Apollo 14: Science at Fra Mauro

Home , Apollo 13, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Carpenter (crater), Cone (crater), Fra Mauro

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 059 053 SE 013 177

TITLE Apollo 14: Science at Fra Mauro. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NASA-EP-91 PUB DATE 71 NOTE 96p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 ($1.25 1971-0-415-283)

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Technology; Earth Science;Instructional Materials; *Lunar Research; Photographs; Resource Materials; Scientific Research IDENTIFIERS NASA; *Space Sciences

ABSTRACT The many scientific activities and experiments performed during the Apollo 14 Mission are presentedin a descriptive, non-technical format. Content relates toexperiments on the lunar surface and to those performedwhile traveling in space, and provides a great deal of information aboutthe flight. Many photographs from the journey, a map of the lunarwalk, and a summary of highlights of manned space flights areincluded. (PR) r4N

U S DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH LA EDUCATION & WELFARE DFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY ASRI.CEIVED FROM THE PERSON ORORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT POINTS OF VIEWOR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOTNECESSARILY OFFICE OF EDU JJ REPRESENT OFFICIAL CATION POSITION ORPOLICY

-.040/Ow 1.4.11"2. - arc ;1 ...welttg4 54: -fta;47.111 "..:^411 ::: _AMP ..,. - metrilt-ser.

At 4.1 -_) I Apollo 14 .. Science By Walter Froehlich at Fra Mauro ert

Nur

c. Or Tire tracks, drawn across the barren lunar surface, trace the path the astronauts walked with their two-wheel pull-cart from their landing craft, Antares, into the Fra Mauro foothills toward Doublet Crater.

4.6t'f** 16'

met 40 4 .44; fr - 1-- t'S' yearn, 8

.011

1 911164%. 1.CZ, . It was the morning of a new day on the Apollo spacecraft. He was waiting for Moon. The Sun was hanging low in the Shepard and Mitchell to complete their sky, about 20 degrees above the horizon. Moon exploration and return to the Long, inky shadows contrasted sharply Kitty Hawk. with the glaring brightness of lighted Every so often, the men turned their lunar surfaces where no atmosphere heads back toward Antares, the lunar exists to refract the rays. module moon landing craft or LM, to Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr. and assure themselves it was still in their line Edgar D. Mitchell were climbing a of sight. It stood about one-half mile (800 steepening slope; their maps indicated meters) behind them at the bottom of the they were approaching their destination, slope, parked on a slight incline. For the rim of Cone Crater where rocks may Antares was their home and base station have remained unchanged since time during their planned 33'12 hour stay on the began. Here might be found scientific Moon. Antare would also serve as treasures holding clues to the birth and their launch pad and their spacecraft development of the neighborhood of the for the first lap of their return journey universe of which the Earth is a part. to Earth. "You know we haven't reached the "I can stop and rest here for a minute," rim yet," said Apollo 14 Commande said Shepard. Shepard. "I'm not sure that was Flank "Okay, let me pull," answered Mitchell. (Crater) we were in a minute ago either," He was referring to the two-wheeled replied Astronaut Mitchell. "Wait a minute. pull-cart, the modularized equipment transporter or MET, especially designed The rim's right here . . . That's the east shoulder running down from Cone. tor the Apollo 14 Moon expedition. The That's Flank over there. We're going to astionauts variously nickname() the little hit it on the south side." aluminum vehicle "rickshaw," "wheel- Pinpointing a major difficulty, Mitchell barrow," and "caddy cart," and Shepard had earlier commented: "You can sure be and Mitchell took turns pulling it. On it deceived by slopes here. The Sun angle is were geological tools, cameras and very deceiving." scientific instruments. Scientists had Walking on the Moon is easy because provided the men the best equipment men and their backpacks weigh only modern technology could offer. one-sixth as much as they do on Earth. When Shepard and Mitchell reached the But uphill movement in a bulky space suit too of the ridge they thought to be Cone limits mobility and can be exhausting. Crater, their disappointment was The rhythmic counds o the astronauts' communicated to Mission Controi and breathing was picked up by the built-in their television and radio audience. microphones of their helmets and could The first hint of disillusionment came be heard a quarter of a million miles from Mitchell. (400,000 kilometers) a-idy at Mission Oh boy," he said as he got his first Control in Houston, 'Texas. Also hearing look above the riOge. "We got fooled on 'Nere millions of radio listeners and that one." television viewers on every continent. Shepard explained what had happened. "Really got a pretty steep slone here," "Our positions are all in doubt now,'' said Shepard. he began. "What,we were looking at was "Yeah, we kind of figured that from Flank . . the top of it wasn't the rim of listening to you," came a reply from Cone. We've got a way to go yet." Astronaut CAFCOM Fred W. Heise at On the crater-pocked lunar surface Mission Con1rol. (CAPCOM is the capsule with its low gravitational pull, its communicator, an astronaut assig led to 'unfaniliar lighting conditions, and its carry on the conversation between lack of conventional landmarks, maps Mission Control and the Moon are hdrd to interpret and directions explocers.) difficult to follow, and the astronauts Another CAPCOM at Mission Control, had undert3timated the distance and Astronaut Ronald Evans, was talking difroulties of the terrain toward Cone with tne third Apollo 14 crew member, Crater. Astronaut Stuart A. Roosa, flying in At a monitoring console at Mission Moon :rbit in "Kitty Hawk," the main Control, space physicians traced

3 Apollo 14 EVA Map 41

C Station where the astronauts turned back to return to Antares

12' Boulders

White Rocks , Flank Crater

11/2' Rock With Glass

Legend

Apollo 14 traverse

Prep lanned traverse Weird Crater Sharp crater rim Subdued crater rim 4: Blocks larger than 1 meter

Boulder Field

Triplet Crater

TV ANTARES Boulder Fleid

"Thumper" area. Numbers Indicate locations of geophone sensors,

ALSEP Laser Ranging Retroflector

Doublet Crater

100 200 Meters Unloading a hand tool. Astronaut Mitchell stops with the pull-cart, the "modularized equipment transporter" or MET, which was especially designed for Moon service with Apollo 14.

A:4*c

, ',...,' *,;,, '14.'.4,:s- -7' .4,'-:4 i'.7...f ..,,.,,N L'.."''' ,..:-$ f i t1. C!?;'g:;1. ::: .'tt ! 7. .' ,-.7,....4fCP.'.y1;4 l's ',..'7! `..- '''- .' I 7' ; !? 4- '' ; ..: .-' .1.. .. " a f C l'S` ...:."... : C V'''" I';'';47 P.1*Sr"..-V.I.t ',A..,5c471k. it.'., - Itgl 5 ,414 fd.,...?' itt':. ' ft.' ,,Irf V 1, ttiri.;:-..,A:. -1,4f.t.4., 4 ',:a.4103,1,'" it 1 . ,'',' ," , - .,:.,' i ,', 1 44 4 '!4:- .4144,11.4`...,

'''' 1,111,,, :.f. 4, 14 ,, , ., .,

Ai! ( ^Ntfi.:

, , " , . -, 21111 Ir, ' '4" ;,'; 4 ' 17 oke., rt.,4, a 3. '!I A *, 2 .

, -,..4;::,tkrwili$r ? Al . - i ,"f4.7.44:-,,

,.,,,, t, -,,i,

' it C^,tli ti4t,, 7.i.- l'' ..,;, 4 ' ?''1:, .1 e

lik3 ' i "44t'0.4" 4 -14'' i"':.:,:"... ,,11 '' e% 'fi .I. ; '{..1r fief t!',:L._4,/ ; ir 1).."1"w4

T ..*-

` 4'1 ' k ;ff 4. v.. f!' 7 ,,,.

1.1(- 471/' '.;,'^ r -' 1.'... ." i, ry r ;1s

4 ..,.. , ,1 t4.-..0 C, ,.., , ? " ,J .:. ..4tr> 1 A e ..t ,' 'E''' '1,,t 2Ii. G ''q .1'. :, ' '4. ', ,' 'Isoi, , 1t' . . pe 4,,,, 1 ,i..

!..

t 1 1. .

5 14 Hammer and smaH rock collection bag, placed atop these lunar boulders by Apollo 14 astronauts, provide perspective for assessing the boulders size.

readings transmitted from tiny sensors koosa, too, was aiming radar beams to attached to the astronauts' chests, and Earth and a set of identical beams at the these readings indicated that Shepard's Moon so that scientists on Earth could heart was beating 150 times a minute, compare the Moon-aimed beams, after -S74"- Mitchell's 128 times. they were reflected by the Moon and 4 vw45,, CAPCOM Haise relayed a message from bounced to Earth, with those aimed e the physcians. directly at Earth. From the comparisons, "Yeah, Al and Ed," he said, "They scientists hoped to learn much about the want you to take another stop here." Moon's surface properties, and also about The human body consumes more layers below the surface. The experiment oxygen and generates more heat as its was called "Bistatic Radar:" activities increase. But the astronauts' Roosa also aimed radio signals at the portable life support sy,.1tem (PLSS) Moon to determine more accurately the in their backpacks had only limited contours and heights of lunar mountains capacity for delivering oxygen and and hills. cooling the spacesuit. The astronauts' That experiment with an "S-Band activities could not be allowed to transponder" raquires analysis of exceed the PLSS's ability to support reflected radio beams which also give their needs. There was no danger of clues to variations in lunar gravity. this happening now. Shepard's suit was These variations are believed to be caused set at a low cooling rate. But physicians by mass concentrations, called do not war,: Moon-walking astronauts to "mascons," of certain materials below the overexert themselves. Moon's surface. More than two hours had elapsed since Even while Roosa was engaged in the men had opened Antares' hatch for charting the Moon, his colleagues on that second Moon walk. According to the lunar surface were illustrating the the lunar traverse schedule, the time had importance to astronauts of accurate come to think about turning around and and complete maps of the regions near heading back. landing sites. , Keeping up with that schedule was Cone Crater, by the best estimates the ;4`' ie.S214#4- Ci:". i4. ;.. c...,. .4. _ 7.3, ...ItIS": vital if the men were to be able to complete astronauts could make from their maps, ...i, '''''0.: ,1 r7 41 ao' i several planned scientific experiments in was still a good 30-minute walk and this the Cone Crater area and on the trek day they had learned that their own best back toward Antares. Scientists felt that estimates relating to Moon distances 1'1-414 some of these experiments deserved were not particularly reliable. priority over an all-out attempt to reach "I don't think we'll have time to go up Cone Crater's rim, especially since there," said Shepard. Even at Moon e rocks equally ancient could be retrieved in 6,0 : distance, listeners on Earth could sense , the area where the astronauts now were. a tone of sadness and reluctance in his Far overhead, at an altitude of about 60 voice. Untouched by man or any other form of life until miles (97 kilometers) above the Moon, "Oh, let's give it a whirl," pleaded Apollo 14 arrived, this once obscure region in Astronaut Stuart A, Roosa was carrying Mitchell, "Gee whiz. We can't stop without the universe will now be known as the on some other important experiments. looking into Cone Crater." site of man's third Moon landing. He was photographing candidate landing Shepard was not yet convinced. "I sites for Apollo 16 and 17, to be think we'll waste an awful lot of time launched in 1972. From the windows of traveling and not do much documenting," Kitty Hawk he was taking pictures of the he said. Descartes candidate site at which The word documenting was a reference astronauts may stay longer, travel farther to photographing and describing rocks from the landing craft, set up equipment and their location before and after picking and carry out experiments even more them up forexamination by scientists on complex than those of Apollo 14, Earth. This was one of the major tasks These future flights will bring a scientists hoped the astronauts would battery-powered, jeep-like Rover to the accomplish in the Cone Crater area and Moon for astronauts to drive over larger at various prescribed locations on their areas, and transport heavier equipment return walk to Antares. and more massive quantities of Moon CAPCOM Haise interrupted the rocks than their predecessors. Moon walkers' discussion. "Okay, Al

6 His heavy boots scuffing the soft grayish-brown lunar dust, Astronaut Mitchell checks the map as lie moves across a forbidding Moonscape. 1 7 Some dust can be seen clinging to legs of Moon suit.

