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Notes

(The suffix x to a note indicator in the text signifies that the note contains extra information, as opposed to simple references and cross-references. Place of publication is except where otherwise indicated.)

CHAPTER I (INTRODUCTION)

1. GLD p. xxii. 2. Letter to Forrest Reid, I9I5: M p. viii. 3· AH (I936) 59-63. ¥· See AN i, 4, discussing the provincialism of certain English novels. 5· See below, p. 305, note 56x. 6. BBC Interview with Monica Campbell, I959, quoted byJ. S. Martin, E. M. Forster: The Endless Journey (Cambridge, I976) p. I70· 7· Furbank I, I9. 8. Ibid., 37· 9· See below, p. 2I6. rox. Furbank II, 3I6-7. For examples of his restricted means and lavish giving in earlier years see Furbank, 'The Personality of E. M. Forster', Encounter ( I970) XXXV, 65. I J. pp ( I923) 79· I2. P. N. Furbank, 'The Personality of E. M. Forster', loc. cit., 67. I3· Essays I, 348-9, quoted more fully below, p. 265. I4· Letter to Lady Cynthia Asquith, Jan I9I5, Collected Letters, ed. H. T. Moore ( I962) I, 309. I 5· Furbank II, 3o8. I6. LJ (WC) xvii, I83. I 7x. Furbank I, 55 and 58-9. Furbank's more general account of Cambridge at this time brings out well how some of the most advanced attitudes in , as instanced by , Lytton Strachey and others, were to be found there, against the background of a university which was generally more conservative in its attitudes than the country as a whole. I8. 'G. L. Dickinson: A Tribute', Spectator ( I3 August I932) reprinted GLD 208 (and cf. pp. 84, 203). I9· 'Epilogue', GLD 201. 20. GLD xi (2), I I6. 21. Listener (ro September I953) p. 420 (CfG. L. Dickinson, Appearances (I914) P· 32. 22. P. N. Furbank, 'The Personality of E. M. Forster', loc. cit., 66. 23. See, e.g., Furbank II, r66-9 and 257. 167 284 .Notes to Pages 8-25

24. PI xxiii, 200. 25. Furbank II, 297. 26. See, e.g. the essays 'Anonymity: An Enquiry' (1925) and 'The Raison D'Etre of Criticism in the Arts' (1947) in TCD (77-86, 105-16). 27. Furbank 11, 175. 28. See G. K. Das, E. M. Forster's India (1977) Appendix B, pp. 117--g. 29. Furbank II, 26o. 30. See below, p. 6g, etc. 31. Letter to The Guardian, 29 Dec. 1962. 32x. See especially his 1921 review of G. L. Dickinson's The Magic Flute (reprinted GLD 218-20) in which he sets Dickinson's treatment of the theme against Bunyan's and points out that when Tamino reaches the Castle ofSarastro, 'he finds that it is not a haven of attainment, but a record of those who have attained, and that when his name has been entered he must go back to the world.'

CHAPTER 3

1. E. M. Forster, 'Cnidus', AH (1936) 175, 176. 2x. Quoted, Furbank 1, 110. I am greatly indebted to Mr Furbank for suggesting that the Hermes I had been seeking was part of the British Museum group: Death, Alcestis, Hermes. The group is reproduced on the dust-jacket to his second volume. 3· Furbank 1, 218. 4· Mythology and Humanism: The Correspondence of Thomas Mann and Karl Kerinyi, translated by A. Gelley (Ithaca, 1975) pp. 9 and 101. 5· Karl Kerenyi, 'The Primordial Child in Primordial Times', in Kerenyi and C. G. Jung, Essays on a Science of Mythology (New York, 1949) p. 73· 6. Kerenyi in Paul Radin, The Trickster: A Study in American Indian Mythology (New York, 1956) pp. 185 and 189. See also W. Otto, The Homeric Gods (Boston, 1964) p. 117, and N. 0. Browu, Hermes the Thiej(Wisconsin, 1947). 7· Patricia Merivale, Pan The Goat-God: His Myth in Modern Times (Harvard, 196g) passim, especially pp. 18o--gi. 8. Letter of Thomas Mann to Kerenyi ( 1945), Gelley, p. 126. 9· See Otto, p. 105. The phrase is used in Aristophanes, Peace, 1. 394· 10. E. M. Forster, Introduction to Collected Tales (New York, 1947). A slightly different version was used as the headnote of The Eternal Moment ( 1928). II. pp ( 1926) 98. 12. Kerenyi in Radin, p. 1go. 13. , 'The Great Good Place', The Complete Tales ofHenry James, ed. Leon Edel (Philadelphia, 1962-4), Vol. XI, p. 25; originally published in Scribner's Magazine, January 1900, and reprinted in The Soft Side (1900). 14. Permission to quote from the unpublished manuscript granted by the Provost and Scholars of King's College, Cambridge. 15. See T. B. Huber, The Making of a Shropshire Lad: A Manuscript Variorum (Seattle, 1g66) p. 208. 16. Letter to , 4 January 1923. This letter is at The Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin. Notes to Pages 26--g 17. Furbank 1, 195-6.

CHAPTER 4

u. The real Colonus does not figure in the story. It is in a suburb ofAthens, just over a mile and a halffrom Omonia Square. Now surrounded by a working• class district, it is a raised area of flat rock with a small park adjoining. But Baedeker in his indispensable guide is able to say: 'The view of Athens from the Kolonos is wonderfully beautiful.' See Karl Baedeker, Greece: Handbook for Travellers (Leipzig, 1894). All citations are to this edition, the one Forster himself would have used. And all spellings of place-names are based on this edition except those established in the story. 'The Road from Colonus' is included in Collected Short Stories of E. M. Forster (1948). 2x. (a) Platanos near Olympia is mentioned by Baedeker as on the bridle path from Olympia to Patras via Santameri, route number 46. To judge by Baedeker's detailed map Platanos is just over two miles from Olympia. That distance today has shrunk to one and a half miles. Whether the plane trees have also shrunk with the passage of time, I cannot say. I only know that in this dusty sprawling rural village I could find no sign of them. But the most pressing objection to this location is its closeness to Olympia, which is incompatible not only with the party's view ofPlataniste an hour later but with Ethel's concern that they reach Olympia by nightfall. (b) Platanos near Patras is mentioned by Baedeker in his account of route number 4 7between Olyrnpia and Patras. The journey from Platanos, which is south and a bit east of Patras, to Olympia would take nearly two days. Objections to this location are: Olympia could not be reached by nightfall, and the travellers would be moving away from Patras, their next objective after Olympia. (This route is omitted from the srd ed. of Baedeker, •gos; all other routes referred to here are included and conditions and times of travel are the same or very little changed. In other words, Forster in 1903 would have found the 1894 Baedeker still generally accurate and relevant.) (c) Platania near the river Neda. North ofKyparissia on the modern coastal road a major highway cuts east and north-east to Tripolis. About a mile along this road one turns north-east at Ano Kopanakion and after passing by or through three villages or hamlets, the first ofwhich is Sidirokastro, and over thirteen miles of rugged winding road, one arrives at Platania. Hugging a steep hillside, overlooking a mountain valley, the hamlet is centred in a tiny square just beyond which the road ends. In the square are three plane trees, one of them large. Water flows from a pipe in the wall backing the square and a stream runs from below the road, which is built up against the steep incline of the mountain. The hamlet is on the east side of a small tributary of the river Neda. The tributary, running north for two miles, joins the river which flows west to the sea. The gorge of the river is so precipitous and wild that for many miles no official road crosses it. Platania is not on Baedeker's map but it is on or very near the last leg ofhis route 49 from Kalamata to Phigalia via Pylos. This route, after reaching the coast, goes north just past the mouth of the Kyparissia strearn, then north- 286 Notes to Page 29 east through Sidirokastro and thence on to the Neda where a steep path leads to the bed of the river and crosses in the neighbourhood ofPhigalia. On the south side of the Neda this path must have been very close to Platania, which is four miles from Phigalia as the crow flies. That Forster's party of travellers should have come this way is not improbable. From Sparta they could go west to Kalamata through the Langada Gorge (Baedeker's route 37), one of the most spectacular sights in all Greece, then to the west coast and up, cutting inland toward Phigalia and thence to Olympia. Platania as the site of the story has the advantage of being in fact in the Province of Messenia, ofbeing exceedingly small, and ofhaving the requisite plane trees and water. Objections are the following: situated as it is on a mountainous decline near the river Neda to which the party must very soon descend, it is improbable that 'the place they had left an hour before suddenly reappeared far below them'; and it is two days' journey from Olympia. (d) Plataniston near Megalopolis is described in Baedeker's route 44 from Megalopolis to Olympia via Phigalia. In not more than one and a half hours after leaving Megalopolis in a westerly direction and after crossing the river Alpheios, one 'approaches the right bank of the little stream of Gastrit<.i, called Plataniston in classic times, in reference to the abundant plane-trees which then as now grew near it.' This site, not identified on Baedeker's map, has the advantage of being less a place than a locale, which fits the setting of the story; and the name of the stream is closer in form to that used by Forster. The objections are familiar: it is not in the Province ofMessenia; and it is two and a half days from Olympia. Having completed our tour, we may pause briefly to consider Wilfred Stone's note on Plataniste:

The fictional setting is given as Platiniste, in the Province of Messenia. Since there is no town of that name in Messenia, and since that would be off the travellers' route, the literal setting is probably Platiana, in the Province of Ilia, which is near Mt. Platonos and about fourteen miles from Olympia, the evening destination of the party. (The Cave and the Mountain, Stanford, Calif., 1966, p. 145·)

The misspelling Platiniste, the suggestion ofPlatiana (plateia: broad (street); cf. L. platea, Fr. place), and the injection of Mt Platonos seem to betray insensitivity to the significance of the name. Platiana is on Baedeker's route 42 from Megalopolis to Olympia via Andritsaena. This route at first runs north from Megalopolis whereas the stream Plataniston lies to the west. According to Baedeker's reckoning the journey from Platiana would take close to six hours, a time just possible for Mr Lucas's party. However, such speculations are by the way since the form Platiana is irrelevant to the story. Finally, the assertion that something (apparently Messenia) is off the route of Mr Lucas and his party is unfounded because there is no clear evidence concerning their route. It is most probable that they are coming from Sparta, in which case Messenia need not be out of their way. Notes to Pages 32-40

