USAID ETHIOPIA FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM

Ethiopia Health Infrastructure Program (EHIP)

Health Centers Groundwater Investigation Final Report

February 2016

This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 9 PART I...... 11 GENERAL OVERVIEW AND VERIFICATIONS OF THE STUDY...... 11 I. INTRODUCTION ...... 12 1.1. Background...... 12 1.2. Objectives of the study ...... 14 1.3. Approach and Methodology of the study ...... 15 1.3.1. Desk study...... 15 1.3.2. Field investigation...... 15 1.4. Discussion with local residents, office staffs and Experts...... 17 1.5. Location and accessibility of the Project Areas...... 20 II. EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, POPULATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE .. 24 2.1. Existing situation and management of water Supply schemes...... 24 2.2. Population...... 26 2.3. Economic activity...... 27 2.4. Infrastructure ...... 27 III. CLIMATE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY ...... 28 3.1. Climate ...... 28 3.2. Physiography of the study areas ...... 30 IV. GEOLOGY ...... 32 4.1. Regional Geology...... 32 4.2. Local Geology of the Study Areas...... 35 4.2.1. Volcanic Rocks...... 36 4.2.2. Quaternary Sediments...... 38 V. HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ...... 39 5.1. General ...... 39 5.2. Hydro stratigraphic Units ...... 39 5.3. Recharge and Discharge Conditions...... 40 5.4. Aquifer characteristic...... 41 5.5. Groundwater Flow and Occurrence...... 42 5.6. Feasible Hydro-geological site identification ...... 42 VI. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYING...... 44 6.1. General ...... 44 6.2. Methodology of Geophysical survey...... 45 6.3. Data Interpretation ...... 46

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VII. WATER QUALITY...... 48 7.1. General...... 48 7.2. In situ water quality test...... 49 7.3. Water Type Classifications...... 51 7.4. Water quality for drinking ...... 53 7.5. Overview of water pollution...... 55 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS...... 57 PART II...... 59 VERIFICATIONS AND STUDY FINDINGS FOR EACH PROJECT AREA ...... 59 1. Gerbicho Health center ...... 59 1.1. General...... 59 1.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 62 1.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 64 1.4. Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 67 II. Wechemo Health Center...... 68 1.6. General...... 68 1.7. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 69 1.8. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 72 1.9. Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 73 III. Haro Health center...... 75 3.1. General...... 75 3.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 76 3.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 79 3.4. Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 83 IV. Kedida Health center ...... 85 4.1. General...... 85 4.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 87 4.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result ...... 88 4.4. Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 90 V. Wodito Health Center ...... 91 5.1. General...... 91 5.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 93 5.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 96 5.4. Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 98 VI. Agumamit Health Center...... 99 6.1. General...... 99

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6.2. Geology and Hydro-geology ...... 101 6.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 103 6.4. Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 105 VII. Kuni Sankistak Health Center ...... 105 7.1. General...... 105 7.2. Geology and Hydro-geology ...... 107 7.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result ...... 108 7.4. Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 111 VIII. Gulem Denjin Health Center...... 111 8.1. General...... 111 8.2. Geology and Hydro-geology ...... 112 8.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result ...... 113 8.4. Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 116 IX. Lideta Health Center ...... 116 9.1. General ...... 116 9.2. Geology and Hydro-geology ...... 117 9.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result ...... 119 9.4. Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 122 X. Kachana Gudie Health Center ...... 122 10.1. General...... 122 10.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 122 10.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 124 10.4. Conclusion and Recommendations...... 126 XI. Addis Betechristian Health Center ...... 127 11.1. General...... 127 11.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 130 11.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 133 11.4. Conclusion and Recommendations...... 135 XII. Gult Health Center...... 135 12.1. General...... 135 12.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 137 12.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 140 12.4. Conclusion and Recommendations...... 142 XIII. Maksegnit Health Center...... 142 13.1. General...... 142 13.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 143

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13.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 144 13.4. Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 145 XIV. Angot Health center...... 145 14.1. General ...... 145 14.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 148 14.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 149 14.4. Conclusion and Recommendation...... 151 XV. Beta Health Center...... 151 15.1. General ...... 151 15.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 152 15.3. Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 152 XVI. Gelsha Health center...... 153 16.1. General ...... 153 16.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 155 16.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 158 16.4. Conclusion and Recommendation...... 159 XVII. Zerit Health center ...... 159 17.1. General ...... 159 17.2. Geology and Hydro-geology...... 161 17.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result...... 163 17.4. Conclusion and Recommendation...... 168 PART III...... 169 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 169 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 170

List of Tables Table 1. Main informants from the respective project areas ...... 18 Table 2. Studied Project areas ...... 20 Table 3. Population Growth computed for Urban and Rural areas...... 25 Table 4. Population size of the project areas ...... 26 Table 5. Classification of Climate zone on the basis of altitude...... 29 Table 6. VES Survey points at the respective project areas ...... 44 Table 7. Measured Physical parameters ...... 50 Table 8. Chemistry of representative samples/anions and cations (mg/l)...... 51 Table 9. Drinking Water Quality for different Countries ...... 54

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Table 10. Interpretation Result of VES 1 of Gerbicho...... ……………………………………..65 Table 11. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Gerbicho...... ……………………………………..66 Table 12. Interpretation Result of VES 3, Gerbicho...... ……………………………………..67 Table 13. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Wechemo...... ……………………………………..73 Table 14. Interpretation Result of Haro VES 1...... ……………………………………..81 Table 15. Interpretation Result of VES2, Haro...... ……………………………………..82 Table 16. Interpretation Result of VES 3, Haro...... …………………………………….83 Table 17. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Kedida ...... …………………………………….90 Table 18. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Wadito...... …………………………………….97 Table 19. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Wadito...... …………………………………….98 Table 20. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Agumamit...... ……………………………………104 Table 21. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Kuni...... ……………………………………109 Table 22. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Kuni...... ……………………………………110 Table 23. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Guluem Denjen ...... ……………………………………114 Table 24. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Gulem Denjin...... ……………………………………115 Table 25. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Lideta ...... ……………………………………120 Table 26. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Lideta ...... ……………………………………121 Table 27. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Kuchana Gudie...... ……………………………………125 Table 28. Interpretation Result of VES2Kachana, Gudie ...... ……………………………………126 Table 29. Interpretation Result of VES1, Adis Betechrstian ...... ……………………………………133 Table 30. Interpretation Result of VES2, Adis Betechrstian ...... ……………………………………134 Table 31. Interpretation Result of VES1, Gult...... ……………………………………140 Table 32. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Gult...... ……………………………………141 Table 33. Interpretation Result of , VES1, Maksegnit...... ……………………………………144 Table 34. Interpretation Result of VES1, Angot...... ……………………………………151 Table 35. Interpretation Result of VES1, Gelsha...... ……………………………………159 Table 36. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Zerit...... ……………………………………165 Table 37. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Zerit...... ……………………………………166 Table 38. Interpretation Result of VES 3, Zerit...... ……………………………………167 Table 39. Revised Recommended Sites...... …………………………………172

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List of Pictures Picture 1. Discussion with community members and officials ...... 18 Picture 2. Discussion with the local people on selection of suitable water sources ...... 18 Picture 3. Traditional hand dug well, poorly constructed spring and hand dug wells ...... 26 Picture 4. Ignimbrite rock ...... 37 Picture 5. Fractured basalt...... 37 Picture 6. Coarse deposit close to foot of mountain along river Valley ...... 38 Picture 7. Geophysical VES survey in the compound of Health center ...... 47 Picture 8. Geophysical VES survey at the surrounding of Health center ...... 48 Picture 9. In situ Water sample collection and Quality Testing ...... 50 Picture 10. Deep well in Haro town ...... 76 Picture 11. Haro Health center and excavated pipe line very close to the Health center ...... 84 Picture 12. Kedida poorly constructed spring ...... 86 Picture 13. Agumamit Health center ...... 99 List of Figures Figure 1 . Location map of study areas in Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) ...... 22 Figure 2. Location map of study areas in SNNPR ...... 23 Figure 3. Main physiographic classification of Ethiopia ...... 34 Figure 4. Location map of Aleta Wondo, Dilla zuria and Yergachefe woredas in which four of the sites are located in SNNPR ...... 60 Figure 5. DEM enhanced map for Aleta wondo, Dilla Zuria and Yerga chefe woredas in SNNPR ...... 61 Figure 6. Geological map of Gerbicho area in Aleta wondo woreda of SNNPR ...... 63 Figure 7. Hydro-geological map of Gerbicho area in Aleta wondo woreda ...... 64 Figure 8. Geological map of Wachema area in Dilla Zuria woreda of SNNPRS ...... 71 Figure 9. Hydro-geological map of Wachamo area in Dilla Zuria of SNNPRS ...... 72 Figure 10. Location map of Haro and Kedida areas in Yergacheife woreda of SNNPR...... 75 Figure 11. Geological map of Haro in Yergachefe woreda of SNNPR ...... 78 Figure 12. Hydro-geological map of Haro area in Yergachefe woreda of SNNPR ...... 79 Figure 13. Geological map of Kedida area in Yergachefe woreda of SNNPRS ...... 87 Figure 14. Hydro geological map of Kedida area ...... 88 Figure 15. Location map of Wodito area in Cheha woreda of SNNPR ...... 92 Figure 16. DEM enhanced location map of Wodito area in Cheha woreda of SNNPR ...... 93

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Figure 17. Geological Map of Wodito area ...... 94 Figure 18. Hydro-geological map of Wodito area...... 95 Figure 19. Location map of Agumamit and Kuni in Jabi Tahinan woreda, Gulem Denjin in Bure Woreda, Lideta in Banja woreda, Kachana Gude in Dangla woreda of West Gojjam and Awi zone of Amhara national Regional State ...... 100 Figure 20. Geological map for Agumamit area in West Gojjam of ANRS ...... 102 Figure 21. Hydro-geological map of Agumamait area ...... 103 Figure 22. Geological map of Kuni area ...... 107 Figure 23. Hydrogeological map of Kuni area ...... 108 Figure 24. Geological map of Gulem Dejen ...... 112 Figure 25. Hydrogeological map of Gulem Dejen ...... 113 Figure 26. DEM enhanced map of Lideta area in Awi Zone of ANRS ...... 117 Figure 27. Geological map of Lideta area ...... 118 Figure 28. Hydrogeological map of Lideta area ...... 119 Figure 29. Geological map of Kachana Gude ...... 123 Figure 30. Hydrogeological map of Kachana Gudi ...... 124 Figure 31. Location map of Study woredas in South Gonder ...... 128 Figure 32. DEM enhanced location map of Adis Betechristian area...... 129 Figure 33. Geological map of Addis Betechristian area in Fogera woreda of ANRS ...... 131 Figure 34. Hydro-geological map of Adis Betechristian area ...... 132 Figure 35. DEM enhanced location map of Gult and Maksegnit areas in Andabet woreda of South Gonder zone of ANRS ...... 136 Figure 36. Geological map of Gult and Maksegnit area in South Gonder zone of ANRS ...... 138 Figure 37. Hydro-geological map of Gult and Maksegnit areas in South Gonder of ANRS ...... 139 Figure 38. Location map of woredas in North wollo of ANRS ...... 146 Figure 39. DEM enhanced location map of Angot (Sokolo) and Ayichal Boniya ...... 147 Figure 40. Geological map of Angot in North Wollo zone of ANRS ...... 148 Figure 41. Hydro-geological map of Angot in North Wollo zone ...... 149 Figure 42. Location of woredas in South Wollo zone of ANRS ...... 154 Figure 43. Geological map of Gelsha area in South Wollo of ANRS ...... 156 Figure 44. Hydro-geological map Gelsha area in South Wollo of ANRS ...... 157 Figure 45. DEM enhanced Location map of Zerit area ...... 160 Figure 46. Geological map of Zerit area in North Shewa Zone of ANRS ...... 162 Figure 47. Hydro-geological map of Zerit area in North Shewa zone of ANRS ...... 163

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Acknowledgments

Shumet Kebede Water Works consultant is deeply indebted to TETRA TECH for inviting us to conduct the work and facilitating the execution process in the shortest time possible. The all- rounded support of Mr. Jim Rogers, Tt, Deputy COP (Design)-ESCO is highly appreciated. I appreciate staff members of TETRA TECH. Without the help and cooperation of community members named in this report, this work would have been very difficult; I deeply would like to forward my deepest gratitude for all of them found in all health center project areas. For valuable comments, I appreciate Mr. Thomas Keeffe Tt, Marlborough MA. All organizations and individuals who provided reports and vital verbal information are highly appreciated

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Executive Summary

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Ethiopia will be implementing the “Engineering Services and Construction Oversight” (ESCO) project which will provide architectural and engineering (A&E) services in support of infrastructure projects in Ethiopia.

The project will involve supporting USAID/Ethiopia with its implementation of infrastructure projects by providing management services, design services, pre-construction services, and construction phase services. ESCO is a three year project intended to improve the quality of USAID/Ethiopia infrastructure projects while controlling costs and schedules. ESCO will provide these services for new health centers, a National Blood Center in Addis Ababa, and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) Treatment Centers.

Subcontractor, Tetra Tech, will provide the design for a groundwater well at 17 health centers, including the necessary hydrogeological investigations, pump sizing, and other engineering. Accordingly, Tetra Tech entered contractual agreement with Shumet Kebede Water Works Consultant to carry out potential water sources assessment as per the standard and terms of reference given by the employer, Tetra Tech at 17 Health Centers. The study was conducted in South Nation Nationality Peoples Region (SNNPR) in five health centers and in Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) in 12 health centers.

The principal objective of the study was to identify potential water sources and the mechanism of supply to the 17 health centers under construction by USAID. The focus area of the study included the health center compounds and its vicinity and the surrounding environs from technical, economical and social point of view. During this study, conventional investigation methodologies were deployed systematically one after the other.

Finally, based on detail Geological, Hydrogeological and Geophysical investigations, with other supporting investigation inputs the consulting team selected potential water resource sites for all projected Health Centers. Selection of water source sites considered evaluation of surface water and groundwater sources. As a general truth groundwater sources are more preferable than surface water sources. Hence, in this report an emphasis is given for groundwater sources. Groundwater

Page 9 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS abstraction could be done from spring, Shallow wells (excavated hand dug wells and tube wells) and deep wells. Hand dug wells usually are 15-20 meters and Shallow tube wells are 60-80 meters deep drilled by drilling rigs, supposed to install hand pumps. Deep wells are below 80 m depth, usually installed with motorized pumps.

Based on these local classifications of sources priority is given for deep wells in the compound of the health center and its vicinity then spring development at the vicinity of health centers and at last shallow wells drilling and constructions in or its vicinity. For understanding of the subsurface situations of the study areas a total of 29 VES surveys were conducted in 16 out of the 17 project sites to ascertain the depth of occurrence of ground water, aquifer type identification and determination of anticipated drilling depth. Finally the study team recommended;-  Borehole Drilling in and around the health center compound is proposed for 14 project sites namely; Haro, Kedida, Wodito, Agumamit, Kuni, Gulem Denjin, Lideta, Kachana Gudie, Addis Betechristian, Gult, Maksegnit, Angot, Gelsha, and Zerit sites  Spring construction and improvement is primarily recommended for 3 sites named; Gerbicho, Wechema, and Beta sites This report including three parts: Part I. General Overview and verifications of the study that includes Introduction, objectives of the study, methodologies, Climate and Physiography, Geology, Hydrogeology, Geophysical survey, Water quality and Environmental Impact assessments. Part II. Verifications and Findings for each project area, which also includes local geology, hydrogeology and geophysical survey result with possible recommended primary and optional water sources. Part III. Conclusions and Recommendations.

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PART I. General Overview and verifications of the study

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I. Introduction 1.1. Background

Potable water supply is one of the least developed sectors in Ethiopia. Especially, the rural community and innumerable small and medium towns are suffering for lack of safe and adequate drinking water. The majority of the population depends on unprotected water sources like hand- dug wells, springs, streams, rivers and seasonal ponds which are often polluted. Such unprotected water sources are the major causes of water-borne and water related diseases, which results in high mortality rate of infants and partly adults in the rural community every year. Understanding of these situations Tetra Tech made an agreement with USAID to provide Architectural and Engineering services as required by USAID/Ethiopia to include management services, design services, pre-construction services and construction phase services. In the course of action, provision of safe water for drinking and for sanitary purposes to the new health centers under construction in 17 kebeles of Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) and South Nation Nationalities Peoples Region (SNNPR) and/or forthcoming health centers with some complementary works to the nearby communities becomes evident.

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The projects are to be designed to provide safe and adequate potable water and improve sanitation facilities for the health centers in general and the beneficiary communities in the respective project areas. Accordingly, Tetra Tech entered contractual agreement with Shumet Kebede Water Works Consultant to carry out potential water sources assessment as per the standard and terms of reference given by the employer Tetra Tech. Accordingly Shumet Kebede water works consultant established a team consisting of specialized disciplines (Shumet Kebede, Hydrogeologist and Geophysicist, Nuru Mohammed, Hydrogeologist and Kefyalew Girma, Geologist) for water source investigation.

Whenever the assessment for water supply projects is undertaken, site investigation has to be employed in line with desk studies. Pre-construction evaluation includes site investigation which encompasses assessment of the Hydrological, Geological, Hydro-geological, Geophysical and Hydro-chemical conditions in general and site specific studies. Site investigations are helpful in determining the pros and cons in projects ahead of time before significant resources are committed to the project. Parallel to it, opportunities and risks are determined and all necessary adjustments enforced.

Before the field investigation was launched, the consultant has set up a clear methodology and checklist of the study mainly divided in two sections;  The Desk study included; planning of the site investigation works, use of primary and secondary sources of information, literature review, and technical maps. Accordingly, the project areas were categorized into two groups basing their geographic orientation and accessibility. A team consisting of a Hydrogeologist, Geophysicist, Geologist and a driver travelled to the sites in SNNPR and spend two weeks time for the surveillance and then to project sites in Amhara National Regional State that has taken about three weeks. Upon completion of the field work, the study team was committed in producing the technical report and associated maps based on the desk study and field investigation findings.  The field investigation part included; collection of all necessary social and technical information from respondents in the woredas and kebeles, assessment of existing water sources, hydrological and hydro-geological investigation, study of local geology assisted with transect walk and geophysical survey, sampling and in-situ testing of water chemistry

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from different water sources, proposition of potential water source sites, scheme type with consideration of proximity and economic analysis.

During this study, conventional investigation methodologies were deployed systematically one after the other. Data collection, interpretation and confirmation of supporting documents, maps, evaluation of remote sensing materials; interview and discussion with the local community and concerned officials; measuring yields of springs and understanding mode of emerge; conducting geo-traverse surveys, surface water impoundments and general Hydro-geological features of the area, conducting Geophysical investigation, and in-situ testing of hydro-chemistry from different sources.

This report encompasses brief hydro-geological evaluation and results of desk and field investigations for the water supply of 17 identified Health Centers under construction by USAID. The health centers covered by this study document are; Gerbicho/Seda, Wochema, Haro, Kedida and Wodito health centers in SNNPR and; Kuni, Agumamit, Gulem Denjin, Lideta, Kachana Gudie, Addis Betechristian, Gult, Maksegnit, Angot, Gelsha, Beta, and Zeret health centers in Amhara Region. As a result; potential, economical and sustainable water sources with the type of schemes are identified correlating the data collected on desk study and field investigation.