' t

if) .41,440r 1 '4'.0.4/

:s.

t_t .1

"H..' ,--,3114.

g r ,

31" ,

- str - r

Affitr ' ON, _t.

1 :$17X;. rrf . 444.

:.' 14 ,

1 From samples chipped from rocks like this by .4, Apollo 14 astronauts, scientists will attempt to trace the history of the solar system.

. 'w S' ,. , 1 . +.Z.-}# ...ii illik. ,'4 . 1.4 -.!" _ _1%6 it 41.1. . , . Ite l itit, ,. .. 41 Pe;,e.., ' 4...... ,to,..?A..4 . lot Vti.. v$1 fr. i ':4"4111;, ,' .. 'h3'It', :14, 't-j% 4 .4 4- .1. 44 0 . 4. ' i; ; k I4v,,f;, 4' .-4,''',' 'It'P '''' 3". V(' - . 4 ,To ' ... )$.4' $"iir V- ' . * rf , V .1.4 i ` :, .46 , Di ., 16 ste:

,, - .., ../,: t %. i V , v x', -. . .., l, r. ' I:. 11, :I .47 , s ., 4 .41, ',' 41, ,,o1 't :. sf'.440, i..- , , I I .:' .-./ I. ''W/'41' 4. i'' 4P4 ' .':;tr w 4 1 , l .4. 1, ).. v , ., . 2 Azamegliees_ It' :, '''.: : .,,L1' ,'

- ""., As 7,

8 20 His long, dark shadow silhouetted against the 21 lunar surface. Apollo 14 commander Shepard took this photograph of Fra Mauro Poulder field. Note geological tools atop center rock.

and Ed," said Haise. "In view of your with the MET, we need these tools." estimate of where your location is and Shepard concurred. "No, the MET's how long it's going to take to get to Cone, not slowing us down, Houston. It's just a the word from the backroom is they'd question of time. We'll get there." like you to consider where you are as the They didn't. As they threaded their way Offi edge of Cone Crater." through the forest of boulders collecting Mission Control was asking the rock samples and dictating their astronauts to relinquish their hopes for observations to Houston, the 30 minutes of scaling Cone rim. extended Moon walk time soon Shepard was ready to concur and said evaporated. so to his companion. Surrounded by automobile-size tfer "I think what we re looking at right here, boulders taller than theysome 10 to 12 this boulder field, Ed, is the stuff that's feet (three to 3.6 meters) in height ejected from Cone." Shepard and Mitchell stopped. They had The ancient materials they sought at arrived at a point at which Mitchell was Cone Crater were pieces of the Moon's to measure the Moon's magnetic field. interior gouged out from miles below the From the portable magnetometer on the Sea of Rains, when a meteroid struck it MET, Mitchell pulled a 50-foot millions of years ago. Shepard knew that (15 meter) cable to which was attached a this material must have been catapulted sensor. He positioned the sensor above to the area in which he was standing now. the site selected for measurement and as Mission Control suggested the men he had done once before during the trek, might leave the MET behind them to speed read off the delicate instrument's dial their progress, but the astronauts said they displays. would not like to be without the tools Physicians at Mission Control noted carried on the MET. that the rate of Shepard's heart beat had "Well, we're three-quarters there," slowed to 108 per minute and Mitchell's Mitchell commented. to 86. The difference was due mostly "Okay," said Shepard, "We'll press on a to Shepard's harder work with scoops and little farther. Houston, keep your eye on tongs forgathering rocks while Mitchell was the time." restowing the magnetometer sensor. He wanted Mission Control to keep him Shepard carefully deposited his samples in posted frequently on how much longer numbered plastic bags so that scientists he and Mitchell could safely stay outside would later know the exact location and the the LM before their oxygen supply and circumstances of selection for each of the other life support essentials would reach rocks. critical quantities. But Mission Control "All right," Shepard began one of his called back that he and Mitchell could typical geological descriptions. "I would have an extension of 30 minutes of Moon say, Houston, that most of these boulders walk time beyond the four hours and 15 are the same brownish grey that we've Looking at one of the countless craters ahead minutes originally allotted. found, but we see one that is definitely of him, Mitchel! surveys the desolation of a Shepard became more cheerful. almost white in color, a very definite typical lunar scene. Backpack contains oxygen for breathing and water for the space suit's "I want to tell you, it's a fantastic view difference in color which we'll document. temperature control system. from here," he said. "We're approaching We noted this beneath this dark brownish the edge of the rugged boulder field to regolith (mantlerock overlying solid rock the west rim. It appears as though the layers), there is a very light brown layer best for us to do will be to go to the west and I think we'll get a core tube right here rim and document it from there even to show that. As a matter of fact, I think though the Sun angle may not be quite I'll do that right now." as good. Well, we're pushing out in that Shepard met resistance, perhaps rock direction." or compacted soil, as he sank the core "Roger, Al," the CAPCOM tube into the ground. The material proved acknowledged, "You're moving to the to be so granular that most of it fell out of west then." the tube. Astronauts are trained to be Again Mission Control suggested talkative during such explorations abandoning the MET at least until the because scientists want to have completa men returned from Cone's rim, but descriptions of how samples were Mitchell explained "It's rot that hard collected. Shepard dutifully continued his

9 22 Using pull-cart as a mobile work bench, Mitchell adjusts portable magnetometer. With a sonsor attached to the Instrument by a 50-foot (15-meter) cable, he measured the Moon's 23 magnetic field.

commentary. TV viewers throughout the world could "Now I'm sampling a layer that is sort see them move on the lunar surface much of light gray just under the regolith with like two wiggling man-shaped white blobs. bag number nine, and bag number ten Even with color transmission, the Moon with a sample of some of the surface pictures were more a contrast between the rocks that were right around that area." darkness of the sky, the Sun-drenched Finally, the CAPCOM broke into the lunar surface, the refloctive astronaut astronauts' busy chatter. "To get us back suits and stark shadows. on the old timeline (schedule) here, when Though the astronauts carried out their you depart C (their station at the time) tasks in businesslike, earnest fashion, we'd like you to proceed directly to F, there emerged sporadic incidents of Weird (a point near Weird Crater so humor as, for example, when the men designated on the astronauts' Moon accidentally knocked the TV camera over. map during preparations for the flight) ... As Shepard was turning it upright again, En route you can make grab samples as he wondered whether the camera was put you see fit." out of commission. "Grab samples" are randomly selected "Fred," he said to CAPCOM Heise. without attempts at complete "We're going to have a real practical documentation. problem here probably be able to see The men were now on their way back to what the lunar dust does to a camera lens. Antares. Do you see anything at all?" Frequently, scientists at Mission Control Haise looked at the large TV screen on asked questions of the astronauts which the front wall of the Mission Control room, were transmitted to them through the then assured Shepard. "Yeah," he said, CAPCOM. C'nce the scientists wanted to "I think it's a better picture. Lunar dust know whether Shepard noticed any dust helps the TV picture, I guess." on top of the rocks. Another time, they Shepard could not suppress a hearty asked him to compare the various laugh. "Okay," he said. "We'll see to it boulders. The astronauts had been given that a little TV lens will get dusted in the geology training for just such purposes. future." This kind of "team exploration" by But Shepard took no chance of leaving astronauts on the Moon and scientists the most surprising and humorous on Earth has become standard procedure episode of the mission to coincidence. in manned Moon landing missions. Just before reentering Antares, Shepard Shepard and Mitchell worked their way removed golf balls from his Moon suit. past Weird Crater. East of Triplet Crater Using the detached handle from one of Shepard dug a small trench. the geological implements he swung "I'm doing trenching. It's going fairly and missed. To make sure historians easily, but I need the extension handle would never doubt who was the first golfer (of the trenching tool, which is essentially on the Moon, Shepard took two more one- a small shovel) to get deeper, to edge hand swings. (The bulky Moon suit through that. I'm cutting into a rim of a prevented Shepard from placing his arms crater which is approximately, oh, say six close enough together to grip the handle meters (20 feet) in diameter." with both hands.) He sent the balls The CAPCOM relayed a question by the soaring above the Moon's surface where scientists. no atmosphere exists and there is little "How deep did you get down?" gravitational attraction to slow them. Shepard explained. "Well, the trench is "There it goes," he gloated, "miles and about a foot and a half deep. I gave up miles and miles." actually not because it was hard digging, Later, on the return flight toward but because the walls kept falling in on Earth, he estimated that the first ball was it." propelled 200 yards (180 meters), and the They passed through another boulder second 400 yards (360 meters). field and then past North Crater back to Mitchell climbed first into Antares and Antares. Shepard handed him the 51 pounds (23 The astronauts were coming back kilograms) of collected Moon rocks and into the field of view of the color television soil. Among them were the largest Moon camera they had set up near Antares and pieces ever brought to Earth. Some were

10 Rfl The hills of Fra Mauro stretch in every direction as one of the Apollo 14 astronauts walks toward Antares, parked in valley.

ri.-t . Itte, , r , 1.001111.4.._' ,._....i...... A. -...... 4& -- i..._ ..._ aft- NOLig. '''' .. ' -.... . 1... 1 '' " - ".. , ,.:. .% v .... IOW. I .... . -. 4,10- le eviii-,;;;, ,. _ ..- ...am& . - , -- ".-- ... -4. 414 5,4 . ... Z: . .111110..1401110ille"'''''' 66" s,004 3d. .6, Jr. P ';4..1?$.19,4110 641116t..., " Tj...... 4*LA...... a& 4 N., 2... .4... - ,. '-.co.es., ' .,".7YW ,"7441.4.wift, ' . > '.P . .4 go . . -,.... - 4. , -.1r,9L.e.,-. .. -- Cili.tli "i'''''....0 - -.m--- ..n...- t,'- .. } ?.1%;...... "" :fole!tel4, ..,..tar.. c. ...., +. ":141.. .:,,...44 -. 0

' .1,

1.4i.1'

AO' r .4').

4 "

;

Large boulders like this one were abundant on the lunar surface. Apollo 14 brought back to Earth the largest and greatest variety of Moon samples ever seen by scientists. This automated laboratory began recording and transmitting data to Earth almost at once after Apollo 14 astronauts set it up on the Moon. 27

