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Indigenous Social Movements and Ecological Resilience: Lessons from the Dayak of Indonesia

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Indigenous Social Movements and Ecological Resilience: Lessons from the Dayak of Indonesia Indigenous Social Movements and Ecological Resilience: Lessons from the Dayak of Indonesia Janis B. Alcorn and Antoinette G. Royo, Eds. Peoples, Forest and Reefs (PeFoR) Program Discussion Paper Series Biodiversity Support Program Washington, D.C. The Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) is a consortium of World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and World Resources Institute, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). BSP's mission is to promote conservation of the world's biological diversity. We believe that a healthy and secure living resource base is essential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations. BSP’s Peoples, Forests and Reefs Program (PeFoR) is designed to: (1) develop participatory methods for applying geomatics technologies for mapping and land-use planning in order to improve community-based natural resource management; (2) assist community groups and NGOs to apply these methods more widely; (3) clarify and strengthen the legal status of indigenous rights to ancestral lands; (4) assess the spatial overlap between indigenous peoples and forests; and (5) link these findings to the national policy level through workshops, publication of case studies, and other forms of outreach. BSP’s Kelompok Masyarakat Pengelola Sumberdaya Alam [Community Natural Resource Managers’ Program] (KEMALA) in Indonesia aims to: (1) build coalitions of well-informed, technically competent, creative, politically-active NGOs concerned with community-based natural resource management; and (2) support decentralized structures within which they can participate in political life and decision-making in future decades. BSP's PeFoR Program Discussion Papers are circulated to encourage discussion and comment among interested parties. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the United States Agency for International Development, the Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund, World Resources Institute, or The Nature Conservancy. BSP does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication. ©2000 by World Wildlife Fund, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non- commercial purposes is authorized without prior permission of the copyright holder. However, WWF, Inc. does request advance written notification and appropriate acknowledgment. WWF, Inc. does not require payment for the noncommercial use of its published works and in no way intends to diminish use of WWF research and findings by means of copyright. Please cite this publication as: Alcorn, Janis B. and Antoinette G. Royo, eds. 2000. Indigenous Social Movements and Ecological Resilience: Lessons from the Dayak of Indonesia. Washington, DC: Biodiversity Support Program. This publication was made possible through support provided to BSP by the Global Bureau of USAID, under the terms of Cooperative Agreement Number DHR-A-00-88-00044-00. Ordering BSP Publications Many of our print publications are now available online at www.BSPonline.org. At the home page, click on publications. You can view publications online or order copies to be sent to you. You may also contact us by mail, phone or fax to request copies. Contact BSP For more information, to give us feedback, or to order copies of BSP publications, contact us. Biodiversity Support Program Phone: 1-202-861-8347 c/o World Wildlife Fund Fax: 1-202-293-9341 1250 24th St. NW E-mail: [email protected] Washington, DC 20037 USA Web site: www.BSPonline.org Cover design by Skye Alcorn, and Christy McDonough. Text layout and style edit by Nzingha Kendall with assistance from Christy McDonough and Valerie Hickey. Cover photograph courtesy of Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN). Back cover photograph courtesy of AMAN, taken during the National Congress of Indigenous Peoples, March 18, 1999. Printed by Copy General, Washington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·V 3ROLWLFDO 6WDWHPHQW ´5HWXUQ 1DWXUDO 5HVRXUFHV WR WKH 3HRSOHµ ,,, 7HQ 3URWHVWV DJDLQVW &RQFHVVLRQDLUHV LQ .HWDSDQJ :HVW .DOLPDQWDQ ,9 $UHDV RI )RUHVW %XUQHG LQ :HVW .DOLPDQWDQ -XO\$XJXVW ,QGLJHQRXV 6RFLDO 0RYHPHQWV DQG (FRORJLFDO 5HVLOLHQFH /LVWRI$ URQ\PV ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Indonesian Armed Forces) ADP Area Development Program AMA Aliansi Masyarakat Adat (Alliance of Adat Peoples) AMAN Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (Alliance of Adat Peoples of the Archipelago) ATA Aliansi Tambangan Adat (Adat Mining Alliance) BAILEO Natural Resources Management Network BAPPEDA Badan Pembangunan Daerah (Agency for Regional Development) BPR Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (People’s Development Bank) CU-PK Credit Union Pancur Kasih DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (House of Representatives) DSMD Health and Pension Plan EAF Ethno-AgroForest Intiative ELSAM Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (Legal Advocacy and Research Institute) FKKM Community Forestry Communication Forum FPK Forum Petaupan Katouan (Natural Resources Forum in North Sulawesi) GOI Government of Indonesia ID Institut Dayakologi (Dayakology Institute) ILO International Labor Association INFID International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development JAGAT Network of Adat Community Movement of East Nusa Tenggara JAPHAMA Indigenous Peoples’ Advocacy Network Jaring-PELA Jaringan Kerja untuk Pesisir dan Laut (Coastal and Marine Consortium) JATAM Mining Advocacy Network JKPP Jaringan Kerja Pemetaan Partisipatif Jaringan Pemetaan Masyarakt Adat Sebegai (Network of Adat Community Mappers) KALBAR Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan) KAPET Kawasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Terpadu (Integrated Economic Development Zone) KMAN Kongres Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (National Congress of Indigenous Peoples) KONPENMA Konsorsium Penguatan Masyarakat Adat (Consortium for Indigenous Peoples’ Empowerment of Irian Jaya) KPA Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria (Agrarian Reform Cooperative) KPD Rubber Cooperative KPMD Konsorsium Pemberdayan Masyarakat Dayak (Consortium for the Empowerment of Dayak Peoples) KPSHK Konsorsium Pendukung Sistem Hutan Kerakyatan (Community-Managed Forest Systems Consortium) LATIN Lembaga Alam Tropika Indonesia (Institute for Indonesian Tropical Resources) LBBT Lembaga Bela Banua Talino (Legal Assistance NGO) LMD Lembaga Musyawarah Desa (Village Assembly) LPPSEPK Rubber Planters Network MITRA KASIH Printing Press MPR Majelis Permusyawarantan Rakyat (People’s Consultative Assembly) P3D Gender Initiative PBI Unity in Diversity Party PDKB Love Democracy Christian Party PEK People’s Economic Development PK Pancur Kasih (“Fountain of Love”), abbreviation of YKSPK PPSDAK Pemberdayaan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Kerakyatan (Community-Based Natural Resource Management NGO) PRO-BELA Forest Investigation Forum TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Armed Forces) WALHI Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Indonesian Environment Forum) WKIPA West Kalimantan Indigenous People’s Alliance YBSD Yayasan Bina Sumber Daya (Social Security Foundation) YKSPK Yayasan Karya Sosial Pancur Kasih YLBHI Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation) 3H)R5 'LVFXVVLRQ 3DSHU 3UHIDH The Dayak and other Indonesian indigenous groups have struggled for decades to slowly build the grassroots base for a social movement to assert their civil rights, and their rights to control their forests and waters. They have made significant progress. Their strategies and tactics deserve the attention of indigenous groups struggling in other countries. In this volume, we join several Dayak activists to reflect on the progress of the indigenous peoples’ social movement in Indonesia. The papers in this volume have been written from each person’s perspective as actors and supporters to this social movement. As editors, we have chosen to preserve each author’s particular voice, rather than edit their words to conform to a standard style and single story. We believe this allows the authors to convey their intent and interests clearly, and we hope that the readers will tolerate the ambiguities that inevitably mark real stories. The “grey literature” background documents and newspaper articles referenced herein are on file in the library at the Institut Dayakologi in Pontianak. These chapters were written between September 1997 and August 2000, a time of tremendous political turbulence in Indonesia. In 1998, the longtime military dictator Suharto fell after students took to the streets of Jakarta to protest his corruption and human rights abuses. East Timor finally achieved its independence in 1999, while Aceh and Papua (Irian Jaya) provinces continue to seek autonomy. More changes lie ahead. The story
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