1.2. Objectives of the study

The principal objective of the study was to identify potential water sources and the mechanism of supply to the 17 health centers under construction by TETRA TECH/USAID. The focus area of the study included the health center compounds and its vicinity, and the surrounding environs from technical, economical and social point of view. The specific objectives includes (but is not limited to):  Groundwater assessment and mechanism of abstraction  Proposition of appropriate scheme types and sitting of wells  Determination of the type of drilling methodology to be employed  Proposition of optional water sources other than water well drilling, when water well drilling is not feasible  Recommendation of Pumping system

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 Engineering estimates of drilling and construction  Water well design and tender document preparation for water well drilling

1.3. Approach and Methodology of the study

The methodologies adopted and applied in the project areas are widely accepted standards and definitely improves the success rates significantly. The work at this inception stage consists of: Data collection and analysis in the office (Desk Study), and Field investigations.

1.3.1. Desk study

Water Resources investigation at this phase started through examining all relevant works and available information in and around each project area that includes:- Assessment of existing published and unpublished reports and maps. Assessment of existing hydro-meteorological data Evaluation of Regional and Sub-regional hydro-geological maps. Usage of Shuttle Radar Terrain Mission (SRTM) data generating for Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 30 * 30 meters resolution and identify regional structures and drainage patterns. Evaluation of regional geological and hydro-geological features using Enhanced Thematic Mapper satellite images at a resolution of 30 * 30 meters.

1.3.2. Field investigation

The field investigation works were conducted from November 15, 2015 to November 30, 2015 in SNNPR and from December 3rd to December 21st in ANRS. The field work lasted from November to December. The ground water condition during the time of investigation was expected to be below the seasonal average since Ethiopia has experienced its worst drought in decades by 2015 caused by El-Nino and associated low precipitation during the long Ethiopian rainy season (June to September). Under normal circumstances, November is the last month of spring and December is the start of the dry season. Slightly higher ground water levels from the seasonal average were

Page 15 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS expected from November to December, if not preceded by bad weather and a weak rainy season. Higher ground water levels are anticipated in August and least water levels are in May. There was no considerable precipitation recorded in the study areas (except untimed precipitation in few areas of southern highlands) from November to December that could hamper ground water levels or storage. Well recorded and documented data of ground water levels was unavailable on yearly or seasonal basis during the survey for the purpose of water level comparison. The major activities covered by the field work include: Reaching the project areas and visit the status of construction of the health centers with the aid of GPS and local informants Interview with local elders and leaders, most often women, woreda health and water resources officials Transect walk in conformity with remote sensing data interpretations and other relevant documents analyzed on desk Detailed assessment of structural and Geological setup of target areas and their relation with regional geological structures and hydro-geological importance Measuring the yield of unprotected and protected springs and consistency of the yield in dry and wet seasons, evaluation of hand dug wells and drilled tube wells Evaluation of recharge and discharge conditions, catchment area and hydrometeorology. Geophysical investigations in and around the health centers Discussion with relevant professionals, project coordinators and community leaders at woreda level in connection with continuity of existing water supply systems for alternative options Identification of potential, economical and sustainable water sources in and around the Health Centers Collection of water samples and conduct in situ measurements The most important equipment used included: Earth Resistivity Meter (ABEM 4000, Swedish made digital resistivity meter) pH and TDS meter EC meter Depth meter Bucket for discharge measurement of spring

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Stopwatch Lap top computer High resolution GPS (The UTM coordinates, i.e. Easting and Northing, obtained with the help of a GARMIN II GPS receiver in Adindan datum) Thematic Mapper satellite images and DEM (Digital Elevation Model 30X30m resolution) Topographic maps (1:50000) and Hydro-geological map of Ethiopia (1:50000)

1.4. Discussion with local residents, office staffs and Experts The working team has collected relevant data through direct interviews with experts from different offices, community leaders, elders, women and children. Some were working with the team in the course of selection of water source sites. Prior to conducting groundwater investigation, the study team explained and started up with: Introducing organizational set up and qualifications of the study team Purposes of the visit About the Client and its initiations on the project Explaining about the study methodology and request volunteers to participate on the study. In all areas, the community participants show keen interest on the importance of the project and its implementation coming into being. One of the major problems in the country and in particular such small towns and villages are absence of published documents about the existing water sources and construction history. The main data sources taken into consideration are the semi-annual and annual reports prepared by woreda and zonal experts and regional water bureau staffs. Water Quality analysis results of representative sources are collected from regional water bureau.

As a result, community members were considered as important informants in directing the study team: the location of existing water sources and seasonal fluctuation, year of construction and implementing body, surface water sources and related explanation, rock exposures, history of the study area, beneficiaries’ situations, etc. Active participation of the community supported the study team broadly to obtain detailed information about the project area and minimized investigation period.

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Picture 1. Discussion with community members and officials

Picture 2. Discussion with the local people on selection of suitable water sources

Table 1. Main informants from the respective project areas No Health Name of interviewed Responsibility Telephone No Center person 1 Gerbicho/Seda -Abayneh Dogisso -Head of health center -0921453327 -Lamma Lamisso -Expert in cooperative -0916373082 sector of the town 2 Wochema -Fikru Woressa -Agri. Office head -0924646513 -Tariku Memeru -community leader -0926032248 3 Haro -Alemayehu Waqo -head/town water -0949029468 -Mihret Jillo service -0913187411 -kebele chairman

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4 Kedida -Abera Tegenu -head, agri. Office -0916170677 -Dergu Beyene -vice chairman of kebele -0916800862 5 Wodito -Bedru Delil -kebele manager -0911935495 -Muzemil Kheyru -Agri. office -0921311397 6 Kuni -Getaneh Addis -Clinic guard -0925300710 -Yeneneh Zeleke -resident -0940276521 -Kies Geremew Anagaw -kebele chairman -0946975829 7 Agumamit -Tiruneh Mengist -kebele chairman -0960337568 -Azmeraw Aregu -Water committee 8 Kachana -Tilahun Kebede -kebele manager -0931833551 Gudie -Yaregal Engide -cabinet member -0928425319 9 Gulem Denjin -Abraham Mossie -Militia -0921292959 -Tefera Esubalew -resident -0912724051 10 Lideta -Birhanu Bitew -kebele manager -0920502875 -Wendim Fetene -police -0918134607 -Miskir Shiferaw -resident -0918194530 11 Addis -Getachew Mengistie -Supervisor -0924272885 Betechristian -S/r Tirualem Eskemayzen -clinical nurse -0923419906 12 Gult -Ayalew Wubante -kebele manager -0918435832 -Mulatie Mihretu -water expert -0928528209 13 Maksegnit -Tsega Mellesse -kebele chairman -0910582525 -Simegnat Abreham -health extension -0918027618 14 Angot -Kasaye Sitote -kebele chairman -0919476247 -Asfaw Melaku -Amhara water wo. -0921536782 -Megenagna Lulseged -health worker -0914649523 15 Beta -Mekibib Ewunetu -Agri. Office -0945699470 -Wubetu Alebachewu -School Director -0928396623 -Ahmed Ali -Resident -0914330448 16 Gelsha -Seid Ibrahim -kebele manager -0914333022 -Miftah Hassen -Clinic head -0915549615

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-Mohammmed Yimer -Guard and resident 17 Zeret -Getaw Wondimu -Clinical nurse -0923165128 -Meseret Asfaw -Resident -0937609367/25

1.5. Location and accessibility of the Project Areas

The project areas are located in 14 woredas of Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) and South Nations and Nationalities Peoples Regional State (SNNPR). Location map of geographically related woredas are presented in the figures below

Table 2. Studied Project areas No Region Zone Woreda Village/ Town UTM Coordinates Distance and accessibility and Elevation of Health center ***** 1 SNNPR Sidama Aleta Wondo Gerbicho/Seda 0438207E, 0723746N 3km South on the Asphalt road Elev. 1989m. from Aleta wondo and 8km west along all weather gravel road 2 SNNPR Gedeo Dilla Zuria Wochema 0427438E, 0694170N 8km South on the asphalt road Elev. 2060m. from Dilla and 12km North East on the all weather gravel road and 7km East on dry weather road. During the survey the team travelled on foot 3 SNNPR Gedeo Yirga Chiefe Haro 0405641E, 0678230N 8km North west of Yerga chefe Elev. 1984m. town on all weather road 4 SNNPR Gedeo Yirga Chiefe Kedida 0402511E, 0675128N 15km, North west of Yerga Elev. 2212m. chefe town. 8km to Haro is accessible but the rest 7 km is only dry weather road. During the survey the team travelled on foot. 5 SNNPR Guragie Cheha Wodito 358559E, 906441N 11km from Welkite to Indibir Elev. 1864m road and turn right at Zabidar beer factory before Gubri and another 11km on all weather road to wodito 6 ANRS West Jabi Thahnan Agumamit 296324E, 1179555N 10kms from Finoteselam town to Gojjam Elev. 1878m Bahir Dar Direction and turns left for 5kms on an all weather road. A total of 15kms from Finote selam town 7 ANRS West Jabi Thahnan Kuni Sankistak 303984E, 1193888N 15kms from Finote selam town Gojjam Elev. 2252m North on a dry weather road which needs major maintenance

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8 ANRS West Burie Gulem Denjin 292440E, 1170729N 15kms from Burie town of Gojjam Elev. 1982m Gojjam on an all weather gravel road

9 ANRS Awi Banja Lideta 267415E, 1210039N 8kms away from Injibara town Elev. 2502m on all weather road

10 ANRS Awi Dangla Kachana Gude 241267E, 1234484N A total of 30kms from Dangila Elev. 1811m town on an all weather road

11 ANRS South Fogera Addis 373812E, 1324487N 18km From Wereta town to Gondar Betechristian Elev. 1876m weldia road and turns North to an all weather gravel road for 7kms 12 ANRS South Andabet Gult 373538E, 1257472N 10kms from Jara Gedo town, all Gondar Elev. 2410m weather gravel road

13 ANRS South Andabet Maksegnit 378311E, 1250044N 13kms from Jara Gedo town on Gondar Elev. 2276m a dry weather road 14 ANRS North Gubalafto Angot 538676E, 1302244N 70kms from Wegel Tena town Wollo Elev. 3474m on an all weather road. The other road from Ahun Tegegn rural town very steep and difficult 15 ANRS South Borena Ayichal 461720E, 1178632N Very difficult steep and bad road Wollo Boniya/Beta/ Elev. 2198m even for small vehicles. 13kms from Mekane selam town and turn left and more 16kms via Segno Gebeya. 16 ANRS South Dessie Zuria Gelsha 560086E, 1215384N 26kms from Dessie to Wollo Elev. 2971m Mekaneselam asphalt road

17 ANRS North Menz Keya Zeret 0532032E, -48 kms from Mehal Meda to Shewa 1122880N Zerit Elev. 2665m

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-1[ -_.,.... ,...,. ~z--..A .....Regiaa o ...... si-a111 ...- • --•Doru., D EmlG- D N11IIGinl•- D N11IIS­ D N11II_.. D 0nmioo • -Ga-• • -.--­ 0 1111!,llllj.,.

Figure 1 . Location-- map of- study- areas -in Amhara National-- Regional State (ANRS)

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I I 8 I I

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00000 ••oooo ,00000 HOOOO 2,0000 1 • 0000 ...0000 aooooa 0 12 15,>6 60 76 100 -=-=----===--•K110mo 1ors

Figure 2. Location map of study areas in SNNPR

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II. Existing water Supply systems, Population and Infrastructure

2.1. Existing situation and management of water Supply schemes

The portion of community getting water from protected sources is 50 to 85% out of the total population of the kebeles (the lowest registered is in Beta kebele and the highest percentage is in Agumamit kebele). Access and coverage to protected water sources was found as a compiled report at kebele and woreda level (source: woreda and kebele offices). The major parameters taken for estimation of water coverage are daily consumption per day per person and distance to be travelled to fetch water for different types of water sources. Regulations of water coverage were stated to cover 100% in the country by Ministry of Water and Energy in 2006, on the Strategic Plan of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of Ethiopia that has to be completed in 2015(Report from Ministry of Water and Energy). Ministry of Health produced National Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Strategy in May 2011. The strategic intervention areas concentrated on strengthening intersectional collaboration with defined roles and responsibilities at all levels establish coordination mechanism and emphasize the importance of conducting multi-level advocacy, promotion and communication to revitalize water quality monitoring and surveillance activities to prevent contamination of drinking water from source to consumption in a sustainable way. Hence, prevention strategy promoted to all level sectoral offices and communities to protect water sources from contaminants. Although presently those who drinks unprotected water sources are often utilizing disinfecting chemicals that kills harmful microorganisms.

In general daily water demand estimation has considered climatic conditions: such that for Arid, Semi-Arid and hot sub-tropical areas is 35 lit/person/day. Whilst for Sub tropical and tropical areas are 25 lit/person/day. The health centers have a defined water demand of 5,250 liters/day. For sanitary purposes the required minimum offset distances for Hand dug wells is 0.5km, for shallow wells 0.75km, for deep motorized wells kilometers and for springs 1.2-1.5 km. However, due to different reasons the Strategic Plan of Millennium Development Goal is delayed against the timeline (the delay to accomplish MDG is not the scope of this report).

In accordance with this National Standard design period of water schemes has been setup:

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Design period of hand dug well is 10 years Design period of motorized scheme is 25 years Well constructed springs is 40 years In most cases the water coverage is based on temporary provisions from hand dug wells and tapped springs. Such schemes have short life span and the coverage in another time is quite different from these figures due to malfunctioning of hand pumps, lack of follow up and maintenance, and short life span of such schemes as a result of poor workmanship and ground water depletion. Thus, the community depends on unprotected surface sources like Rivers and natural springs in one or another time to meet the demand. However, few areas have better water supply sources especially in Amhara region.

The most abundant water sources are hand dug wells, springs and shallow wells (fitted with hand pumps). Deep wells are not common except in Haro town. Shallow hand dug wells often with depth ranges of 10 to 25 m are common. The shallow hand dug wells fitted with hand pumps are not functional in many places. This is mainly due to breakage of pumps, shortage of pump accessories and maintenance tools, and drying up of wells in dry seasons because of shallow depth and depletion of ground water table.

The responsible body for water supply management is the village water committee consisting of 5-7 members; however, the committee lacks the necessary technical capacity for maintenance and managerial skills. Management of the water sources is mainly left for the Woreda Water resources office. The Woreda Water resources office experts have technical capacity to undertake maintenance of schemes; budget for maintenance is reported as a major constraint.

Surveillance of existing water supply systems has been carried out during the survey. This has given the study team the opportunity to observe the existing and real situation of the water supply facilities in each project area. From the survey, it is evident that the water supply coverage is relatively low in many project areas. In some areas in particular children and women are fetching water from deep incised gorges and travel long distances. Existing water supply sources are discussed solely for each project area.

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Picture 3. Traditional hand dug well, poorly constructed spring and hand dug wells

2.2. Population

According to information obtained from Woreda and kebele administration offices, the kebele population for each project site where the health center is established is summarized below.

Table 3. Population size of the project areas No Health Center/kebele/ Population size in number 1 Gerbicho/Seda 4600 2 Wochema 4800 3 Haro 13245

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4 Kedida 6740 5 Wodito 4015 6 Agumamit 5000 7 Kuni 6500 8 Gulem Denjin 10000 9 Lideta 5500 10 Kachana Gude 6485 11 Addis Betechristian 4959 12 Gult 6750 13 Maksegnit 6470 14 Angot 6032 15 Ayichal Boniya/Beta/ 5117 16 Gelsha 8192 17 Zeret 3879

2.3. Economic activity

SNNPR is one of the major coffee growing regions in Ethiopia with high population density and extensively cultivated. According to data collected, the major economic activities of Gerbicho/Seda, Wochema, Haro and Kedida areas are mainly growing and trading of coffee, informal and retail trading in shops and services of small hotels. The coffee plantation is mainly associated with indigenous trees and Enset (False Banana). Most of the area is highly vegetated; only limited plain lands are covered with grass (grazing land). Economic activities of Wodito area are mainly based on agriculture; the majority households are farmers engaged on mixed agricultural activity with livestock rearing. The major agricultural products are sorghum and Maize. Employment on agricultural works is also one basic economic main stay in all surveyed areas. The Amhara people are mainly agrarian and fully dependent on agricultural farming. The main agricultural products include Teff, wheat, Barley, Sorghum and Maize. Livestock rearing in homestead is considered as a means of subsistence and additional income generating activity. Petty trade is another source of income in small rural towns. 2.4. Infrastructure

The common infrastructure types, services and institutions in the project areas include:

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Almost all project sites in SNNPR are supplied by 24 hours electricity from the main hydropower grid system except Gerbicho town (supply of electricity for Gerbicho town is under construction) The project sites in Amhara region are partly supplied by electric power and the remaining sites are yet to be supplied by the rural electrification program of the Government of Ethiopia. There are government institutions and services in all surveyed areas such as: first and second cycle schools (First cycle are Grade 1-4, Second cycle are Grade 5-8), , Agriculture offices, health posts, kebele offices, cable and mobile telephone services, mosques and churches. There are also a number of shops and small restaurants. Most of the houses are built with wood and mud plastering while very few are built with hollow blocks. Most of the roofs are made with corrugated iron sheets. There are some grass-thatched roofs with wooden walls plastered with mud.

III. Climate and Physiography

3.1. Climate

Surface and subsurface water potential is dependent on various factors. These factors include climate, geology, vegetation topography, elevation, etc. Among the above listed factors, climate plays a great role in influencing meteorological parameters such as rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, evapo-transpiration and wind speed, which are very important parameters for water resources evaluation.

In Ethiopia, rainfall has an uneven distribution both in time and in space. This is partly due to the presence of one major and one small rainy season, in large parts of the country. A subsidiary effect is that a large amount of rainfall on the highlands is concentrated as runoff in river valleys, which drain into the low-lying areas where annual rainfall is low. In almost all river basins in Ethiopia, some 80% of the runoff results from annual precipitation falling in four months from June to October. Two groups of factors mainly determine the extent of flow in streams: climatic and physical characteristics of the drainage basins.

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Based on altitude, the climate can be classified into five groups (Table 1.4): The table shows these zones with their typical characteristics value of temperature and elevations.

Table 4. Classification of Climate zone on the basis of altitude No Altitude (m.a.s.l.) Temperature (0c) Climate Zone 1 Below500 ≥25 Arid (Berha) 2 600-1200 20-25 Semi arid (Kifle Berha) 3 1200-1900 18-20 Hot sub tropical (Kola) 4 1900-2200 14-18 Humid Sub Tropical (Weina Dega) 5 Above 2200 ≤14 Cold Humid sub tropical (Dega)

The rainfall, temperature, wind speed and humidity are highly variable with altitude and latitude. Rainfall and temperature increases and decreases respectively with increasing altitude apart from some that are more influenced by topography.