. 1

4. . -

28 28

of grapefruit or bowling ball size. being received and showed how it was Shepard joined him inside the craft and being used to determine the Moon's they closed the hatch. The two men had structure and physical properties and to inscribed themselves on the pages of analyze the radiations on its surface. history. The scientists said Apollo 14's ALSEP That second Moon excursion had taken instruments were the best ever taken to the men on a longer traverse acrossthe the Moon, and there was every rrason to Moon than any previous one 3,300feet believe the instruments would continue (one kilometer) from Antares, compared transmissions for at least a year, which with the 200 feet (60 meters) the Apollo11 they were designed to do. astronauts had walked from theirlanding In one ALSEP experiment, Mitchell craft, and the 1,400 feet (420 meters) ft-If) used a "thumper" to send shock waves Apollo 12 crew had gone. That second traveling through the Moon's upper excursion also had added four hours and layers for detection by sensors which 35 minutes to Shepard's Moon walktime reported the vibrations back to Earth. which now totaled nearly 91/2 hoursa That first Moon walk was going so well new record for one person.Mitchell, who that Mission Control allowed the had left Antares a few minutes after astronauts to extend it beyond the Shepard and returned a few minutes originally planned four hours and ahead of him on each walk,was a close 15 minutes. The extension permitted the second in time spent on the lunar astronauts to expand their Moon rock surface outside a spacecraft. Together, the collection to 44 pounds (20 kilograms) and men had accumulatednearly 19 man- to add still more panoramic photographs hours of "extravehicular activity" or and stereo closeup pictures of Moon "EVA" on the Moon and, thus almost surface features. doubled the lunar EVA time of astronauts When the astronauts crawled back into to nearly 40 man-hours. Antares and closed its hatch four hours The total of about 95 poundi (43 and 50 minutes after they had openedit, kilograms) of Moon rock and soil brought they had achieved a new endurance back to Earth by Apollo 14 also was a record for continuous Moon walking. record. Apollo 11 came back with 46 After eating and resting, they began pounds (21 kilograms), and Apollo 12 their second Moon walk which eventually retrieved 75 pounds (34 kilograms). set a record for distance with their The major goal of Apollo 14 was the geological traverse toward Cone Crater. scientific exploration of the Moon in the Apollo 14 was the world's 40th manned fcothills of the rugged Fra Mauro ,egion. space flight, the 24th for theUnited The astronauts had set down in that States. It was history's third successful region at 4:18 (Eastern Standard Time) manned Moon landing mission, thefirst on the morning of Friday,February 5, in the decade of the 1970's. Themission to a pinpoint touchdown only eighty-seven brought to nearly 200 the man-houri; feet (26 meters) north of the target point astronauts have lived on the surface of mapped out for them . the Moon and to more than 6,910 the man- Six hours and 35 minutes after their hours astronauts have lived in space. It arrival, SNmard and Mitchell opened is an amount equal to one man living the hatch of the Antares, stepped out in space for 9 months, 17 days and 22 onto the surface of the Moon, conducted hours. scientific experiments and set up an Astronaut Roosa in the command automated scientific labt,-atory called module completed 341/2 revolutions ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Scientific around the Moon, thus bringing to 150 Experiments Package). the number of lunar orbits flown by The instruments began transmitting manned space craft. (10 by Apollo 8 in information to Earth, almost at once, to December 1968; 31 by Apolio 10 in the delight of scientiFts. Within hours May 1969; 30 by Apollo 11 in July 1969; of these first transmissions, some of and 45 by Apollo 12 in November 1969.) the principal investigators explained Shepard, who turned 47 years old on details at press conferences. They November 15, 1970, became the oldest interpreted the information that was American to fly in space and the oldest

13 30 31

person to land on the Moon. He and doubling the mission exploration time Mitchell, who became 40 on September for each astronaut over that which 17, 1970, were the fifth and sixth persons, Shepard and Mitchell could obtain. All respectively, to walk on the Moon. Moon flight crews until now have The continuous telecasts, lasting expressed regret that CI-3i r equipment several hours during each of the two limited their stay time on the lunar Apollo 14 Moon walks, were the first surface ana ineir conviction that they significant lunar scenes to be transmitted could have completed additional research to Earth in color, live from the Moon. tasks if they had been allowed to Though the Apollo 12 LM carried a color remain longer outside the spacecraft. television camera, it ceased functioning As an engineering achievement, after only a few minutes' use when Apollo 14 made a profound contribution direct sunlight entered the lens and to the advancement of space exploration singed vital components. When it ceased and lunar science. This was particularly functioning, its sole transmissions had emphasized by the techniques with which consisted of showing one of the the astronauts and technical personnel astronauts descending the LM ladder. To worked together as an Earth-space team. prevent any recurrence of similar damage, Across distances stretching tens of the Apollo 14 color TV camera was thousands of miles, the Moon travelers designed to withstand accidental and ground crews exchanged information exposure to direct sunlight, and also was and developed solutions and counter- outfitted with lens caps for use while actions to overcome a variety of the astronauts moved the camera. technical irregularities and engineering It provided color transmission from the problems. moment it was activated while Shepard Long before the flight of Apollo 14, was descending Antares' boarding the mission's launch date and the name of ladder for the first Moon walk until after its commander were already key imprints the second Moon walk when the camera's in the annals of space exploration. power connection to tha LM was iitentionally severed before the astronauts' liftoff. Apollo 14, with its prime aim of exploring the Moon's Fra Mauro regiona virtual lunar geological museum was in a sense a search into the past. If scientists can unradel nature's coded messages from the retrieved Fra Mauro rocks, and trace from them the evolution of the Moon, or even the Earth and the entire solar sys!em, Apollo 14 would stand as the culrnination of one of mankind's primeval ambitions. But, equally, Apollo 14 was a thrust into the future. The flight was the last of what space engineers have easignated as "H" missions. That series is now to be followed by the "J" missions with a substantially advanced stay capacity on the Moon. The J seri% landing craft have enlarged propellant tanks, an additional battery, more life support supplies, and provisions for the Rover. Each of the three planned J missions, Apollo 15 through 17 later in 1971 and in 1972, is designed to allow a pair of Detonating small explosive charges as he walks, Astronaut Mitchell imparts slight shocks to astronauts to spend three separate Moon the Moon's surface with a "thumper." The walk periods of up to seven hours each on shocks are recorded by three sensors that the lunar surface, thus more than had been implanted along the route.

14 32" - - - - L '''`II ' i'.."Ail,-kk_Iti?-r,-;7.-:4-- -, - ..., -- 1/- , - .;;:_i!.,...7.' v sti -...: ..,.-1. $ f-t ' , - -. --.° - ... -- \21.! - - -,- - - - - ,.. I vio -J1.1.1.'''`,.,,A; ...., ': . *.* ,1--....::."1 :',..."- . .,...,_.-4:-', : -'-' -?" - , - :: - r .-.. -,.., - ,- , ' '. i.e.'''. -:... .. , ..,.: . , ':- L rif " -:, ''',k, r'q't -- ': -/..,,,,,4,,- s''' ., --- .4*,. ;.,.,-- ."."; -:,-,;-.1"- ,., 4 -t. ; - -',....: ------. _--...- -.4Y" % --:,:.. . - -=-1-../_,..--:.. d - e . ' ,,..-.4. -,:-,:,-. :L.,' 7 4,-tr-.4.1 ,y ....4.0- ., ... .. V. : ' ' - . s'lt . . , - .4-tp ,, i.. .,, ..) . r,..t-'?: ,:...,' ' ,- , .e. 4; 4 r.' ,s, " re; It ...: . . b's, ."--,-; . 4.4 0;" , - , . c4., r. ' , . . - . - . ..71 ( ' . - ''''.4 el .t oi r wd ' , . . . 1.: . . . - -,..P .''' - 41,0 i_,. 1,,.` . , '.. ''... e ,' ' 7. (.... - .-.-1' 4'. .. - ;,./ ' e - ; 14 4,:e- -.:).r , .- : , . .... 2.:4 -7, '' 1 ' . . ' .,- ...',:?;":, . rii7t. s .. ; * .. 4 . . y 1 '41 "' ; ''' r - ii ,, ,-;0.3.',.,...\--. . ,.,,,, j4J.. It .14, ' . ir ' ''. , . :. 1 '. # r.: , 1 1- , -, ,..t. . .`- .' 7"".-4..." (.';1%.- ' -4V ...... ,e. .'1,;-. ' . ^ ... ri ---,,--1. -4;' . , '. --.::)(. '1 ''-, '' ' : .. ... , I. __...... sk,-..--t-v,1-,1,.-. - ' - irot ' .... 11,1 . .,1. : 3 .;.\,'"Olitil ;., ' ,,, ....:::i",.....- --VS .* t 7 s....., :-'3,":: . -.. ":1,-, ,.' . , -. !g e. . , , 4 , .f.,,A f '9 . %. ' 4r 1 ' ...... ii. ',..': : 4.... , '. . " . - .4..'!..--''' A, ,.....,/,.. 1 i ',;..' j ' . - ..",- Tee - , ',.-:.;, y,t. '', illk ''' IA -1 ' t 4' . '''t .....c. , S...i." ;T., - .,!4': ''..,-.1!L - lagvt . Af. 4 '....i .. - , ::.ti.: 4, - r...- '_-I. % !. . 1 xl....1: ". ,rit )i A' .' -. ' - . ..:43," i-i.r: . ..-: 'c -. - ... , '- . . . v; 1..":: 7-tIr. 4 ''. ''.1,, I': .7,' ' '',...... ,' ',,1 ! ; ti ,': T. 4,1 ' , 4 , t '' )... ..i, :,-tit:.-!\4:4171 ' c/4.:..'";,,,..,...... 4"gc."- .7, . ., - ' - '- . -t?- ' ; - ' ,, - ,. ..±, '''.,..1 4 4.... .144. . . ,, ,Lt. ' ir'.'s ci.- :'1!, -- . . ,,. %- i. - :ii. ..> ,., I. 6 ., vs . I,...... ,4 1,, . . V'''...... `k .. 4/ '.. A 4 r '. ,.q.)X :I / .: . .. A 4,3. .t,, 1lit. ' 41.11....!A,.. qr.6 s:' .N . -. .4...,: t- -:' .--,.. --- ,. * , if . 4 It .).-1.. 0 ... .1 44:4,,..4...... ,41. "',. :16.,%, ,...... ,....4, , 6 #4, 4-,4. ", ..:4 ).;.:11.'-.1::::',..--'::!`+.4 "4-.3:11'. ,.1 t 1 .., A , 'ti°N. AP.. .;,.. '10,,i',/,. k . ": ' .".1 :: "':....:k /,'''',;.)f.")1:4,... ' 4. . ' :"- c,...., 'it ...... ' ... 1 !Ir. A c.. -,...,. . '1:i.i se1. 1. .?_.J

11, ' . '1 . ' - ". Moonquake '.etector (also knot- i as a seismometer or passive seismic experiment) in foreground is part of ALSEP, the Apollo Lunar Scientific Experiments Package. the automated laboratory established by Apollo 14.

1." ,r Tr.7. t 11.a. '

a-"'

Adr 5

--.

.4wir-tlie

1 6 3 By coincidence, Apollo 14's launch that lifted him into space on his first flight. date, January 31, 1971, fell on the 13th The Apollo 14 craft was only two feet anniversary of the launching of America's (60 centimeters) shorter than c,hepard's first Earth satellite. It was on January 31, first rocket and spacecraft combined. 1958, that a 68.6-foot (20.5 meter) tall Primitive as Shepard's first flight seems Jupiter-C rocket raised itself off its pad by today's standards, it gave new at Cape Canaveral (later renamed Cape confidence and inspiration to the then Kennedy), Florida, carrying the Explorer I fledgling U.S. space program. Shepard's satellite, a bullet-shaped capsule. detailed descriptions gave the world its Though a portion of the rocket remained first eye witness account of the view of the attached to Explorer I as it went into Earth from space and of the sensations orbit, the combined orbiting assembly and reactions and impressions generated still measured only 80 inches (203 by such a journey. centimeters) in length and weighed only Shepard's flight served notice on the 30.8 pounds (13.86 kilograms). world that the United States was In contrast, Apollo 14 injected itself into determined to achieve preeminence in Earth orbit weighing about 300,000 space. President Kennedy delivered a pounds (135,000 kilograms, including the major address on space exploration to the attached third stage (S-IVB) rocket, thus Congress on May 25, 1961- less than three becoming the heaviest man-made weeks after the Shepard mission. The object in Earth orbit- nearly 10,000 President suggested that the United States times as much as that first U.S. orbiter. set itself as a national goal the attainment Likewise, Apollo 14 Commander of a manned Moon landing before the end Shepard was known before his Moon of the 1960s. That preaidential address has flight for his pioneering efforts in space. become accepted by historians as the beginning of the program which led to the He was the first American to fly through Apollo 14 flight. Thus it might be said that space. That first flight on May 5, 1961-nearly Shepard has now come full circle in the American space exploration program. 10 years before Apollo 14- lasted only Even before Apollo 14's Moon landing, 15 minutes and 22 seconds from valuable scientific data emerged from the liftoff at Cape Canaveral to splashdown journey. The spacecraft was behind the in the Atlantic Ocean only 302 miles Moon, out of tracking and communications (486 kilometers) away. The flight was contact with Earth, and the astronauts had called "suborbital" because Shepard's just slowed the craft to insert it into Moon craft, Freedom 7, was not inserted into orbit. At that time, 2:41 in the morning of orbit, but was instead, deliberately Thursday, February 4, Eastern Standard boosted into an arc-like path that reached Time, the uppermost portion of the Saturn its peak at an altitude of 116.5 miles (187.5 V rocket, the S-IVB stage, collided with kilometers) before beginning its descent the Moon, as it was programmed to do. and re-entry into the atmosphere. Shepard's top speed in Freedom 7 was By propelling the Apollo spacecraft out 5,180 miles (8,288 kilometers) an hour. He of Earth orbit into a Moon trajectory, the was weightless for only five minutes. S-IVB had also boosted itself on a Moon In contrast, Apollo 14 accelerated course and, by remote control, was Shepard and his two crewmen to a peak steered on a lunar collision course. The speed of about 24,000 miles k38,000 force of the impact equalled the kilometers) an hour during the early boost detonation of 11 tons of TNT. The Moon phase toward the Moon and just before reacted like a gong. For about three hours re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. The it vibrated and these vibrations traveled to men were weightless for several days. The a depth of from 22 to 25 miles (35 to 40 Saturn V launch vehicle that lifted them kilometers). The concussions were from the Earth 'Nils sufficiently powerful sensed by a Moonquake detector, a to inject 60 of ..he one-man Mercury capsules into Earth orbit simultaneously. I he Apollo 14 spacecraft alone, minus the Saturn V, weighed nearly one and one-half times as much as Shepard's combined Mercury capsule and the Redstone rocket

17 38c$L With a thumper, whiN siaf the active seismic experiment, Mitc 611 tests subsurface layers. Shepard stands still in background to avoid interfering with thumper signals.

