the position of Foreign Secretary under the premiership of Neville Chamberlain. Resigning in protest to Chamberlain's policy of appeasement, Churchill’s assumption of the role of Prime Minister saw Eden reappointed to the position as a member of Churchill’s War Ministry. As Churchill’s right hand man, Eden oversaw and participated in numerous meetings both public and otherwise with notable figures such as Soviet Premier and United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt among others. As the delegate assuming the role of Anthony Eden, it is your duty to work in tandem with Prime Minister Churchill to pursue the interests both the interests of the United Kingdom and her territories as well as those of a free and democratic Europe in the face of Soviet oppression.

Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery Commander of British Ground Forces Serving valiantly as a lieutenant in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment during The First World War, Bernard Montgomery dedicated his life to service in the British Army. Rising in rank, he would serve as commander of the British Eighth Army in The Second World War during the Western Desert Campaign as well as the Allied invasions of Sicily and . Despite serving as the commander of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord under US General and Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower, Montgomery repeatedly came into conflict with Eisenhower as he perceived the American- led Allied Expeditionary Force to be a slight towards British command of their own forces. As the delegate assuming the role of Bernard Montgomery, it is up to you to ensure that the British Army remains disciplined and prepared as well as to continue to push against the rigid structure of the Allied Expeditionary Force.

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Charles Portal Chief of the Air Staff, Marshal of the Royal Air Force Rising from the rank of pilot to squadron commander in The First World War, Charles Portal would become one of the Royal Air Forces most renowned members. Responsible for a number of tactics that proved immeasurably helpful to the war effort, Portal quickly gained a reputation as a more than capable tactician. An invaluable member of Churchill’s inner circle during the war, Portal’s immensely successful command of the Royal Air Force led to his participation in a number of wartime conferences, including the infamous Yalta Conference. As the delegate assuming the role of Charles Portal, you must continue to provide capable leadership for the Royal Air Force, devise strategies at the behest of your superiors and colleagues, and provide sound military and tactical advice for the consideration of your Prime Minister.

Admiral Andrew Cunningham First Sea Lord, Head of the Royal Navy Gaining early recognition as a highly decorated naval officer during The First World War, Andrew Cunningham received command of his first ship by 1911. Receiving the honourable position of Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, noted his pleasure by stating that it was “the finest command the Royal Navy [had] to offer”. It was this enthusiasm that would prove essential to his many victories whilst holding the position as well as lead to his promotion to First Sea Lord of the Admiralty in 1943. As First Sea Lord, Cunningham oversaw the Royal Navy within the structure of the Allied Expeditionary Force for the remainder of the war. Similar to his colleague Charles Portal, Cunningham attended a great number of the diplomatic conferences between the United States, United Kingdom, and USSR. As the delegate assuming the role of Andrew Cunningham, it is your responsibility to assume his duties as First Sea Lord and continue to provide effective leadership of The Royal Navy

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The United States

Harry S. Truman President of the United States of America Participating in regional Missouri partisan politics at an early age, Harry Truman found his way into national politics upon his election as Jackson County Court Judge in 1922. As one of two US Senators for Missouri, Truman spent the majority of the Second World War utilizing numerous committees to investigate both private and public sector instances of domestic war-time abuses and profiteering. Garnering a more than favourable public opinion as a result of these efforts, Truman was selected as President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Vice President for his successful 1945 ticket. Truman would only hold the office of Vice President for 83 days, after which he assumed the office of President of the United States of America following the passing of Roosevelt. As the delegate assuming the role of Harry Truman, it is your burden to follow Roosevelt's legacy by providing capable leadership not just for the United States but for all nations as the fate of Europe remains in the balance.

Henry L. Stimson Secretary of War Serving as Secretary of State during The First World War under President Taft and selected as Secretary of State by President Hoover, Henry L. Stimson’s record as a capable statesman was more than admirable. Upon the entrance of the United States of America into the fray of The Second World War, it was this reputation that made him the obvious choice for Secretary of War to President Roosevelt. Tasked with a variety of responsibilities during the war, among these were the oversight of the Manhattan Project and the accompaniment of President Truman to numerous diplomatic meetings with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. As the delegate assuming the role of Secretary Stimson, it is your prerogative to serve as President Truman’s right-hand man and foremost statesman as you work in tandem to secure a democratic Europe and to dissuade Soviet expansionist ambitions in the region.