According to the above classification, the project areas located in SNNPR and Eastern Amhara Region are dominantly classified as Humid Sub Tropical (Weina dega) and cold humid sub- tropical, dominated by distinctly bi-modal (two peak) rainfall pattern. Rainfall is well received from September to November and March to May. The mean annual rainfall of the project areas and their surroundings are characterized by high mean annual rainfall ranging from 1000-1200mm. The mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature of the study areas and its surrounding area ranges from 10-14 0C and 16-20 0C respectively.

Project areas located in Western Amhara region receive uni-modal rainfall pattern that lasts from June to September. The mean annual rainfall is characterized by high mean annual rainfall ranging from 1100-1200mm. The mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature ranges from 10-14 0C and 16-20 0C respectively.

Rainfall intensity plays significant role for groundwater recharge system. The main source of recharge for the vast groundwater systems is the rainfall in the highlands. The major recharge zones regionally occurs mainly from Dilla and Gedeo highlands in the case of projects in Southern

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Ethiopia and Choke, Guna, Guguftu, Dessie zuria highlands for projects in Amhara region where the annual rainfall is relatively high.

3.2. Physiography of the study areas

Physiography is the physical characteristics of an area, which includes Topography, Drainage, Vegetation cover, Soil type, etc. The study of Physiographic features and identification of geological structures and drainage patterns is done by interpretation of Enhanced Thematic Mapper satellite images at a resolution of 30*30 meters.

The Satellite images and SRTM data were exhaustively used for tracing major lineaments and identifying hydro-stratigraphic units and possible groundwater localization zones. Lineament analysis using satellite images has been particularly valuable in determining regional and sub- regional fracture patterns that reveal some of the tectonic events in the studied areas. Lineament analysis (faults and fractures) has immense practical importance in groundwater exploration. Lineament identification can be used in locating fracture patterns that could control groundwater distribution and accumulation. The surface features enhanced in the imagery in contrast to the surface expression of geological and geo-morphological features and land cover gives direct and indirect hydro-geological information.

The project areas (Gerbicho/Seda, Wochema, Haro and Kedida) are part of South- Eastern plateau located at the margin of the Rift valley Basin whilst Wodito is a part of Central and Northern high lands of Ethiopia portrayed by mountaintop settlement characterized by undulated, highly dissected landscape, entrenched valleys and erosion scarps.

The project areas in Amhara region lie fully in the North western highlands physiographic zone. Five project sites in West Gojjam (Kuni, Agumamit, Lideta, Gulem denjin, and Kachana Gudie are aligned in Choke mountains catchment. Addis Betechristian is sited in Tana basin. Gult and Maksegnit lie in the lower catchment area of Guna Mountains. Angot and Zeret sites are located on high grounds and separated by tectonic cliff zones and stands solely on the plateau. Gelsha and Beta sites regionally divided by the Guguftu mountain ranges to north and South of the catchment where Beta lies in poor hydro geologic zone in the upper catchments of Abbay Valley.

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The geomorphology of the areas is generally the outcome of repeated tectonism, with associated volcanism and intrusion followed by denudational and erosion processes. Gerbicho, Wochema, Haro and Kedida areas are endowed with quite substantial amount of seasonal and perennial rivers, draining to Genale Dawa Basins. Wodito and its surroundings are part of the Omo-Gibe basin. The available rivers are tectonically controlled and follow regional and sub-regional lineaments.

The drainage density is high and mainly dendritic and radial pattern. There are few perennial rivers. Most of the streams are flashy type.

High rainfall and the resulting physical and chemical weathering has developed thick soil cover in many places except on sloping landforms and is often with volcanic fragments. The soils are dominantly reddish clay. Low grounds are wide plains and dominated by black cotton soil. The type of soil is closely related to soil parent material and its degree of weathering. The main parent materials are rhyolite, ignimbrite, volcanic ash and basalt.

The growth of vegetation, whether natural or cultivated depends on the availability of favorable soil conditions and sufficient soil moisture to sustain their consumptive uses, however, the natural vegetation cover in the study areas are dominantly ‘’coffee plantation’’ shaded by scarce indigenous trees; and scarcely scattered scrubs, eucalyptus and acacia found around open grass lands and highly incised river valleys. The elders living at the projected areas asserted “a few years ago the area was covered by lush vegetation”. The main causes for destruction of forests are mainly overgrazing and land demand for agricultural activities, and home and industrial use. In this regard conservation of natural resources should be the prior motto of the corresponding woreda administrators and other supporting NGOs. Otherwise land degradation, desertification dryness of surface water and depletion of subsurface water manifests sooner.

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IV. Geology 4.1. Regional Geology Ethiopia can be divided into three major Physiographic regions widely known as the Central North Western plateau, the South Eastern plateau, and the Main Ethiopian Rift together with the Afar Depression. These Physiographic regions are determined by the geologic process and structural settings. According to the Ethiopian Institute of Geological survey, 1996, Ethiopia has the following major groups of rocks Precambrian metamorphic rocks with associated intrusive forming the "Old Basement"; Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic Sediments; Mesozoic Sedimentary Rocks; Early Tertiary Sedimentary Rocks; Tertiary Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks; Late Tertiary to Quaternary Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks; Quaternary Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks.

The oldest rock in the country, which forms the basement, is of Precambrian age. Overlying this basement rock is the late Paleozoic and the Mesozoic sedimentary succession and/or Cenozoic Volcanics except where the basement rocks are overlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, quaternary deposits or simply exposed to the surface. The largest part of the county (about 32%) is covered by volcanic rocks of different ages and types. One can categorize these volcanic rocks based on various criteria such as age (tertiary and Quaternary Volcanics), and taking rift formation as a reference (pre- rift & post- rift Volcanics). The volcanic rocks of the country can also be described as the Trap series Volcanics and Aden Series Volcanics, also named post rift Volcanics. The trap series represent the oldest volcanic rocks in the country compared to Aden series Volcanics. The major uplifting followed by cracking of horn of Africa gave rise to the formation of Trap series. It is comprised mainly of flood basalt with some trachytes and rhyolites, especially on its upper part. The trap series forms the central and northwest and southeast plateau, reaching its maximum development in central Ethiopia attaining a thickness of up to 3km, (Mengesha et. al 1996).

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Trap series is hardly distinguished from the Aden Volcanic series based on the petrographic analysis, Mohr (1971). Even though not conclusive, morphological distribution may be employed to distinguish them. The trap series predates the rift faulting and usually occupies great height of the Ethiopian North western and South Eastern Plateaus, whereas the Aden volcanic series are associated with well – preserved volcanic cones or lava flows, Mohr (1971).

The study areas are part of Southeastern and the Central and North Western plateau separated by the rift floor (Zennettin and Justin – Visentine, 1974). The geological history of the area is an integral part of the evolution/development of the Ethiopian plateau and the Rift system. According to Mohr (1964), the present morphology, and geological setting of this part of Ethiopia are the results of two major post-Paleozoic tectonic events, which were followed by important phases of volcanic activity. The first tectonic event (the epierogenic uplift), which occurred in late Mesozoic – Early Tertiary period, produced the Afro- Arabian Dome. As an immediate consequence of up arched landmass under tension, gave rise to the extrusions of voluminous basaltic magma through fissures (Mohr, 1983). The extrusion of the Trap series fissure basalt of Ethiopia during Eocene - Oligocene was the major and widespread volcanic episode of the whole Cenozoic. According to Kazmin (1975), contemporaneous eruption formed shield volcanoes mainly consisting of basaltic lava and developed on both the southeastern & the Central Northern western plateau in the Miocene.

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=~ c• .-0 ...... •· 1-«I L.,e Ttrti.il)'~~ D t.dyTuti,wyvdur.kt S 3 J.iA,JOr Wet:1 • tout~o~ r--- ftl.-.tt ,.. , i;i,,.,\11SiA!wo;.~ • 3 Tow ..

==""';;; ...

Figure 3. Main physiographic classification of Ethiopia

The second tectonic event resulted in development of rift and associated volcanic phenomena during Tertiary – Quaternary period was superimposed on the long uplifted Afro – Arabian swell, whose axis approximately runs north – south.

The Main Ethiopian Rift was the result of extensional tectonics that trends in NNE- SSW. It started to develop in the Miocene. According to Zennettin et al., (1980), Rift related volcanic rocks were outpoured when fissural volcanism in the adjacent plateau had died out.

Initial sagging of the Main Ethiopian Rift started about 14 to 15 Ma (Mega Annum) and was followed by major episodes of rifting at 10, 5, 4 and 1.8 to 1.6 Ma. Each stage of rifting and down faulting was accompanied by a bimodal (silicic-mafic) volcanism in the rift and formation of basaltic and trachytic shield volcanoes on the rift shoulders & margins, (Kazmin et al., 1980). There were wide spread basaltic cinder cones eruption as well as restricted local flows of olivine

Page 34 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS basalt and olivine trachy- basalt in study areas, contemporaneously with the emplacement of per alkaline rhyolites, trachyte lavas and ignimbrites (Mohr, 1964).

Quaternary volcanism was not confined to Rift; it also took place on plateaus, Mohr (1971). These Quaternary alkaline basalts and trachytes were erupted along the pre- existing structures on the north - west and south - east plateaus. Their well - preserved structures and/or unmodified geomorphologic features such as cinder cones and small collapse craters, especially in heavy rainfall and perennial stream regions indicate their recent age, Mengesha et al (1996).

The major geological structures in the country mostly parallel the rift system, some faults run transversally to it on North West Ethiopian plateau. These rocks have undergone through several structural episodes since the Precambrian orogenic movements to produce the Rift valley with fracturing along the cliff in the floor of the valley and faults trending NNE, NNW, and ESE, corresponding to the southern, Red sea and Aden rift System respectively.

4.2. Local Geology of the Study Areas

Geological study is the foundation and cornerstone of Hydro-geological investigation. Any hydrostratigraphic classification of water bearing formations should start from stratigraphic or lithological classifications by accounting geological structures such as faults, joints, folds and other tectonic features having hydrological importance. Therefore, before the establishment of the Hydro-geological map of the area at appropriate scale, the geological characteristics of the area was assessed. In the course of the geological investigation the following issues have been considered. Regional Geological map of Ethiopia scale 1:2,000,000; Analysis and interpretation of DEM (Digital Elevation Model, Resolution of 30m). Observation and interpretation of topographic map of the project area with a scale of 1:50,000 Conducting Geo-traverse, observation of geological formations, and identification and mapping of geological structures along rock exposures and River banks Determination of lateral and vertical extent of litho-strtaigraphic units

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Determination of attitude of major structures having important hydro-geological implications (faults, folds, dykes, etc.) Detailed analysis of the relation between geological units with the drainage pattern and the occurrence of water points (springs, seepage zones, ponds and existing wells) The litho-stratigraphic units of the study areas described as follows by referencing the above important points. Most of the study areas are characterized by extensive outcrops of volcanic rocks and Quaternary sediments.

4.2.1. Volcanic Rocks The volcanic rocks of the study areas are the Tertiary volcanics consisting of four kinds formations; the Tarmaber, Aiba , Alajie and Ashengie basalts. These Tertiary volcanics form elevated and main mountainous areas with very rugged topography where many higher peaks of the country occurs. The Tarma ber and Aiba Basalts outcrop at the top of ridges and rarely flat-topped hills. These Aiba Basalts are part of the early flood basalts called Trap Series that were erupted from fissures during the early and middle Tertiary. The Tarma ber and Aiba Basalts are typical transitional basalts, very homogeneous in composition. They show a distinctive tholeiitic nature with transitions to mildly alkaline varieties. They are generally aphyric, compact rocks, in places, showing stratification and contain rare inter-bedded basic tuffs, the units are observed almost in all parts of the study areas.

The Alagie and Asengie formation are located in some parts of the study areas, stratigraphically located below the Aiba Basalts. The Alagie mostly Asengie formations are composed of pale coloured, fine grained lavas and plugs which are of alkaline trachytic and phonolitic composition. The rocks show trachytic texture. The alkaline plugs form a youthful and peaked topography with flow structure, columnar jointing, and concentric exfoliation and commonly form mountains of bare rock. The plateau from which they rise is 2,400 m above sea level, with the highest peaks reaching 2500 m above sea level.

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Picture 4. Ignimbrite rock

Picture 5. Fractured basalt

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4.2.2. Quaternary Sediments In the studied areas, Quaternary sediments are found in limited thickness and aerial extent mainly in the terrain overlying volcanic rocks and as thin strips along the margins of seasonal and perennial rivers. The sediments do not have the same thickness throughout the area in which they are exposed.

Less extensive unconsolidated sediments occur along the margins of the seasonal and perennial rivers of the study areas (See Geological Map). These sediments are formed by the processes of weathering from the underlying volcanic rocks. The sediments are mainly reddish clay and in some parts black cotton soil. The thickness ranges from 3 to a few tens of meters.

The relative abundance and stratigraphic relations of the sediments, however, are generally not uniform throughout the study areas. Towards the mountains front where steep topographic slopes and high River gradient exists, the alluvial sediments, in general, are dominated by sub angular to sub rounded coarse grained particles with variable content of coarse grained sand. From the foot of mountains to flat lands, where the gradient decreases down slope, the dominant alluvial deposit is medium to fine grained sand with variable content of silt and clay. In general, Quaternary sediments are small in aerial extent.

Picture 6. Coarse deposit close to foot of mountain along river Valley

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V. Hydro-geological Investigation 5.1. General

The hydro-geology of a given area depends strongly on the geology, geomorphology, hydrology (recharge and discharge), and climate and land cover/use factors. Any groundwater potential evaluation and selection of appropriate water well drilling site selection needs to consider these factors. In selecting sites for VES and consequently appropriate drilling sites, the most important factors emphasized include (but not limited to) the following.

 Presence of permeable geological units  Geological structures (mainly faults)  Contributory catchments, potential for direct and indirect recharge  Gradient and anticipated depth of groundwater  Settlement patterns (distance from beneficiary community/in our case distance from the Health Centers)

5.2. Hydro stratigraphic Units

Hydro stratigraphic units are geological formations (rocks and/or sediments) having similar or nearly similar hydro geological characteristics. Despite the extreme variability of the lithologic units limited hydro stratigraphic units are identified in the study areas.

5.2.1. Porous media aquifer (alluvium, colluvium, residual soils)

This class of aquifer is the most important one supplying water to the majority of the rural and urban community in many places. It is predominantly associated with Quaternary sediments occupying the flat lowlands along stream courses. The foot of the mountain slopes is fringed by alluvial and colluvial deposits composed largely of silty sand soils. In some places there are

Page 39 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS residual and fluvial sediments. This unit forms the upper shallow aquifer where many shallow wells and hand dug wells are developed.

5.2.2. Volcanic aquifers The volcanic aquifers are the most important aquifers underlying the shallow porous media aquifers. As compared to the productivity of basaltic aquifers in some areas of the country, the volcanic aquifers identified in the study areas are classified as low, low to moderate and moderate aquifers owing to their inherent hydrogeological characteristics. Most of the volcanic rocks are Basalts, Rhyolite, ignimbrite, tuff and pyroclastic deposits including pumice.

5.2.3. Aquitards This unit is the deep unweathered and hard bedrock at greater depths and local barrier dykes. These are not widespread in the region. The shallow aquifer (sediments) and the relatively deeper aquifers are expected to be in direct hydraulic link. Aquitards are expected to exist at greater depths and in limited areas where there are dykes and hard rock’s forming local hills.

5.3. Recharge and Discharge Conditions

The ultimate source of recharge in the area is rainfall. The rainfall significantly varies from place to place. In the study areas, previous studies indicate that the groundwater recharge ranges from 10 to 20 percent of the annual rainfall. However, due to limited catchment area the recharge to the aquifers (selected sites for drilling) is likely to be low to moderate.

The streams of the area drain on highly fractured volcanic rocks. This may favor groundwater recharge from rivers (channel losses). In few places the selection of the well sites close to the rivers is partly attributed to this.

There is no large scale groundwater discharge as springs and seepage zones in most of the surveyed areas. Springs are discharging from 0.5 to 5 lit/sec on average. There are only few places where there are high discharging springs. These springs emanate along contact zones and faults.

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5.4. Aquifer characteristic

The aquifer characteristics of the study areas are classified based on similar hydro-geological characteristics of rocks or soils. One of the basic elements of Hydro-geological study is the production of a Hydro-geological map. The map has to include hydro-geological characteristics of hydro-stratigraphic units. Basically, the Geological characteristics of an area includes; degree of fracturing and degree of weathering, Geological structures that are in favor of groundwater recharge, storage and movements and other parameters which plays significant role for designing capture and dewatering systems of groundwater. Besides schematizing the natural hydro- geological conditions, it is important to know the hydraulic/hydro-geological parameters

There are several important physical properties that govern the capability of an aquifer to store, transmit, and yield groundwater. Reliable interpretations and conclusions about the whole aquifer performance in an area are not possible without the accurate determination of these basic aquifer's physical properties. Based on the data collected and analysis made, the study area is classified as follows based on their aquifer properties.

5.4.1. High to Intermediate Ground Water Potential Area These areas are characterized by geological formations with intrinsic porosity and permeability with very high storage capacity. Such area may be constituted by loose water laid sediments and sedimentary deposits localized in gentle slope and extensive surface water catchments area. The existence of fractures and deep weathering may play also a vital role in enhancing the groundwater storage capacity of formations. Abstraction of groundwater more than 20l/sec is evident in this category. Some of the sites lying to this category are displayed on the respective local hydro- geological map.

5.4.2. Moderate to low ground water potential area As indicated in the geological part of this report most of the study areas are characterized by Trap Series Tertiary Basalts and Quaternary deposits mainly constituting of Aiba and Alajie basalts characterized by densely affected structures and developed secondary porosity, permeability, moderate storage capacity and less surface water catchments areas. Most of these places are found at the foot of chain of mountains and relatively rugged areas. Most of the study areas are part of

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Moderate to Low Groundwater Potential areas. Abstraction of ground water 5-20l/sec is possible in this category.

5.4.3. Low ground water potential area These areas are characterized by rugged topography nearby water divides of major river basins in which the land is dissected by deep valleys, stream courses draining towards major rivers and small springs oozing alongside slopes. The weathering of hard rock may not extend deeper than the infiltrated rain water moves as subsurface flow. Most of these places are found in the upper slopes and water divides and rugged mountainous areas. Some parts of the study areas are classified in Low Groundwater potential areas. Abstraction of ground water less than 5l/sec is expected in this category.

5.5. Groundwater Flow and Occurrence

Many factors involve in the localization of groundwater in different types of rock units. The most important factors are; Topography - Aquifer recharge is governed by climatological condition of a given area. The climatological condition in turn depends on topography. Elevated areas get more rainfall than the lowlands and hence these areas are recharge zones. While in the lowlands evapo-transpiration is high and groundwater table is relatively deep. Slope - slope has direct effect on infiltration and surface runoff. Infiltration is low on steep slopes while surface run off increases with increasing slope. Geological formation - Geology of the area has also direct impact on groundwater recharge and localization. Intrusions and plugs with high resistance to erosion remain outstanding and develop dissected and rolling topography. The geological structures have great impact in affecting groundwater recharge and storage. Channel loss - The loss of water from streams have direct influence on the geometry of the groundwater reservoirs and storage capacity. Alluvial deposits along the course of the streams have better shallow groundwater than those far from them.