CHAPTER 5

I. Furbank I, 49, 76-7. 2x. The best summary of the cardinal tenets of Moore's ethics is his own: 'That things intrinsically good or bad are many and various; that most of them are "organic unities," in the peculiar and definite sense to which I have confined the term; and that our only means of deciding upon their intrinsic value and its degree, is by carefully distinguishing exactly what the thing is, about which we ask the question, and then looking to see whether it has or has not the unique predicate "good" in any of its various degrees: these are the conclusions, upon the truth of which I desire to insist.' (Cambridge, I903) p. 223. 3· 'How I Lost My Faith', The Humanist, 78 (September Ig63) 263. 4x. In response to a question about Moore's influence on his work, Forster replied, 'G. E. Moore was too difficult for me. I'm not a philosopher. I couldn't read him. I got it through the less philosophic minds-H. 0. Meredith and A. R. Ainsworth talked to me about it. There was no doubt the thing was filtering through, and affected me in that way.' And in reply to a question about the influence of Proust, Forster said,' ... He gave me as much of the modern way as I could take. It was the same as with G. E. Moore; I couldn't read Fceud or Jung for myself, it had to be filtered to me.' From an interview with Forster, 6 July I952, by Ian Watt and P. N. Furbank. Parts of this inter~iew were included in the Paris Review interview conducted by P. N. Furbank and F.J. H. Haskell that is reprinted in Writers at Work: The Paris Review Interviews, ed. Malcolm Cowley (New York, I959) pp. 23-35. I am grateful to Professor Watt for allowing me to quote from his notes of the interview. 5· Beginning Again: An Autobiography of the rears I9II-I9I8 ( I964) P· 24· 6. My Mental Development', The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, ed. P. A. Schilpp (New York, I963) I, I2. 7· 'Introduction,' LJ (WC). 8. See 'A Book that Influenced Me', TCD 2I2-I5· gx. Wilfred Stone in The Cave and the Mountain: A Study ofE. M. Forster (Stanford, California, Ig66) points out that Shaw's Man and Superman also appears to have influenced Forster when he was writing The Longest Journey (p. Igg). wx. The origin of Ansell's name emphasises further the idea of male friendship; Ansell was the name of a garden boy who was Forster's 'first and never to be forgotten friend' (Furbank I, 30). See also the story 'Ansell' in The Life to Come and Other Stories. I I. 'The Refutation of Idealism', Philosophical Studies (London, I922) p. 30. I 2. Furbank I, 49· I3. Principia Ethica, p. I8g. I4X. Both Forster and use rooms and houses as symbols of consciousness. (Ansell's use of house metaphors in The Longest Journey to attack the Idealism of those who believe in the great world is another clear example of this symbolism.) Rickie's words echo E. M. Forster's on the 'message' of Mrs Dalloway in 'The Early Novels of Virginia Woolf', AH ( I936) 109. I have discussed Forster's recognition of Virginia Woolf's philosophical realism in 'The Philosophical Realism of Virginia Woolf', 288 Notes to Pages 4C>--9 English Literature and British Philosophy, ed. S. P. Rosenbaum (Chicago, I97I) P· 331. I5x. 'The Refutation of Idealism', p. 9· The implications of this particular argument upset William Butler Yeats in his discussion of Moore's phil• osophy with his brother T. Sturge Moore. See W. B. reats and T. Sturge Moore: Their Correspondence, 1!)01-1937, ed. Ursula Bridge (New York, I953) pp. 63 ff., where Yeats argues for the reality of Ruskin's demon cat. I6x. 'The principle of organic unities, like that of combined analysis and synthesis, is mainly used to defend the practice of holding both of two contradictory propositions, wherever this may seem convenient. In this, as in other matters, Hegel's main service to philosophy has consisted in giving a name to and erecting into a principle, a type of fallacy to which experience had shown philosophers, along with the rest of mankind, to be addicted. No wonder that he has followers and admirers.' 'The Refutation of Idealism', p. I6. I7. 'The Refutation of Idealism', p. 30. I8x. Forster may hal'e taken this reversal of Jesus's question from Lytton Strachey, who asked in a review of Blake's poetry published in the Independent Review in May I906, 'What shall it profit a man, one is tempted to exclaim, if he gain his own soul, and lose the whole world?' (reprinted in his Literary Essays (I96I) p. I47)· I9x. 'Epipsychidion', II. I49-59· In using 'world' instead of'crowd' (1. I5I) and 'sad' rather than 'chained' (I. I 58), Forster appears to be quoting from an earlier version of the poem-through he does not follow it in another wording that differs from the final text. See the fragments given on p. 426 of Poetical Works, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (Oxford, I968). The earlier words both suit Forster's use of Shelley better than the later ones. 20. 'The Refutation of Idealism', p. 28. 2I. Patrick Wilkinson, 'Forster and King's', Aspects of E. M. Forster, ed. Oliver Stallybrass (I969) p. I8, and Furbank I, 77· 22x. Furbank I, 106. Furbank notes that Sheppard's distinction is not to be taken literally for those at King's and Trinity but rather to represent standpoints characterisitic of each college. Forster's use of Shelley should also be compared to Lytton Strachey's in an Apostle paper he gave a year after Sheppard's paper; Strachey alludes to Shelley and criticises both the monogamous and heterosexual decrees of modern morals. See 'Does Absence Make the Heart Grow Fonder?' in The Really Interesting Question and Other Papers, ed. Paul Levy ( I972) pp. 102-6. 23x. Shelley's idea here is similar to Moore's discussion of the value of organic wholes in Principia Ethica; Moore shows how the value of the whole, which may be a state of consciousness, 'bears no regular proportion to the sum of the values of its parts' (p. 27). 24X· Elizabeth Heine, in an article entitled 'Rickie Elliot and the Cow: The and The Longest Journey' (English Literature in Transition, I5 (Nov I972) II6-34), also sees Rickie and Ansell as representatives of different Apostolic philosophies, associating Rickie's incipient monism with McTaggart's philosophy and Ansell's ideas with Moore's. The generality of Heine's discussion is indicated by her view of the novel as a Hegelian synthesis. Notes to Pages 5o-74 25. Evelyne Hanquart, 'The Manuscript of Forster's The Longest Journey', Review of English Studies (I974) xxv, I 54· 26x. James McConkey points out that the Orion image is another symbol of continuity in the novel (The Novels ofE. M. Forster (Ithaca, New York, I 95 7) pp. I I I-I2). (See also below, pp. 25o--2.) 27. 'An Autobiography', The Philosophy of G. E. Moore, ed. P. A. Schilpp (N.Y., I952) PP· I3-I4. 28. Furbank I, I I8. 29. 'The Novels of E. M. Forster', (Essays I, 344). 30x. The conflict vanishes in Forster's personal re-vision of The Longest Journey after he had revisited the Figsbury Rings in I964. He wrote in his diary, 'I was filled with thankfulness and security and glad that I had given myself so much back .... I shall lie in Stephen's arms instead of his child' (Furbank, II, 3I9)· 3 I. Furbank, I, I I9·

CHAPTER 6

I. HE xi, 96. Other references to Howards End are indicated by chapter and page numbers in parenthesis in the text of the essay. 2. Cited by Stallybrass in his Introduction to HE, p. xvii. 3· 'E. M. Forster on his Life and his Books.' An interview recorded for television by David Jones. The Listener, I January, I959, p. I I. 4· See note 2. 5· 'What I believe', TCD 65. 6. Henry James: Roderick Hudson, The Chiltern Library (I947) p. viii. 7. See The Manuscripts of Howards End, correlated with Forster's final version by Oliver Stallybrass. Volume 4a of the Abinger Edition, pp. I and 2. 8. 'Forster as a Humanist' by W.J. H. Sprott, in Aspects of E. M. Forster, ed. Oliver Stallybrass ( 1969) pp. 75-6. 9· TCD 70.

CHAPTER 7

1. Matt. I6:26; 19:21; 19:24; 22:21. 2x. LJ (WC) xxviii, 264. The passage is echoed again in Howards End (xv, I25): ' ... Miss Schlegel was asked ... what it would profit Mr. Bast if he gained the whole world and lost his own soul. She answered, Nothing, but he would not gain his soul until and he had gained a little of the world.' See also above, p. 44 and n. 3· 'What I Believe', TCD 72. 4· 'Poverty's Challenge: The Terrible Tolstoy', The New Leader (4 Sep I925) xii, I 1. 5· 'Notes on the Way', Time and Tide ( 1934) xv, 6g6. 6x. Forster seems to have read 'needle' to mean sewing needle instead of the narrow gate adjoining the main gate of an Eastern walled city. 7· Introduction to CSS (I947) p. 6. Quoted Stallybrass, LTC, p. xi. Notes to Pages 75-88 8x. LTC 63. The apparent absurdity of this answer reminds us of Seymour's answer to Mrs Fedder inj. D. Salinger's story 'Hapworth'. To her question as to what he wants to do after the war, he replies that he wants to be a dead cat since, according to Zen Buddhism, a dead cat is the most valuable thing in the world, because no one can put a price on it. ('Hapworth', The .New Yorker ( Ig June Ig65) xu, 36.) g. Quoted in jane Lagoudis Pinchin, Alexandria Still: Forster, Durrell, and Cava.fy (Princeton University Press, Ig77) p. gg, from unpublished papers at King's College, Cambridge, dated 28july Igi7. 10. 'The Personality of E. M. Forster', Encounter (Nov Ig7o) xxxv, 62.

CHAPTER 8

I. Forster's situation is best described in the last chapter of Furbank I. 2. 'Higher Aspects', The Egyptian Mail (5 May Igi8) p. 2. 3· 'A Musician in Egypt', The Egyptian Mail (I2 May Igi8) p. 2. 4· Ibid. 5x. I am aware of Forster's serious attempts on Egyptian affairs (such as on the Suez Canal and the question of the Sudan) but these writings belong to a different period of Forster's life when his eyes turned to the international scene. 6. 'Sunday Music', The Egyptian Mail (2 September Igi7), p. 2. 7· 'Photographic Egypt', The Egyptain Mail (I3]anuary Igi8) p. 2. 8. pp ( Ig23) PP· I I-Ig. g. Quoted Furbank, I, 25g. 10. pp (Ig23) 75· I I. See chapter iii of Aspects of the .Novel. I2. Alexandria: A History and a Guide (New York, Ig6I) p. xvi. I3. AHG (Ig22) g3. I4X. Ibid., p. 6o. Forster remarks that Philo's doctrine of the Mediating Logos 'ensured that the deity should be at the same time accessible and inaccessible' (PP ( Ig23) 38). I5. AHG (Ig22) 66. I6. Ibid., pp. 66--7. I 7x. Forster told G. K. Das that God bole was to a large extent a created character. Das was further informed by Furbank of Forster's remark: 'What a name' when Forster once encountered a Brahman God bole ('The Genesis of Professor God bole'' Review of English Studies, XXVII, Ig77, 56--60). The name of Godbole presumably attracted Forster because of the additional syllable used with the usual monosyllable. This, perhaps, satisfied the idea of the Neo-Platonic Unity of God which Forster found appealing. I8. PI xix, I68--g. Ig. PI xxxiii, 274· 20. AN iv (end), 56. 21. Ibid. 22. AHG (Ig22) g7. 23x. For further information on Forster's life m Alexandria, including his Notes to Pages 88-93 friendship with Mohammed el Ad!, Furbank 11 should be consulted, especially chapter ii and pp. 103-8.