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Henry A. Wallace Secretary of Commerce A keen-minded economist and agricultural enthusiast, Henry A. Wallace's appointment as Secretary of Agriculture in 1933 is credited by President Roosevelt as having an enormous impact on the eventual decline of The Great Depression. Eventually serving as Roosevelt’s Vice President for the majority of The Second World War from 1940 to 1945, Truman’s nomination for the role of Vice President on Roosevelt’s 1945 ticket led to Wallace’s appointment as Secretary of Commerce. As Secretary of Commerce, Wallace assumed the task of managing Lend-Lease Agreements with both the United Kingdom and the USSR, development of aid programmes for both the UK and European countries devastated during the war, and the management of a booming US economy influenced by unprecedented manufacturing capability. As the delegate assuming the role of Henry A. Wallace, you too will assume these responsibilities in your capacity as Secretary of Commerce.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower 1st Supreme Allied Commander Europe A military-man through and through, Dwight D. Eisenhower was one of the true military minds of The Second World War. As Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Forces of the North African Theatre of Operations, Eisenhower lead the combined Allied forces in the region. From the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Northern Africa designated Operation Torch to the highly successful Allied invasion and offensive of Sicily, Eisenhower’s leadership marked the end of Axis influence in the region. Appointed Supreme Allied Commander of Europe in 1943, he was one of the major architects of the infamous Operation Overlord would involve the D-Day Normandy Landings of June 6th just a year later. The resulting foothold for Allied forces in Europe would mark the beginning of the end of the war and collapse of Nazi Germany. As the delegate assuming the role of Dwight D. Eisenhower, you are tasked with ensuring Allied forces remain adequately supplied, drafting military strategies in case tensions with the USSR escalate, and dissuading any notions amongst your British allies that their forces would be better utilized under solely British control.

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Fleet Admiral Ernest King Commander in Chief United States Fleet, Chief of Naval Operations Despite graduating fourth in his class at the United States Naval Academy in 1901, Ernest King’s naval career would prove to be quite contentious. From Anglophobia that rendered him useless in working with British allies to personal beliefs that representative democracy was America’s greatest weakness, King had a number of personality quirks that damaged his overall reputation with his colleagues. Regardless of such facts, King remained steadfastly loyal to the United States and possessed extraordinary command capabilities. King served in The Second World War through his capacity as the Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet as well as the Chief of Naval Operations, the success of his command only smeared by his perceived failure during the period of unprecedented naval losses inflicted by Nazi Germany referred to as the Second Happy Time. As the delegate assuming the role of Ernest King as well as his entailing responsibilities, it is up to you to ensure that the United States Navy remains up to the task of your superiors’ commands.

General Henry Arnold Chief of the Air Corps, Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Force Despite military roots as a second lieutenant, Henry Arnold spent the majority of his public and personal life pursuing matters of aviation. Personally instructed in flying by the Wright Brothers, Arnold was a pioneer in the application of aviation to warfare. Rising to the rank of Chief of the Air Corps by the time the United States entered the Second World War, Arnold was appointed Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Force not long after. A key architect of the campaigns in Europe and North Africa, such tactics proved vital to defeating Nazi Germany and the remaining Axis forces. As the delegate assuming the role of Henry Arnold, it is your duty to ensure that the United States Army Air Force is prepared for tasks both aggressive and supportive in nature.

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The USSR

Joseph Stalin Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union An early supporter of Vladimir Lenin’s Bolshevik movement within Tsarist , Joseph Stalin became a key member during the movement’s resistance against and eventual toppling of the Provisional Government. Securing one of the five seats within Lenin’s Politburo upon the outbreak of the , Stalin seized total power within just a few years of Lenin’s death. Stalin pursued numerous initiatives including the development of a highly effective Soviet intelligence and espionage apparatus, collectivization of agriculture and industry, mass industrialization spurred by Five-Year Plans, as well as the establishment of vast and highly efficient social services. A paranoid and cautious man, the surprise invasion of the USSR by Nazi Germany resulted in a furious Stalin committing every fact of Soviet society to the war effort. Repelling the invasion, Stalin encouraged a brutal and ruthless counter- offensive that would result in the Red Army pushing west and taking Berlin in less than four years. As the delegate assuming the role of Joseph Stalin, it is your goal to impose as much Soviet influence (both direct and indirect) as possible on a susceptible European continent whilst ensuring the USSR can adequately challenge the rising hegemonic power of the United States on the post-war global stage. To succeed at such a goal will take no small amount of diplomatic skill, thus making advice from your subordinates invaluable.

Vyacheslav Molotov People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs Distinguishing himself in the early days of the Bolshevik movement as a reliable ally of Joseph Stalin, it was Vyacheslav Molotov’s early recognition of Stalin’s ambition that would reward him with a great deal of political prominence both prior to and during the Great Patriotic War (Second World War) as a member of Stalin’s inner circle. Appointed to the position of Commissariat of Foreign Affairs by Stalin in 1938, Molotov was responsible for a number of vital diplomatic treaties and agreements including the infamous Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942, as well as Lend- Lease program between the USSR and USA that would prove vital to the war-

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effort. As the delegate assuming the role of Vyacheslav Molotov, it will be your responsibility to work in conjunction with your fellow Soviets to ensure Soviet pre-eminence upon the European continent. Tread carefully, as this task will require no lack of statesmanship.

