PEMILIKAN DAN PENGUASAAN LAHAN PADA ORANG MENTAWAI: Studi Etnografi Pada Masyarakat Dusun Madobag Kecamatan Siberut Selatan Kabupaten Mentawai1

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PEMILIKAN DAN PENGUASAAN LAHAN PADA ORANG MENTAWAI: Studi Etnografi Pada Masyarakat Dusun Madobag Kecamatan Siberut Selatan Kabupaten Mentawai1 0 1 PEMILIKAN DAN PENGUASAAN LAHAN PADA ORANG MENTAWAI: Studi Etnografi pada Masyarakat Dusun Madobag Kecamatan Siberut Selatan Kabupaten Mentawai1 Oleh: Adri Febrianto dan Erda Fitriani Abstract This article was written based on the results of research on the ownership and domination of land in the Mentawai people in the hamlet Madobag South Siberut, which reveal that the land or communal land from the clan or uma used as residential areas and mone (fields) are still considered to belong to three clans Si bakkat laggai. Si toi and Si oi-akek as immigrants acquire land from the government that now controls the land. The desire to have the land in the nuclear family has been going on with the purchase, even though most of the land is communal property. This condition is not supported by the official land ownership, either by Si bakkat laggai and migrants since not been able to pay the taxes so as to create the conditions that have not been evident in land ownership. 1 Artikel ini ditulis berdasarkan hasil penelitian di Dusun Madobag Kecamatan Siberut Selatan Kabupaten Mentawai yang didanai DIPA APBN-P UNP tahun anggaran 2012. 2 Pendahuluan menggambarkan pola makan dan Mentawai sudah sangat terkenal di enkulturasi nilai berburu kepada anak, di antara para peneliti, mulai dari penelitian samping itu Person dan Schefold telah mengenai kandungan alam terutama isi mengumpulkan banyak tulisan yang hutannya dan penelitian sosial budaya diseminarkan dan dibukukan sebagai masyarakatnya. Kebudayaan Mentawai bentuk deskripsi masyarakat dan sampai kini terus menjadi perhatian ahli- kebudayaan Mentawai dari berbagai ahli antropologi di dunia. Beberapa studi aspek.10 Tak kalah menarik Spina11 etnografi terdahulu mengenai kebudayaan mendeskripsikan 67 mitos dan legenda orang Mentawai seperti oleh Sihombing,2 orang Mentawai tentang manusia dan Wagner3 dan Wallace.4 Oleh Danandjaja benda-benda serta berbagai binatang yang dan Rudito dengan banyak mengutip diceritakan pada berbagai kesempatan di bibliografi asing mengenai orang dalam masyarakat, dan Hermawati S,12 Mentawai telah melakukan studi etnografi yang difasilitasi oleh Yayasan Citra Mentawai yang dapat memberikan Mandiri (YCM) telah mendeskripsikan informasi mengenai masyarakat Uma dan kebudayaan Mentawai di Mentawai.5 Coronese menulis khusus berbagai wilayah yang berbeda, serta tentang kebudayaan Mentawai,6 dan tulisan Febrianto dan Fitriani mengenai Schefold7 mendalami agama atau religi Orang Mentawai sebagai peladang dengan menjelaskan bagaimana orang tradisional dan telah bersentuhan dengan Mentawai memandang roh yang tetap ekonomi pasar.13 hidup dan berada di sekitar mereka, serta Dari banyak tulisan tersebut bagaimana pengaruh modern terhadap beberapa telah menyinggung perubahan kehidupan orang Mentawai.8 Rudito dkk.,9 yang terjadi pada orang Mentawai. Bahkan di antaranya telah mengungkap mengenai 2 potensi konflik yang diakibatkan oleh Sihombing, H. 1979. Mentawai. Jakarta: Prdnya pemilikan dan penguasaan lahan.14 Ini Paramita. 