CHAPTER 9

1. AHG ( 1922) p. iii; Plotinus: the Ethical Treatises, trans. Stephen MacKenna (1917) Vols 11-v, containing translations of Enneads n-vi, were published between 1921 and 1930, the final volume with the help of B. S. Page. 2. Ibid., PP· 65-8. 3x. Henry More is one of the very few people who have emphasised the central importance of Indian influence on Apollonius (An Explanation of the Grand Mystery of Godliness (I66o) Book Ill, PP· 58-g. Cf. also Book IV, PP· 99-136). More's friend and pupil, John Marshall, was the first British collector of Indian antiquities. 4· Strabo, xv. i. 63-5, 68; Arrian's Anabasis, vn. ii. 2-4. 5. Advaita and Neoplatonism (Madras, 1961 ) . 6. The Transcendence of the Cave, (1967) p. 165. 7. The Eight Volumes of Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy, G. P. Marana, W. Bradshaw et al. ( 1694, 8 vols) vol. VI. 111. xvii, p. 185. 8x. Most successfully in the 'Hymn to Narayena', Works, ed. Lord Teignmouth, ( 1807) vol. xm, pp. 302-g, and in his essay 'On the Mystical Poetry of the Persians and Hindus', ibid., vol. IV, pp. 211-35· The same approach is evident in the work of Charles Wilkins and Thomas Maurice. It was often assumed at this time, following Apuleius, that Pythagoras had been in India. g. GLD vii, sect. 2, pp. 35-8; xi, sect. 2, pp. 114-6. 10. Ennead I. v. 10. II. PI vii, 71. 12. Enn. Ill. viii. 6. '3· PI vii, 6g. '4· Ibid., xix, 167; Enn. VI. ix. 4· '5· PI xxi, 182-3. !6. Ibid., xix, 168-g. '7· Enn. VI. ix. 4· 18. Ibid., VI. v. 12. '9· AHG (1922) 66-7. 20. Ibid., p. 6o. 21. PI xii, 116-7. 22. Enn. V.i. 2. 23· Ibid., v. v. II. 24. Ibid., II. IV. 10-16; II. V. 2-5. 25· Ibid., VI. iii. 7· 26. Ibid., III. ii. 3· 27. PI xii, ''7· 28. Ibid., x, 106. 29· Ibid., xiv, 129. 30· Enn. V. v. 8. 31. PI xxiii, 198. 292 Notes to Pages 93-8 32. Enn. III. vi. 7· 33· Ibid., IV. viii. 1. 34· Ibid., III. vi. I 3-I4. 35· Ibid., III. vi. I6. 36. PI xxiii, I97-8. 37· Ibid., xiv, I39· 38. Ibid., xiv, I27, I4o-I; xxiii, I97-8. 39· Ibid., xxxiii, 28I. 40. Ibid., xv, I43-4; xxiv, 2I6; xxix, 251. 41. Enn. III. ix. 2. 42. Ibid., IV. iii. 31. 43· PI xxxvi, 298. 4¥· Enn. VI iv. 3· The name Quested had already been used in chap. ix of Howards End. 45· Ibid., II. iii. I8. 46. PI xix, I67. 47· Enn. IV. viii. 8. 48. PI iii, 2I; viii, 86; xiv, I27· 49· Enn. IV. iv. 44· 50. PI xiv, I27. 51. Ibid., viii, 75-7; xv, I43-4· 52. AH ii, I7· 53· PI xiv, I25· 54· Ibid., xxvi, 228. 55· Ibid., xiv, I 27. 56. Ibid., xxiii, 28I. 57· Ibid., xx, I8I. 58. Ibid., vii, 56. 59· Enn. VI. ix. 5· 6o. PI xi, I I2. 6I. Enn. VI. iii. g. 62. PI xix, 25I-3. 63. lbid.,xi,II2. 64. Ibid., xxxvii, 308-g, 3I2. 65. Ibid., xxxi, 265; xxxvii, 3IO. 66. Enn. VI. iv. I2. 67. Ibid., V.i. I2. 68. Ibid., IV. iv. 40. 6g. PI xxxi, 26o; xxxv, 292-3. 70. Ibid., vii, 6o. 71. Ibid., xxxv, 293; xxxvi, 30I-2, 303-4. 72. Ibid., xxxvii, 3IO. 73· Enn. VI. vii. 22. 74· PI xxxiii, 278. 75· Ibid., xxxiii, 275· 76. · Enn. VI. vii. 22. 77- Ibid., III. viii. 6. 78. Ibid., VI. ii. 21. 79· PI xxvi, 235· Notes to Pages 98-108 293 8o. Ibid., xxxiii, 278. 8I. Ibid., xxxiii, 275-9· 82. Enn. V. viii. I7. 8g. Ibid., VI. vii. 22, gg, gs. 84. PI xxxiii, 276. 85. Enn. VI. ix. 7· 86. PI xxxiii, 276-7. 87. Ibid., xv, I42; Enn. IV. iv. 27; VI. vii. I 1. Cf. also III. vi. I g. 88. Enn. VI. v. I I. 8g. Ibid., VI. viii. I8. go. PI vii, 68. 9I. 'Passage to India', section g, II. 2g3-4. Walt Whitman: the Complete Poems, ed. Francis Murphy (Harmondsworth, I975) p. 4g6. 92. PI xxxvi, go4. gg. Enn. VI. ix. g. 94· Ibid., VI. ix. g-4. 95· PI xxxiii, 278. g6. Enn. IV. iv. 6. 97· 'Toxaris', § g4. g8. Stromata, Clement of Alexandria, Book I, chap. XV; Historia Ecclesiastica, Socrates, Book I, chap. XXII; The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana, Osmond de Beauvoir Priaulx (I873) pp. I7I-4· 99· Bardaisan ofEdessa, H.J. W. Drijvers (Assen, Ig66) pp. I74-5· 100. PI xiv, I28.

CHAPTER IO

I. HD ( Igsg) I g. 2. His Highness Tukoji Rao III, the Rajah ofDewas Senior. g. HD (I95g) 50. 4· Ibid., 10. 5· M 240. 6. HD(Igsg)II2. 7· M 240. 8x. Since this paragraph was written further light has been thrown on this and other matters relating to Dewas in the second volume of Furbank's (Fur bank u, ch. iv). g. PI xxxvi, gog. 10. HD (Igsg) IIg. I I. Ibid., Igg. I2. M I6g. Ig. HD (I95g) I7I. I4· Ibid., P· I I6. 294 Notes to Pages 109-35

CHAPTER I I

I. TCD 285. 2. E. M. Forster: A Tribute (New York, I964), p. xii. 3· Encounter (January I962), xvm, pp. 2o-7. 4· PI xxiv, 207. 5· Encounter (January I962), XVIII, p. 25. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid., p. 27. 8. TCD 285. 9· 'Passage To and From India', Encounter (June I954), II, p. 21. Io. TCD 286. II. Encounter (January I962), XVIII, p. 27. I2. HD (I953) 30-1. I3· Ibid., 30. I4· University of Bombay, I933· I5· The Achievement of E. M. Forster (I962) p. I64.

CHAPTER I 2

1. Quoted Furbank I, I5. 2. International Social Science Journal, I9, 4 (I967), pp. 493-5I6. 3x. Nirad C. Chaudhuri, 'Passage to and from India', Encounter, Qune I954) II, pp. I9-24. For a more sympathetic acccunt, see G. K. Das, E. M. Forster's India, with a Foreword by John Beer (London, I977) and especially pp. 47- 5 I for parallels between the 'troubled situation at Chandra pore' and the 'actual situation surrounding the Amritsar massacre'. 4· Frederick C. Crews, E. M. Forster: The Perils of Humanism (Princeton, N.J., I962) p. I42· 5· Quoted by John Colmer in E. M. Forster: the Personal Voice ( I975) p. I I. 6. PI xxiv, 2I9. 7. PI xiii, I 24. 8. PI XXV, 22I. 9· PI xx, I8I. Io. PI vii, 64.

CHAPTER I 3

IX. 'ArtforArt'sSake' (I949), TCD87-g3. 2. 'Our Diversions: 2, The Birth of an Empire' ( I924), AH (I936) 44-7; 'The Challenge of our Time' (I946), TCD 54-8. 3x. A call echoed in Forster's need for a perfect Friend. 4x. 'Passage to India' (I87I) in Leaves of Grass; 'India, The Wisdom-Land' (I 890) in Toward Democracy (Swan Sonnenschein, London, I 9II). In his essay, 'Edward Carpenter' ( I944), Forster wrote: 'As he had looked outside his own class for companionship, so he was obliged to look outside his own race for wisdom' (TCD 207). It is open to conjecture that the predominantly Notes to Pages 135-61 295 'feminine' nature oflndia's civilisations, their cultivation of the imagination and intuitions, the pursuit of the unseen, and an eroticism in the visual arts, myths and epics which is conceptually androgynous- the Absolute as the two-in-one, the male-female principles as coexistent- may have had an especial appeal to male members of what Carpenter called the intermediate sex. 5· Quoted Furbank 1, 216. 6. Heinrich Zimmer, Philosophies of India (1967) p. 231 (first published 1952). 7· The significance of Jain cosmology to the ideas and images in 'Caves' is discussed in my Delusions and Discoveries: Studies on India in the British Imagination I 88o-I930 ( 1972) . 8. 'Liberty in England' (1935), AH (1936) 62-8. 9x. In addition to the works referred to in these notes I wish to acknowledge a more general debt to the following books: John Beer: The Achievement of E. M. Forster; Malcolm Bradbury, Editor: E. M. Forster: A Passage to India: A Selection ofCritical Essays (Casebook Series) 1970; Frederick C. Crews: E. M. Forster: The Perils of Humanism, 1962; Furbank 1; June Perry Levine: Creation and Criticism: A Passage to India, 1971; Wilfred Stone: The Cave and the Mountain: A Study of E. M. Forster, Stanford, California, 1966; Lionel Trilling: E. M. Forster, 1944; Peter Widdowson: E. M. Forster's Howards End: Fiction as History (Text and Context Series) 1977-

CHAPTER 14

IX. As far as non-fiction is concerned, The Hill of Devi: being Letters from Dewas State Senior ( 1953) demonstrates how intelligently Forster confronted the limitations of the role of an observer, and how consistently his imaginative sympathy enabled him to transcend them. 2. Cf. Benjamin Britten's essay 'Some Notes on Forster and Music', in Aspects of E. M. Forster: Essays and Recollections written for his Ninetieth Birthda_r Ist January I¢9, ed. Oliver Stallybrass ( 1969) 81-6. 3· Epilogue, GLD 201. 4· Joseph Campbell, The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology ( 1965) P·3· 5· 'Gide and George', TCD 220. 6. E. M. Forster: A Study (1944) pp. 124-5. 7x. The descriptions of the Gokul Ashtami Festival in The Hill of Devi are more irreverent-Forster uses the word 'facetious'-than in A Passage to India: which is not to say that Forster doesn't permit a spirit oflevity in the novel, but that it is subsumed into more serious explorations which the novel's contexts co-operate to render revelatory at points such as this. 8. G.Jean-Aubry, Joseph Conrad: Life & Letters, 2 vols (1927) I, 280.