5.6. Feasible Hydro-geological site identification

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Due to its rugged topography, poor accessibility and unavailability of hydro-geological maps of the study areas at higher resolution/scales, it was hardly possible to fully describe and investigate the details of the hydro-geology of the project areas distributed in different basins with variable geo-morphological set up. To overcome some of these problems and unravel the groundwater localization, the importance of integrating multiple data sources such as remote sensing with conventional hydro-geological field investigations and Geophysical investigation was very crucial.

Parallel with collection and analysis of Hydro-geological published and unpublished reports, Climate, Physiography and Geological set up; exhaustive analysis of the hydro-geology of the area was made using satellite images and Shuttle Radar Terrain Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data.

A converging evidence approach is followed. The existing hydro-geological data, surveyed hydro- geological information and the remotely sensed spectral satellite data were integrated in a GIS environment for spatial data analysis to prepare the hydro-geological map and delineate major water bearing zones.

Satellite images and SRTM data were exhaustively used for mapping and tracing major lineaments. Lineament analysis using satellite images has been particularly valuable in determining regional and sub-regional fracture patterns that reveal some of the tectonic stress history imposed on large crustal units. Faults and fractures analysis has practical importance in groundwater exploration.

In all study areas enhanced analysis of SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data for identification of important Hydro-geological features such as faults that trends at different directions were observed on the stretched image, hydro-stratigraphic units mainly based on qualitative interpretation such as degree of weathering and fracturing, existence or absence of springs, vegetation and soil cover., clay rich soils on flat areas eroded traps on the slope and alluvial deposits, recharge and discharge zones, different land use types, etc. Finally, initial conceptual view of feasible Hydro-geological areas delineated for further Geophysical investigation. Finally

Page 43 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS the study team conducted geophysical surveying at convenient topographic lands mainly for determination of existence of groundwater and its anticipated drilling depth.

VI. Geophysical surveying 6.1. General

Geophysical survey is an indirect measurement of subsurface geophysical parameters for various purposes. One of the major uses of geophysics is to detect subsurface waters on the basis of observations of the resistivity/electrical conductivity of subsurface materials and indicate water level and anticipated drilling depth. One of the most popular methods used for groundwater investigation is the resistivity or electrical method. The geophysical method used in the present survey is Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The method provides subsurface information regarding the nature of rocks, their degree of weathering and/or fracturing, and about geological structures, which are important and useful in identifying areas favorable for groundwater development.

The Vertical Electrical Soundings were done to determine the variation of resistivity with depth which reveal the nature and thickness of the underlying formations. The method also yields a quantitative estimate of the thickness or depth of various geo-electric layers, and also the quality of groundwater.

A total of 29 Vertical Electrical Sounding surveys (VES) were executed in the 16 out of the 17 project areas. Vertical Electrical Sounding survey was not conducted in Beta site. The reason behind was the village is surrounded by deep gorges and the hydro-geological environment is supplied from a small longitudinal catchment area of 2km2 areal extent, that cannot support abstraction of water via borehole. The cliff adjoining the village is more than 500m deep. The yield from individual aquifers was measured on the cliff face from oozing springs down the cliff. Locations of VES points for each project area are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. VES Survey points at the respective project areas No. Name of health center VES EASTING NORTHING Altitude in meters Code

1 GERBICHO VES 1 437450 723783 2089 2 GERBICHO VES 2 437244 723418 2040

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3 GERBICHO VES 3 439338 722338 2023 4 WACHEMO VES 1 427756 693147 2002 5 HARO VES 1 403361 676250 2130 6 HARO VES 2 405641 678231 1984 7 HARO VES 3 406674 677724 1868 8 KEDIDA VES 1 401798 675482 2078 9 WODITO VES 1 354095 904952 1722 10 WODITO VES 2 358044 908276 1766 11 AGUMAMIT VES 1 296240 1179435 1852 12 KUNI VES 1 303632 1193414 2231 13 KUNI VES 2 305068 1193116 2155 14 GULEM DENJIN VES 1 291816 1169866 1960 15 GULEM DENJIN VES 2 292602 1172463 1816 16 LIDETA VES 1 267073 1209998 2499 17 LIDETA VES 2 267159 1210268 2503 18 KACHANA GUDIE VES 1 241255 1234400 1809 19 KACHANA GUDIE VES 2 241020 1234425 1806 20 ADDIS VES 1 373868 1324324 1866 BETECHRISTIAN 21 ADDIS VES 2 372788 1324718 1847 BETECHRISTIAN

22 GULT VES 1 373012 1257961 2350 23 GULT VES 2 375549 1256006 2271 24 MAKSEGNIT VES 1 379545 1250072 2128 25 ANGOT VES 1 538673 1302244 3474 26 GELSHA VES 1 559036 1215220 2913 27 ZERET VES 1 457794 1577356 1648 28 ZERET VES 2 456021 1577460 1644 29 ZERIT VES 3 458026 1577846 1642

6.2. Methodology of Geophysical survey

In this study surface electrical resistivity surveying (VES) is employed. The instrument used for the survey is portable and powerful integrated resistivity meter (ABEM 4000). The geo-electrical survey was aimed at selecting groundwater potential sites for water well drilling and to define anticipated drilling depth.

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The Schlumberger array was used to introduce current into the ground. This method is the most widely used for groundwater investigation. It also makes the investigation easier and fast as compared to other arrangements and makes data processing and integrating much simpler.

The VES is done by injecting a low current into the ground through stainless steel electrodes and the resistance of the earth material is measured during the passage of current simultaneously. The sounding apparent resistivity values at different offset points are plotted in the field on a log-log paper to control the data quality. The maximum offset distance of current electrodes AB is 660 meters.

6.3. Data Interpretation

The VES data collected in the field and plotted on a log-log chart in the field was initially interpreted using auxiliary master curves. The result of the curve matching which defines the layer parameter was later used as a starting model. An inversion program IPI2 was applied using the results from the curve matching as an initial guess. The inversion program then adjusts the starting model in a number of iterations until a best fit curve is obtained between the calculated and measured values.

The details of the results of the VES points are described under the respective chapter for each specific project area. The description of the different project areas is given initially with location maps, and then followed by the interpreted layer resistive values, probable rock types representing the different layers and the groundwater potential of each site with recommended depth of drilling. The GPS readings and short description of each site is also indicated. Descriptions of interpreted data in terms of geological characteristics is described mainly based on the local geology

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Picture 7. Geophysical VES survey in the compound of Health center

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Picture 8. Geophysical VES survey at the surrounding of Health center

VII. Water Quality 7.1. General

The chemical substances in natural waters are derived from different sources including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soils, solution and precipitation reactions existing below the land surface, and effects resulting from human activities. The ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position of rock strata, and biochemical factors associated with the life cycle of plants and animals.

The concentrations, relative proportions and rates of transport of dissolved substances in water samples reflect their sources path and interactions with different substances. As a matter of fact, the chemistry of water varies from place to place and this variation has an impact on different water uses such as community water supply, irrigation and industry.

Attempts are made to provide the general overview of the hydrochemistry of the study areas from the point of view of water quality for drinking mainly based on secondary data collected from corresponding Regional Water Bureaus of laboratory test results made for drilled boreholes

Page 48 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS representing the project areas. A physical parameter water quality test incorporating Electrical conductivity (EC), PH, Temperature and Turbidity are measured for representative sources at each project site during the field investigation.

7.2. In situ water quality test

Examination of water quality in the field is an integral part of any hydro-geological study. Water quality measurements could be done in situ measurements of physical parameters for the existing water sources and laboratory tests for anticipated sources to understand their anion and cation compositions after water well drilling. The study team made field measurements on physical parameters such as temperature, Electrical conductivity (EC), pH and turbidity for all required representative and proposed springs. Onsite measurements of chemical and biological parameters were hardly possible because of absence of testing chemicals and litmus paper. Importing of such chemicals is allowed only for specific water testing laboratories in the country. These distinguished laboratories are only 3 in number and the price of water quality testing for each chemical constituent is very expensive, and the time of delivery of results is too sluggish that a minimum of three weeks is required for a single water sample test. Hence, chemical and bacteriological tests on site are beyond the capacity of the consulting team. The general truth in this regard is that Ethiopia is endowed by good water quality except fluoride concentration in Rift Valley zone. Table 6 shows field measured water quality variables of water sampled and tested from different types of existing water sources.

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Picture 9. In situ Water sample collection and Quality Testing

Table 6. Measured Physical parameters No Project area Water sampled GPS LOCATION Physical Parameters of from /37p/ representative samples EC 0 /ADINDAN PROJECTION/ PH T ( C) (µs/cm) E N

1 Gerbicho/Seda Protected Spring 438400 724010 1152 6.5 24 2 Wochema Unprotected Spring 427285 694381 698 6.9 23 3 Haro Deep Borehole 404080 677258 1039 7.1 25 4 Kedida Protected Spring 402490 674711 1154 7.2 24.5 5 Wodito Shallow Borehole 357279 905734 783 6.5 25

6 Kuni Protected Spring 304630 1193326 856 6.8 25.3 7 Agumamit Protected Spring 295331 1178809 1256 6.6 25 8 Kachana Gudie Private hand dug well 241266 1234571 734 7.2 24.3 9 Gulem Denjin Shallow borehole 292378 1170440 483 7.1 25.2 10 Lideta Shallow borehole 267159 1209970 645 7.6 23 11 Addis Betechristian Shallow borehole 374049 1324295 923 6,9 24 12 Gult Hand dug well 373012 1257961 846 7.9 25.3 13 Maksegnit Hand dug well 379653 1250452 562 7.5 26.8 14 Angot Unprotected spring 538668 1302107 882 6.6 25.3 15 Beta Protected spring 461558 1178542 911 6.9 24.4 16 Gelsha Protected 735 7.7 23.4 spring/Artesian borehole 559910 1215002 17 Zeret Protected Spring 533379 1123135 496 6.9 22.8

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The field measured water quality shows that the physical parameter of the water is within the acceptable range of drinking water as per the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ethiopian standard.

7.3. Water Type Classifications

The field water quality measurement was only limited to physical parameters. The ionic concentration values were taken from secondary sources to classify the different water types. The following table shows major ion and cation concentration in representative samples collected from deep well of Haro for project areas in SNNPR; Finote selam, Dessie and Andabet town wells representing the nearby project areas in Amhara region. Using the existing secondary data water type classification has been done based on major cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K) and anions (HCO3, CO3, Cl, and SO4). Table 7. Chemistry of representative samples/anions and cations (mg/l)

No Location Sample source Na K Ca Mg Fe CO3 HCO3 Cl SO4 F NO3 pH TDS

1 Haro BH1 172 8.3 78.9 24.2 0.03 trace 423 34.3 8.7 1.2 12.3 7.72 856

2 Finote Selam BH1 75 2.25 9.6 1.13 0.2 trace 276 41.8 1.43 0.54 0.5 7.6 360

3 Dessie BH1 110 4.8 18.2 3.12 0.05 trace 390 25.1 8.6 0.75 4.05 7.01 468

4 Andabet BH1 165 11.5 22.8 3.65 0.17 trace 560 41.8 3.25 0.9 0.28 7.52 642

200 - 200 150 0.3 - - 250 400 1.5 45 6.5 to 8.5 1000 WHO STANDARD

200 15 75 50 0.3 - - 250 250 1.5 50 6.5 to 8.5 1000 ETHIOPIAN STANDARD Ethiopian Standard: Ministry of Health National Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Strategy, May 2011, Ethiopian Standard ES 261:2001, Second Edition, 2001-06-27, Drinking Water Specifications.

Water samples from representative boreholes are classified dominantly as Na-HCO3 and Ca-Mg- HCO3 type; whereas few springs show mixed type water with SO4 and Cl. Sodium and Calcium are the dominant cations followed by magnesium. This is probably due to the existence of widespread acidic volcanic (tuff and ignimbrite) rocks. Relatively higher level of iron content is detected in Kachana Gudie, Gulem Denjin and Lideta project sites marked by its red paved stream sections. This is anticipated as a result of dark reddish lateritic soil cover, mainly constituting of ferric oxide. The effect is also observed in the representative sample data taken from Finoteselam town borehole. The representative water sample from Finoteselam area contained about 0.2mg/l

Page 51 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS of iron which is relatively higher content of other representative samples. But, the constituent is still within the permissible range by WHO and Ethiopian standards. In general, the majority of the water samples have hydro-chemical signatures typical of acidic volcanic. The single most dominant cation is HCO3, which is peculiar to most Ethiopian waters.

Natural waters can also be classified on the basis of the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Total dissolved solid include all solid materials in solution, whether ionized or not. As it is related to the sum of the concentration of all ions, it is directly related to the electrical conductivity (EC). The TDS (mg/l) of given water is approximately 65-75 percent of the EC (S/cm) of the same sample. TDS of natural water range from less than 10 ppm for dissolved solids in rain and snow water to more than 300,000 ppm for some brine water.

Based on TDS, natural waters can be divided into fresh, brackish, saline and brine with a range of TDS values less than 1000, 1000 -10,000, 10,000 – 100,000 mg/l and greater than 1,000,000 mg/l respectively. The field in situ measurement indicated that all the water in the representative wells and the nearby project areas is relatively fresh and less than 1000 mg/l suitable for drinking as per the WHO standards.

Water type classification was also made on the basis of total hardness. Hardness results from the presence of divalent metallic cations, of which calcium and magnesium are the most abundant in groundwater. These ions react with soap to form precipitates and with certain anions present in the water to form scale.

Based on total hardness natural waters can be classified as soft, moderately hard, hard and very hard waters with alkalinity ranges less than 75, 75-150, 150-300 and greater than 300 mg/l respectively. The water in all study areas is dominantly categorized as soft to moderately hard.

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7.4. Water quality for drinking

Water quality refers to the quantity of dissolved solids and gases, suspended solids, hydrogen ions, pathogenic organisms and heat in a given quantity of water. The chemical and biological characteristics of water determine its usefulness for industry, agriculture and drinking purpose. The study of water chemistry gives also important indication on the geologic history of the enclosing rocks, the velocity and direction of water movement. Sampling and testing of water quality will help to identify different aquifers that can be of help or abandoned to be used for different water uses.

The main aim of assessing the quality of water is to determine whether it is satisfactory for the intended purpose and understand the hydro-geological processes by tracing the origin of the different ions in water. The subject of water analysis interpretation must often include some considerations of certain national and international water quality standards for different purposes.

The primary objective of water treatment and purification is to collect water from best available source and subject to processing which will ensure water of good physical quality, free from unpleasant taste and odor, and contains trace amount of contaminants which might affect health. In connection with water quality for community water supply, the following issues must be addressed; It should be colorless and sparkling clear. It must be free from solids in suspension. It should be of good test, free from odor. It should be reasonably soft. It should be free from disease causing organisms. It should be free from objectionable dissolved gasses. It should be free from harmful salts. It should be free from objectionable minerals, such as iron, manganese, lead, arsenic, and other toxic substances and heavy metals. It should be free from radioactive substances such as radium, strontium, etc. It should be reasonably free from phenolic compounds, high chlorides, fluorides, and iodine.

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To compare the quality of the water of the area with the following World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking, secondary data has been used.

Referring to previous water quality assessments made in the vicinity of the study areas, the quality of sampled waters is within the permissible range of drinking, with regard to the major ions and common physical characteristics. Relatively higher iron and fluoride concentration is observed in two project sites, but still within the permissible range of drinking water by WHO standards. And relatively higher levels of iron content in some waters of Amhara region, but still in the range of WHO drinking standards. Table 8. Drinking Water Quality for different Countries Use Drinking water Variable WHO1 EU Canada USA Russia2 Ethio Colour (TCU) 15 20 mg l-1 Pt-Co 15 15 20 Total dissolved solids (mg l-1) 1,000 500 500 1,000 Total suspended solids (mg l-1) Turbidity (NTU) 5 4 JTU 5 0.5-1.0 pH < 8.04 6.51-8.51 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 Dissolved oxygen (mg l-1) 4.0 Ammoniacal nitrogen (mg l-1) 2.0 Ammonium (mg l-1) 0,5 2.0 Nitrate as N (mg l-1) 10.0 10.0 Nitrate (mg l-1) 50 50 45 50 Nitrite as N (mg l-1) 1.0 1.0 Nitrite (mg l-1) 3(P) 0.1 3.0 Phosphorus (mg l-1) 5.0

-1 BOD (mg l O2) 3.0 Sodium (mg l-1) 200 150 358 Chloride (mg l-1) 250 251 250 250 350 533 Chlorine (mg l-1) 5 Sulphate (mg l-1) 250 250 500 250 500 483 Sulphide (mg l-1) 0.05 Fluoride (mg l-1) 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 < 1.5 3.0 Boron (mg l-1) 0.3 1.01 5.0 0.3 Cyanide (mg l-1) 0.07 0.05 0.2 0.2 (PP) 0.07 Trace elements Aluminium (mg l-1) 0.2 0.2 0.5 Arsenic (mg l-1) 0.01 (P) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 Barium (mg l-1) 0.7 0.11 1.0 2.0 0.7

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Use Drinking water Cadmium (mg l-1) 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.003 Chromium (mg l-1) 0.05 (P) 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 Cobalt (mg l-1) 0.1 Copper (mg l-1) 2(P) 0.11-3.01 1.0 1 2.0 Iron (mg l-1) 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 Lead (mg l-1) 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.015 0.01 Manganese (mg l-1) 0.5(P) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 0.5 Mercury (mg l-1) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 Nickel (mg l-1) 0.02 0.05 0.02 Selenium (mg l-1) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 Zinc(mg l-1) 3 0.11-5.01 5.0 5 5.0 Organic contaminants11 Oil and petroleum products (mg l-1) 0.01 0.1 Total pesticides (µg l-1) 0.5 100 Aldrin & dieldrin (µg l-1) 0.03 0.7 DDT (µg l-1) 2 30.0 2.0 Lindane (µg l-1) 2 4.0 0.2 2.0 Methoxychlor (µg l-1) 20 100 40 Benzene (µg l-1) 10 5 Pentachlorophenol (µg l-1) 9(P) 10 10 Phenols (µg l-1) 0.5 2 1.0 Detergents (mg l-1) 0.2 0.512 0.5 Microbiological variables Faecal coliforms (E. coli) (No. per 100 ml) 0 0 0 0 Total coliforms (No. per 100 ml) 0 1013 1 0.3

7.5. Overview of water pollution All solutes introduced into the hydrologic environment as a result of man’s activities are referred to as contaminants, regardless of whether or not the contaminations reach levels that cause significant degradation of water quality. The term pollution is reserved for situations where contaminant concentrations attain levels that are considered to be objectionable.

The principal sources and causes of water pollution are municipal, industrial, agricultural and miscellaneous. All sources and causes of pollution can be classified as point source or non-point sources. Because of their non-defined geometry, non-point sources or diffusive sources and are dangerous and difficult to take immediate measure or remedy.

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Within the study areas, the possible sources of pollution are agricultural activities. Industrial sources of pollution are totally absent. Agricultural sources include animal wastes, fertilizer and pesticides.