The nuclear power plant in the foreground is the radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) which is connected to scientific instruments to provide them with needed electricity. .4111=111AlialblIMII

f7Osairmor . ....467.1.,...., . . ..-...p..A.4.. ,,. ,.:.32,. .' ' , ' .,.; s . 4gV ..,., ,, . .6 ' A -.. :4-iiird..: . '.',' v.,, Ink .00- .;'0'.,, 04..ri - , ' :.$4174 'ff. ',.i...Vol...'4),, '-,4i; ."4.4.--:rg // ...r.....,...-.- -- " .. 4 .4.4-v,,- ,,, «, *, ., .-....2".... la- .' -).::;.1, - ... -.1!) . s. ,,v ti. ...i.14, .. N, ,,, ' ,*M.P. ti .. eq. . --.-- .., 0,e, e__---...., ..,,,c..,. A, .. .t., holtr:A.. :1" ..- '',":..,,, v.. gv.:A.& 4 i 1 ;,,,,i, , ..$,,' ,4, 3 S 7

, "-. v . .1, , t, :, 4 'I' ,_:,,,,Alib...... -, . .1,-* , %Z. *-77i7,:,' -;:d `-7-:;.2,7;..t. f -41 .' .r.'7'.'"'"-04. - -,-2.,,

1 . , , for, s . thr r 4 L : ...Ye . , 44.k 0-" "t_liorI . opt 4- 4 0 4., seismometer that had been set up by the :cation and about 71 miles (114 kilometers) Apollo 12 astronauts in November 1969 in southwest of the Apollo 12 station. The the Moon's Ocean of Storms about 108 Moon's reaction fo!lowed what has miles (173 kilometers) south-southwest become known from previous similar from the impact site. The seismometer's impacts as characteristic lunar behavior: measurements were automatically relayed The reverberations built up to a to Earth by radio through a robot crescendo, then gradually decayed. transmitter at the Apollo 12 site. Dr. Gary Latham, the principal Scientists analyzing the data said it investigator for the Passive Seismic appears to confirm earlier conclusions Experiment, said this behavior still baffles that the composition of the Moon's scientists who have found no counterpart outer layers to a depth of about 22 miles on Earth. (35 kilometers) is uniform throughout. The current interpretation of the The scientists said that variations in unusual reaction is that the impact force properties of materials within that area was widely scattered by the Moon's apparently are due solely to compression structure. from the weight of overlying materials. Dr. Latham explained: "In my opinion, That tentative opinion was strengthened it means very likely, that the structure has later in the Apollo 14 mission by the results been essentially pulverized by continuous of a similar, but scientifically even more meteorite bombardment Pince formation valuable experiment shortly before the 4.6 billion years ago or so, and that at astronauts rocketed themselves out of least the upper few kilometers are very, Moon orbit and onto a path back toward very broken up material." Earth. The scientists mer sured the time from After completing their second Moon the impact to the moment the first shock walk, returning to Moon orbit and waves were sensed at each station. The rejoining the main spacecraft, the size of the interval indicates to the astronauts jettisoned the upper section investigators the kind of material through (ascent stage) of th ir landing craft which which the seismic waves travel. Dr. Latham by then was no longer needed. said this analysis leads the scientists to By radio command from Mission believe the same kinds of materials Control, the empty 4,850-pound (2,200 retrieved by astronauts from the surface kilogram) ascent stage was then steered extend to a depth of about 22 to 25 miles toward the Moon It struck with a force (35 to 40 kilometers). equal to the explosion of about 1,600 As for the recovery by astronauts of pounds (725 kilograms) of TNT and igneous rocks (those which have so'idified induced tremors lasting about 90 minutes. after melting as from lava flow), This minor Moonquake marked a scientific Dr. Latham said some of the rocks were milestone. It was the first time any event, apparently thrown onto the surface after manmade or natural, was recorded by a meteorite impacts gouged them out from network of two seismic stations on the deep inside the Moon's interior. Also, he Moon. The seismometer at the Apollo 12 said there is evidence of melting that site had been supplemented by a similar occurred about a million years after the machine installed by the Apollo 14 Moon's formation or about 3.3 to 3.6 astronauts in the Fra Mauro region. billion years agoand scientists theorize Scientists pointed out that in this kind of this melting occurred from heat escaping experimentation, one plus one equals from radioactive decay deep inside the more than two. By comparing and Moon. correlating information from the two The scientists were eagerly looking seismometers at precisely known, but forward to the occurrence of the first widely separated locations, scientists are natural Moonquake to be recorded by able to trace the shock waves of the their new network and toward the impact and deduce facts about the Moon's establishment of a third network station by structure with far greater accuracy than Apollo 15 in mid-1971. from only one station. The Apollo 14 seismometer, like Apollo The LM ascent stage struck at a point 12's, was part of an automated scientific between the two stationsabout 44 miles laboratory set up by the astronauts on the (70 kilometers) northwAt of the Apollo 14 Moon. Aside from rock collecting, nearly

19 4g Oti Photograph taken by an automatic camera mounted on the astronauts pull cart shows Shepard, foreground, consulting notebook-like checklist attached to left wrist while Mitchell adjusts research instruments.

I ,.

/ - 411,------41t

# A.

-..IIIIIL_1

i _ANL

Grenade launcher in foreground was installed on Moon by Apollo 14 astronauts to be activated from Earth, later in 1971. Impact of its four missiles will be sensed by automatic devices.

20 That metal box in foreground is a charged particle lunar environment experiment (CPLEE). It detects atomic particles that arrive on the Moon from the Sun and space.

the entire first Moon walk period of Apollo Also connected to that central station 14 was taken up by establishing a robot are the other ALSEP experiments: laboratory called ALSEP, meaning Apollo "Charged Particle Lunar Environment Lunar Scientific Experiment Package. The Experiment" (CPLEE), "Cold Cathode seismometer and most of the other Ionization Gauge" (CCIG), "Suprathermal experiments in that package were Ion Detector" (SIDE) and the "Lunar Dust designed to continue operation for at least Collector." one year after the astronauts' departure Dr. Brian O'Brien, a physicist from the from the Moon. A small nuclear power University of Sydney and principal CPLEE generator in ALSEP is providing the investigator, explained his machine's necessary electricity for operating the status. "The experiment has been working instruments, the heaters that keep them absolutely perfectly to date," he declared. warm during the cold two-week-long "Just after it was switched on the lunar night and the automated radio experiment was apparently immersed in a transm itter that relays information to sea of low energy electrons that we Earth. After Shepard and Mitchell installed associate with the comet-:ike tail blown the array and turned on the power, signals back by the solar wind." were immediately received by scientists He was referring to the Earth's magnetic at Mission Control. field which sweeps trapped particles The most spectacular ALSEP through space somewhat like a comet's experiment, however, did not involve tail. But the Sun's solar wind blows these such long-duration accumulation and particles so that the tail becomes curved transmission of data. It was what scientists or distorted. The CPLEE is designed to call the "active seismic experiment" and measure electrons and protons and other it consisted of small explosions set off on atomic particles that bombard the Moon the Moon so that sensing devices could from space. In this way, the CPLEE is a measure the resulting small vibrations as step toward answering the perplexing they traveled through and below the lunar questions about the workings of the surface. Earth's magnetic environment or, as One part of this active seismic scientists call it, the Earth's experiment consisted of a "thumper," magnetospheric system. Dr. O'Brien said a device resembling a large diameter his experiment also detected particles walking stick. A plate at its bottom was which appeared remarkably similar to designed to strike the Moon each time those found in auroras, the Northern Mitchell pulled a lever at 15-foot (4.5- and Southern Lights. These celestial meter) intervals as he walked with the phenomena caused by electrified particles device. Only 13 of the thumper's 21 in space, have puzzled men through charges went off. But the scientists were the ages, and scientists today still cannot satisfied. Vibration detectors, called fully explain the source of their "geophones," which Mitchell had earlier prodigious energies. laid out on a cable at 150-foot (45-meter) Dr. O'Brien's co-investigator, Dr. David intervals, recorded the seismic waves. Reasoner, a physicist of Rice University in Scientists who received the signals said Houston, Texas, monitored the CPLEE they were sufficient for the purposes of the during the ascent stage's crash on the experiment. Moon. He said the impact vaporized rocks The other part of the active seismic and dust. Sunlight, unobstructed by any experiment is a grenade launcher. Mitchell atmosphere, acted on the vapor so as to set it up so that it faced away from the break up its atoms and produce charged Working and excursion area. Later in 1971 atomic particles, ions and electrons. scientists will activate it by remote control Within 50 seconds of the ascent stage so that each of the four grenades It holds impact, Dr. Reasoner noted that the will be throvin to detonate at a different instrument's counts of electrons and ions distance-500 feet (150 meters), 1,000 feet suddenly increased tremendously, then (300 meters), 3,000 feet (900 meters) and dipped and increased again before 5,000 feet (1,500 meters)from the returning to the original "normal" rate. launcher. Again, the sensors are to pick Dr. Reasoner explains his findings by up the vibrations for transmission to Earth theorizing that two clouds of particles, from ALSEP's central radio station. generated and impelled by the ascent 4.3 r

Density. flow and energy of certain atomic particles on the Moon are detected by the instrument in foreground. The device is a suprathermal ion detector (SIDE). The small round device is an "atmosphere detector" known to scientists as the cold cathode ionization gauge (CCIG).

* , t ,I. A.1.. .. 114. .< v:* 41. 4. in . is. b .I . ' '. k tT'' ,.. ,. .f.iri,.! , t/..;. , ...... ,.-,,,,,; -... .,14 . "1 A.. %if loe' . ''.16 . ,,'ao ....-_I---:-. I's . Val,p, . I yotar .....itialht:4,..a...... :, -- I iiipi Jo . - _ I iir ...', 4 .. 11 . a 4 .. 1 .,( s. V .r .4.- s.. . 4, .1., '0'. . e...'' .. ,.0 ..., : ' . ! . : ''' 0 . , , 4 e .. II ..:' '' 'r.totr .... 1 r '. ,.. 4 ,x'.1 ' 4 I; ' If r.161,, 4 . ei : -,. A , ....°I. ..! %It' ,t, . , ,e4 ,% , $, Sp,i .