CHAPTER I 5

1. Virginia Woolf, Flush: A Biograph] (1933); Forster, 'Mr and Mrs Abbey's Difficulties', AH (1936) 225-33. Notes to Pages 162-:;

2. Quoted by S. P. Rosenbaum in The Group (1975) p. 122. 3x. As it is of john Collier's (more knockabout) tale, His Monkey Wife (1930). 4x. See also the poem '0 Child of Uranus' in Towards Democracy, in which the Uranian is presented as a messiah. 5· TCD 305. 6. Max Beerbohm, 'Lytton Strachey' [The Rede Lecture] (Cambridge, 1943). 7· AH (1936) 85. 8. AH (1936) 77- 9· AH (1936) 57·

CHAPTER 16

1. The author thanks the Trustees of the Forster Estate-the Provost and Scholars of King's College, Cambridge-for their permission to quote from the letters, the Humanities Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin for the hospitality extended to her, and the Fulbright Committee for their financial support. 2. John Sayre Martin, E. M. Forster. The Endless Journey ('British Authors. Introductory Critical Studies', Cambridge, 1976). 3x. 'What I Believe' (TCD 71). It is worth noting that 'the wide-open world' belongs to Forster's 'aristocrats' whatever their nation or creed. 4· 'This £ 8,ooo [Marianne's legacy to Forster] has been the financial salvation of my life. Thanks to it I was able to go to Cambridge .... After Cambridge I was able to travel for a couple of years, and travelling inclined me to write.' Marianne Thornton, A Domestic Biography (1956) p. 289. 5· See The Lucy .Novels. Early Sketches for A Room with a View, ed. 0. Stallybrass, The Abinger Edition, 3a (1977). 6. As quoted by Elizabeth Ellem in 'E. M. Forster: the Lucy and New Lucy Novels', Times Literary Supplement, 28 May 1971, and 0. Stallybrass in The Lucy .Novels ..., p. 18. 7x 'Philip, my tried and true acquaintance: who on this occasion, as on many others, feels and behaves as I do.' MS. of Where Angels Fear to Tread, in the British Museum. Note also that elsewhere Forster gave E.J. Dent as Philip's 'ancestor'. 8. See Furbank 1, 95 and Elizabeth Ellem, Joe. cit. 9x. Such was the case for the little chestnut grove near Ravello where 'The Story of a Panic' came to his mind in a flash. See Forster's introduction to CSS (1947)· lOX. Malcolm Darling had been Forster's contemporary at King's before entering the Indian Civil Service. He had served in Lahore, where Forster visited him during his 1912 tour of India, and had acted as tutor to the Maharajah of Dewas Senior, whose private secretary Forster became in 1921. Malcolm Darling was knighted in 1939· See also Forster's obituary article on him in The Times, 10 Jan 1969. 1 1 . Letter to J. R. Ackerley dated 3 1May 194 7. This (as well as all the letters to Ackerley here mentioned) is in the Humanities Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin. 12x. 'It was architecturally necessary. I needed a lump, or a Hindu temple if you Notes to Pages 16f}-79 297 like-a mountain standing up. It is well placed, and it gathers up some strings' 'The Art of Fiction. E. M. Forster', The Paris Review, Spring I953· The interviewers were P. N. Furbank and F.J. H. Haskell. I3. See HD 105 ff. I4X· Forster had metJ. R. Ackerley in I922 on the occasion of the publication of the younger man's poem 'Ghost' in the London Mercury. After Ackerley's stay in India, recollected in Hindoo Holiday (I 932), they became close friends; an extensive and varied correspondence was exchanged for some forty-five years until Ackerley's death in I967. See The Letters of]. R. Ackerley, ed. Neville Braybrooke (I975); and '"Dearest My Joe": Une lecture de lettres de E. M. Forster a J. R. Ackerley', E. Hanquart, in E. M. Forster, C.E.R.V.E. (Montpellier, France, I977). I5. See HD I55· I6x. Once he apologised for the quality of his handwriting by telling a friend he was writing him the eighteenth letter on that day! I7X· In October I923 Forster had already warned Ackerley, who was undertak• ing his own 'Passage to India', that 'the person in another berth in a cabin is always fairly pleasant and very dull.' I8x. Forster was indeed sailing in this Equatorial region which sailors associate with calms, light winds, and inactivity. I9· Letter toJ. R. Ackerley dated 7 Aug I929· 20x. William Plomer, the poet and short-story writer, was born in the Transvaal in I903. He became a friend of Forster's and of Ackerley's in the thirties./ Speak to Africa came out in I927· 2 I x. ' ... a river several times the size of the Thames falls into a chasm deeper than St Paul's and what with the spray and the double circular rainbows and lying on one's stomach on shiny rocks over bottomless cauldrons .. .' 22. Letter toJ. R. Ackerley from 'the Red Sea', dated 9 Sep I929. 23. See LTC, p. xii. 24X· The British Protectorate over Egypt came to an end in I922. 25x. C. P. Cavafy, the Greek poet of Alexandria, whom Forster had made friends with during the First World War, was famous for his capacity for self• withdrawal even in friendly company. 26x. For other anecdotes about this visit, see Alec Randall, 'E. M. Forster and Romania', in Aspects ofE. M. Forster, ed. 0. Stallybrass (I96g) p. 5I-6o; Sir Alec Randall died in I 977. 27. See 'Recollections from Nassenheide', Listener, I Jan I959· 28. 'The Eyes ofSibiu', Spectator, 25june I932· 29. The national tvika. 30. Letter toR. C. Trevelyan, 2I Feb I947· I wish to thank the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, who gave me access to this correspondence. 31X. Letter to Provost J. T. Sheppard dated 2I May I947, King's College Library. This young friendly couple were Noel and Marietta Vogues, who were also Ackerley's hosts when he visited the United States in I962 (see The Letters of J. R. Ackerley). 32x. 'It is the most astounding natural object I have ever seen. It frightens. There are many colours in it besides crimson-strata of black and of white, and rocks of ochre and pale lilac. And the Colorado river itself is ... still more 298 Notes to Pages 179-94 sinister, for it is muddy white and very swift, and it rages like an infuriated maggot between precipices of granite, gnawing at them and cutting the Canyon deeper. It was strange after two days amongst these marvels, and terrors, to return to the surface of the earth, and go bowling away in a bus between little fir trees.' That Forster was riding a mule in the Canyon is recorded in a letter to Provost Sheppard. 33x. This word is coined from their friend, Prof. W. J. H. Sprott, who was to become Forster's literary executor. 34x. Paul Cadmus, the American artist, drew several portraits of Forster, in particular those reproduced in the first separate edition of The New Disorder and in the first American edition of Two Cheers for Democracy. E. M. Forster appears in Cadmus's painting called 'What I Believe' ( I946). 35· Letter written to Ackerley in a train going through California on 3I May I947· 36. See Listener, 4 Nov I954· 37x. This was Forster's first trip to Germany since the war. I disagree with Philip L. Fry (An Annotated Calendar of the Letters from E. M. Forster to]. R. Ackerley in the Humanities Research Center, Ph.D. dissertation, The University ofTexas at Austin, I974), who dates this letter 'April 55' in spite of internal evidence to the contrary, and of its fragmentary date. 38. See 'Recollections from Nassenheide' and Forster's introduction to LJ (WC). 39· Letter to Ackerley dated 7 July I957· 40. King's College Library, E. M. Forster Collection, vol. 21. 4I. Three of these tours are recorded for the summer months of I962, I963, and I 964 respectively.

CHAPTER r8

I. From two letters to The Nation and Athenaeum, 29 March and 26 April I930. 2. Published in The Listener, 30 April I930. Reprinted in D. H. Lawrence, The Critical Heritage, ed. R. P. Draper (I970). 3x. The White Peacock (I9I I) from Part Two Chapter i, 'Strange Blossoms and Strange New Budding', pp. I 97-200. I am grateful to John Beer for drawing my attention to the script of Forster's talk in the library of King's College, which confirms that this was the section of Lawrence's novel that Forster had in mind. An extract he read out began a little before and ended a little earlier than the quotation given here. 4· The Plumed Serpent (I 926) from Chapter xvii, 'Fourth Hymn and the Bishop', PP· 265-6. 5· From Part One Chapter vi, 'The Education of George', p. 95· 6. See Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence, ed. E. D. McDonald, I936, PP· 22-31. 7· From Chapter xx, 'Marriage by Quetzalcoatl', p. 332. 8. From Part Two Chapter ii, 'A Shadow in Spring', p. 224. 9· See Phoenix (cf. Note 6) p. 7· 10. See E. Delavenay, D. H. Lawrence, L'Homme et Ia Genese de son CEuvre (Paris, I969), P· 674. Notes to Pages 194-205 299

I 1. See The Collected Letters of D. H. Lawrence, ed. H. T. Moore ( Ig62) n, 799· I2. Ibid.,8II.

CHAPTER I9

1. See my book, Art and Order: A Study of E. M. Forster (New York, I964) pp. 73-6. Some of the points I make in this essay are more fully elaborated in that book and in two essays: 'Depths and Surfaces: Dimensions ofForsterian Irony', English Literature in Transition, (I973) XVI 257-74, and 'Desire and Consciousness: The "Anironic" Forster', Novel, (winter I976) IX, I I4-29. 2. The Collected Tales ofE. M. Forster (New York: AlfredA. Knopf, I952) p. I23. 3x. Pan the Goat-God: His Myth in Modern Times (Cambridge, Mass., Ig6g) p. 268, n. 2. For Merivale's objections to the use Forster's critics make of Pan, seep. I84. Her study, admirable though it is in its comprehensive examination of Pan, seems to me too restrictive in its approach to Forster. 4X· See 's essay, '"Vacant Heart and Hand and Eye": The Homosexual Theme in A Room With a View', English Literature in Transition, (I970) xm, I8I-g2. The remark referred to appears on p. I8g. P. N. Furbank's illuminating account of Forster's reaction to a contemporary homosexual interpretation of the story (Furbank I I33-4) should also be consulted. 5x. 'Ansell' may possibly provide another example, and 'The Rock' presumably means to do justice to relationships in this world too. 6x. See Meyers' essay, and also Samuel Hynes, 'Forster's Cramp', Edwardian Occasions (New York, I972) p. I I6. Hynes describes the scene, correctly, as 'reminiscent of the pederastic bathing ofVictorian homosexual writing and photography'. See too Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York and London, I975), chap. VIII, especially the sections called 'The British Homoerotic Tradition', pp. 279-86, and 'Soldiers Bathing', pp. 2gg- 309. In Sexual Heretics: Male Homosexuality in English Literature from IBjO to 1!)00 (New York, I97I) p. 8, Brian Reade writes: 'For John Addington Symonds the word Arcadian meant homosexual, and little more.' In a non• homosexual context, one may note the legitimating of male nudity by the seemly introduction of pan pipes into paintings and photographs. See, for example, Thomas Eakins: His Photographic Works (Philadelphia, Ig6g) PP· 55, 57, 58, 59, 63. 7· See 'Desire and Consciousness', pp. II7-22. 8. According to John Colmer, 'in Ig28, Forster wrote in his Commonplace Book: "What a pity the poetry in me has got mixed up with Pan."' See E. M. Forster: The Personal Voice ( I975) p. 40. gx. My discussion is intended to focus on the five stories that, in Stallybrass' edition of The Life to Come (LTC), run from pp. 97 to I65, and I have used the title of the whole volume to refer to them. Of the remaining three late, homosexual tales, two were completed, one partly written, before the other five. It must be admitted that a shadow of the earlier Pan, the Pan of connecting, continues on in these three stories, with predictable results. The attempt to actualize love as well as desire leads, with a fatal inevitability, to disaster and death. Consciousness remains divisive: 'There was always a 300 Notes to Pages 205~14

barrier either way, always his own nature' (p. 95). For further distinctions between the two groups of stories, see 'Depths and Surfaces', pp. 266~7, and 'Desire and Consciousness', pp. I23~5. 10. Paul Valery, 'Aurore', Poisies (Paris, I942) p. 86. I 1. Speedboat (New York, I976) p. 73·

CHAPTER 20

I. PI xxxvii, 309. 2. Forster speaks of this significance which Krishna's birth had for him in the novel in a Paper entitled 'Three Countries', the manuscript of which I consulted in the archive of King's College, Cambridge. I am grateful to the Provost and Scholars of King's for permission to consult this material. 3x. It is an interesting coincidence that the prototype of Eliot's 'The Fire Sermon' was preached by Buddha near Gaya, where the Marabar (originally 'Barabar') episode too is based. 4X· The last words of Buddha to the priests were: 'All the constituents of being are transitory; work out your salvation with diligence.' (See H. C. Warren, Buddhism in Translations, Cambridge, Mass., I953, p. wg.) Eliot reproduces Buddha's words in The Cocktail Party, Act 2, where Reilly says to Celia:

Go in peace, my daughter. Work out your salvation with diligence.