The potential pollution may come for large-scale use of fertilizer and pesticides which are used by most of the farmers in many places. Common pollutants include nitrogen compounds, trace elements and biological pollutants.

The most common contaminant is dissolved nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO-3). This contaminant is becoming increasingly widespread because of fertilizer (mainly Urea) use. Its presence in undesirable concentration is threatening large aquifer systems in many parts of the world. Although NO-3 is the main form in which nitrogen occurs in groundwater, dissolved nitrogen also occurs in the form of ammonium (NH+4), ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO-2), nitrogen (N2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and organic nitrogen.

The other thing which should not be neglected is the bacteriological analysis of water for farm water supply. Contaminated water may contain a host of micro-organisms that cause water-borne diseases which cause the death of thousands of people.

Water may become contaminated due to improper disposal of liquid wastes, defective well construction and failure to seal the abandoned wells. Hence, the portability of water from bacteriological activities is more dependent on human activities than natural conditions. The intestine of men and warm-blooded animals contain certain harmless bacteria, which are excreted with feces. They are numerous in sewage, and will be present in water, which has been contaminated by sewage or excreta. These organisms are known as coliforms. The coliform group is composed of two important species, Escherichia (E-coli) and Aerobactria. They are of advantage as indicators of waters contamination. It should be noted that coliform group of bacteria includes not only organisms originating in the intestinal tract of warm blooded animals (Fecal-coli or E- coli) but also organisms from soil or vegetation (Aerobacteria). E-coli are the most frequent type present in human and animal intestine. The presence of E-coli in a water supply therefore indicates

Page 56 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS pollution of water by fecal contamination. Other coliform bacteria will usually be present as well, but if E-coli are absent then the inference is that pollution primarily arises from soil or vegetation.

VIII. Environmental assessments and Recommended Management options

Environmental impacts that could arise in the course of implementing water supply projects should take into consideration of avoiding destruction, disturbance of physical environment, hazards for biotic and biotic environment, displacement of households etc.

Previous experience shows that, during spring construction in particular, the surrounding vegetation is partially or fully destroyed with no sense of ownership.

During water source construction and development, the surrounding forest should be conserved and promoted. The presence of lush vegetation increases infiltration to the ground and increases spring discharge, improve the water quality and attracts commercial benefits.

Destruction of the physical environment exposed the country to frequent drought, water scarcity, environmental degradation, and the current rising water demand. It is a short history that almost all studied areas were covered by indigenous plant and abundant variety and species of fruit plants. However, currently all are steadily disappearing and left as a history.

Environmental deterioration is evident due to greater demand for fuel woods as a result of population explosion and the increasing number of bakeries and hotels in the towns. These situations apparently have encouraged the peasants, especially women, to be engaged in direct deforestation activities. The increasing number of carpenters in towns could contribute to over cutting of indigenous trees (Cordia Africana), which altogether is causing a great loss in the natural balance.

It is beyond doubt that exploitation of aquatic and biological resources is leading to enhancement of soil erosion and degradation. Erosion often removes the top part of weathered rocks (residual sediments) which are potential subsurface reservoir to sustain small rural community water

Page 57 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS supplies. Mean while the removal of the weathering front enhances surface runoff thereby reducing the quantity of water infiltrating to the ground water. These factors individually or in combination are responsible for the steady yield reduction or total disappearance of springs and shallow aquifers in the country in particular the said project areas. Such that runoff will be enhanced leading to the inevitable soil erosion.

The alarmingly increasing human activities that are currently evident on mountainous areas also need cautious attention. During the field visit, it was observed that on elevated land and mountains, human settlements are spreading and destruction of forests causes elimination of coffee plantation, which is a cash crop for most of SNNPR peoples. These negative environmental activities are not properly regulated by the concerned officials.

Needless to say, the prevailing water stresses are the outcome of environmental deterioration and thus requires proper attention and formulation of appropriate policy to restore the natural resource. Generally, the scope and scale in all project sites are small and they have few effects on the wider domain of the environment. Some to be quoted are:  Ground water depletion as a result of over pumping and adverse effects on shallow rooted vegetation  Local soil engineering parameters /moisture content/ changed and lateral slides reduced and soil subsidence and cracks enhanced  Downstream users will be adversely affected by abstraction of water in upper catchments

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PART II. Verifications and Study Findings for each project area

1. Gerbicho Health center 1.1. General

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Gerbicho Heath Center is Located in Aleta Wondo Woreda of SNNPR, it can be reached by from Aleta Wondo on the Asphalt road about 3km South and 8km west along all weather gravel road. The Health Center is under construction. The Existing water supply for the village is poorly constructed spring with a discharge of 1.5 lit/sec, located at a position of UTM 37P 438400E & 724010N and at an elevation of 1993m and unprotected spring discharging 0.2 lit/sec, which is located at a position of UTM 37N 439447E & 723030N.

400000.000000 420000.000000 440000.000000 460000.000000 480000.000000 500000.000000 520000.000000 .000000 .000000 % %%Gurage 790000 790000

YEM Siliti AWASA ZURIYA Wendo Genet SHEKA Hadiya Alaba Kefa Kembata Timbaro Hadiya Malga Dawuro Awassa Town .000000 .000000 Boricha E Konta Wolayita Shebedino Sidama Gorche 760000 %%% 760000

Bench Maji Basketo Gamo Gofa % Gedeo Dale %% Wensho

Amaro Special Sidama ARBEGONA Derashe Lyiu Wereda Loko Abaya South Omo Burji Special .000000 .000000 Bursa Konso Special Aleta Wondo Chuko 730000 %% CHIRE 730000 % BENSA Bona Zuriya Hula Dara

Dila Town DilaZuria .000000 .000000 ARORESA 700000 Legend Wenago %% 700000

Bule % Location of Sites studied in Each Woreda Gedeo Yirgachefe %% Location of study area %% D %% .000000 .000000 Kochore 670000 0 5 10 20 30 40 670000 Kilometers Kochore Gedeb

400000.000000 420000.000000 440000.000000 460000.000000 480000.000000 500000.000000 520000.000000 Figure 4. Location map of Aleta Wondo, Dilla zuria and Yergachefe woredas in which four of the sites are located in SNNPR

Page 60 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

...... 00000 '40000 -

,'

- ""'' 610000 Legend- 0 Ui3 6 9 12 - - Klorneten • loc.atlon of Study SIi.es ~ Gedeo_Zone_Boundary -=-- -- Road ~ Woreda Boundary -.-- Sfdam_zon, ..Bo undary ~ Gt dto zone Woredts l=:J sMlyArea ~-,~ T~•n -- RJl/ers Figure 5. DEM enhanced map for Aleta wondo, Dilla Zuria and Yerga chefe woredas in SNNPR

Page 61 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

The area and its surrounding is classified as Humid Sub tropical (Weina Dega), with mean annual rainfall of 1000 to 1200mm. The Mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature ranges from 10-140c and 16-200c.

Physiographically, it is situated in the south Eastern Plateau at the eastern edge of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley characterized by mountainous, undulating and rugged topography with rolling steep to relatively gentle slopes.

1.2. Geology and Hydro-geology The major stratigraphic units are Quaternary sediments which are composed of reddish clay along the strip of rivers and low grounds, underlain by basalt. The mountaintop areas are composed of Tuff and Ignimbrite. The geological structures are dominantly trending NNE to SSW. Along the geological structures and river banks mapped moderate to highly fractured basalt.

The area is characterized by porous media and volcanic aquifer systems and classified as moderate to low groundwater potential area. Findings from Hydro-geological parameters and hydrostratigraphic analysis resulted in framing two Conceptual Hydro-geological sites for further Geophysical Investigations. Even though the health center compound is not relatively feasible for potential groundwater abstraction, the geophysical survey has been conducted inside the compound to assure the presence of groundwater.

Besides selection of Hydro-geological areas for groundwater abstraction through tube wells, evaluation of poorly constructed spring and unprotected spring was considered as a source point for the Health Center. It is evident that the low discharge unprotected spring couldn’t be considered as potential source.

The type of springs in the area is a Gravity contact spring which is formed when downward movement of underground water is restricted by impervious underground water layer and the water is pushed to the surface. Such springs are common in most highland parts of Ethiopia

Page 62 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Very close to poorly constructed spring scrutinized group of springs ooze. Discharge measurement of this bunch of springs was taken at a point of convergence where topographic gradient is suitable for measurement, which is about 15meter downstream of the poorly constructed spring. As a result of persistent measurements, it has been notified that the bunch of springs is discharging 3lit/sec in November.

The reliability, seasonal fluctuations and susceptibility for pollutants was consulted and surveyed. Accordingly, the discharge of bunch of spring declines at peak dry season (April to June) to 2 lit/sec.

·-GEOLOGICAL .....MAP OF STUDY AREA..,...... -f Legend Geology Pleisrot~he Ke1• Rh'et Ac16.c Volco!Wc S~•tnl;llf)•P.ods$. • Rhyolitic 1vlh 1111d pum.kt tu(!, + r-locClldlt PltlSlOC(lle 8111Sall.; ~f.ush·t l'«Sail 11\'U"'"'- . ~ ~ng ~.. Oligocea • /a ~ &al[ Ceritez,~---,i-- -"1,Lowe, Snail. Poq,hyrilic biuall l«-'IIJ I • Geological Structure

rjES 3 - - M11j,1r &ult ...... Norma.I C.ult, do••nth.r~· i,howo -- Norm.1,1 r.agJt -, -- ...... l.n(~ fltul~ dOWlltbn!l\lo J:I ~oo•n -- l!!fttred fault -- ~oqy bound•~• -- In fend geology boimdary Ro;,ds i --A.sph.l.lt ~- On.vet Rivers M1j« Rivel') : 1----.,,..,-.------.--.------"""-.------..._- ~--=-"-'.;...-_~------..-===-r~ 0 05 1 ~ ,

Figure 6. Geological map of Gerbicho area in Aleta wondo woreda of SNNPR

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Ca,.sititd la. Low to Moda•t Pto$K-1hity Oa>,o, M ~Ins •ilh fn1Clert penui:abllit)' \ ·olc'11\oc rocks., bl.ul.u.. 1hyali1es, G"ldiyie\. i!nifflbri1es. ~ C'assificd i.fl ).fodcn~ Producti,ity Oiwes:A• oipif'tt ~ wilmflteig:t:m11l111: pcnne.llhilityt;ucorm>lid:lleds«imctiu, alluwiuia, dlu,ium, tolt1f\'bnn, iac;,td.nt M'd1Utt1U,. PoOI-IY tfflleoled sandl«>n~ Gf'Olovy l'lfflcocc.• Kdat Rf<'« Addie: \'olcUUc S«i111cntory Roch; Rhyolitic tuffi ~d pvmict tn£Js

Figure 7. Hydro-geological map of Gerbicho area in Aleta wondo woreda

1.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result

Totally, Three VES performed at the selected two Hydro-geological areas and in the compound of the health center. Geographical positions of VES points are tabulated in table 1.5. The site description; interpreted layer resistivity values, probable rock types representing the different layers and the groundwater potential of each site with recommended depth of drilling is clearly presented below: Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred structure. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The VES point was situated at about 1.5km Southwest of the health center, downstream of the existing poorly constructed spring. The area is covered with thin reddish clay with patches of rock outcrop along the bank of seasonal stream.

Page 64 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Geophysical Data Interpretation of Gerbicho –VES 1

! •

_..,__ ❖¥• I---• 1-+---lr--

Table 9. Interpretation Result of VES 1 of Gerbicho Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 20.1 5 5 Reddish wet top soil 2 10.5 11.1 16.1 Highly weathered Basalt 3 279 69.4 85.5. Fresh basalt. 4 0.132 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and Water Bearing fractured basalt formation

Note:- The VES interpretation result reveals the presence of four alternative resistivity layers, the first layer shows wet reddish soil, following to this layer interpreted highly weathered basalt . The third layer is characterized by massive basalt. The substratum is attributed to highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt. On the basis of the VES data interpretation the fourth layer expected to be water bearing horizon and the well can be drilled to a depth of 110-120m.

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2)

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Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred structure. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The VES point was situated in the compound of the health center. The area is covered with thin reddish to brown clay

Geophysical Data Interpretation in the compound of Health center of Gerbicho –VES 2

- 1000: : Pa ' ' ' ------~ ------~. ------y ------,- - - - - N p h d Alt ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 17.5 0.476 0.476 -0.47 ' ' ' ' 9 ' - .:----(------1 ----1------7 ___ ( __ 2 59.2 2.83 3.31 -3.30 3 33.5 38.1 41.4 -41 .~ - - 4 12585 ~- 1l ~---j------)/-----l------i------' : : : . ----~' ------~-' ------t- ' ------:- ' ---- - :' :' : ' : ' AB/2 - ' : : ' ' ''' 10 100 1000 -

Table 10. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Gerbicho Layer Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth Probable formations Remarks s (Ohm m.) (m) (interpretation) 1 17.5 0.4 0.5 Reddish wet top soil 2 59.2 2.83 3.31 Moderately weathered Basalt 3 33.5 38.1 41.4 Moderately weathered and Water bearing fractured basalt. zone 4 12585 Substratum infinity Fresh basalt

Note:- The VES interpretation result reveals the presence of four alternative resistivity layers, the first layer shows reddish soil, following to this layer interpreted weathered basalt. The third layer is characterized by moderately weathered and fractured basalt. The substratum is attributed to Fresh basalt. On the basis of the VES data interpretation groundwater abstraction is not feasible

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-3)

Page 66 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred structure. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The VES point was situated at about 3km South West of the health center. The area is covered with thin reddish clay with patches of rock outcrop along the banks of a seasonal stream.

Geophysical Data Interpretaion of Gerbicho –VES 3

: Pa

- - - - -r ------y ------,- - - - - N h d Alt ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 17.5 0.476 0.476 -0.47 ' ' ' ----_._ ------~------' - o ___ ,____ _ 2 59.2 2.83 3.31 -3.30 ' ' ' ' 3 33.5 38.1 41.4 -41. ' ' 4 12585

-----~' ------~-' ------:-' ---- :' :' :Mn' I , , , ", , , I,", , , I,",

Table 11. Interpretation Result of VES 3, Gerbicho Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (m) (interpretation) 1 17.5 0.4 0.5 Reddish wet top soil 2 59.2 2.83 3.31 Moderately weathered Basalt 3 33.5 38.1 41.4 Moderately weathered and Water bearing fractured basalt. strata 4 12585 Substratum infinity Fresh basalt

Note:- The VES interpretation result reveals the presence of four alternative resistivity layers, the first layer shows reddish soil, following to this layer interpreted weathered basalt. The third layer is characterized by moderately weathered and fractured basalt. The substratum is attributed to Fresh basalt. On the basis of the VES data interpretation the selected Hydro-geological area is not feasible for abstraction of water.

1.4. Conclusion and Recommendation

Page 67 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

The main goal of the study is to provide potential, sustainable and economical water source for the Health Center. So as to achieve the goal, systematical approach and different disciplines were incorporated one after the other as described in detail of this report. The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two water sources for comparison: 7.5.1. Construction and improvement of Gravity Contact Spring located at a position of UTM 37N 438400E & 724010N and at an elevation of 1893m, which is about 500m far from the Health Center 7.5.2. Bore hole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37N 437450E and 723783N at an elevation of 1983m. As a result, considering the distance from the health center, cost of construction and sustainability of the source; the team has prioritized construction and improvement of cluster of springs including poorly constructed spring, in addition to that delivering water to Health Center has significant advantages to supply safe and potable water for the localities through construction of water fountains at a reasonably common distance from the health center, thereby the localities develop a sense of ownership of water source to protect from any damage and pollution. In line with this conservation of biotic and biotic environment should be greatly protected and promoted to prolong the sustainability and increase water quality of the springs.

Borehole drilling to a depth of 120m is the second priority for the Health Center. Construction of about 50m access road should be constructed, if drilling is prioritized by the client. In line of this, besides to reservoirs and other required water supply inputs, about 1.5km pipe line should be constructed in order to supply the Health Center.

II. Wechemo Health Center 1.6. General

Page 68 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Wechemo Heath Center is Located in Dilla Zuria Woreda of SNNPR, it can be reached from Dilla on the asphalt road 8km South and about 12km North East on all weather road and 7km East only on dry weather road. The Health Center construction is not yet started. Location map of the area shown in Figure 3 and 4.

The Existing water supply for the village is constructed but not properly protected spring with a discharge of 2 lit/sec, located at a position of UTM 37P 427285E and 694381N and at an elevation of 2048m.

The area and its surrounding is classified as Humid Sub tropical (Weina Dega), with mean annual rainfall of 1000 to 1200mm. The Mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature ranges from 10-140c and 16-200c.

Physio-graphically, it is situated in the south Eastern Plateau at the eastern edge of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley characterized by mountainous, undulating and rugged topography with rolling steep slopes to relatively gentle slopes.

1.7. Geology and Hydro-geology The major stratigraphic units are Quaternary sediments, composed of reddish clay along the strip of rivers and low grounds; and Pyroclastic units composed of Volcanic ash, Tuff, Ignimbrite and different aged basalts. The basalt is characterized by the lower basalt of porphyritic basalt lavas, which is the underlain strata and also the middle basalt composed of porphyritic and massive basalt overlying the lower basalt. The geological structures are dominantly trending N to S. Along the geological structures and river banks moderate to highly fractured basalt exposures detected.

Hydrostratigraphically the area is categorized as porous media and volcanic aquifer systems. Based on Hydro-geological parameters the area is classified as low groundwater potential area. Findings from Hydro-geological parameters and Hydrostratigraphically analysis is resulted in framing of only one Conceptual Hydro-geological site for further Geophysical Investigations, which is inside the compound of the health center, accordingly, the geophysical survey has been conducted inside the compound to assure the presence of groundwater.

Page 69 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Besides selection of Hydro-geological areas for groundwater abstraction through tube wells, evaluation of springs was considered as optional water source point for the Health Center.

The evaluated spring is located at a position of UTM 37N 427285E & 694381N and at an elevation of 2048m at about 500m, very close to the health center. The spring was constructed by Dilla Zuria Water Mines and Energy Bureau on 2011. Discharge of spring is continually measured, and registered 2 lit/sec, whilst the unprotected springs at the nearby is about 1.5 lit/sec. As a result it has been recognized that the spring was not carefully designed and constructed.

The reliability, seasonal fluctuations and susceptibility for pollutants was consulted and surveyed. Accordingly, as per the informants, 2/3 of the spring discharge sustains throughout the year with no significant decrease.