'411 ,i("%iGio -a 05.0 - "..;).;4

, .1";;;%t 41 ',:depfVSe-1-,.=?" .4".1" gr trl ,!)1. .4-r;',

;#1-4

of,

vet-

22 44 45

stage's impact, moved across the Moon at believed to have escaped from their the a speed of more than 1,800miles (2,900 oxygen supply for breathing or from kilometers) an hour and passed his cooling fluids in the portable life support instrument 44 miles (71 kilometers) from system. the impact site beginning at about 50 The astronauts also set up two other experiments, independent of ALSEP. One seconds after ascent stage collision. Thus, said Dr. Reasoner, Apollo 14 has is known as a Laser Ranging Retro- added a new dimension to the study of Reflector. It consists of 100 reflective particles in space begun with Explorer I quartz cubes which the astronauts in 1958. For the first time, man hasplaced adjusted so they face toward the Earth. a particle detector on a stable space Concentrated light beams from lasers can platformthe Moon and then initiated a be directed from Earth to theinstrument carefully controlled particle experiment which reflects them back to Earth. By the ascent stage impactto provide measuring the time consumed for the unprecedented information that may lead roundtrip, scientists can determine distances to an understanding of many space Earth-Moon distances, and also between points on Earth, with phenomena. unprecedented precision. Even while the The other ALSEP experiments have all been tested on the Moon before in the Apollo 14 astronauts were still on the Apollo 11 or 12 flight or in both. The Moon, astronomers at McDonald Suprathermal Ion Detector measures the Observatory in Texas bounced laser and density, flow and energy of atomic beams off the newly emplaced device particles of different types than those reported it worked as expected. The counted by the CPLEE. astronomers are attempting to determine Dr. John Freeman, principal SIDE movements of the Earth's crust and the investigator, said the instrument left on slight wobble of the Earth that normally Eventually, the Moon by the Apollo 12 astronautsand occurs as it spins on its axis. in operation there for nearly 15 months, similar measurements with the Moon detected particles generated by the reflector may determine whether the Earth's continents move closer or away A hundred quartz mirrors make up the faceof exhaust of the descent engines of Apollo this instrument, the laser ranging retro- 14 during the astronauts' landing and later from each other and, if so, at what rate this continental drift is occurring. The reflector (LR-3). It bounces laser light beams again from the ascent engines when the back to Earth when scientists aim them at the reflector is expected to remain useful astronauts launched themselves from the Moon, for distance measurements. Moon. About six and one-half minutes on the Moon for many years. after Apollo 14's liftoff from the Moon, The other experiment, nicknamed the Dr. Freeman said he "saw" gas clouds on "Window Shade Experiment," consists his monitors in the form of very intensive of a specially prepared aluminum foil flows of positive ion particles. Thus, he which the astronauts unrolled from a pole after stamping the pole into the lunar said, in a way, the Apollo 12 SIDE said hello and goodbye to the Apollo 14 soil. The foil trapped gas particles arriving astronauts as they came and left the Moon. at the Moon from the Sun. Beforeliftoff, He said this proves the amazing sensitivity the astronauts rolled up the foil and of the instrument and its high level of stowed it in the craft for return to Earth where scientists are now examining the performance. "Solar The Cold Cathode Ionization Gaugeis, foil. That experiment, known as the in effect, an atmosphere detector. It Wind Composition Analysis," has been analyzes gases which are escaping from conducted during every manned Moon the rocks and the Moon's interior in landing. minute quantities, or arrive on the Moon Apollo 14 was predominantly a from the Sun. Because of the Moon's scientific research venture. As information weak gravitational pull, these gases poured in from the array of instruments quickly disperse into space. on the surface of the Moon and fromthe Dr. Freeman said the instrument noted astronauts themselves, scientists gases shortly after the Apollo14 repeatedly told newsmen at press astronauts depressurized (vented theair briefings that they were pleased and from) their landing craft and also when the satisfied. Analysis of the masses of data, astronauts walked in certain areas ofthe examination of the large quantity of Moon Moon. The gases from the astronauts are rocks and soil, and careful study of the 4 7 Panoramic view shows instruments of ALSEP automated laboratory in la;cOular array. Astronaut Mitchell returns toThe landing craft after arranging them. Fra Mauro highlands region was selected as Apollo 14 landing site because some rocks there are believed to have remained unchanged since the Moon and the rest of the solar system were formed.

During training in landing craft simulator, Astronauts Shepard (foreground) and Mitchell practice the descent toward the Moon.

II .),-- ak

ANL

On a desert-like strip of land in the United States, Apollo 14 commander Shepard pulls a lunar cart and leads fellow astronauts during preparations for their coming Moon exploration.

26 52 Changes in Apollo 14 spacecraft to avert a recurrence of the Apollo 13 mishap are indicated in diagram.

should take place, an extra oxygen tank transcripts from the various debriefings IIUSLIO HIAIII OISPIAY AVraniTITY of the astronauts during the mission and was installed, plus an extra 135-pound (61 PAP41. 101 kilogram) silver-zinc emergency battery, after it, will require weeks or even several ratrx months. plus five one-gallon (3.8 liter) bags WATTS SWtTO4IS PAWL 2 Art.4.. The unusual character and liberal holding an extra supply of 20 pounds (nine , niA,Nr..c. CON MAWS '011/1077 Witty AND letatti in amounts of scientific raw material kilograms) of drinking water. These extra PAPAL 4 :- C,4-04;,,V;-10Alivium SwitCAS facilities would be sufficient to see the NIL 274 produced by the exploration was due in POwla VIAni 140 *mama STOwAOS large part to careful preparation of astronauts through on a three-day return sox equipment and the thorough training of trip to Earth if the prime supplies should lam 11111.1. XO 02 77 44t the men. again be destroyed near the Moon. The UM OSIOC The crewShepard, Mitchell and astronauts used the extra weeks to nun YAWS rill.0", 114 KAMM- Roosa was selected in August 1969, just augment their training. Shepard and yALVt ISOIA Kt4 ASSY VALVI after the first successful manned Moon Mitchell each spent more than 300 hours Asia';'-'-- iii, iiiti TO ICS landing by Apollo 11 in July 1969. Soon practicing walking on the Moon by thereafter, Apollo 14's launch was repeatedly going through their intended W1111/40 AUXIUAZ1 IA tentatively scheduled for October 1970. lunar surface activities on simulated SATTIST 0 101770740 Moon surfaces and in desert areas 02 TARO Its destination was to be the Moon's "1"111111------Littrow region. which resemble the Moon's terrain. But the outcome of Apollo 13 in April Roosa had nearly 1,000 hours of practice 1970 profoundly affected Apollo 14 plans. flight in the Apollo command and service A board of inquiry into Apollo 13's on- module simulator. He rehearsed his flight board explosion of an oxygen tank called in Moon orbit while his colleagues would for several alterations in the Apollo be on the Moon's surface. These and other spacecraft. This required a postponement training activities frequently doubled or in Apollo 14's launch date to November exceeded the time spent in similar 1970. The postponement was later activities by the earlier Moon landing extended to January 1971. crews. The Apollo 14 astronauts schooled Scientists were regretful that the Apollo themselves far more thoroughly than had 13 mishap had prevented an astronaut any of their predecessors in contingency landing and exploration of the procedures. They practiced alternate scientifically titillating Fra Mauro region. methods and rescue techniques for They considered it one of the most almost every con ceivable emergency. promising regions on the Moon from a In past flights, crews usually had to research point of view. Thus, Apollo 14's follow cram schedules in the last weeks flight plan was changed. The mission was before liftoff to complete all of the desired targeted for Fra Mauro. The first two training programs. The Apollo 14 crew manned Moon landings by Apollo 11 and used its extra time wisely, and its preflight 12had been in the relatively flat lunar schedule was far less congested. At seas or maria. From a pilot's point of launch time the crew probably was the view, landings there were easier than in most rested and relaxed ever sent to the the foothills of the Fra Mauro highlands. Moon. But space technology had advanced to An estimated half million persons were the point where a landing in such a rugged in or near the John F. Kennedy Space area was considered feasible and safe. Center in Florida when the time To lessen the possibility of any approached for the launch. Most of them recurrence of the Apollo 13 explosion, were tourists or residents from the area Teflon insulation covering wiring in the who gathered outside the Kennedy Space service module's oxygen tanks was Center. Among the tourists were entire replaced by less flammable stainless steel families who came from great distances sheaths. The experience with the behavior and pitched tents or lived in house Partly suspended, Apollo 14 commander trailers. For them a launch to the Moon Shepard familiarizes himself with the one-sixth of fluids under zero-G conditions during of normal gravity on the Moon by using a was a sight to be remembered and talked the earlier Apollo flights showed ;hat fans low-gravity simulator during training. to stir the oxygen in the tanks were not about forever. Inside the Center, the needed so they were removed. The fans number of official visitors was at a record were believed to have been instrumental high. Among the special guests were in causing the explosion. To enhance the Vice President Agnew, and Their Royal craft's ability to return the astronauts Highnesses, Prince Juan Carlos and safely to Earth, even if any similar mishap Princess Sophia of Spain. A total of 2,355

27 54 With help from technicians, Apollo 14 commander Shepard dons his space suit during 5 5 countdown on January 31, 1971. Below, launch personnel at Kennedy Space Center monitor liftoff preparations in launch control room.

presentatives from newspapers, ignited and boosted the Apollo craft on a agazines, radio and television stations trajectory toward the Moon. ere accredited to cover the flight from Planned flight procedures were identical e Kennedy Space Center and the to those of the earlier Moon landing lanned Spacecraft Center. It was the missions, with the exception of some cond largest press contingent for a changes in Moon orbital operations Dace mission, and the number included shortly before and after the landino )2 press representatives from 29 foreign Thus, the astronauts now began the ountries. so-called "transposition and docking As the countdown reached its final maneuver" which had been successfully !flutes, the sky which had been only performed nine times previously-twice ightly clouded through the day suddenly each in the Apollo 9, 10, 11 and 12 came heavily overcast and rain began missions and once by Apollo 13. But the fall at the Cape. Launch officials, Apollo 14 crew ran into trouble. oeying mission rules laid down after a At that stage in the flight, the blunt end )htning bolt struck Apollo 12 of the Apollo mother ship-consisting of .1 imediately after liftoff and temporarily the command module in which the terfered with its power supply, called a astronauts live and work, and the service old in the countdown until weather module containing equipment and mditions were more favorable. It was the supplies-was still attached to a fu nnel- st launch delay in the Apollo program. shaped container holding the landing he large digital countdown clock stopped craft. Attached behind that container was eight minutes and two seconds and the ring-shaped "instrument unit" with ood at that point for 40 minutes before guidance and control equipment, and !suming its backward count. The sky attached to it was the third rocket stage, as still overcast. But weather experts also known as the S-IVB. rcling the launch site in airplanes said The task of the astronauts now was to ghtning dangers had passed. detach the mother ship, and turn it 180 Yet a second gust of rain-carrying wind degrees so that the pointed end of the orinkled many of the spectators seconds cone-shaped command module would be efore liftoff at 4:03 p.m., Eastern Standard facing the other units. The panels of the me. Some photographers were still landing craft container would then iping the rain drops off their camera automatically jettison. Roosa, as nses when the spectacular, but by now command module pilot, would move his imiliar, scene of a rocket rising above craft so that its pointed end would come umes of smoke and fire was reenacted. together with the lunar module, Latches hirty-six seconds after leaving its launch then would close, joining the two craft ad, Apollo 14 disappeared into a layer of securely. Roosa would then pull away ouds and out of view of the spectators. with the three components of the Apollo ut the shock waves from its powerful craft ready for the Moon approach in )cket engines shook the viewing stands, their proper configuration-service, rid the rumble from the departing vehicle command and lunar modules. ould be heard for several minutes. This transposition and docking As is standard procedure, the moment sequence was to be shown to the world le spacecraft and rocket cleared the in a 25-minute color telecast from the unch tower, responsibility for monitoring command module. While millions of le flight and contact with the crew passed television viewers could see the modules om Kennedy Space Center to Mission closing in on each other, the probe of the ontrol at the Manned Spacecraft Center command module failed to set off the Houston, Texas. In the abbreviated docking latches. Somehow the two rgon of astronauts, CAPCOM Heise told modules failed to mate. le crew: "14, Houston. Evr rything looks Roosa tried five times to hook the two ood here on the ground." Apollo 14 craft together. In Houston, engineers )sponded "Roger." After one and one- experimenting with a duplicate of the alf revolutions around the Earth at an docking mectism, attempted to detect titude of about 100 miles (160 the flaw. They lso closely watched the lometers), the third (uppermost) stage telecast frompace, hoping to spot the f the Saturn V rocket, the S-IVB, re- cause of the froblem. About two hours

28 5 6 lk In Mission Control at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, personnel watch telecasts from the Moon-bound Apollo 14 as the crew attempts the docking maneuver six times before succeeding. 57

I. a

_,110 10. tch, 111"....a,

Spectators watch Apollo 14 disappear into low cloud layers. Rain delayed the launch 40 minutes.