Again, Reilly to Julia:

And when I say to one like her 'Work out your salvation with diligence', I do not understand What I myself am saying.

5x. Buddha's eight-fold path consists of: right belief, right will, right speech, right action, right means oflivelihood, right effort towards self-control, right attention, and right contemplation. 6. See Thomas's speech to the Second Priest in Murder in the Cathedral, Part I. 7. 'East Coker', IV. 8. Furbank n, 328. g. AH (Ig36) 332~4. Io. Ibid., 333~4. I I. Cf.Juan Mascaro, trans., The BhagavadGita (Harmondsworth, Ig62) Canto xi, 3, p. 8g. I2. AH (Ig36) 92. I3. See 'The Gods of India', The .New Weekry, 30 May I9I4, p. 338. I4. LJ (WC) vi, 6g. Notes to Pages 216-27 301

CHAPTER 2I

IX. In addition to the works cited below there are discussions of the relationship by Robert Gish ('Mr Forster and Mrs Woolf: Aspects of the Novelist as Critic', Virginia Woolf Quarter!J ( I976) II, 255--69); by Wilfred Stone, in The Cave and the Mountain (Stanford, I966); and in Furbank II. 2. E. M. Forster, The Lucy Novels: ear!J sketches for 'A Room with a View', ed. 0. Stallybrass (Abinger ed. vol. 3a, I977) p. xii. 3x. Virginia Woolf's childhood adventures at catching moths are recounted in some detail in her essay 'Reading' (Essays II, 22-5). See also her essay 'The Death of the Moth' (Essays I, 359--6I). 4· I am grateful both to Mr Stallybrass for transcribing the note and to the Provost and Scholars of King's College, Cambridge for permission to reproduce it. 5· , Sowing (I96o) p. I7Ii Furbank I, 66. 6. P. N. Furbank, letter to the present writer, 6 October I973· 7· TLS, 22 Oct I908, p. 362; reprinted in V. Woolf, Contemporary Writers, ed. Jean Guiguet (I965), pp. 4g-5o. (Also reprinted, along with some other reviews and articles cited in this essay, in E. M. Forster: the Critical Heritage, ed. Philip Gardner (I973).) 8x. See Walter Allen, The English Novel (Penguin, I97o) p. 77, and Robert Curtis Brown, 'Laurence Sterne and Virginia Woolf: A Study in Literary Continuity', University of Kansas City Review, (I959) XXVI I53--g. In• cidentally, while Forster's comparison between Virginia Woolf and Sterne may have been the first to appear in print, another common friend, Lytton Strachey, had already suggested to Virginia Woolf a couple of years previously in I925 that perhaps the ideal thing for her as a novelist was to 'take something wilder and more fantastic [than she had until then attempted], a framework that admits of anything, like Tristram Shandy' (AWD, 79). Sterne is, of course, one of the first few names in the long list of literary luminaries to whom Virginia W oolffacetiously acknowledges a debt in the Preface to Orlando, as Forster's name is one of the last. In any case, Virginia W oolfseems to have herself sanctioned the linking ofher name with Sterne a year after the publication of Aspects when the World's Classics edition of A Sentimental Journey came out ( I928) with an introduction by her. This was the only introduction she ever wrote to a work by another novelist, and many reviewers of this edition, not surprisingly, made a comparison between her and Sterne one of the main subjects of their comments. In fact, the review in the TLS ( wjanuary I929, p. 25) was even titled 'Mrs. Woolf and Sterne'. 9· Lionel Trilling, E. M. Forster (I970), I42n. wx. Probably, Virginia Woolf would have found this description of her novels as 'little silver cups' particularly offensive, could she have read it. In A Room of One's Own, she had derided silver cups as puerile and characteristi• cally male emblems of achievement, and mocked those who think it of 'the utmost importance to walk up to a platform and receive from the hands of the Headmaster himself a highly ornamental pot'. She had gone on to tell women novelists that 'to sacrifice a hair of the head of your vision, a shade of its colour, in deference to some Headmaster with a silver pot in his hand or to Notes to Pages 227-46 some professor with a measuring-rod up his sleeve, is the most abject treachery ... .' A Room of One's Own (1929), pp. 159--60. I I. P. N. Furbank, letter to the present writer, 6 October I973· I2. Virginia Woolf, Roger Fry: A Biography (I940) p. 294· I3. C. B. Cox, The Free Spirit: A Study of Liberal Humanism in the Novels of George Eliot, Henry James, E. M. Forster, Virginia Woolf, Angus Wilson ( I963). I4. Ibid., p. Io3. I5- Ibid., 74-I I6, passim. I 6x. Very different in detail, they all share a common belief that there is only one view of the world, and one family; and invariably at the end the mirrors break, and the new generation bursts in.' Review of Walpole's The Green Mirror, TLS, 24jan IgiB, reprinted in V. Woolf, Contemporary Writers, ed.J. Guiguet (I965), p. 71.

CHAPTER 22

I. Furbank 1. 2. AN vii, g8. 3· TCD 82-3. 4· Ibid., 84. 5· AN vii, 86. 6. TCD 84. 7· Virginia Woolf, 'The Russian Point of View', in The Common Reader, first series (New York, I953) p. IBI (Essays l, 24I). 8. AN iv 57· g. Woolf, 'Modern Fiction', in The Common Reader, first series, p. I 57 (Essays II, 108-g). IO. Chekhov, Anton, 'Gusev', in The Portable Chekhov, edited by Avrahm Yarmolinsky (New York, Ig68) p. 268. I 1. Woolf, 'The Novels of E. M. Forster', in The Death of the Moth and Other Essays, (New York, I974) pp. I62-75 (Essays I, 342-5I). I2. Forster, Letter in my possession, dated 2I Sep I957· I3· Forster, 'Short Stories from Russia', The , 24july I9I5· I4. The story is 'Agatha' (or 'Agafya'). Forster is quoting a translation by Marian Fell from the collection Stories of Russian Life.

CHAPTER 23

1. Letters from D. H. Lawrence to Martin Seeker 19II-1930 (privately published I97o) pp. 59-63. Quoted (with later dates) by F. R. Leavis, Thought, Words and Creativity (I976) p. 32. I am grateful to Carl Baron for drawing my attention to these references and for making available to me his wide knowledge of Lawrence's letters and other writings. 2. Letter to Linati, 8 August I924 (Letters, ed. Harry T. Moore, I962, II, Boo). 3· Leavis, 'E. M. Forster', Scrutiny, I938, VII. Reproduced in The Common Pursuit, (I952) pp. 262, 263. 4· Wilfred Stone, The Cave and the Mountain (Stanford, Calif., I966) pp. I5, Notes to Pages 246--50 I2m, 227n, 379-87, etc., etc. Professor Stone makes a number of comparisons, some of which anticipate or supplement points in the present essay. See also Frank Kermode, D. H. Lawrence (I973) pp. 5, 25, 6o-1, I37· 5· For the first, see E. M. Forster, The Lury Novels: Early Sketchesjor'A Room with a View' (ed. 0. Stallybrass, I977); for the second, 'E.T.' (Jessie Chambers), D. H. Lawrence: A Personal Record ( I935) p. II6. 6. The White Peacock ( I9I I), ch. iii, 43; RWV vi, 67-8 (and cf. WAFT ii, I8); The White Peacock, quoted by Baron above, pp. I88-go. 7. Cf. my The Achievement rifE. M. Forster (I g62) p. go. 8. HE xliv, 337· g. The Rainbow (I9I5) ch. xvi, 462-3. wx. In a letter to Forster, 24january I9I5 (Letters (Moore) I, 3I5) Lawrence says that he has read only one or two stories of Forster's and would like very much to have The Celestial Omnibus. On 28january he refers back to Howards End; a postscript by Frieda tells how she 'felt like turning somersaults' after reading Where Angels Fear to Tread (Furbank n, 7). (In a letter of March she says that The Longest journey 'touched me on the quick' (E. M. Forster: The Critical Heritage, ed. P. Gardner (I973) p. 97·)) In a letter of3 February (quoted below, p. 254), Lawrence comments on The Celestial Omnibus in terms of the 'Only connect' motto from HE. I IX. On 23 June I9I I, Lawrence wrote to Louie Burrows, 'Bring me Howard's End (sic] on Sunday, if you can' (Lawrence in Love, ed. J. T. Boulton, (Nottingham Ig68) p. I I4). He had evidently read it by that time, since he wrote to A. W. McLeod on the same day (in an unpublished letter), 'I'm bringing you Howard's End-it is exceedingly good and very discussable.' Paul Delany, in 'Lawrence and Two Rainbows' (D. H. Lawrence Review ( I975) vm, 54-62), points out that Lawrence's rainbow image in the closi'!g pages may have been influenced by Forster's use in Howards End of 'the rainbow bridge in us that should connect the prose in us with the passion' and by the Wagnerian rainbow bridge in the title-story of The Celestial Omnibus, which was illustrated by Roger Fry for the endpapers of the book as a whole. I 2. M. L. Raina, 'A Forster Parallel in Lawrence's "St Mawr"': Notes and Q.ueries (March Ig66) ccxi, g6-7. I3. Letter to David Garnett, I9 April I9I5; The Flowers rif the Forest (I955) PP· 53-4· I4. Leonard Woolf, Sowing, an Autobiography rif the years I88o-I!)04 (Ig6o) pp. I7I-2. For more light on the whole relationship see David Garnett's 'Forster and Bloomsbury' in Aspects of E. M. Forster, ed. 0. Stallybrass (Ig6g) pp. 29-35. I5x. GLD xiv, I 7g-8o; C. Hassall, Edward Marsh ( I959) p. 522. His short story 'The point of it', similarly, was, says Forster, ill-liked by his Bloomsbury friends.' "What is the point of it?" they queried thinly, nor did I know how to reply' (CSS ( I947) Introduction). I6. AN v, 66. I 7. Phoenix (I 936) pp. 398-5 I 6. I8x. Carl Baron points out to me that the name 'Pagans' derives solely from a memoir by D. L.'s friend G. H. Neville in the London Mercury shortly after his death, and that the assumption that the group actually called themselves by Notes to Pages 250-}