Page 70 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

GEOLOGICAL MA> 0, W.,_ACttAMA STUDY Alll!A lM 011.,UUIA WOltEDA fflW .,... m• mw ' ~- I ------I ~ t \ l I Legend' ~-" I • Oilazuria WOf9da Wachama Study Area I Gt'ol01,,,y I PlflHoccan, C,-.<.tlc:he rlffl:i~c e~ \ fti6l\'lb1Mtl W\v i I ~Uoc~t I - t.U~lc 0.,.IL ~pl1),ltl¢ btllail Iii'·• I I f.fflllil-OligOff nt Sbole Wcl.kd l\llt D~· Weld«! f1i)'"OllDC I I D wtl!!cd rurr } I Lowd" aw . P\.'"(J)hfl'hic lll&lll 111..... I I I I Geologtc:al Structurl! -- s..wm&I 6 ult, 4ft11~\htl•·n I -- ~ 11.:hul: I I Gc,,'

Figure 8. Geological map of Wachema area in Dilla Zuria Woreda of SNNPR

Page 71 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

KVOROGEOLOG.ICAL MAP Of! WACHAMA STUDY ARE.A IN DILAZUIA ~EDA

--)iOnml.f, ob, ...... _ ..._ __ ,,__,;.w1 River•

Figure 9. Hydro-geological map of Wachamo area in Dilla Zuria of SNNPR

1.8. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result

A VES survey was performed in the compound of the health center at GPS point UTM 37N 427756E 693147N and elevation 2002m. The site description; interpreted layer resistivity values, probable rock types representing the different layers and the groundwater potential of the surveyed site with recommended depth of drilling and/or optional water source is clearly presented below:

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Page 72 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred structure. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The VES was performed in the compound of health center. The area is covered with thin reddish clay.

Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 1, in the compound of Wechamo, Health Center 1000 - ' ' ' ' ' ' Pa - ' ' ' ' ' ' N p h d Alt -----r------,-----' ' - ---r------' - - - - - r ' ------,- ' - - - - - ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 12.2 12.9 12.9 -12.8 - ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ___ ., ' _____ ' ' -2 2402 17 29.9 -29.8 ' ' - ' ' -----.. ' ------·- ' ---- ·---~------~----- ' ' ' 3 2.78 ' ' ' ' ' - ' ' ' ' ' 100_ ' ' ' ' ,~ ' - ' ' ' ' ' 0 ' - ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' - ·---r------~-----' ' - ' -----..' ------.- ' ---- - ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ),I ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ------~------~-----' ' - ---~-----' -----t- ' ------:- ' ---- ' ' -» ' ' ' ~ - ' ' ' ' AB/2 ' ' ' ' - 1 10 ' 100 1000 -

Table 12. Interpretation result of VES 1, Wechemo Layers Resistivit Thickness (m) Depth Probable formations Remarks y (m) (interpretation) (Ohm m.) 1 12.2 12.94 12.9 Reddish top soil 2 2402 17 30 Fresh Basalt 3 2.78 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and Water bearing fractured basalt strata

Note:- The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of three alternating resistivity layers, the first layer shows wet reddish soil, followed by massive basalt . The substratum is attributed to highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt. On the basis of the VES data interpretation and analysis, the well can be drilled to a depth of 100-120m.

1.9. Conclusion and Recommendation

Page 73 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two water sources for comparison:  Construction and improvement of Gravity Contact Spring located at a position of UTM 37N 427285E & 694381N and at an elevation of 2048m at about 500m very close to the health center.  Borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37N 427756E 693147N at an elevation of 2002m As a result, considering the distance from the health center, cost of construction and sustainability of the source; the team has prioritized construction and improvement of the springs including poorly constructed spring, in addition to that delivering water to Health Center has significant advantages to supply safe and potable water for the localities through construction of water fountains at a reasonably common distance from the health center, thereby the localities develop a sense of ownership of water source to protect from any damage and pollution. In line with this, conservation of biotic and biotic environment should be greatly protected and promoted to prolong the sustainability and increase water quality of spring.

Borehole drilling to a depth of 120m is the second priority for the Health Center, which should be considered in the future after construction of broken bridge, located at about 3km before reaching to the town.

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III. Haro Health center 3.1. General Haro Heath Center is found in Haro town of Yergachefe woreda in SNNPR, which is located is at about 8km West of Yergachife town (Administrative center of Yergachefe woreda). It can be reached on an allweather road. The Health Center is under construction located at a position of 0405641E, 0678230N at an elevation of 1984m.

i,aooo 400000 '1&000

J9i000 40IIOOO 412.000 418000 Legend 00.5 1 2 3 -4 • Location ot stod'y sites at KedJda and Haru Ki10mo1ers - River === Road -2QOO- Conto..- ~ Town

Figure 10. Location map of Haro and Kedida areas in Yergacheife woreda of SNNPR.

The existing water supplies of the town are:- 1. Borehole located at a position UTM 37P 404080E and 677258N at an elevation of 2048m. Depth of the well is 80m with a discharge of 4lit/sec, constructed by Gedeo Zone Water Resources Development Office 2. Constructed Gravity Contact Spring located at a position UTM 37N 403116E and 677185N at an elevation of 2115m with a discharge of 3 lit/sec.

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Distribution of water is primarily delivered to masonry reservoir having a capacity of 100 m3 and delivered through water fountains and house hold distribution. Construction of secondary water pipe line is under excavation very close to the Health Center. As per the discussion made with concerned officials, scarcity of water is serious problem of the town.

Picture 10. Deep well in Haro town

The area and its surrounding is classified as Humid Sub tropical (Weina Dega), with mean annual rainfall of 1000 to 1200mm. The Mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature ranges from 10-140c and 16-200c.

Physiographically, it is situated in the South Eastern Plateau at the eastern edge of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley characterized by mountainous, undulating and rugged topography with steep to relatively gentle slopes.

3.2. Geology and Hydro-geology

Page 76 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Stratigraphic and Hydrostrtography of Haro, Kedida and Wechemo are similar. The major stratigraphic units are Quaternary sediments, Pyroclastic units composed of Volcanic ash, Tuff and Ignimbrite, Rhyolite and different aged Basalt. The basalt is characterized by the lower basalt of porphyritic basalt lavas, which is underlain strata and also the middle basalt composed of porphyritic and massive basalt overlying the lower basalt. The local geological structures are dominantly trending E to W in contrary to the Rift faults. Along the geological structures and river banks mapped moderate to highly fractured basalt.

Hydro-stratigraphically the area is categorized as porous media of shallow aquifer and deep volcanic aquifer systems. Based on Hydro-geological parameters the area is classified as low to moderate groundwater potential area. Findings from Hydro-geological parameters and hydrostratigraphic analysis resulted in framing of three Conceptual Hydro-geological sites for further Geophysical Investigations, which are located at the nearby area of existing borehole, inside the compound of the Health Center and at about 2km downstream of the health center along the river Madetu Gudeba. Accordingly, the geophysical survey has been conducted at the selected Hydro-geological areas to assure the presence of groundwater and determine the anticipated groundwater depth.

Page 77 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

- GEOI.OGICAL MAP OF HARO STUDY AREA IN YIROACHEf"E WOflEDA

Figure 11. Geological map of Haro in Yergachefe woreda of SNNPR f

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HYOROGEOLOGICAL MA, OF HAltO STUDY AREA IN YlltGACHEFE WOREDA

•

I

flto;ad.s --·•"" Rlw,. -·

·, .•.. ·'.,.

Figure 12. Hydro-geological map of Haro area in Yergachefe Woerda of SNNPR

3.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result

Totally, three VES points performed at the selected Hydro-geological areas. The first VES was performed up stream of the existing borehole at about 500m at the same Hydro-geological area. The second VES conducted inside the compound of the health center. The third VES point performed at the third Hydro-geological area along the river Madetu Gudeba. Geographical positions of VES points are tabulated in table 5. The site description; interpreted layer resistivity values, probable rock types representing the different layers and the groundwater potential of the surveyed sites with recommended depth of drilling and/or optional water source is clearly presented below:

Page 79 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred structure. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 440m, short distance spreading is due to absence of sufficient space to spread further. The VES was performed up stream of the existing borehole at a relatively flat land. The area is covered with thin reddish clay. Due to lack of pertinent borehole data, correlation of VES data was not performed.

Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 1, up stream of Existing Borehole in Haro town

IUL Pa - -- - ·r ------, ------N p h d Alt - ~ -----r--- 1 2.49 0.625 0.625 L0.625~ -- - --~------~------.. ------·- ---- :;;.cl --j-1 2 152 0.864 1.49 -1.49 10_ P'?"':" 3 1.85 4.38 5.87 -5.866 - - 4 634 86.1 92 -92 ------.------,------1----:· 5 3.78

- -- - _._ ------J ------~------:----- AB/2 1 1 10 100 1000

Note:- The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of five alternating resistivity layers, the first layer shows wet reddish soil with a thickness of about 0.7m, followed by dry pyroclastic unit, probably Ignimbrite. The third layer is attributed to highly fractured and weathered volcanic unit with a thickness of about 5m. Following to this layer interpreted fresh basalt with a thickness of about 86m. The substratum is attributed to highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt. Based on the geophysical data analysis signature, available borehole data and on analysis of head differences from the lowest ground, the well can be drilled to a depth of 130-150m.

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Table 13. Interpretation Result of Haro VES 1 Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (m) (interpretation) 1 2.49 0.625 0.625 Wet reddish soil 2 152 0.864 1.49 Moderately weathered Ignimbrite 3 1.85 4.35 5.87 Highly weathered and fractured Volcanic unit Probably Ignimbrite 4 634 86.1 92 Fresh Basalt 5 3.78 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and fractured Water Bearing basalt formation

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2)

Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat area in the compound of the health center. The VES conducted in the compound is mainly to assure the presence of groundwater. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 300m, short distance spreading is due to absence of sufficient space to spread further. The area is covered with thin reddish clay.

Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 2, in the compound of Haro Health Center

1oc,. [ . . . . : a r-.,._ I •••••• • : ···- ··· ···- ··•: - - - ···· • • ...... ; ...... r-: _ ,,, --. ------. --· N p h d Alt 1v 1 91.3 0.518 0.518 -0.517~ >--- : ,;; / 1 2 17.5 7.7 8.22 -8.217 ~------:------...... ~ . ./4 .. ------, ------. -----.--. --· -3 156 12.9 21.2 -21 .1 6 >--- 4 12 27.9 49.1 -49.1 1 >--- 5 2180 1( ...... : .. . : >--- 1 10 100 >---

Note:- The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of five alternating resistivity layers, the first layer shows reddish soil with a thickness of about 0.6m, following to this layer interpreted Highly weathered pyroclastic unit, probably Ignimbrite. The third layer is attributed to slightly weathered volcanic unit with a thickness of about 13m. Following to this layer interpreted highly

Page 81 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS weathered and fractured water bearing basalt with a thickness of about 28m. The substratum is attributed to massive basalt. On the basis of geophysical data interpretation and head differences from the lowest ground, the well can be drilled to a depth of 80 to 100m.

Table 14. Interpretation result of VES2, Haro Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations (interpretation) Remarks (Ohm m.) 1 91.3 0.5 0.5 Wet reddish soil 2 17.5 7.7 8.22 Highly weathered and fractured Volcanic unit Probably Ignimbrite 3 156 12.9 21.2 slightly weathered Volcanic unit Probably Ignimbrite 4 12 27.9 49.1 Highly weathered and fractured basalt Water Bearing formation 5 2150 Substratum infinity Fresh Basalt

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-3)

Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the river Madetu Gudeba. This is located at about 2km from the health center. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 300m, short distance spreading is due to absence of extra space to spread further. The area is covered with thin reddish clay.

Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 3, at about 2km from Haro Health Center

6

N p h d Alt 8.04 0.447 0.447 -0.447 ...... , ...... -······ ...... , ...... 2 134 5.11 5.55 -5.553 3 9.33 6.97 12.5 -12.52 4 162 16.1 28.6 -28.64 10 5 0.193 1 100

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Table 15. Interpretation Result of VES 3, Haro Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations (interpretation) Remarks (Ohm m.) 1 8.04 0.447 0.5 Reddish soil 2 134 5.11 5.55 River deposits(cobbles and pebbles) 3 9.33 6.97 12.5 Highly weathered Volcanic unit Probably Ignimbrite 4 162 16.1 28.6 slightly fresh basalt 5 0.193 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and fractured basalt Water Bearing formation

Note: The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of five alternating resistivity layers, the first layer shows reddish soil with a thickness of about 0.5m, following to this layer interpreted river deposits composed of cobbles and pebbles with a thickness of about 5-6m. The third layer is attributed to highly weathered and fractured volcanic unit with a thickness of about 7m. Following to this layer interpreted slightly fresh basalt with a thickness of about 16m. The substratum is attributed to highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt. On the basis of geophysical data interpretation and sustainable water storage of the ground formation, the well can be drilled to a depth of 100 to 130m.

3.4. Conclusion and Recommendation The main goal of the study is to provide potential, sustainable and economical water source for the Health Center. So as to achieve the goal, systematical approach and different disciplines were incorporated one after the other as described in detail of this report.

The findings of integrated approach are concluded on abstraction of water through tube wells. Selection of borehole site prioritized on the basis of groundwater potential, cost benefits, social aspects, and existing water source situations. 1. The first option is drilling of a well in the compound of health center to 100m as per the preference of USAID. The amount of water extracted in the compound may be low discharge and might not be beyond the demand of the health center.

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2. The second option is of a borehole site at a position of UTM 37N 403361E and 676250 N at an elevation of 2130m, located at about 500m upstream of the existing borehole site. In order to avoid interference of wells the new borehole spaced out by 500m from existing well. The major reasons for considering selection of this site are:- Water supply pipe line is under construction at a very close distance of the health center, it needs only a few ten meters to supply the health center. See picture below

- lln "°"''" •• !"'lit ~llllllll!lkt ,..., "us ••• lttllwll Or-dtf•II \\\\I~ IIOIN l"'.. "M"\<111 lmiral'°'k UC' 1n. 'i 111 IU' r.i, ·tr.t.ht •'-'-ituth -,u) ,..,.,. -'"'­ '""T+- r.-c1 t 11, "'"',. ,.,, ~, 1i•, ijl@ ~.tll ( : H lll1t.

Picture 11. Haro health center and excavated pipe line very close to the health center

The groundwater potential of the site is much better than the other two identified well sites; yield of the well is estimated to be more than 6 lit/sec. The community in general and the administrative organs in particular acknowledge the support of TETRA TECH/USAID for the reason that there is critical shortage of water supply of the town/community. Thus, USAID can integrate efforts with the town water service office through upgrading the existing water supply system by drilling additional borehole to be pumped to the existing water supply network.

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The major costs for this project will be: Drilling cost and cost for construction of main pipe line to the existing water supply system, which is about 500m. Hence, the client will be benefited economically too. 3. The third site is not feasible both technically and economically. IV. Kedida Health center 4.1. General Kedida Heath Center is found in Kedida town of Yergachefe woreda in SNNPR, which is located is at about 15km West of Yerga chife town (Administrative center of Yergachefe woreda) passing through Haro town. It can be reached on all weathered road up to Haro town and then on dry weathered road. Construction of Health Center yet not started, but the site is secured by town administration organ. The health center is located at a position of 0402511E, 0675228N at an elevation of 2212m. Location map of the area is shown in Figure 10.

The existing water supplies of the town are:- 1. Poorly constructed Gravity Contact Spring located at a position UTM 37p 402490E and 674711N at an elevation of 2108m with a discharge of 3 lit/sec. People are fetching water on spot after 20 minutes walking distance. 2. Shallow not functional borehole located at a position UTM 37N 402602E and 675338N at an elevation of 2048m. Depth of the well is 38m, unknown discharge! 3. Shallow not functional borehole located at a position UTM 37N 402245E and 675125N at an elevation of 2188m. Depth of the well is 36m, unknown discharge!

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Picture 12. Kedida poorly constructed spring

The area and its surrounding is classified as Humid Sub tropical (Weina Dega), with mean annual rainfall of 1000 to 1200mm. The Mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature ranges from 10-140c and 16-200c.

Physiographically, it is situated in the South Eastern Plateau at the eastern edge of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley characterized by mountainous, undulating and rugged topography with steep to relatively gentle slopes.

Fig.9: Geomorphological set up of Gonder Zuria [study area Page 86 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

4.2. Geology and Hydro-geology Stratigraphic and Hydrostrtography of Haro, Kedida and Wechemo are similar. The major stratigraphic units are Quaternary sediments, Pyroclastic units composed of Volcanic ash, Tuff and Ignimbrite, Rhyolite and different age Basalt. The basalt is characterized by the lower basalt of porphyritic basalt lavas, which is underlain strata and also the middle basalt composed of porphyritic and massive basalt overlain the lower basalt. The geological structures are dominantly trending E to W. Along the geological structures and river banks mapped moderate to highly fractured basalt.

GE04.OOIC.IU. MAP OF K£O1OA STUDY AREA IN YIRGACHEFE WORE.DA

.-+ · . I

I I

I

Figure 13. Geological map of Kedida area in Yergachefe woreda of SNNPRS

Hydro-stratigraphically, the area is categorized as porous media of shallow aquifer and deep volcanic aquifer systems. Based on Hydro-geological parameters the area is classified as low to moderate groundwater potential area. Findings from Hydro-geological parameters and hydrostratigraphic analysis resulted in framing of one Conceptual Hydro-geological site for further Geophysical Investigation to understand the subsurface in the compound of the health center.

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HYOROGEOLOGICAL KEOIOA STUDY Aillt£A IN VllltGACHEFE WOH.DA

0,.olick ffe,~ : lb..tt:; Mo,.,.., b.whb\,.,

Figure 14. Hydro geological map of Kedida area

Besides selection of Hydro-geological areas for groundwater abstraction through tube wells, evaluation of spring was considered as a water source point for the Health Center. The evaluated Gravity Contact spring is located at a position of UTM 37N 402490E and 674711N at an elevation of 2108m with a discharge of 3 lit/sec at about 600m far from the health center. The spring was constructed by Gedeo zone Water Mines and Energy Bureau. Discharge of spring is continually measured, and registered 3 lit/sec.

The reliability, seasonal fluctuations and susceptibility for pollutants was consulted and surveyed. Accordingly, the discharge of spring declines at peak dry season insignificantly.

4.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result

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One VES point performed in the compound of the health center at Geographical positions of UTM 37N 401798E 678452N at an elevation of 2078. The site description; interpreted layer resistivity values, probable rock types representing the different layers and the groundwater potential of the surveyed site with recommended depth of drilling and/or optional water source is clearly presented below:

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred structure. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 300m, short distance spreading is due to absence of sufficient space further to spread more. The VES was performed in the compound of health center. The area is covered with thin reddish clay and brownish clay.

Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 1, in the compound of Kedida Health Center 10,----,---.:;;--~-~r--~------,-----,-----,----~

------_,_ ------

10 100 N h d Alt 1 10.9 0.962 0.962 -0.961 2 570 1.67 2.64 -2.635 3 95 0.312 2.95 -2.948 4 19.1 31.9 34.8 -34.83 5 178

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Table 16. Interpretation result of VES 1, Kedida Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations (interpretation) Remarks (Ohm m.) 1 10.9 0.962 1.0 Reddish soil 2 570 1.67 2.64 Dry reddish soil 3 95 0.367 2.95 Moderately weathered Volcanic unit Probably Ignimbrite 4 19.1 31.9 34.8 Highly weathered and fractured basalt Water Bearing formation 5 178 Substratum infinity Slightly to fresh Basalt

Note: The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of five alternating resistivity layers, the first layer shows reddish soil with a thickness of about 1m, following to this layer interpreted dry soil with a thickness of about 2m. The third layer is attributed to moderately weathered volcanic unit with a thickness of about 0.5m. Following to this layer interpreted highly weathered and fractured basalt with a thickness of about 32m; the layer is characterized by water bearing formation of small quantity. The substratum is attributed to slightly to massive basalt. On the basis of geophysical data interpretation the well can be drilled to a depth of 60 to 80m only for shallow hand pump installation.