3 menunjukkan dinamika atau perubahan Wagner, W (Hrsg). 1989. Mentawai Bremen:Universitat Bremen yang sedang berlangsung di dalam 4 Wallace AFC. 1951. “Mentawaian Social masyarakat Mentawai, tetapi masih kurang Organization.” Dalam American Anthropologist. tulisan yang mengulas mengenai pemilikan LIII:Hal.370-375. dan penguasaan lahan pada orang 5 James Danandjaja yang menulis etnografi Penduduk Kepulauan Sebelah Barat Sumatera di dalam Koentjaraningrat (ed.) Manusia dan 9 Bambang Rudito, dkk. 2002. Pola makan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia yang cetakan pertamanya Enkulturasi Nilai Berburu pada Anak Mentawai. terbit tahun 1971. Bambang Rudito khusus 10 Gerard Person dan Reimar Schefold (ed.).1985. menulis “Masyarakat Mentawai di Sebelah Barat Pulau Siberut. Jakarta:Bhratara. Sumatera,” di dalam buku Koetjaraningrat (ed.) 11 Bruno Spina 1981. Mitos dan Legenda Suku 1985. Masyarakat Terasing di Indonesia. Mentawai. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. 6 Stefano Coronese 1986. Kebudayaan Suku 12 Tarida Hermawati S. 2007. Uma Fenomena Mentawai. Jakarta:PT. Grafidian Jaya Keterkaitan Manusia dengan Alam. Padang:YCM. 7 Reimar Schefold 1991, Mainan Bagi Roh, Jakarta: 13 Adri Febrianto dan Erda Fitriani. 2008. Orang Balai Pustaka Mentawai Peladang Tradisional dan Ekonomi 8 Reimar Schefold 1985, “Keseimbangan Mentawai Pasar. YCM dan Jurusan Sejarah FIS UNP. Laporan dan Dunia Modern,” dalam Michael R. Dove, Penelitian. Artikel dari penelitian ini telah Peranan Kebudayaan Tradisional Indonesia dipublikasikan di Jurnal Humanus Volume XI dalam Modernisasi, Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Nomor 2 Tahun 2012. Indonesia. 14 Lihat Tarida Hermawati S. Saureinu’. Padang:YCM 3 Mentawai. Oleh karena itu artikel ini Kebudayaan sebagai pedoman mengungkap mengenai pemilikan dan dalam bertingkah laku atau yang disebut penguasaan lahan berdasarkan hasil sebagai blue print, maka kebudayaan penelitian yang dilakukan di Dusun haruslah operasional.16 Operasionalisasinya Madobag Siberut Selatan. dalam bentuk pranata-pranata sosial yang ada dalam masyarakat, yaitu perangkat- Permasalahan Penelitian perangkat aturan tentang hubungan- Penelitian ini difokuskan kepada hubungan sosial yang dianggap penting pemilikan dan penguasaan lahan dalam rangka pemenuhan kebutuhan- masyarakat Mentawai. Sistem pemilikan kebutuhan demi kelangsungan hidup itu. lahan secara tradisional, dan sistem Inti kebudayaan17 masyarakat Mentawai pewarisan lahan orang Mentawai adalah pranata ekonominya yang terkait dihadapkan dengan proses yang terjadi dengan sumber daya alam yaitu tanah, dan seperti kerentanan masalah tanah sebagai lahan/ladang (mone). properti utama di dalam masyarakat adat Pemilikan lahan terkait dengan menjadi persoalan yang panjang jika tidak organisasi sosial yang ada dalam ada jalan pemecahannya. Pada satu sisi masyarakat. Untuk menjelaskan organisasi jumlah penduduk yang terus bertambah sosial, lebih mengutamakan kepada dan kebutuhan lahan juga semakin penjelasan fungsi-fungsi sosial yaitu meningkat. Oleh karena itu menarik untuk tindakan-tindakan yang diperlukan atau mengetahui pemilikan dan penguasaan yang diinginkan untuk swapemeliharaan lahan oleh orang Mentawai, maka sistem sosial, yang dirumuskan dengan pertanyaan yang di dalam penelitian ini rujukan pada masalah-masalah yang bagaimana sistem pemilikan