this name should not be accepted without question, therefore. The term 'neo-paganism' was in use by I876 (OED); in Bloomsbury the group which included , Ka Cox, Gwen and , Frances Cornford and David Garnett was called the Neo-Pagans (See Virginia Woolf, Letters ( I975) I, 460, note to letter of April I9II). I9. LJ (WC) xxiii, 225; xxxi, 287; xxxiv, 323-4. 20. 'The Machine Stops', CSS (I947) I63. For a fuller account of Orion, see my discussion in The Achievement of E. M. Forster (I962) pp. 9I-4. 21. Kenneth Grahame, Pagan Papers (I894) p. 109. 22. Peter Green, Kenneth Grahame, IBsg-1932," a stu4J rif his life, work and times, ( I959) PP· I19-23. 23. 'The Olympians', The Golden Age (I895) pp. I-7 (reprinted from Pagan Papers, pp. II3-I8). 24. David Garnett, The Flowers of the Forest (I955) pp. 33-7. The stay, and its impact, are described in Furbank II, 4-I3. 25x. Letter to Russell, I2 February I9I5 Letters (Moore) I, 3I6. Frieda wrote in a letter to Forster (2o-I March I9I5) that during the stay he and Lawrence had been 'on the brink of quarreling-watching each other like two tom• cats' (Furbank n, I I). 26. Unpublished letter to Forster, 23 July I924· Quoted below, p. 264. 27. Angus Wilson, 'A Conversation with E. M. Forster', Encounter (November I957) IX, 54: Cited Stone, op. cit., 38m. 28. HExix, I72- 29- Letter to Forster, 20 September I922 (Letters (Moore) n, 7I6). 30x. Unpublished letters to Forster of 2 June I9I5, 30 May I9I6; letter of 20 September I922 (Letters (Moore) II, 7I6). Carl Baron points out to me that Lawrence read Edwin Arnold's Light rif Asia in youth and sometimes quotes from it in letters: he still refers to it once or twice in The Plumed Serpent. 3IX. In the letter referred to above (note 25) Frieda replied, to his complaints, that what Lawrence was preaching to him was 'just exactly what you say yourself in your books'; she told Forster 'You are not to mind L's "customs beastly, manners none"; think, I have put up with them, and they have improved!' (Fur bank II, I I var.). For Forster's comments on the earlier 'dressing-down' see Furbank n, I3. 32. Letters of I I February I9I5 and 24 February I9I5 (Letters (Moore) I, 3I5, 323)· 33· Letter to Russell, I2 February I9I5 (Letters (Moore) I, 3I9)· 34· See above, pp. 77-8. 35· Unpublished letter to Forster, 3 February I9I5 (quoted Furbank II, 8). 36. P. Merivale, The Great God Pan (Cambridge, Mass., I969) pp. I94-2I9. 37· Unpublished letter to Forster, 23July I924, quoted in part in Furbank II, I24- 38. PI xxiii, 20. 39x. J. M. Murry, 'Bo-oum or Ou-Boum?', Adelphi (I924) II, I5o-3; reprinted in E. M. Forster: The Critical Heritage, ed. P. Gardner ( I973) 236-8. Writing to Forster after this, Lawrence said 'Saw Murry's Bou-oum crit.-but even that is better than his miaow-anyhow, damn the universe and its echo-je m'enfiche-On peut toujours s'enfiche, meme de l'univers' (Letters (Moore) n, 793-4). Notes to Pages 257-63

40x. See his letter to Seeker, I3 August I925, quoted above, p. 245· His previous letters to Seeker had contained several requests to send copies of his books to Forster. 41. 'The Novel', in R4fections on the Death of a Porcupine and other Essays, I925, pp. 105-6 (Phoenix II, 4I7). 42. Letter to S. S. Koteliansky, 22 November I927, Letters (Moore) II, 1024. 43· AN vii, 99· 44· Nation and Athenaeum (29 March I930) XLVI, 888. 45· Ibid, (5 April I93o) xLvii, I 1. 46. Ibid. (I2 April I930) XLVII, 45· 47· AN vii, Ioo. 48x. The Trial of Lady Chatterley, Regina v. Penguin Books Ltd., ed. C. H. Rolph (Harmondsworth, Ig6I) pp. I I2-I3. In the course of his evidence, Forster mentioned that Sons and Lovers was the novel of Lawrence's that he most admired. (In the I930 broadcast discussed below it had been, interestingly, The Plumed Serpent.) He also invoked Bunyan and Blake as Lawrence's true antecedents: 'Lawrence too had this passionate opinion of the world and what it ought to be, but is not.' 49· 'The Cult of D. H. Lawrence', Spectator ( I8 April I93I) 627. This interesting piece is hard to summarize and should be read in full. 50. 'D. H. Lawrence', Listener (30 April I930) pp. 753-4. 51. See, e.g.,J. D. Rosenberg, The Darkening Glass ( I963) pp. 30f., 35, 10gff. etc. 52x. 'E. T.' (Jessie Chambers), D. H. Lawrence: A Personal Record (I935), p. 107; Letters (Moore) I, 29-30. Carl Baron points out to me that in Lawrence's early story 'Goose Fair', published in the English Review in February I910, the aspiring heroine is reading a copy ofSesame and Lilies, which is crushed by her mother when she suffers a heart attack. 53· The Rainbow (I9IS) iv, IOI. 54X· Letter to Edward Garnett, I4 November I9I2. Letters (Moore) I, I6I. In Fantasia of the Unconscious ( I923) x, 108, he wrote: 'When Mrs Ruskin said that john Ruskin should have married his mother she spoke the truth. He was married to his mother.' 55x. The Luey Novels: Early Sketches for 'A Room with a View', ed. 0. Stallybrass (I977) p. 22: HE vi, 46-8. I owe the Howards End reference to P. N. Furbank's biography (Fur bank I, I 73-4). Furbank also mentions that Forster worked for a time at the Working Men's College, where Ruskin had earlier lectured. s6x. Since writing this I have come across the following in a letter to Ackerley: 'Although my mother has been intermittently tiresome for the last thirty years, cramped and warped my genius, hindered my career, blocked and buggered up my house, and boycotted my beloved, I have to admit that she has provided a sort of rich subsoil where I have been able to rest and grow. That, rather than sex or wifiness, seems to be women's special gift to men.' (Quoted Furbank II, 2I7.) 57· LJ (WC) xxviii, 263-4. 58. LJ. (WC) xxxi, 296. 59· 'A View without a Room', Observer (27 July I958) p. IS. 6o. PI xiv, I38-41. 61. PI xxiv, 2I4 etc.; xxix, 249, 25I; xxxiii, 276-7, 281. 306 Notes to Pages 263-8

62x. PI, xxxvi-xxxvii passim. The incident in the tank, when Stella Moore falls first against Fielding and then against Aziz, and the latter's reference to it in his letter to Adela Quested next day (p. 308) should be particularly noted. 63. Unpublished letter to Forster, 23]uly 1924, quoted in part Furbank II, I24. 64. Letter to Forster, I9 February I924, quoted in Furbank n, I63. 65. Virginia Woolf, 'The Novels of E. M. Forster', Atlantic Monthly (I927) cxv, 642-8. Reprinted Essays I, 348-9. 66. Ibid., 351. 67. Preface to CSS (1947) quoted above by Judith Herz, p. I9. 68. See his letter to Edward Garnett, 5June 19I4 (Letters (Moore) I, 28If.). 69. PI xxxii, 270. 70. Aaron's Rod ( I922) xvi, 225. 71. Ibid., xvii, 246. 72. RWV iv, 40-1. 73· Letters to Lady Cynthia Asquith, 2 I Oct I9I5 and J. M. Murry, 25 Oct 1923. Letters (Moore) 1, 371 and II, 759· Index

Abinger, 175 Aspects of E. M. Forster, 275 A binger Chronicle, The, I 72 AspectsoftheNovel, 2, 15, 86, 87, g6, 218, Abinger Edition of E. M. Forster, The, 221-2, 225, 226, 228, 230, 232, 233, 272-3 234, 237, 24g, 257-8 Abinger Harvest, 15-16 Augustine, St, 236, 23g Achilles, 22 Aurangabad, 110, 111 Ackerley,J.R., 16g, 170,171,175,177, Austen, Jane, 3, 222, 230, 246 181' 183, 2g7 Austria, 167, 182 Adl, Mohammed el, g Aylward, Maimie, 114 Adler, Renata, 207 Advaita Vedanta of Sankara, 8g Baedeker, 28, 2g, 31, 285-6 Aesthetic distance, 87 BaiSaheb, 103-4 Africa, 171-5 Barger, Florence, 183 Ainsworth, A. R., 33, 48 Barger, George, 171 Akbar, Ali, 10g, 113 Bayreuth, 18o-1 Aldeourgh, 184 Beer, J. B., 116, 26g-7o, 274, 280 Alexander [the Great], 8g, 100 Beerbohm, Max, 161, 164, 165; see also Alexandria, 76, 7!r83, go, IOo-I, 171 :{_uleika Dobson Alexandria: a History and a Guide, 83-5, Beethoven, 2, g, 11, 184, 241 87, go, g1, 101 Bell, Clive, 38 Allegory, 31, 51, 12g, 135, 13g, 167 Bell, Quentin, 218, 220 Allen, Glen 0., 276 Bennett, Arnold, 221, 223-4, 225-6, Allen, Walter, 226 230 Altruism, 35, 38, 43, 46 Berkeley, George, 32, 33 America, 178-g Berland, Alwyn, 274 Amritsar massacre, 2g4 Berlin, 175 Anonymity, g, 1133-7, 23g Bhagavad-Gita, 136, 210-II, 2II-I2 'Anonymity: an Enquiry', 233-4 Bidwai, Mr, 104 'Ansell', 2gg Binswanger, Ludwig, 280 Apartheid, 172; see also Racism Blake, William, 1-2, 78, 212, 288 Apollonius of Tyana, 8g Bloomsbury, 32, 38, 130, 161-6, 175, Apostles, 32, 36, 4 7, 48, 2 1 7 217, 22g, 230, 24g, 252, 264, 265, Apuleius, 2g1 270, 271, 275, 303, 304; see also Arabi, see U rabi Memoir Club Arjuna, 211-12, 215 Boer War, 120 Armstrong, Paul B., 280 Bowen, Elizabeth, 275 Arnim, Count and Countess von, 175 Bradbury, Malcolm, 275, 277-8, 27g- Art, artistic experience, 6, 32, 51, 52, 8o I2g Brahmins, 100, 114, 115 'Art for Art's Sake', 16 Bronte, Emily, 235