4.4. Conclusion and Recommendation The main goal of the study is to provide potential, sustainable and economical water source for the Health Center. So as to achieve the goal, systematical approach and different disciplines were incorporated one after the other as described in detail of this report.

The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two water sources for comparison:  Construction and improvement of Gravity Contact Spring located at a position of UTM 37N 402490E and 674711N at an elevation of 2108m at about 600m, very close to the health center.  Shallow well drilling selected at a position of UTM 37N 401798E 678452N at an elevation of 2078m, in the compound of the health center

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Borehole drilling of a hand pump well to a depth of 60-80m is the first priority for the Health Center as per USAID preference. The second priority, considering the distance from the health center, cost of construction and sustainability of the source is the construction and improvement of the springs. In addition to delivering water to the Health Center, significant advantages seen through supplying safe and potable water for the localities through construction of water fountains at a reasonably common distance from the health center, thereby the localities develop a sense of ownership of water source to protect from any damage and pollution. In line with this conservation of biotic and biotic environment should be greatly protected and promoted to prolong the sustainability and increase water quality of spring.

V. Wodito Health Center 5.1. General Wodito Heath Center is Located in Cheha Woreda of SNNPR. The health center can be accessed from Welkite town to Indibir stretching for a total of 22kms where 11km is on asphalt road and the remaining 11kms are on all weather gravel road. The land for health center construction is made ready, but construction is not yet started.

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340000.000000 360000.000000 380000.000000 400000.000000 420000.000000 440000.000000 460000.000000 .000000 .000000 930000 SODO WEREDA 930000

.000000 Kebena Kokir Gedebano .000000 Abeshege 920000 Abeshege 920000 WELEIKITE TOWN .000000 .000000

%% Muhur NA Aklil 910000 % 910000 % % %Gurage% .000000 Meskan .000000 YEM Siliti Cheha Ezha SHEKA Hadiya % Butajira Town 900000 Alaba 900000 Kefa Kembata Timbaro Dawuro .000000 Hadiya .000000 Konta WolayitaAwassa Town Sidama 890000 %%% 890000 ENEMOR ENER Bench Maji Basketo Gumer Gamo Gofa Gedeo% .000000 .000000 %%%% Mareqo Amaro Special Derashe Lyiu Wereda 880000 Geta 880000 South Omo Burji Special Konso Special .000000 E .000000 870000 Enidguagn 870000 .000000 .000000 860000 860000 340000.000000 360000.000000 380000.000000 400000.000000 420000.000000 440000.000000 460000.000000

Legend 0 5 10 20 30 40 Kilometers Gurage Zone boundary % Studied sites in Cheha and in Ezha Woreda D Stud Areas in Cheha and Ezha Woreda

Figure 15. Location map of Wodito area in Cheha woreda of SNNPR

The existing water supply of Wodito village is from an extended water supply system from a borehole drilled in the nearby kebele 3kms away east of the health center. The village gets 4 communal water delivery posts. However, the discharge is not sufficient and they use to fetch water on scheduled days and time. Hence, the villagers commonly use existing water sources from manually dug wells reaching 25m depth, shallow boreholes reaching depths of 80m fitted with reciprocating hand pumps financed by some NGOs’ and GOs’ in the past.

The existing water supply of the village is a borehole drilled at UTM 37p 357279N, 905734E, 1862m, fitted with hand pump, with an estimated discharge capacity of 1 lit/sec financed by ATAT Hospital 14 years ago (actual well data could not be obtained). The well has 75m total depth and local ground water table around 40m deep from ground level.

Wodito enjoys a Bi-modal rainfall pattern from February to May and from June to September despite its erratic distribution and the small amount of precipitation it receives every year influenced by its topography and elevation. Wodito is classified as hot sub tropical (Kola) based

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on the Ethiopian Agro-climatic classification. The mean annual temperature reaches 18-20 0C and the mean annual rainfall is 600-800mm.

The physiographic setup of the study area belongs to the Central and North Western Massifs of Ethiopia close to the slopes of the Western margin of the Great Ethiopian Rift valley. Wodito is a village located in the Omo-Gibe Basin. The area is drained by two major River systems named Gibe and Wabe and tributaries of the two mostly in a dendritic and angular drainage pattern. The two River systems have formed deep gorges and canyons to the West and South of the village after consecutive vertical cliffs facing West and south.

345000.000000 350000.000000 355000.000000 360000.000000 365000.000000 370000.000000 .000000 .000000 · 915000 915000 .000000 .000000 912000 912000 .000000 .000000

Private hand dug well site 909000 909000 Health.! Center No construction .!

.000000 Exising Borehole site .000000 ! Recommended borehole. site 906000 .! 906000

Legend .000000 .000000 903000 .! Wodito Area Study Sites in Cheha Woreda 903000 Legend .! Wodito Area Study Sites in Cheha Woreda 345000.000000 350000.000000 355000.000000 360000.000000 365000.000000 370000.000000 • Road 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 River Kilometers

Figure 16. DEM enhanced location map of Wodito area in Cheha Woreda of SNNPR

5.2. Geology and Hydro-geology Wodito area and its environs are composed of thick weathered tuff overlying fractured basaltic layers with intercalations of white fresh chalky tuff. Tectonic lineaments follow the regional trend of the Rift faults oriented NE to SW.

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The area is characterized by volcanic aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results it is classified as moderate groundwater potential area at a depth. The health center is located on local water divide and there are fewer prospects for availability of ground water. Thus, VES survey was not conducted inside the health center compound. Rather, two conceptual hydrological areas with relatively better prospects of ground water abstraction are chosen for further geophysical surveys.

,.. , ,.. .. """' ......

I ~I. Pre rift volcanics - --....L--1:.._---MIOCENE ,.,.. , 150000 JSSOO(I Legend l-..c:i'.s =o ••••3tnnauon -=-111 111 ~ 8 SludyA1ea Geology OLOGOCENE -- Road PLIOCENE Jlmma Vpper8asa11 ~ Town Nazret pyroclastlcs G ---River W elded to partialy w elded Jimma Lower Basalt ontour pyroclastic tl ows

Figure 17. Geological Map of Wodito area

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,,..,, "'"' lStOOO

I

Jnooo Legend Hyaogedogical d8"sification Geology Study Area • FracbJreaqurfers,'1th f'iV;;jil +.\lclded IO p.1rt1oly ,~ldcd --- Road ___ rnoo&roteprocJuctMty [0-,,~1 pyrodasoc: Hows ~ Riv er - Ff8Ctt1rtd ,».11roro wilt\ ~ ~ Town ---Contour moderato to low productfllly ~ T.rmabe.-Megezw. !ormallon m- Jl'l'ma LO~ 88:Sell

Figure 18. Hydro-geological map of Wodito area.

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5.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result VES surveys are performed at two selected hydro-geologically important points. Geographical positions of VES points are tabulated in table 5.

The site description; interpreted layer resistivity values, probable rock types representing the different layers and estimated groundwater potential of each site with recommended depth of drilling is clearly presented as follows:

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1) Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred structure. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The VES point is situated at about 1.5km south of the health center. The area is covered with thin black clay soil with patches of rock outcrops along the bank of seasonal streams.

Geophysical Data Interpretation of Wodito –VES 1

Pa N h d Alt - - - - -r ------r ------1 36.1 1.43 1.43 -1.434 2 16.3 1.45 2.89 -2.887 .______-----~ -- ---~------3 1292 4.22 7.1 -7.103 4 49.7 175 182 -182.3 5 2300

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Table 17. Interpretation result of VES 1, Wadito

Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 36.1 1.43 1.43 Thin Black clay soil cover 2 16.3 1.45 2.89 Weathered tuff 3 1292 4.22 7.1 Welded tuff 4 49.7 175 182 Highly weathered and fractured Water basalt Bearing formation 5 2300 Substratum infinity Fresh Basalt Note: The VES interpretation result reveals the presence of five alternative resistivity layers, the first layer shows black clay soil cover, following to this layer weathered tuff lies. The third layer is characterized by Welded tuff with high resistivity and poor water bearing capacity. The fourth layer is attributed to highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt with considerable thickness. The fifth layer/sub stratum/ is Fresh Basalt and designated as the local aquiclude. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the fourth layer is identified to be water bearing horizon and the site is feasible and for drilling of wells to depths of 190-200m.

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted at a relatively closer site to the health center site at about 2.2 km south. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with weathered tuff and thin layer of brown clay.

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Geophysical Data Interpretation Wodito –VES 2

Pa - - - - -r' ------i- ' ------r' ------i- ' ------N p h d -----~' ------~- ' ------~' ------~- ' ------1 873 0.263 0.263 ' ' ' ' 2 4.72 0 .644 0.907 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 3 96.8 1.08 1 .99 -1 .986 4 9.78 4.01 5 .99 -5.995 5 427

Table 18. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Wadito Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 873 0.263 0.263 Thin Brown clay soil cover 2 4.72 0.644 0.907 Weathered tuff 3 96.8 1.08 1.99 Welded tuff 4 9.78 4.01 5.99 Highly weathered and fractured basalt

5 427 Substratum infinity Fresh Basalt

Note: - The VES interpretation result reveals the presence of five alternative resistivity layers, the first layer shows thin brown clay soil cover, following to this layer weathered tuff lies. The third layer is characterized by Welded tuff with high resistivity and poor water bearing capacity and also relatively thin layer as a result of pinch out of the layer. The fourth layer is attributed to highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt but the thickness is considerably small. The fifth layer/sub stratum/ is Fresh Basalt and designated as the local aquiclude and starts from 6m depth from Ground level. Hence, this site is not feasible for borehole drilling.

5.4. Conclusion and Recommendation

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The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two Hydro-geological areas for comparison: However, on the basis of geophysical signature the second Hydro-geological area is feasible only for hand dug well excavation.  Borehole drilling site is selected at a position of UTM 37p 354095E 904952N at an elevation of 1722m, it is about 2.5kms south of the compound of the health center. The borehole can be drilled to a depth of 180m.

VI. Agumamit Health Center 6.1. General Agumamit Heath Center is Located in Jabi Tehnan Woreda of Amhara National Regional State. The health center can be accessed from Finoteselam town to Bahir Dar for about 10kms and 5kms extra to the south on an all-weather road accounting a total distance of 15kms from Finoteselam town.

Picture 13. Agumamit Health center

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180000.000000 220000.000000 260000.000000 300000.000000 340000.000000

4'4'

.000000 .000000 ' Jawi ³ 4 4' North Achefer 4'' 1300000 1300000 4' 4' 4'' 4' 4'4'4 4' Bahir Dar Zuriya South Achefer .000000 .000000 Mecha 4''4' 1260000 4'4' 1260000 Yilmana Densa Dengila Awi Awi 4'' West Gojjam Gonji Kolela Huletej Enese Legend

.000000 Fagita Lekoma .000000 Sekela Quarit 4' Location of study area 1220000 Banja Shekudad 1220000 4'' 4' road 4' Dega Damot Guagusa Shekudad West_Gojam Guangua 4''Jebitenan4'' CJ Ankasha Guagusa CJ Awi_zone .000000 Bure .000000 4Finote'4' Selam Town CJ Woreda boundary 1180000 4''4' 1180000 CJ Town DembechaMachakel Wenberma .000000 .000000 0 10 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 1140000 1140000 180000.000000 220000.000000 260000.000000 300000.000000 340000.000000

Figure 19. Location map of Agumamit and Kuni in Jabi Tahinan woreda, Gulem Denjin in Bure Woreda, Lideta in Banja woreda, Kachana Gude in Dangla woreda of West Gojjam and Awi zone of Amhara National Regional State

The health center is under construction. Agumamit village is dependent on an on-spot tapped spring having more than 2 l/sec discharge located about 1km south west of the health center. The workmanship of capping the spring eyes is poor so that an equivalent amount of water flows outside the capping structure. The spring site is located at UTM 37p 295331E, 1178809N, and Elev. 1859m.

Agumamit receives sufficient amount of precipitation from its Uni-modal rainfall pattern every year from June to September. Its geographic orientation and topographic association with Choke mountain ranges, high precipitation area, favored Agumamit area to receive sufficient precipitation despite its medium altitude of 1500-1900m.

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Agumamit is classified as hot sub tropical /Kola / based on the Ethiopian Agro-climatic classification. The mean annual temperature reaches 15-18 0C and the mean annual rainfall is relatively high as 1100-1200mm. The physiographic setup of Agumamit area belongs to the North Western Massifs of Ethiopia lying on the gentler and rolling plains of south facing slopes of the Choke Mountains. Agumamit is a village located in the Blue Nile River basin drained by Silala and Lakh perennial Rivers and tributaries of the two mostly in a dendritic and angular drainage pattern. The two River systems are feeders to the Blue Nile River flowing far south.

6.2. Geology and Hydro-geology Agumamit area and its environs are composed of thick weathered and fractured basaltic bedrock overlain by iron rich intermediate trachyte. The rocky beds are covered by reddish clay soil on top of them. Traces of tectonic faults and fractures are common in Agumamit area where they can be described in association with presence of moderate discharge structural springs along weak zones trending N to S.

The area is characterized by porous media and volcanic aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results, Agumamit is classified as Moderate groundwater potential area. The health center is located in the middle of the village on flat land.

A second option is the existing water source -depression springs that are formed when the land surface dips makes contact with the water table in permeable material.

Thus, VES survey is only conducted inside the health center compound to understand the groundwater situation

Page 101 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Legend

r:--,,,2..... ,.,.il(ll',l1tliw\ ,.._.. ~ ,,./\JI~ ~ --le~•~ ,-.-. 1n1111-c..11tt1101N..1

I jJIIIM/W(. e••i .a. A.IIIQlll /lolffll&Olln ,.._..w «at

PR :t.11ll.i11 0wril.t1J'1141 VtlO.at ~anlllttt 011111t*IHI--- ~ , 11'.. I IIWlp:Jll'llf•• Q\»l:t'lla it'IO,mm• I I O Agum.amll 11udy area @z:j TOl'M ,__ _ ----•·F•ult.. - ~ River - ' ' ' " "

Figure 20. Geological map for Agumamit area in West Gojjam of ANRS

Page 102 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

......

i Ll,gend ' ~ogeologlcal dassdicatlon Fracture aquifers • with moderate producttvrty • • • c Fraaured and, int;;,cgranular - f • aquifersv.1th bwto rrodera~ proch.ctHfty • f f .1¢tl.il e$,

Figure 21. Hydro-geological map of Agumamit area

6.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result VES survey was conducted inside the health center compound taking the uniformity of the area into consideration and as an advantage. Geographical positions of VES points are tabulated in table 5 above.

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES survey was conducted in a relatively flat land inside the health center compound. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thicker reddish clay soil with patches of basaltic rock outcrops along the bank of seasonal streams.

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Geophysical Data Interpretation of Agumamit –VES 1-inside health center compound

100

----:------

0 ' ' ----,------' ---r------'

100 N h d Alt

1 56.2 0.628 0.628 10.628 2 10.7 0.857 1.49 -1 .486 3 69.4 2.41 3.9 -3.9 4 7.69 5.5 9.4 -9.398 5 211 56.2 65.6 -65.6 6 20.8

Table 19. Interpretation result of VES 1, Agumamit Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 56.2 0.628 0.628 Top Reddish clay 2 10.7 0.857 1.49 Alluvial Boulders of basalt Perched aquifer 3 69.4 2.41 3.9 Trachytic tuff 4 7.69 5.5 9.4 Weathered and fractured basalt Water Bearing formation 5 211 56.2 65.6 Fresh Basalt 6 20.8 Substratum infinity Moderately fractured Basalt Water Bearing formation

Note: - The VES interpretation result reveals the presence of six contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top reddish clay soil cover, beneath lies Boulders of basalt from alluvial and colluvial effects. The third layer is described as trachytic tuff with relatively higher resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt with shallow thickness. The fifth layer is designated as fresh Basalt of considerable thickness with slight

Page 104 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS weathering, and the six layer / sub stratum/ is moderately fractured basalt with unidentified thickness and moderate water storage.

On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the fourth and sixth layers are identified as relatively better water bearing layers. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to depths of 150-170m.

6.4. Conclusion and Recommendations

The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two water sources for comparison:  The first priority is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 296240E 1179435N at an elevation of 1852m, inside the compound of Health Center. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 170m.  The second option is construction and improvement of poorly constructed Depression springs located at a position of UTM 37P 295331E & 1178809N and at an elevation of 1859m at about 1km west of the health center. The existing spring discharging about 2 lit/sec. an equivalent amount of water seeps out from collection chamber. Collectively the spring discharge measured is 5lit/sec.

VII. Kuni Sankistak Health Center 7.1. General

Kuni village is Located in Jabi Tehnan Woreda of Amhara National Regional State. The health center can be accessed from Finoteselam town 15kms to the North on an all-weather road that requires major maintenance in some of its length. Location map shown in Figure 19

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Figure 1. Kuni Health Center

The health center is under construction. Tapped spring locally named as Zherit supplies the village together with hand dug wells excavated in private households. Measured discharge of Zherit Depression springs in Nov, 2015 is about 1.5 l/sec and located at UTM 37p 304630E, 1193326N, 2227m to the East 800m away from the health center or village.

The area receives sufficient amount of precipitation from its uni-modal rainfall pattern annually from June to September. Kuni’s geographic orientation and topographic association with Choke Mountains is in favor of the area to receive sufficient precipitation annually. Kuni is classified as cold humid sub tropical /Dega / based on the Ethiopian Agro-climatic zoning. The mean annual temperature is less than 14 0C and the mean annual rainfall is relatively high as 1200-1500mm annually.

The physiographic setup of Kuni area belongs to the North Western Massifs of Ethiopia lying in the middle of Choke Mountains. Kuni is a village located in the Blue Nile River basin drained by Dernet and Lakh perennial Rivers and tributaries of the two, mostly in dendritic and angular drainage patterns. The two Rivers merge near Kuni village before their journey to the Blue Nile River located far south.

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7.2. Geology and Hydro-geology Kuni village is sited on the up thrown hill overlooking the local Geray Graben East. The Geray Graben is a localized graben /down thrown extensive valley as a result of faulting/ in the Choke mountain slopes contained in 1500Km2 area and enclosed in Jabi Tehnan and Sekela woredas. The village area and its environs are composed of reddish clay, tuff and alkaline olivine basalt. The terrain is an igneous volcanic terrain composed of the trap series. The high grounds are made of the Ashangi Group composed of Alkali Olivine basalt, tuffs and rare Rhyolites.

The tectonic Geray Graben is associated with quaternary volcanism and is dominated by basaltic flows and related spatter cones consisting of transitional types between alkaline and tholeiite basalt and alkaline olivine basalts. There are distinct tectonic faults and lineaments oriented NE -SW from Mangestu Mountains and NW-SE trending faults from the Choke Mountains. Probably, the local Graben is created as a result of the two intersecting fault systems from different angles.

legend

e Kuni ,11oy UH fEm rown --__ ....''"" -- Rivu 0 2 4 -8 12 -16 Kilometers

Figure 22. Geological map of Kuni area

The area is characterized by porous media and volcanic aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results, Kuni is classified as Moderate to Low groundwater potential area.