The Moon is the next stop for Apollo 14 as it rises off launch pad 39A at 4:03 p.m,, Eastern Standard Time, Sunday, January 31, 1971.

29 5 While Apollo 14 experienced docking difficulties, a solution was sought at Mission Control with a duplicate docking mechanism by (from left) Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, Assistant Flight Director Charles S. Harlan and Astronaut John W. Young.

had passed by the time Roosa made a a go-ahead for a Moon landing without sixth attempt at docking, a procedure the backup battery also functioning which ordinarily takes less than one-half properly. Experts feared a leakage might hour. This time, on the advice of the have developed in Antares' complex Houston engineers, he closed in slowly, electrical circuitry. While the astronauts then fired his craft's small thrusters, giving continued their flight schedule with a it a sudden forward jolt. At ;.ne same time, planned 10-hour rest and sleep period, he retracted the probe. As the dockinci Mission Control assessed the situation, collar of his craft met the matching and decided not to awaken the crew. But component of the landing craft, the after the rest period, Mitchell was ordered latches finally sprang into place. to return into Antares for an on-the-scene This solved the problem for the moment, battery check, and he found the battery but left the mission in a state of suspense. showed no further deterioration. It would Docking would have to be done once be able to provide the required power. more, at a critical time. Later, when In all previous manned lunar flights, the Shepard and Mitchell would return from main Apollo craft has come no closer than the Moon in the Antares, they and Roosa 70 miles (112 kilometers) to the Moon's would once again have to connect the surface. At that altitude, the Moon landing landing craft and the mother ship. craft detached itself from the main Should the docking mechanism then spacecraft to begin its descent to its lunar fail to work, Shepard and Mitchell could landing site. not reenter the main spacecraft through A different approach was made thc interior tunnel between the two desirable for Apollo 14 by the hilly terrain modules in the normal manner. However, at the intended Fra Mauro landing site. in such an emergency, they could leave During their first passage on the far side Antares through a hatch, "walk" through of the Moon, the astronauts fired their space, and then enter Kitty Hawk through craft's main engine, the service propulsion its hatch. Such a transfer, however, has system (SPS) for six minutes and 12 never been tried in Moon orbit, though seconds to slow their craft sufficiently so astronauts have "walked" through space that it inserted itself into an elliptical Moon between vehicles orbiting the Earth during orbit 70 miles (112 kilometers) at its lowest the two-man Gemini flights in 1965 and point (pericynthion) and about 193 miles 1966. (310 kilometers) at its highest altitude During the three and one-half-day (apocynthion). This was identical to the journey toward the Moon, the Apollo 14 procedure used on previous missions. crew was often so uncommunicative that After two such orbits, a short burst by the CAPCOMs at Mission Control sometimes main engine decelerated the craft still started talking because, as one of them more to lower its orbital path to as close phrased it, he "just wanted to see if you all as 50,000 feet (15 kilometers) above the were still around." Moon at the lowest point and about 70 But it could hardly have been boredom miles (112 kilometers) at the highest. That that kept the crew so quiet. Shepard and orbital change-over maneuver is known as Mitchell entered Antares through the "descent orbit insertion" or DOI, and it interior tunnel to power it up and give it a brought the Apollo main craftthe final check before it would have to begin command and service modulescloser its crucial task of landing th..:rn on the to the Moon than it had ever been. In that Moon and bringing them back to Kitty lower orbit, Apollo 14 was clearing the Hawk. During that test, an indicator on a highest peaks of the Moon's mountain monitor panel at Mission Control showed ranges by only about seven miles (11 a reading for one of Antares' batteries to kilometers). Though Mitchell later said be three-tenths of a volt below normal. that his first look at the Moon from that The battery was one of two in Antares' height was for him one of the emotionally ascent stage, the upper portion, in which most touching experiences of the journey, the astronauts lift themselves from the Roosa seemed less impressed. Moon's surface to return to Kitty Hawk Many months of training in simulators after completing their Moon walks. had accustomed Roosa to the scene so Though one battery is sufficient for that thoroughly that the real thing appeared job, Mission Control would not have given quite familiar.

30 60 "I'm going to back off from you," said Astronaut Roosa as he pulled Kitty Hawk away from Antares. Then he added "And we're free" as the craft separated. He took this photograph of Antares before it began its descent toward the Moon.

31 62

65 "It's a beautiful day in the land of Fra Mauro," From lunar orbit. the Apollo 14 crew said Apollo 14 commander Shepard. Beyond photographed these Moon scenes. the crater-pocked horizon rises Earth, a thin crescent against the backdrop of a velvety sky.

e b, 411%

r, . 7 "I'm moving around, getiing familiar with the In the dawn of the lunar day, Antares cast long surface," said Shepard moments after he shadows and reflected the Sun in a way that stepped on the Moon while Mitchell took this appeared to the astronauts as a circular flare photo from the landing craft. which they described as "jewel-like."

go0.

t r

f ' 1,10, f 1110Pt4'

- .1111_117-1 - (*fig

34 4d6 9 Beside the U.S. flag at Fra Mauro Base, Shepard is surrounded by shadows. The one in front is from Mitchell who took this picture. The shadow at left is from Antares, and the one at right from the umbrella-like S-band antenna.

"You're not gonna believe this," he Then the numbers were read to Mitchell called to Mission Control as he first from Mission Control. He managed to beheld the lunar landscape below him. complete the entries within the critical "But it looks just like the map." period. If he had missed, the astronauts By that time, through midcourse correc- would have had to keep Antares in Moon tions made on the way to the Moon, orbit for another two-hour revolution and Apollo 14 had regained the 40 minutes lost then start anew to make the necessary by the launch delay, and the flight was adjustments. Twenty-six seconds after precisely on the time schedule originally engine ignition, Shepard took manual laid out for it. control of the engine throttle to override By bringing the spacecraft to this lower the automatic computer program. 4 t.f orbit and letting Antares proceed from Mitchell, as directed by Mission Control, there toward a landing, fuel was saved in entered three more sets of instructions Antares. Thus, Antares gained about 14 into the guidance computer. This f,t1 seconds of extra operating capacity. straightened out that problem. Small as this additional capability may But as Antares swooped closer and seem, it allowed Shepard to hover that closer to the Moon, the on-board much longer above the Moon and, thus, landing radar, which controls the descent gave him more time to select the most rate by continuously measuring the favorable touchdown point in the target decreasing altitude, failed to lock on to area. Also, the procedure permitted the lunar surface. This was to have begun accumulation of more spacecraft tracking at an altitude of about 30,000 feet (9,000 data before the..iding. meters). Mission Control instructed While the spacecraft remained in that Mitchell to keep flicking a circuit breaker orbit, the astronauts ate and slept. Then on and off. That did not seem to help Shepard and Mitchell crawled once again until the altitude had shrunk to 22,713 through the tunnel into Antares. Roosa feet (6,923 meters). The radar finally remained alone in Kitty Hawk. Shepard sprang to life. Mitchell's sigh of relief and Mitchell powered up Antares and could be heard around the Earth. "Whew," detached it from Kitty Hawk in preparation he said. "That was close." for the impending Moon landing only to These incidents were among several discover a problem. Antares' guidance which illustrated the advantage of manned computer was receiving a warning signal spacecraft. Men can monitor and from the craft's abort mechanism. The supersede machine decisions. computer was programmed to react The rest of the descent and landing automatically to such a signal by initiating could not have been better. Antares came a sequence that would abort the landing to rest on an 8° slope. The slope's angle shortly after the descent engine began was too small to cause any anxiety over firing. In this abort sequence, the the craft's possibly toppling over, or to spacecraft would be boosted back into make its takeoff hazardous. a Moon orbit for reunion with Kitty Hawk Meanwhile, from his lofty perch in Kitty instead of toward a Moon landing. Hawk, Roosa could clearly see the location The defect was traced to the faulty of Antaree. switch. With less than two and one-half "It just showed up as a white spot, hours remaining before the planned obviously something foreign to the lunar engine ignition, Mission Control hastily surface reflecting light," recalled Roosa called for help from the computer's later. "The first day I tracked it while the designers at the Massachusetts Institute Sun angle was still pretty low and you of Technology at Cambridge, could see the shadow and the Massachusetts. There, engineers and reflection...You couldn't see a shape technicians were summoned from their of the LM as such, but with no doubt, the homes to their offices. Together, they LM was there." He said on the next day, worked out a solution to circumvent the when the Sun was higher in the Moon's faulty switch. This required that Mitchell sky, the shadow diminished, but he could punch a long series of numbers into the see a glint reflecting also from the ALSEP. computer's keyboard inside Antares four Shepard and Mitchell donned their minutes before engine ignition. There was Moon suits and were nearly ready to leave little time to lose. Technicians verified the Antares for their first steps in this strange proposed action on ground simulators. world, when Shepard noticed that his Mitchell adjusts the color television camera. It allowed millions of viewers throughout the world to share the exploration with astronauts 250,000 miles (400,000 kilometers) away.

radiothe communications system built technique had not been used on Moon into his Moon helmet and backpack for missions until Apollo 14 because of its conversing with Mission Control and complexity. Mitchell while walking on the Moonwas The first orbit rendezvous technique not operating properly. brought Antares and Kitty Hawk together In consultation with engineers at in about two hours instead of the usual Mission Control, Shepard and Mitchell four or five hours required for the tracked down that problem to a circuit maneuver. This time, docking occurred breaker that had inadvertently been left normally on the first try. Experts at in the wrong position. Mission Control said they suspect some Starting later than scheduled on the first contamination, possibly ice that formed Moon walk, Shepard and Mitchell on the spacecraft, might have been the encountered other unexpected problems cause of the earlier docking problem. They that caused them to fall still farther behind said the cause may never be determined, their "timeline." The S-band antenna but whatever it was, it apparently had failed to stand properly. When unfolded, it disappeared. resembles a large lawn umbrella and it is After crawling through the connecting used to improve transmissions of tunnel for the last time and transferring television, voice and data. Moon dust the containers with their treasured Moon proved annoying too as it clung to the rocks and various equipment, the astronauts' clothes and gear. While astronauts bade farewell to their loyal Mitchell was setting up ALSEP, Moon dust Antares and jettisoned it. It was apparently got into and clogged a fastener Saturday, February 6. The three men, of the Suprathermal Ion Detector. The now back together in Kitty Hawk, ignited Cold Cathode Ionization Gauge repeatedly their main engine to speed the craft out of fell over as Mitchell tried to steady it on Moon orbit and onto a path back toward the uneven lunar topography. Earth. Yet the astronauts remained in high On Sunday evening, February 7, in the spirits and in excellent physical condition. next-to-last of their eight color telecasts Their oxygen and cooling fluid supplies from space, the astronauts conducted a remained ample and above any danger series of four engineering demonstrations. level. Thus, the astronauts were able to They were designed to test the behavior of complete all of their assigned tasks fluids and gases in zero-gravity. The before they crawled back into Antares. resiolts of the tests could ultimately lead They ate and rested, then donned their to the manufacture of goods which cannot Moon outfits again. Eager to continue be produced in the Earth's gravity. Thus, their explorations, thdy began their the Apollo 14 in-flight demonstrations second Moon walk period two hours could turn out to be primitive forerunners earlier than seieduled. According to the of factories inside large orbiting space flight plan, that second Moon walk was stations, in which valuable products to be devoted almost entirely to the long stamped "made in space" could be geological traverse to Cone Crater. The manufactured for use on Earth. rugged terrain slowed the men, and again One of the demonstrations tested the they fell behind their schedule. casting of metals in weightlessness. When Nevertheless, by skipping two planned molten metals are mixed on Earth, the stops, Shepard and Mitchell were able to heavier components of the mixture tend complete all assigned tasks for the to settle toward the bottom. The second Moon walk except one. They fell demonstration was aimed at showing short of reaching Cone Crater's rim. whether, under the zero-gravity conditions During their return to Moon orbit, of space, it may be possible to cast almost Shepard and Mitchell used a new time and any mixture of metals perfectly evenly. fuel-saving procedure for achieving If this should prove to be possible, new rendezvous (formation flight) and alloys could eventually be formulated in subsequent docking between Antares and spacesome perhaps with the strength Kitty Hawk. That technique, known as a of steel, yet with the weight of corkthat "first-orbit rendezvous," was developed would be impossible to produce on Earth and practiced during the two-man series where weightlessness can be achieved of Gemini flights in 1985 and 1966. But the for only a few seconds at a time.