167 Index

Brown, E. K., 273-4, 276 'Concert, The', 168; see also Lucy Brown, Robert Curtis, 226 Novels Bucharest, 176 Conrad, Joseph, 16o, 2 15 Buckingham, Robert, 183, 184, 185 'Consolations of History, The', 16 Budapest, 175 Correspondence (Forster's), 168-82 Buddha, Buddhism, go, 101, 137, 208, 'Cotton from Outside', 81 210-1 I, 252-3, 300 Cox, C. B., 22g, 276 Burke, Kenneth, 277 Cracow, 175 Burra, Peter, 271-2 Crews, F. C., 1 rg, 270, 280 Butler, Bishop Joseph, 138 'Curate's Friend, The', 1g6-g, 202 Butler, Samuel, 35, 38 Dandekar, Sonopant, 115 Darling, Malcolm, 104, r6g, 2g6 Cadmus, Paul, 17g, 2g8 Das, G. K., 113, 279, 2g4 Cambridge, 6, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 44, Dauner, Louise, 276-7 48--g, 52, 10g, 167, 178, 216, 217, Death, r8, 24-5, 26, r85 232, 24g, 271, 276 Delphi, 184 Cambridge Humanist Society, 185 Demeter, 17-18, 42, 51-2 Campbell, Joseph, 145 Democracy, 77 Cannan, Mary, 253 'Den, The', 81 Capitalism, 73, 78 Dent, E. J., r68 Carpenter, Edward, 135, 162, 2g5 Depression, 8, g Cavafy, C. P., 3, 82, 83, 87, 2g7 Devi, 102 'Celestial Omnibus, The', 20, 22 Dew as, 102-8, 1 10, I 14, 16g, 170 Celestial Omnibus and other stories, The, 'Diana's Dilemma', 81 rg6-8, 203-4, 205, 254, 257, 303 Dickens, Charles, 226 'Challenge of Our Time, The', 75 Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes, 1, 6-7, Chambers, Jessie, rg3, 261 48, go, r68, 171, 177, 22~ 281 Charm, 7 Dickinson, Violet, 2 1 g Charon, 24 Dostoevsky, F., 104, 212, 235 Chaudhuri, Nirad, 1 18 'Dover Beach', 120 Chekhov, Anton, 10, 236-40, 242-4 Dreyfus, A., 36 'Chess at Cracow', 175 Dryden, John, 83 Chhatarpur, 114 Dualism, 46, 222-3 Christianity, g, 68, 71, 72, 78, 84, 87, 8g, g4, g5-6, 106, 107, 108, 156, 174, Economics, 72-3, 78 208, 2 I I, 25g, 278 Ecstasy, ecstatic experience, 30, 1 r6, Class, class distinctions, 56, 75, 76-8, 133 119, 127, 130, 142, 145, 146 'Edwardian' novelists, 22 I, 223, 224, Classical symbolism, 51 225-6, 229-30 Cnidus, 17 Egalitarianism, 6 Collected Short Stories, The, 2g Egypt, I 7 I' I 74, I 75; see also Alexandria Collected Tales of E. M. Forster, The, rg, Egyptian volumes, 12 2g, 205 Eliot, George, 3, 72, 120 Colmer, John, 271 Eliot, T. s., 10, 144, 2o8-•s, 221,258- Colonialism, 17 4, 17 5 g; see also Waste Land, The Comedy, comic gift, 4, 81, 280 Ellem, Elizabeth, 281 Commoner, Barry, 73 Empedocles, g3 Commonplace Book, 12, 56, 218 Enneads, 8g-IOI Index

Enquiry, spirit of, 8-9 Grant, Duncan, 252 Enright, D.J., 276 Grasmere, 133 Epistemology, 34, 35, 38, 3g, 40, 41, 42, Greece, 28-31, 84, 167, 184 43. 47· 52 Green, Peter, 251 Erasmus, D., 107 Eros, 18, 26 Essays (Forster's), 6 Hall, James, 27g 'Eternal Moment, The', 168 Hampshire, Stuart, 274 Eternal Moment and other stories, The, 1g , 130 Ethics, 32, 34, 38, 41, 42, 52, 131, 27g, Hannah, Donald, 275-6 287 Hardy, John Edward, 280 Euripides, 24 Hardy, Thomas, 3, 24g-so, 261 'Eyes of Sibiu, The', 175-6 Harvard University, 178-9 Harvey, John, 280 Fagan, Brian, 218 Haskell, F. J. H., 287 Fantasy, 1g, 20, 21, 24 Heard, Gerald, 17g Feminism, 162, 21g, 227 Hegel, Hegelianism, 41, so, 52, 276, Findlay, J. N., go 288 Fir bank, Ronald, 161-2 Heine, Elizabeth, 275, 281, 288 First World War, 4, 75, 7g, 171, 208, Hellenic Society, 184 270, 274 Hellenism, 20, 84, 101 Fletcher, Audrey and Eric, 185 Hermes, 17-27, 205, 266 'Forrest Reid', 165 'H. H.', see Tukoji III Forster, 'Lily', 2, 177, 183; see also Hichens, Robert, 8 1 Mother-son relationship Hill f!! Devi, The, 103--8, 110, 114, 16g, France, 174-5, 241 2gs Freud, S., 33, 251, 287 Hindu, Hinduism, g, 86, 87, 8g, go--1, Friendship, 35-6, 127, 1g7, •gg, 204 • •s, 134, •36--9, 142, •54, •s8, •sg, Fry, Roger, 175, 22g, 303 210, 212, 252, 270, 277· 278 Furbank, P. N., 272, 287 Homoerotic love, 35-6, 47, 53, 183; see also Homosexuality Galsworthy, John, 221 Homosexuality, 3, 8, 35-6, 70, 77, 135, 'Game of Life, The', 165 162, 1g6--207, 216, 232, 237, 23g, Ganges, 142 248, 271, 272, 281, 2gg; see also Garnett, David, 162, 275 Homoerotic love Gaskell, Elizabeth, 241 Horowitz, Ellin, 276-7 Genet, Jean, 73, 118 Housman, A. E., 23, 24 Geography, 31 Howards End, 1· I I, 12, 13-14, ss--68, 'Georgian' writers, 221, 224, 226, 22g- 6g-70,87, 117,124,142,145-6, I4g, 30 1g6-7, Igg, 202-3, 205, 214, 223, Gibbon, E., 104 22g, 247--8, 252, 254· 255. 261, 262, Gokhale, G. K., 114 2 7 I , 2 76, 27g--8o Gokul Ashtami, 16g Howarth, Herbert, 276 Goldmann, Lucien, 117, 1 18, 11g--2o Hoy, Cyrus, 27g Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, 15, go, 1 1o, Human relations, 3, 5, 35, 116, 130; see 144 also Friendship, Homosexuality, Grahame, Kenneth, 25o--2, 264 Love, Mother-son relationship, Sex Grand Canyon, 17g Humanism, 7, 68, 70, g6, I 30, I 33, I 3g, Gransden, K. W., 26g, 273 •4g, 165, .67, , 7,, •7s•• 77, 185, Index Humanism (contd) Jung, Saeed Yar, 1og, 110, Ill, 112, 270, 274, 277, 278; see also Liberal 113 humanism Huxley, Aldous, 141,144 Kantianism, 38 'Hymn Before Action', 211-12 Keats, John, I20, I61 Hynes, Samuel, 281 Kerenyi, K., 18, 20 Kermode, Frank, 246 Ibsen, Henrik, 165 Keynes, Maynard, 33, 72 'Ibsen the Romantic', 15-I6, 165 King Lear, 107 Iconoclasm, 35 'King's or Trinity?', 48-g Idealism, 32-54, 75, g2, 287 Kipling, Rudyard, 27g Imagery, 38, 270, 274; see also Kirkpatrick,]. B., 27I Metaphor Klingopulos, G. D., 274 Imagination, 40, I 20 Krishna, go, g1, g7, g8, 103-8, I 14, Imperialism, 4, I Ig-2I, I27, 130, 131- 115, 123, 134, 156,208, 2I I-12, 215, 2, 132-3 300 'Impressions of the United States', I 7g India, 4, 7, g, 86, 8g, go, g3, g5, 100, Lady Chatterlry trial, 25g 101, 105, 112, I I6, I I7, I27, 129-41, Lady Ottoline's Album, I64 I42, I45, 155, I6g, I70, I7I, I73, Lahore, 113 I77-8, 182, 2oB-15, 252, 274, 275, Lancaster, Mark, 185 276, 278, 27g Langbaum, Robert, 274 'India Again', 177 Language, 142-6o 'Indian Entries', I IO, 111, 113, I6g Lawrence, D. H., 4, Io, 87, 1~5, Industrialism, 5, 133, 142 221, 245-68; see also Women in Love Ingersoll, Robert, 37 Lawrence, Frieda, 252, 253, 304 Inner existence, 8, g Leavis, F. R., 245, 246, 273, 276 International Association ofWriters for Lebowitz, Naomi, 278 the Defence of Culture, 14I 'Letter to Madan Blanchard, A', 163, 'In the Early Years of this Century', 120 165 Irony,s,6, 144,146,147, I54, 15g,278 Levine, June Perry, 27g Isherwood, Christopher, I 7g Lewis, Wyndham, 220 Islam, 137, I42, 154-5, 174, 278 Liberal humanism, 130, I 31, 140, 143, Isolation, 5 22g; see also Humanism, Liberalism Italian novels, 1 I7, I 6g; see also Lucy Liberalism, 4, 1 Ig-2I, I24, 127, 132-3, Novels, Room with a View, A, Where 141, 256, 274, 276; see also Liberal Angels Fear to Tread humanism Italy, 6, I67, 168, 182, 232, 266-8 'Life to Come, The', 17 4 Life to Come and other stories, The, 204-7, Jains, 134, 137 281-2 James, Henry, 23, 57, 225, 226, 230, Light imagery, 38 274 Limits to Growth, The, 73 Jennings, Blanche, 26I Linati, Carlo, 246 Johannesburg, 173 Listener, The, I 7 I, I 7g John, Augustus, I64 , I2 Jones, Sir William, go Longest ]ournry, The, 5, 12-13, I8, 26, Journalism, I 7 I 32-54, 70, I 17, 200-1, 20I-2, 214, Joyce, James, 221 224, 232, 240, 242, 247, 248, 250, Jung, C. G., 33, 27I, 287 262-3, 28o-1, 303 Index 3 I I Love, 2, 3,8, 39,42,45,46,47,50,51, Mind, 33, 52 52-3, 78, 115, 183, 206--7, 262; see Mirza, Sajjad, 109, 113 also Human relations Mohammedanism, 9 Low, Barbara, 253 Money, 2-3, g, 56, 69---78; see also Lucas, John, 281 Materialism Lucian, 100 Moore, G. E., 311-54, 281, 287, 288 Lucy Novels, 168, 216, 246, 281; see also Moore, Geoffrey, 271 Italian novels Moore, T. Sturge, 288 Lukacs, G., 1 17 Morality, 4, 16o 'Luncheon at Pretoria', 172 Morrell, Lady Ottoline, 164, 252 Lycidas, 25 Moslem, 134 Mother-son relationship, 2, 16g, 177, Macarthy, Desmond, 33 183, !Zfio-4, 272, 305; see also Forster, Macaulay, Rose, 269 'Lily' McConkey, James, 270, 274, 277, 289 Murry, J. Middleton, 25, 256-7, 259- McDowell, F. P. W., 242-3, 270 6o, 304 Machen, Arthur, 250 Music, 8, g, 113, 144, 18o--1, 184 'Machine Stops, The', 19, 25o--1, 262 'My Own Centenary', 1 MacKenna, S., 8g, go, 100 Mysticism, 234 McTaggart,]. M. E., 41, 52,281,288 Myth, 5, 20, 22, 199 Magnus, John, 28o--1 Mythological imagination, 17-117 Mahabharata, 211 'My Wood', 73 Maharaj, I13-14 Maharashtra, 115 Mann, Thomas, 18 Nassenheide, 175 National characteristics, 58--g Mansfield, Katherine, 25, 219 Nation and Athenaeum, 258 Maratha, 1 14 Marianne Thornton, 12, 167 Nature, 7, 8, 49, 50, 51, 52, 239 Natwar-Singh, K., 110, 111, 273, 275 Marriage, 3, 8 Nazism, 177 Martin, John Sayre, 167 Neo-Pagans, 304 Marxism, 2 76 Masood, Syed Ross, g, 25-6, 109, 110, Neo-Platonism, 84-7, 8g, 92, g6, 97, 100 III, 112, 175, 242, 272 'Neo-Platonism', 83 Materialism, 37, 39, 43, 6g-78, 92, 93, New Criticism, 233 121, 165, 223, 225, 275; see also Money New Testament, 9 Nietzsche, F., 162 Maurice, I, 3, 12, 77· 79, 104, 107, 117, lg8,20I-2,203,204,232,241,28I-2 Nile, 174 Maurice, Thomas, 291 'Notes on the English Character', 15, 49 Mauron, Charles, 175, 182, 184 Megasthenes, 8g 'Obelisk, The', 26 Melville, Herman, 232, 235 Objective reality, 39, 40, 42; see also Memoir Club, 53, 162 Reality Meredith, George, 3, 249, 273 'Old Lucy', 216; see also Italian novels, Meredith, H. 0., 33, 48, 242, 272 Lucy Novels Merivale, Patricia, 19, 197, 255 Olympia, 28-31 Metaphor, 165-6 Onesicritus, 8g Meyers, jeffrey, 279, 281 Orion, 19, 115o--11, 289 Mill, John Stuart, 120 'Other Kingdom', 2o--1, 22 312 Index 'Pagans', paganism, 250, 252, 275, Public school ideal, 43-4 303-4 Pythagoras, Pythagoreanism, Bg, go, Pan, 1g,2I, Igi-3, 1g6-207,250,254- 2gi 5, 264 Panic, 202-3, 204-5, 207 Questing element, g Paris, 241 Paris Review, 271, 287 Rabelais, F., 107 Parry, Benita, 278-9 Racism, 172, 175; see also Apartheid Passage to India, A, 2, 4, 5, 7-9, 14-15, Radicalism, 6 56, 73, s5--6, s9, gcr1o1, 104, 105, Raina, M. L., 24g 106, 108, IGg-116, 117-128, 12g• Raj, 103, 178 .f1, 142-&o, 166, 16g, 170, 1g4-5, Ramsaran, J. A., 277 1g7, Igg, 202-4, 2o6, 2o8-15, 216, Ranade, R. A., 115 220, 223, 224, 22g, 232, 238, 23g, Randall, Alec, 17 5 240, 241, 242, 244, 245--6, 248-9, Ransom, John Crowe, 273 256, 257, 263, 264, 265--6, 268, 27o, Rasheed, M.A., 113 271, 273, 274-5, 276, 2 7&--9, 282 Rau, Santha Rama, 241 Pater, Walter, 23 Realism, 34, 37, 38, 39 Pawar, Bhojraj, 105 Reality, 21, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 51, Peacock, Thomas Love, 222 52, g2-3, 278; see also Objective Pederson, Glenn, 277 reality Phaedrus, go Reason, 8, 120 'Pharos', 82 'Refutation of Idealism, The', 33-4, Pharos and Pharillon, Ig, 82, 264 37-47, 52, 288 Philosophy, 5, 32-54, 8g-1o1, 12g, Religion, g, 63, 68,84-8, 134, 137, 150, 131, 136-7, ISO, 210, 277, 278, 27g, 234, 252-g, 270, 276, 277, 278, 279; 281, 287 see also Buddhism, Christianity, Philostratus, Bg Hinduism, Islam, Mohammedan• 'Photographic Egypt', 81 ism, Theology Pilgrimage, human, g 'Return from Siwa, The', 82 Pindar, 184 'Revolution at Bayreuth', 18o-1 Plato, Platonism, 1, 46, Bg, go, g2, g3, Richardson, Samuel, 226 100; see also Symposium River symbolism, 51 Plomer, William, 173, 2g7 'Road from Colonus, The', 26, 28-31, Plotinus, 84-5, 86, Sg-101 74, Ig8 Poetry, 46 'Rock, The', 74, 2gg 'Point of It, The', 1g, 23, 24-5, 25--6, Romania, 175-7 250, 303 Romantics, 40, 120 Political writings (Forster's), 6 Room with a View, A, 12, sB, 168, 199- Politics, 10, 36, 117, liB, llg, 127-8, 200, 216, 221, 232, 240, 246-7, 248, I2g, 131, 133, 275--6, 27g 261, 267-8, 281, 299 Pradhan, S. V., 278 Rosenbaum, S. P., 271 Pre-Socratics, go Ruskin, John, 261, 288 Pretoria, 172 Russell, Bertrand, 32, 33, 41, 52, 53, 76, Priapus, 205-7 171, 253, 281 Principia Ethica, 32, 33, g8, 47, 288 Pritchett, V. S., 275 Sackville-West, Vita, 219 Proust, Marcel, 287 Saeed; see Jung, Saeed Yar Provence, 182 Sahni, Chaman L., 278 Index