Nikolai Voznesensky Director of the State Planning Committee A recipient of the Stalin Prize as well as a two-time recipient of the , Nikolai Voznesensky proved his worth and ability as the Director of State Planning Committee (Gosplan) during The Great Patriotic War. As the Nazi war machine advanced into Western Russia, it was under Voznesensky’s direction that Soviet industry was moved eastwards. Faced with a devastated Soviet economy by the war’s end, with industrial and agricultural output far below pre-war levels, the task of overseeing the rehabilitation of the Soviet economy was no less than daunting. As the delegate assuming the role of Nikolai Voznesensky, it is your duty to ensure the successful recovery of the Soviet economy. Take great care to familiarize yourself with the structure and inner-workings of the Soviet economics of the era.

Gregory Zhukov Marshal of the Soviet Union Gregory Zhukov began his military career as a conscript fighting for the in The First World War. Siding with the Bolsheviks at the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, he achieved the rank of commander by the wars end. Gradually climbing to the rank of marshal, Zhukov’s extensive service during The Great Patriotic War culminated with his victory at the Battle of Berlin. Commanding his men to “hate Nazism but respect the German people”, Zhukov was respected by many reputable military leaders of the war, most notably US General Dwight D. Eisenhower. As the delegate assuming the role of Gregory Zhukov, it is within your jurisdiction as a Marshall of the Red Army to ensure that the Army is well supplied, kept in line, and ready for any eventuality that may arise.

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Ivan Isakov Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union, Commander-in-Chief of Naval Forces A graduate of the Naval Guards School of the Imperial , Ivan Isakov turned against the Russian Empire and served as a officer during the Russian Civil War. Achieving notable success in Naval academics within the newly established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Isakov led Soviet naval efforts during the . As the manpower of the Soviet Navy was hugely reduced as the necessity for manpower within the Red Army rose drastically as a result of Nazi Germany’s invasion of the USSR, Isakov served as a commander of the North Caucasus Front while retaining his status as Admiral of the Fleet. As the delegate assuming the role of Isan Isakov, your mandate is to aid Marshall Gregory Zhukov in his duties as well as ensure that the Soviet Navy remains prepared in the eventuality of naval conflict.

Alexander Novikov Chief Marshal of Aviation of the Soviet Union Serving as an infantryman in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, Alexander Novikov became a formal member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1920. Transferring to the air force in 1933, Novikov came to serve as Chief Marshall of the Soviet Air Force during The Great Patriotic War. Novikov is credited with a number of improvements to the Soviet Air Force, from creation of separate divisions and air corps to innovations such as night fighters and ground-attack aircraft. As the delegate assuming the role of Alexander Novikov, it is your responsibility to provide adequate air transportation of supplies and equipment for the Red Army, relevant scouting parties to ensure well-informed strategies, and to maintain the Soviet Air Force’s readiness if conflict arises.

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APPENDIX: MILITARY HANDBOOKS Allied Expeditionary Force

Allied Expeditionary Ground Forces

American Estim. 2,000,000

British Estim. 2,000,000

TOTAL Estim. 4,000,000

Allied Expeditionary Armoured Tanks

American 3,551

British 2,662

TOTAL 6,213

Allied Expeditionary Naval Force

Capital ships 15

Carriers 86

Cruisers 89

Destroyers 490

Battleships 5

Submarines 233

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TOTAL 918

Royal Navy

Capital Ships 15

Carriers 55

Cruisers 67

Destroyers 298

Submarines 162

TOTAL 597

US Navy (in the Atlantic)

Battleships 5

Carriers 31

Cruiser 22

Destroyers 192

Submarines 71

TOTAL 321

Allied Expeditionary Air Force

Heavy bombers 6,234

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Light bombers 1,777

Fighters 12,131

Reconnaissance 1,517

TOTAL 21,659

Royal Air Force

Heavy bombers 2,252

Light bombers 783

Fighters 4,120

Reconnaissance 845

TOTAL Estim. 8,000

US Air Force (excluding aircraft currently in Pacific Theatre)

Heavy bombers 3,982

Light bombers 994

Fighters 8,011

Reconnaissance 672

TOTAL Est. 13,659

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Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Red Army Estim. 6,400,000 ground troop Estim. 11,331 armoured tanks

Soviet Navy

Battleships 8

Cruisers 14

Destroyers 67

Torpedo boats 272

Submarines 227

TOTAL 588

Soviet Air Force

Heavy bombers 7,732

Light bombers 2,241

Fighters 10,952

Reconnaissance 682

TOTAL 21,607

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