38 72 An eerie glow of sunlight during the lunar morning symbolizes the mysteries of the 70 universe Apollo 14 sought to unravel. Astronauts deliberately landed while the Sun was low in sky so that rocks, craters and other surface features were readily recognizable through long shadows.

tea \ -"411111111.6 ""'; , Or-'"11141,.. igg id rola* - - . a Ilk .IIIV ;MI7.. - Mr ...;* 7 '":. I 111 I IP° Avow , gir-.. .4rglieli-...... -...,"" lusii; ..61!,;" .".'.- ..

!nap, doit vs. ..7* '"- - ,4' "i1PrIll; *Ow*

37 74 rz e.) Removing and assembling a tool from the pull-cart, Shepard prepares a geological experiment. He and Mitchell made man's first visit to the Moon since the Apollo 12 astronauts were there in November 1969.

- ,yr jatt.c.:401,11.1,. . " ..4* . . - ..)- * r,P111.1"w'. r kb. Aleir":101( all I. :04 . ah-Trowz.

4111461!. pro, :. 410

, ',:...... r-- ...... :,.,.....e.:' I... -. *AO ....4...%- 4 li-' la ' --- . et404 14, .. w.lir -IA't., 2 t4 During liftoff from the Moon, exhaust of Antares' rocket engine causes the flag to flutter 77 and loose pieces of heat shielding gold foil to fly.

The various mixtures which the and better things in the way of space astronauts tested were contained in 18 manufacturing processes, and I believe sealed capsules which the astronauts Al has got some words here." heated and then allowed to cool. After Shepard took over to conclude the heating, the astronauts shook and turned program with a serious statement about ifeb some of the capsules several times. Some the value of space exploration and a plea of the specimens included crystal and for world peace. "I just wanted to say a fiber-strengthened materials. The couple of words before we signed off outcome of the experiments are now being tonight," Shepard began. "What we've determined by scientists and engineers been talking about among the three of us who are examining the capsule contents when we were setting up these in their laboratories. experiments was the contribution this A similar demonstration on heat flow can make immediately and directly to and convection under zero-gravity American lives and the lives of people conditions involved different colored around the world. For example, if, liquids representing various gases. On specifically, these manufacturing Earth, hot air (or other gases) rise above processes turned out to be better in the cooler air because heating causes a gas to space environment, or the vaccines which become less dense and, therefore, are proposed to be developed in a lighter. The demonstration was aimed at weightless condition can be used finding out whether heating in space effectively, then this type of an operation takes place evenly and uniformly. in Skylab can become immediately Still another demonstration dealt with a beneficial to the people of the United process known as electrophoretic States and the people of the world. separation. It is widely used to separate "As a matter of fact, one of the things biological components in the manufacture we're talking about in connection with of vaccines and medicines. A test was the tremendous achievements of the conducted to see whether such space program so far are its con- separations in space would be useful in tributions particularly in the field of producing medicines and vaccines faster communications. For example, right now, and with greater purity. I'm sure this broadcast is going directly The final demonstration pertained to the overseas to millions of people who are transfer of fluids between containers seeing it in their homes through satellites. such as fuels from one tank to anotherin and I think many people have said that this weightlessness. Because liquids tend to improvement in communication through stay close to container walls in the space satellite will certainly go a long weightlessness, drawing them out for way in solving the problems of the world, transfer to an engine, or for other use, problems of understanding between presents problems unknown under normal peoples of different countries. conditions on Earth. The astronauts used "We are reminded, however, as we look Kitty Hawk steered by Roosa looked like this to a small pump to transfer smallquantities at that shimmering crescent which is the Shepard and Mitchell as they approached in Earth, on our way back, that there is still Antares for a reunion in Moon orbit. of liquids between containers in which various configurations of baffles were fighting going on. It is our wish tonight tested for the:r influence on the liquids' that we can in some way contribute distribution inside the tanks. The through our efforts in the space program demonstration could influence designs of to promote a better underatanding of large semi-permanent space stations of peace throughout the world, and help the future. All four of the experiments are rectify these situations which still exist." expected to form the basis of further "With that thought, for Ed and Stu and in-space tests, including some in Skylab, myself, I will say goodnight to you from the prototype space station that is to be Apollo 14." launched early in 1973. For Shepard and his crew, the flight of Roosa, who had been explaining the Apollo 14 was a colossal personal triumph. demonstrations during the telecast, was For all three of the men the flight fulfills ready to end the program. "I guess that's a nearly life-long ambition. Shepard is the about all from our zero-gravity lab on senior in age and length of service in the Apollo 14," he said. Then he added what cadre of 49 active astronauts now in could become a prophetic declaration. training in the United States. He was the "We hope this is the beginning of bigger first to fly in space of the "Original

78 Apollo 14 Commander Alan B. Shepard, Jr, Apollo 14 Commander Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (back row, left) is seen in this 1959 photo of the "Original Seven" astronauts. 79

=le IT 111111Mbr us--Aa 11.swaiallik

,,,,hftv

pi __401100%.

aikk

ad.

40 Lunar Module Pilot Edgar D. Mitchell 81

Seven" the seven men who in April following the flight at the Manned 1959 were chosen for training for space Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas. flight. Now, he has also become the last The questions were read to the Apollo 14 of that original group to fly in space. The crew by astronaut Gordon Fullerton acting others are no longer in the space program, as CAPCOM. except Donald K. (Deke) Slayton, who Shepard and Mitchell said, in answer to holds a key administrative job and is not a question, that they believe that on the in space flight training. second of their two historic Moon walks 4 One of the tallest of the astronauts they were 100 to 150 yards (90 to 135 (five feet, 11 inches-180 centimeters), meters) from the rim of Cone Crater. Shepard, a native of East Derry, New (Laier, experts from the U.S. Geological Hampshire, represents his family's eighth Survey determined in their analysis of the generation in that state. After his first Moon walk that the men had probably spaceflight, Shepard was to be assigned come to within 25 to 50 meters-82 to as Commander of a two-man Gemini 164 feet of the rim.) mission, but he became ill with an ear "Given another 30 or 40 minutes, I infection, known as Meniere's Syndrome, think we could have reached the top which caused him dizziness, nausea and of Cone Crater, covered all of our .4 other discomforts. The condition was so objectives and gotten back in good severe that physicians refused to certify fashion," said Mitchell. the former test pilot even for flying Shepard broke in. "Well, let me add one convential aircraft unless accompanied thing here," he said. "I think if we had by another pilot. He accepted a desk job, wanted to reach the top of the crater and coordinating activities of other astronauts. do nothing else, we could have done that By May, 1968, Shepard was nearly deaf within the allotted time period. But I in his left ear, in which he had a constant think that this method in which we humming sound. He underwent surgery reverted to collecting rocks from a point which inserted a rubber tube into the not quite near the top of the crater inner ear to relieve fluid pressure. The provided a lot more geologically and gave operation restored his health, and he us a better cross section of the rocks was reinstated to astronaut flight status in that area. To us it was just a matter of in 1969. working against the clock. I think we had It was not difficult to grasp the the capability to go longer from the emotional overtones of Shepard's first standpoint of fatigue-1 don't believe we words after he lowered his left leg from were disoriented or lost at any time at all." the Ifinding craft's footpad and his boot Roosa, also in answer to a question, touched the Moon. "It's been a long way," said that despite a broken camera, he he said. "But, we're here." believes he was able to obtain good stereo Mitchell, who earned a Ph.D. degree in photography of candidate landing sites aeronautics and astronautics at for future Apollo missions and of other Massachusetts Institute of Technology, areas of particular scientific interest on and Roosa, who, like his colleagues, is a the Moon. former test pilot, made their first space It was history's second in-space press flight on Apollo 14. Both have been in conference. The first had been held by the astronaut training since April 1966. Apollo 12 astronauts in November 1969 On their last full day in space, Monday, while they were on their way back to Earth February 8, the Apollo 14 crew reviewed after history's second manned Moon Command Module Pilot Stuart A. Roou and assessed the epic flight in a televised landing. The Apollo 13 crew never got press conference from the spacecraft around to their planned in-flight press while it was still slightly more than 100.000 conference. The men were kept too busy miles (160,000 kilometers) from Earth and during the return tending to their severely speeding toward Earth at a rate of 3,681 damaged craft after the explosion that miles (5,924 kilometers) an hour. prevented a Moon landing attempt. The astronauts appeared relaxed and On Tuesday, February 9, the Apollo 14 sounded cheerful and pleased about spacecraft arrived in the vicinity of the their journey's accomplishments. The Earth. After jettisoning the supply and men took turns answering questions equipment-carryiny service module, which posed by newsmen who had been was now no longer needed, the crew

41 82 Plunging through the atmosphere after A folded raft is throwns from a hovering separating from equipment-carrying service helicopter to a frogman attaching the flotation module, command module is slowed by collar around the command module. Astronauts parachutes billowing above it. are still inside.

;-%m .4-,;;;;Lere

4.*

Orange and white parachutes collapse as the craft hits the water. Thus, the journey of nine days and two minutes ended at 4:05 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Tuesday, February 9, 1971.

42 8 4 , 8 5)el Hatch is open and an astronaut emerges.

In raft, Apollo 14 crew and a frogman of the recovery team await helicopter pickup.

aboard the command module reentered 4:47A the atmosphere. On the deck of the helicopter-carrying recovery ship, the . USS New Orleans, a color television camera caught sight of the spacecraft the moment a drogue chute began to slow its plunge through the atmosphere.