dan dihadapi setiap masyarakat manusia.18 penguasaan lahan pada orang Mentawai Orang Mentawai memiliki fungsi-fungsi saat ini? sosial tradisional yang mengatur sistem pemilikan lahan masyarakat.19 Mengacu Kerangka Teoritis kepada Fortes “domein-domein” organisasi Pemilikan dan penguasaan lahan sosial yang dipahami sebagai sektor-sektor pada masyarakat Mentawai dilihat sebagai ruang sosial dari organisasi sosial. Tiap hasil interpretasi mereka terhadap sektor itu, sebagaimana yang diutarakan lingkungannya. Merujuk kepada penjelasan Fortes, “terdiri dari serangkaian hubungan Suparlan bahwa interpretasi manusia terhadap lingkungannya untuk 16 memanfaatkan lingkungan tersebut demi ibid 17 Inti Kebudayaan, karakteristik kebudayaan yang memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya, 15 berpengaruh atas hal-hal yang berhubungan berpedoman pada kebudayaan. Pemilikan dengan cara masyarakat mencari penghidupan. lahan secara komunal ataupun individual Haviland. 1985. Antropologi Jilid 2. Jakarta. pada orang Mentawai sebagai interpretasi Erlangga. Hlm 13. terhadap lingkungannya menghasilkan 18 Beckmann, Fronz von Benda, 2000. Properti dan Kesinambungan Sosial. Jakarta, Grasindo Hlm. 4. siasat-siasat untuk menghadapi lingkungan, 19 yang kemudian terwujud dalam tindakan. Lihat Achmad Fedyani Saifuddin,.2005. Antropologi Kontemporer.Jakarta:Kencana. Hlm 159. Fungsi adalah tugas sosial, suatu kegiatan yang harus dilaksanakan dengan tingkat 15 Suparlan,Parsudi.1986. “ Kebudayaan dan ketepatan tertentu apabila ada pengelompokan Pembangunan”, Media IKA No 11 Tahun XIV hlm sosial dan mempertahankan keanggotaan 106-135 kelompoknya. 4 sosial, adat kebiasaan, norma-norma, secara lisan akan tetapi juga tulisan, berbagai status, dan unsur-unsur mengantarkan „bayangan situasi‟ dalam pembedaan analitis lain, yang saling terkait masyarakat Mentawai ini ke arah bentuk di dalam satuan-satuan mandiri, dan „organisasi baru‟ yang akan membantu dipertalikan oleh ciri fungsional yang khas untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah dan dikenal secara umum oleh semua.”20 pemilikan lahan. Aturan pemilikan lahan secara Untuk menjelaskan pemilikan lahan komunal oleh clan (suku) menjadi dasar pada masyarakat Mentawai, merujuk dalam masyarakat Mentawai. Penguasaan kepada Maine, bahwa pemilikan lahan lahan atau tanah secara adat oleh Si bakkat merupakan serangkaian hak.23 Dua bentuk laggai menciptakan serangkaian hubungan dasar pemilikan menurut Goodenough sosial dalam masyarakat terkait status dan haruslah dibedakan dengan jelas. Satu di norma-norma dalam kebudayaan antaranya disebut degan pemilikan penuh, Mentawai. Begitu pula dengan adanya apakah pemilik itu perorangan atau adat-istiadat perkawinan, memberikan lembaga. Dalam konteks orang Mentawai lahan sebagai ala toga‟ atau mahar dapat lembaga ini adalah pemilikan komunal. memperkuat sistem yang telah ada dalam Bergantung pada sang pemiliknya apa yang masyarakat Mentawai. akan disebut sebagai hak penuh. Lainnya Memahami perilaku manusia dan membagi suatu hak penuh secara tidak kebudayaan, disadari bahwa pikiran simetris untuk dua kelompok, dapat manusia cenderung memberi makna pada perorangan dapat pula lembaga atau setiap bentuk peristiwa; atau agaknya pada keduanya. Ini akan disebut pemilikan setiap hal yang dirasakannya
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