Saint Helena, I 72 Stein, Gertrude, 144 Salinger, J. D., 290 Steiner, George, 28I-2 Salter, Donald, 275 Stephen, Vanessa, 2 I 7 Sapphism, 2I6 Stephens, James, 250 Satire, 31 Sterne, Laurence, 226 Savage, D. S., I 19 Stone, Wilfred, g, 246, 270-I, 275, 277, Scepticism, 6, I 33 280, 286, 287 Schopenhauer, A., 276 'Story of a Panic, The', Ig, 20-I, 74, Schumacher, E. F., 72, 73 197-g, 254. 296 Schwartz, Delmore, 71 Strachey, Lytton, 33, I61, 164-5, 221, Scrutiny, 220 288, 30I Seeker, Martin, 245, 305 Structuralism, I 17-28 Second World War, 177, I 78, 274 Sufi, I37 Sensibility, 8 Symbolism, 39, 51, 55, 57, 59, 6o, 129, Seville, I 07 135, 140, 199, 215, 270, 274, 277, Sex, sexuality' 2' 18, 19, 77-8, 20Q-I ' 278, 280-1, 287 202, 206-7, 253-4; see also Homo• Symposium, 47 sexuality Sexual equality, 56 Terni, Enrico, 79-80 Shakespeare, W ., I 1, 83; see also King Theology, 84-8, 8g-IOI Lear Thomson, George H., 270, 277, 280 Shaw, G. B., 287 Thornton, Marianne, 117, 167, 183, Shelley, P. B., 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 296 288 'Three Countries', I82 Sheppard, J. T ., 49 Tilak, II4 Sherwani, Haroon Khan, 109, 1 I 2 Time, 51-2, I58-g, 160 Short stories, 4-5, 12, 29, 1 I7, 169, 255; Times, The, 2 see also Celestial Omnibus ..., The, Tolstoy, Leo, 7I, 76 Collected Short Stories, Eternal M o• Topography, 28-31, I66 ment ..., The, I.;ije to Come ... , The 'Torque, The', 204-5 Sibiu, 176 Totalitarianism, 5 Smythe, Ethel, 219 Travel, 167-82 Sodomy, 216 Traversi, Derek A., 273 Solipsism, 46, I65 Trevelyan, R. C., I7I 'Solitary Place, The', 81-2 Trilling, Lionel, 63, 1 Ig, 155, 227, 269, Sophocles, 28 270, 276 South Africa, I 71-3 Trollope, Anthony, 225 Spanish [Civil War], 177 Truitt, Willis H., 276 Spectator, The, 17 I Tukaram, 110, I 14-15 Spencer, Michael, 277 Tukoji III ('H. H.'), I02-7, 114 Spender, Stephen, 274 Turkish Spy, go 'Spiritual City, The', 83 Turner, Saxon Sydney, 33 Spiritual life, spiritual values, 56, 59, Two Cheers for Democracy, 16, 172, 178, 62, 63, 6 4- 5, 6 9, 70-1, 75, 76, 77, 265 208, 222, 225, 239· 261' 262, 275. 278, 279· 282 Upanishads, go, 208, 210 Sprott, W.J. H., 68 Urabi, 83 Staal, J. F., 8g Stallybrass, Oliver, 272-3 Vaishnavism, go Index Van O'Connor, William, 27I 'What I Believe', I6, 56 Vaughan, ~adge, 2I9 Where Angels Fear to Tread, I2, 58, 7I, Vedantins, 97 I66, I68, 20Q-I, 2I4, 224, 232, 274, Venice, I40 28I, 303 Victoria Falls, I 74 White, Gertrude~., 276 Victorianism, 4, I6I, I62, I64 Whitehead, A. N ., I 79 Vienna, I75, I82 Whitman, Walt, 26-7, gg, I35 Visionary experience, 30 Widdowson, Peter, 280 Vitality, 8, 79-80 Wilde, Alan, 27I, 275, 277, 28o Vogues, N. and~ .• I79 Wilkins, Charles, 29I Wine and Food, 227 Wagner, Richard, I8o-I, 28I Women, 3, 9 Walpole, Hugh, 230 Women in Love, I62 Warner, Rex, 273 Woodward, A., 274-5 Warren, Austin, 273 Woolf, Leonard, 2, 33, I62, 2I7, 220 Waste Land, The, I44, I62, 2o8-12 Woolf, Virginia, 2, 3, 10, 52, 53, I44, Watt, Ian, 287 I6I, I62, I63, I64, 216-30, 236-7, Wehner, Helene L.; 278 238, 243, 265-6, 273, 275, 287, 3oi Wedd, Nathaniel, 6, 48, I68 Wordsworth, William, I65, 239 Wells, H. G., 22I, 226, 230 Wright, lain, 6 Welty, Eudora, 282 'We Speak to India', I77 Yeats, W. B., I64, 220, 288 Weybridge, 8o 'What Does it ~atter?', 205 Zuleika Dobson, 23