' 4's Then, the trio of main parachutes f A deployed. On television screens, the command module could be seen swaying below the orange and white chutes against a back- , drop of a clear-blue sky dotted only by a ,t r few scattered thin white clouds. The craft splashed down on the Pacific Ocean 900 miles (1,450 kilometers) south of Samoa

Asr at 4:05 p.m., Eastern Standard Time. Shepard reported by radio from the floating craft that he and his crew mates were in fine condition. Only one very minor hitch marred the otherwise ideal splashdown events. The parachutes were rigged to jettison the moment the craft touched the water so that a gust of wind could not accidentally cause the craft to be dragged. One chute's shroudline failed to release itself. It was cut by one of the frogmen who jumped from a low-flying helicopter to fit the spacecraft with its flotat!on collar and to provide a raft for the astronauts from which they were picked up by helicopters " for transfer to the recovery vessel. At Mission Control happy homecomings have become a tradition. Splashdown - zr.:: ceremonies which began spontaneously T at Mission Control have, through the years, become a ritual performed with almost as much precision as a space mission. At the moment the large projection of a 16/ the color television picture in the control room showed that the Apollo 14 astronauts were safely aboard the recovery ship, boxes of cigars were 11111115adue passed around in what has become a familiar scene at Mission Control. Beaming flight controllers and officials S. began blowing smoke rings. Earlier, during key points of the recovery operations, applause broke out, almost as if on cue, in the control room and in the adjoining gueJt viewing-room from where visitors can see the control operations 16asor Air=7--0-dOf through glass panels. All hands clapped heartily when the image of the returning Kitty Hawk was first picked up by the television cameras, when

43 86 87 Astronaut Roosa is lifted into the recovery Wearing masks to prevent possible helicopter. contamination from the Moon, Apollo 14 astronauts walk from the helicopter to Mobile Quarantine Facility (MOF) aboard the recovery ship USS New Orleans.

,aocsisai 7:414. the chutes flared open, and when the craft hit the water. Even before the crucial re-entry maneuvers began. while flight controllers and officials were tensely watching the monitoring consoles and listening to the ground-to-space conversations with the astronauts. workmen quietly moved through the control room with a ladder. They raised it against the control room wall. At the moment of splashdown. a workman atop t he ladder hung the Apollo 14 emblem on a hook that had been attached before the mission began. next to the emblems of the previous Apollo flights. How well Mission Control was prepared for a safe return of Apollo 14 bename even more apparent when the astronauts stepped from the recovery helicopter to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (Man in which they were to begin their return to Houston. The projection of the world map. which takes up most of the control room's front wall to show the location of the spacecraft during a mission. was turned off. In its place appeared the projection of a four-color poster reading "Welcome Home. Kitty Hawk."

Through MOF window. Roosa. Shepard and Mitchell watch their welcoming ceremonies.

44 89

Major Events in the Apollo 14 Mission

GET' Date Time (hr.; (1971) (EST) min.)Events

Jan. 31 4:03 p.m. Weather-delayed but flawless 'lunch. 8:37 p.m. 2:34Rocket ignition to leave Earth orbit and head for Moon. Feb. 1 10:39 p.m. 30:38Transfer maneuver for better initial loop of Moon. However, this precluded unpowered return to Earth. Feb. 4 '2:00 a.m. 82:37Rocket ignition to slow down Apollo 14 so that it would go into orbit around Moon. 2:41 a.m. 83:18Upper rocket stage of Satum V strikes Moon. Moon vibrates for three hours after impact 8:14 a.m. 88:51Rocket ignition to place podium of Apollo 14 within 50.000 feet of Moon. the closest 'hat a complete Apollo spaceship has ever come. 11:51 p.m.104:28Separation of Kitty Hawk and Antares. Feb. 5 4:05 a.m.106:42Antares landing rocket ignites. 4:17 &m.106:54Antares lands in Fro Mauro region of Moon 3'40' S. Lat. x 17°28' W. Long. 9:50 &m.114:27Shepard egresses from Antares to be followed shortly by Mitchell. Among Elivitin are gathering of geological specimens (rocks), setting up scientific Wet( %anent& setting up American flag, and placing and tvsning on TV =MOMS. EVA: 4:50. Feb.13 3:11 a.m.131:48Walk about three miles, collecting geological sample& Nearly reach the rim of Cone Crater. EVA: 4:35. 1:49 p.m.142:28Antares rockets from Moon. 3:35 p.m.144:12Kitty Hawk and Antares are docked. Mating was direct rather than Antares first going into lunar orbit as lunar modules did on prior Apollo missions. 5:46 p.m.148:25Antares is set adrift. 7:45 p.m.148:22Antares strikes Moon. SS planned. 829 p.m.149:18Kitty Hawk ignites rocket to break out of lunar orbit and head for horne. Feb. 9 4:05 p.m.218:42Kitty Hawk splashes down in Pacific Ocean south of Sarno&

*At 54 hours and 57 minutes into the flight of Apollo 14, the ground elapsed time (GET) clock was moved ahead 40 minutes. Thus, the ES conversion of subsequent GET will be 40 minutes earlier than straight conversion of the GET. The actual EST times of the events are

Landing Sfte Named tor Monk Origin of Spacecraft Names

FA Minato, the landing sile of Apollo 14, The command spacecraft of Apollo 14 Is named for a 15th century Italian monk wall Piled Kitty Hawk because as the and cartographer. A map that he drew in astronauts put it: "That's where it all 1457 showed the geography of Africa and started." Kitty Hawk is a community in Asia more accurately than earlier maps North Carolina where the Amedcan and was considered the greatest aviation pioneers, the Wright brothers, xpression of Renaiwwww mapmaking. first demonstrated powered flight by man He also drew Moon maps. early in this century. The lunar modufe was named Antares for the star on which the landing craft oriented itself as it headed down to the Fro Mauro region of Me Moon.

90 Highlights of Manned Space Flights 91

Flight Time Revo- Spacecraft Date (Hrs: Min: lutions Name Remarks Sec)

Mercury, Alan B. Shepard. Jr. 5/5/81 00:15:22 Sub- Freedom 7 America's first manned space flight. orbital

Virgil I. Grissom 7/21/61 00:15:37 Sub- Liberty Bell 7 Evaluated spacecraft functions. orbital

John H. Glenn. Jr. 2/20/62 04 :SS:23 3 Friendship 7 America's first manned orbital space flight.

M. Scott Carpenter 5/24/62 04:58:05 3 Aurora 7 Initiated research experiments to further future space efforts.

M. Schirra. Jr. 10/3/62 09:13:11 8 Sigma 7 Developed techniques and procedures Walter. applicable to extencled time in space.

L. Gordon Cooper. Jr. 5/15-16/63 34:19.49 22 Faith 7 Met the final objective of the Mercury program - spending one day in space.

2111211i Virgin. Grissom 3/23/85 04:52:31 3 Gemini 3 America's first two-man space flight. John W. Young

James A McDivitt 6/3-7/65 97:58:12 62 Gemini 4 First "walk in space- by an American Edward H. White. P astronaut. First extensive maneuver of spacecraft by pilot.

L. Gordon Cooper. Jr. 8/21-29/65 190:55:14 120 Gemini 5 Eght day flight proved man's capacity Charles Conrad. Jr. for sustained functioning in space environment.

Frank Borman 12/4-18/65 330:3501 206 Gemini 7 World's longest manned orbital flight. James A. Lovell. Jr.

Walter M. Schirra. Jr. 12/15-16/65 25:51:24 16 Gemini 6A World's first successful space Thomas P. Stafford rendezvous.

Neil A. Armstrong 3/18-17/08 10:41 :26 6.5 Gemini 8 First docking of two vehicles in spece. David R. Sco11

Thomas P. Stafford 6/3-6436 72:20:50 45 Gemini 9A Three rendezvous of a spacecraft and a Eugene A. German target vehicle. Extravehicular exercise- 2 hours 7 minutes.

John W. Young 7/18-21/66 70:40:39 43 Gemini 10 First use of target vehicle ss source of Michael Collins propellant power after docking. New attitude record -475 miles.

Charles Conrad. Jr. 9/12-15/66 71:17:08 44 Gemini 11 First rendezvous and docking in initial Richard F. Gordon. Jr. orbi:. First multiple docking in space. First formation flight of two space vehicles joined by a tether. Highest manned orbit - apogee about 853 miles.

James A. Lovell. Jr. 11/11-15/06 94:34:31 59 Gemini 12 Astronaut walked and worked outside Edwin E. Aldrin. Jr. of orbiting spacecraft for mom than 5V2 hours- a record proving that a ProPeff, equiPped and prepared man can function effectively outside of his space vehicle. First photograph of a solar eclipse from space.

426 92, 93

Flight Time Revo- Spacecraft Date (Hrs: Min: lutions Name Remarks Sec)

Apollo, Walter H. Schirra 10/11-22/68 280.8:45 163 Apollo 7 First manned Apollo flight Donn Eisele demonstrated the spacecraft, crew and Walter Cunningham support elements. All performed as required

Frank Borrnan 12/21-27/88 147:00:41 10 rev. Apollo 8 History's first manned flight to the James A. Lovell, Jr. of MO0f1 vicinity of another celestial body. William Andes

James A. McDivitt 3/3-13/89 241:00:53 151 Apollo 9 First all-up manned Apollo flight (with David R. Scott Saturn V and command, service, and Russell L Schweickart lunar modules). First Apollo EVA. First docking of CSM with LM.

Thomas P. Stafford 5118-26/89 19203:23 31 rev. Apollo 10 Apollo LM descended to within 9 miles John W. Young of Moon of Moon and later repined CSM. First Eugene A. Cornan rehearsal in lunar environment

Neil A. Armstrong 7116-24/89 195:18:35 30 rev. Apollo 11 7--irst landing of men on the Moon. Total Michael Collins of Moon stay time: 21 hrs., 38 min. Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.

Charles Conrad, Jr. 11/14-14/69 244:36:25 45 rev. Apollo 12 Second manned exploration of the Richard F. Gordon. Jr. of Moon Moon. Total stay time: 31 hrs. 31 min. Alan L Bean

James A. Lovell. Jr. 4111-17170 142:54:41 Apollo 13 Mission aborted because of service John L Swigert Jr. module oxygen tank failure. Fred W. Heise, Jr.

Alan B. Shepard, Jr. 1131-2/9171 216:01:59 34 rev. Apollo 14 First manned landing in and exploration Stuart A. Roosa of Moon of lunar highlands. Total stay time: Edgar D. Mitchell 33 hrs. 31 min. 95 Apollo 15 Apollo 15 Astronauts Irwin. Soon and Worden with Rover scheduled for July 1971

INAL

- 1111. e.4

When the Apollo 15 astronauts land on the and rock-strewn. crater-pocked Moon the Moon in July. 1971 Commander David R. astronauts may drive much slower. The Scott and his colleague. James B. Irwin. Rover can carry up to 1.000 pounds (450 will bring to the lunar surface the battery- kilograms)sufficient to transport the powered Rover, while the third crew mem- two astronauts in their Moon suits and ber, Alfred M. Worden. waits for them in related gear. plus large quantities of the command spacecraft in Moon orbit. instruments, tools and Moon rocks. The astronauts will unfold the 450- Apollo 15's landing site is in the pound (200-kilogram) conveyanceits Hadley-Apennine region. a plain cut by a full name is Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) massive gorge along the base of some of from its stowage compartment in the the Moon's highest mountains. The site is lower section of the landing craft and 465 miles (748 kilometers) north of the release the springs that will cause the Moon's equator. in contrast to the landing Rover's components to snap into place. sites of Apollo 11. 12 and 14 which are all The Rover's range is 40 miles (65 kilo- within 70 miles (115 kilometers) of the meters). but the astrorauts will remain lunar equator. within a radius of three miles (five kilo- The Rover's large. umbrella-like an- meters) of their landing craft so that they tenna transmits from the vehicle's tele- could wa k back to it if the Rover should vision camera which will be used when become disabled on the rugged lunar the vehicle is parked. That TV camera surface Even with that limitation. the can be controlled from Earth. In con- astronauts will be able to ride over and trast to Apollo 14. when the astronauts explore an area equivalent to 28 square walked out of range of their TV camera, miles (73 square kilometers)more than viewers on Earth can continue to receive double the area astronauts can reason- pictures of the Apollo 15 astronauts while ably be expected to cover on foot in the they are some distance from their vehicle. allotted time. The LRV can attain top speed of eight miles (13 kilometers) an how on a smooth surface. but on the dust

*US. 001111111MERT MIMINGawn, iir7i-o-41s-es3

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Ofilor 48 Washington, D.C. 20102- Price $1.25 96