Page 107 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

,..... - UHOe I LHycl-Ogege:ocal dassiflcatioo

Fraaure aquifer& odut1l•.•tty I • with modOr'lllo pr

F1-adureda1~d. ln~:r~~• prodlJc:Civlty • eqUftrs with low I ures eql.ifer& with f • :ccproductf'llty • Kuni study area Ia __ Fault River .,. ... ,., I __ Road I ! l@.. :.:.] Town

UHOO I:

Figure 23. Hydrogeological map of Kuni area

7.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result The health center is located in the middle of the village covered mainly with eucalyptus trees, and it was difficult to stretch electrode cables in and around the health center. Thus, the first VES survey was conducted 400m west of the health center near Dernet River. And the second VES survey is conducted near Lakh River 1.6kms east of the health center. Geographical positions of VES points are tabulated in table 5 above.

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES survey was conducted in a relatively flat land 400m west of the health center compound near Dernet River. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thicker reddish clay soil with patches of basaltic rock outcrops along the bank of streams and rivers.

Page 108 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Geophysical Data Interpretation of Kuni –VES 1

Pa - - - - -r ------._------r' ------._- ' ------' ' ' ' ' ' - - - - -~ ------.J_ ------~------~------N h d Alt ' J-r-...,' ' ' 1 19.5 0.326 0.326 -0.325 2 65.6 3.44 3.77 -3.766 3 18.3 5.37 9.14 -9.141

4 1064 68.9 78 -78 5 2.09

Table 20. Interpretation result of VES 1, Kuni Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 19.5 0.326 0.326 Top Reddish clay soil cover 2 65.6 3.44 3.77 Alluvial Boulders of basalt Perched aquifer 3 18.3 5.37 9.14 Moderately fractured basalt Water Bearing formation 4 1064 68.9 78 Trachytic tuff 5 2.09 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and fractured Water Bearing Basalt formation

Note: - The VES survey result revealed five contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top reddish clay soil cover, beneath lies Boulders of basalt from alluvial and colluvial sources. The third layer is described as moderately fractured basalt with relatively lower resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to highly resistive fresh trachytic tuff acting as an aquiclude to the upper shallow aquifers. The fifth layer is described as highly weathered and fractured water bearing basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the third and fifth layers are identified as potential local and regional water bearing layers respectively. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to depths of 130-150m.

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Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted in a relatively far site to the health center at about 1.6km East near Lakh River. The River itself flows along the fault line. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is fully covered with black cotton clay underlain by fresh aphanitic basalt on the River beds.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Kuni –VES 2

Pa

- - - - -r' ------i- ' ------r' ------i- ' ------' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -----~' ------~- ' ------'._ ------~- ' ------N h d Alt ' ' ' ' ' ' 39.1 1.15 1.15 -1.145 6.42 1.03 2.18 -2.176

- - - - -•' ------~- ' ------• ' - - - - - 3 18.1 11.3 13.5 -13.47 ' ' ' ' ' ' 4 934 75.5 89 -89 ' ' ' 5 2.48

Table 21. Interpretation result of VES 2, Kuni Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks

(Ohm m.) (interpretation)

1 39.1 1.15 1.15 Black cotton clay soil cover 2 6.42 1.03 2.18 Basaltic boulders

3 18.1 11.3 13.5 Fractured quaternary basalt 4 934 75.5 89 Trachytic tuff

5 2.48 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and fractured tertiary basalt

Note: - The VES survey result revealed five contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows black clay soil cover, beneath lies Boulders of basalt from Alluvial and colluvial sources. The third layer is described as moderately fractured quaternary basalt with relatively lower resistivity. The

Page 110 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS fourth layer is attributed to highly resistive fresh trachytic tuff acting as an aquiclude to the upper shallow aquifers. The fifth layer is described as highly weathered and fractured water bearing basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the third and fifth layers are identified as potential local and regional water bearing layers respectively.

7.4. Conclusion and Recommendations The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two borehole sites contrasted:  The first priority is borehole in the compound of 150m.  The second option is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 303632E 1193414N at an elevation of 2231m at a distance of about 360m west of the health center. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 130m, near Dernate Perennial River.

VIII. Gulem Denjin Health Center 8.1. General Gulem Denjin village is Located in Burie Woreda of Amhara National Regional State. The health center can be accessed from Burie town 15kms on an all-weather gravel road. The health center is under construction. Location map shown in Figure 19

Two boreholes drilled to 60m and 70m depths fitted with hand pumps are supplying water to the rural town with other hand dug wells in private compounds. The wells are located at UTM 37p 292378E, 1170440N, 1982m, and 37p 292095E, 1170398N, 1970m respectively. Both wells are located south of the village and a new well was under drilling during the survey time. The area receives sufficient amount of precipitation from its uni-modal rainfall pattern annually from June to September.

Gulem Denjin is classified as humid sub tropical /Weina Dega / based on the Ethiopian Agro- climatic zoning. The mean annual temperature is 14-18 0C and the mean annual rainfall is 1000- 1200mm annually.

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The physiographic setup of Gulem Denjin area belongs to the North Western Massifs of Ethiopia lying in the rolling plains at the foot of Choke Mountains. Gulem Denjin is a village located in the Blue Nile River basin drained by flashy type streams with no base flow during the dry season.

8.2. Geology and Hydro-geology The terrain is an igneous volcanic terrain composed of the trap series. The village area and its vicinity are composed of thick layer of black clay (about 10m thick) underlain by old Ashangi basaltic layers. The area is characterized by concentric crescent shaped fault systems facing south East.

There are no perennial Rivers around Gulem Denjin area that have direct Hydro-geological impact on the local aquifer systems. The most common ones are flashy type streams with no base flow during the dry season. Moderate discharge of wells /2-3 l/sec/ drilled around the village at shallow depths /below 100m depth/ asserted that precipitation from the high ground recharge zones infiltrates so easily under the inferred fault systems to replenish the local aquifer systems

Legend G•ologj OuiltHPary ~ Q AlJ,IQlfld.11(.IMin c»po--,ariod-¥ ~ dt!o,._ Hltn setd

:iw1! Q:11 P1ae,111te'Wtl _,._,..,a~ ft!)tlt;ltilt • \.•·.. ~·

I ~ fl• Atura.SJII. Fklod!t&ll!l""1hni111t:Ht~

FR,t4 TIJU0n1UQN)utl Xet4'tallt, tr.r.unt1ut 1 0 1911'! tcl'tN, ;,,,tlJ., mit I t<,t1tW!'ll'rH CIUlifll.118 arlll. l''liRu@ 0 Gufem Denjl) study aru F7 ,..., --__ ",...,"' 11,•,-·----•,1,-""=-"'"3;3 ~.~-~..,... :l!!"" ;j;.-Sj--•---..·- ·------.i-1 "'"' 0 2.5 5 10 15 20 ~- Kllome\et$

Figure 24. Geological map of Gulem Denjin

Page 112 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

The area is characterized by porous media and volcanic aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results, Gulem Denjin area is classified as Low groundwater potential area.

The health center is located in a local water divide that separates two small sub basins. And every drop of water around the health center has the chance to be drained to the local valleys situated on opposite sides of the health center.

JUNO ......

Legened Hydrogeologieal classification • Fracture and i1ltergranular aquifers wilh rooderale lo high p,oductivily

• Fractured and1 lntergraoolar . aquifers with m:iderate productivity

River f -- Road EIT@ rown

P2a I -·...... --- .-...... -- -,..-...-. ---..-... .~ .-- 0 1 S J • ,, -·· Figure 25. Hydrogeological map of Gulem Denjin

8.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result Two VES survey sites were proposed and the test was conducted accordingly for both identified potential sites. Geographical positions of VES points are tabulated in table 5 above.

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES survey was conducted in a relatively flat land near the existing borehole site, 950m south west of the health center compound. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thicker black clay soil.

Page 113 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Geophysical Data Interpretation of Gulem Denjin –VES 1

100 Pa

------:------~.;.;.;,;;.,,r

0

------,------' ------~-' ------,--' ------

AB/2 10 1 10 1000

N p h d Alt 1 11 .5 0.379 0.379 1-0.379 2 76.9 12.4 12.8 -12.82 3 12.8 9.65 22.5 -22.47 4 281 34.4 56.9 -56.86

5 0.466

Table 22. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Gulem Denjin Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 11.5 0.379 0.379 Top black clay soil cover 2 76.9 12.4 12.8 Weathered basalt/decomposed/ 3 12.8 9.65 22.5 Moderately fractured basalt Water Bearing formation 4 281 34.4 56.9 Trachytic tuff 5 0.466 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and fractured Water Bearing Basalt formation

Page 114 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Note: - The VES survey result revealed five contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top black clay soil cover, beneath lies highly weathered and decomposed basalt. The third layer is described as moderately fractured basalt with relatively lower resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to highly resistive fresh trachytic tuff acting as an aquiclude to the upper shallow aquifers. The fifth layer is described as highly weathered and fractured water bearing basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the third and fifth layers are identified as potential local water bearing layers. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to depths of 120-140m. Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted in a relatively flat land 1.5km North West of the health center compound. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thicker black clay soil.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Gulem Denjin –VES 2

Pa

---- ·r ------._. ------._. ------

-----~' ------~- ' ------~' ------~- ' ------' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' N h d Alt ' ' ' ' 1 43.3 1.53 1.53 -1.532 2 7.51 3.63 5.1 6 -5.1 64 3 80.8 26.7 31.9 -31 .86

4 499 37 68.8 -68.81 5 1.45

Table 23. Interpretation result of VES 2, Gulem Denjin Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks

(Ohm m.) (interpretation)

1 43.3 1.53 1.53 Top black clay soil cover 2 7.51 3.63 5.16 Weathered basalt/decomposed/ wet

3 80.8 26.7 31.9 Moderately fractured basalt 4 499 37 68.8 Trachytic tuff

5 1.45 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and fractured Water Bearing

Basalt formation

Page 115 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Note: - The VES survey result revealed five contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top black clay soil cover, beneath lies highly weathered and decomposed basalt. The third layer is described as slightly fractured basalt with moderate resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to highly resistive fresh trachytic tuff acting as an aquiclude to the upper shallow aquifers. The fifth layer is described as highly weathered and fractured water bearing basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, only the fifth layer is identified as potential local water bearing layer. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to a depth of 180m.

8.4. Conclusion and Recommendations The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two borehole sites contrasted:  The first priority is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 291816E 1169866N at an elevation of 1960m at a distance of about 950m south west of the health center. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 130m.  The second option is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 292602E 1172463N at an elevation of 1816m, at about 1.5km North West of the Health center. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 180m. However, the second site is far distant and relatively deeper; hence, drilling in this position shall only be advised if the first option fails.

IX. Lideta Health Center 9.1. General Lideta village is Located in Banja Woreda of Amhara National Regional State. The health center can be accessed from Injibara town 8kms to Chagni town on asphaltic road. The health center is under construction. Location map of the area shown in Figure 19

A borehole drilled to 70m depth fitted with hand pump supplying water to the rural town with other hand dug wells in private compounds. The well is located at UTM 37p 267159E, 12009970N and 2505m elevation.

Page 116 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

(

, --..... •=-__:_

Figure 26. DEM enhanced map of Lideta area in Awi Zone of ANRS

The area receives sufficient amount of precipitation from its uni-modal rainfall pattern annually from June to September. Lideta is classified as cold humid sub tropical / Dega / based on the Ethiopian Agro-climatic zoning. The mean annual temperature is less than 14 0C and the mean annual rainfall is 1100-1500mm annually.

The physiographic setup of Lideta area belongs to the North Western Massifs of Ethiopia lying in the upper catchments of Choke Mountains. Lideta is a village located in the Blue Nile River basin drained by Ayu River, a tributary to Blue Nile River.

9.2. Geology and Hydro-geology The terrain is an igneous volcanic terrain composed of the trap series. The village area and its vicinity are composed of thick layer of black clay underlain by old Ashangi basaltic layers. The area is characterized by regional fault systems trending north to south. Ayu River itself follows a major fault line west of the village.

Page 117 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Younger basic intrusive volcanic necks stand solely as monuments aligned along fissures as erosion remnants. Springs occur as a result of the fault systems and have moderate discharge around topographic drops. The perennial rivers emerge mostly from fault lines and replenished all over the year from extensive upper catchments.

The area is characterized by porous media and volcanic aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results, Lideta area is classified as Moderate to Low groundwater potential area.

0 Udlta 1ludy at-.a i l¢=·>-'-4 Town --Fa11l1 --Rood Ri11e-t ·- 28·- - Kllome1ers

Figure 27. Geological map of Lideta area

Page 118 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

l 101ot ,. J110IIO u .... U WOII "'"' ...... "'"' """ \ ; i § •

•I I• • • Legend ! ~ Hydrogeologcal dassilication I I • Lidala Banja study area ! ! -- Fault

River I VT'-, i I -- Road i ( fill]. Town ! // I i ! ~ \ i _J ' .,, HOtot »- """ ...... 17HO• ...... 0 1$ ' ., 1G1om11an ·- -cr::s • •

Figure 28. Hydrogeological map of Lideta area

9.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result Two VES survey sites were proposed and the test was conducted accordingly for both identified potential sites. Geographical positions of VES points are tabulated in table 5 above.

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES survey was conducted in a relatively flat land near Ayu River, 200m west of the health center compound. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thicker black clay soil.

Page 119 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Geophysical Data Interpretation of Lideta –VES 1

N h d Alt 1 3259 0.228 0.228 I 0.227

2 26.1 1.69 1.92 -1.919 3 18 18.2 20.2 -20.17 4 181 24.6 44.7 -44.72 5 0.458

Table 24. Interpretation Result of VES 1, Lideta Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 32.59 0.228 0.228 Top black clay soil cover 2 26.1 1.69 1.92 Weathered basalt/decomposed/ 3 18 18.2 20.2 Moderately fractured basalt Water Bearing formation 4 181 24.6 44.7 Trachytic agglomerate 5 0.458 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and fractured Water Bearing Basalt formation

Note: - The VES survey result revealed five contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top black clay soil cover, beneath lies highly weathered and decomposed basalt. The third layer is described as moderately fractured basalt with relatively lower resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to highly resistive fresh trachytic agglomerate acting as an aquiclude to the upper shallow aquifers. The fifth layer is described as highly weathered and fractured water bearing basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the third and fifth layers are identified as potential local water bearing layers. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to depths of 100- 120m.

Page 120 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted in a relatively flat land 0.5km south of the health center compound around the confluence of Ayu River and a minor stream from NW direction. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thicker black clay soil.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Lideta–VES 2

,0 ...... ' ...... ···-- ' ...... ·········--:··' ············:--·········' ' . ----~----~-~ ' ' ' ' . ' ' N h d Alt ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 2913 0.269 0.269 L0.268 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 2 33.9 1.48 1.75 -1.75 ' ' ' ' uu+n•+-,-+u+u+ u • u• • •u++u++ uuuu++~ +u++u+u .. . ++uuuu +u+nn+u~•-- - ~-••u•u•~u+u+uu+ 3 21 19.1 20 .9 -20.89 ' ' . . ' ' . . ' ' . . ' ' 578 46.1 67 -67 . . ' ' . . ' ' . . ' ' . . ' ' . . ' ' 1.19 . . ' ' 10 100

Table 25. Interpretation result of VES 2, Lideta Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 29.13 0.269 0.269 Top black clay soil cover

2 33.9 1.48 1.75 Weathered basalt/decomposed/ 3 21 19.1 20.9 Moderately fractured basalt Water Bearing

4 578 46.1 67 Trachytic Agglomerate 5 1.19 Substratum infinity weathered and fractured Basalt Water Bearing

Note: - The VES survey result revealed five contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top black clay soil cover, beneath lies highly weathered and decomposed basalt. The third layer is described as slightly fractured basalt with moderate resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to highly resistive fresh trachytic agglomerate acting as an aquiclude to the upper shallow aquifers. The fifth layer is described as weathered and fractured water bearing basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the third and the fifth layers are identified as potential aquifers. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to depths of 120-150m.

Page 121 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

9.4. Conclusion and Recommendations

The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two borehole sites contrasted:  The first priority is borehole drilling in the compound of 130m.  The second option is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 267073E 1209998N at an elevation of 2499m at a distance of about 200m west of the health center near Ayu River. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 100m. X. Kachana Gudie Health Center 10.1. General Kachana Gudie village is Located in Dangila Woreda of Amhara National Regional State. The health center can be accessed from Dangila town 30kms through Chara town on an all-weather road. The health center is under construction. Hand dug wells are common around the village owned communally and in private households. Location map of the area is shown in Figure 19

The area receives precipitation from its uni-modal rainfall pattern annually from June to September. Kachana Gudie is classified as hot sub tropical / kola / based on the Ethiopian Agro- climatic zoning. The mean annual temperature is 18-20 0C and the mean annual rainfall is 1000- 1200mm annually.

The physiographic setup of Kachana Gudie area belongs to the North Western Massifs of Ethiopia lying in the Lower catchments of Choke Mountains. The village is located in the Blue Nile River basin replenished by two perennial Rivers named Awusi and Gizani.

10.2. Geology and Hydro-geology The terrain is an igneous volcanic terrain composed of the trap series. The village area and its vicinity are composed of thick layer of black clay underlain by old Ashangi basaltic layers. The area is bounded by major regional fault systems on opposite sides where the flat plain of the village gets replenished by two perennial Rivers.

Page 122 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Springs occur as a result of the fault systems and have moderate discharge around topographic drops. The perennial Rivers emerge and flow along fault lines.

0 Kaffleno _ Gulfe [-ql__ ,,.,.Town -- Ro.. -- RJver

• 2 • • ,,

Figure 29. Geological map of Kachana Gude

The area is characterized by porous media and volcanic aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results, Kachana Gudie area is classified as Moderate to Low groundwater potential area.

Page 123 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

.,_ ...... ~ ...... '""' """ ' I~ rou P2• -·· Legened Hydrogeologlc, I classlflcotlori I L Fractwl!d and lnt1Kg1anular ' aqu1fv1S wl1h modato1• p,oduewty I • Fr110lu••• oquCeia with low • to ~11t• l'foductr•lty w th•td ond frg~ha'td 1tquK111 I 'o\llh low I" oduct,.,ty Qb1 • Kaohena Gude PfUtd I - Fault I R111or (. Road Town 'IJ '" 0 I J ~-= • 1":tol'l"l tM

Figure 30. Hydrogeological map of Kachana Gudi

10.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result Two VES survey sites were proposed and the test was conducted accordingly for both identified potential sites. Geographical positions of VES points are tabulated in table.5 above. Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted inside the health center compound. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thicker black clay soil.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Kachana Gudie–VES 1

I Po

•·········--i············~~~ ·········· ··········:..:.·..; ·:-· ········· ...... : I I ~~ ----=-~~

lo-•• •••••••• -:· ...... ~ •••••••• t> ...... r-_...... -••- ••- .-••- .::!. _111r--...... "'"• •-:- .-:•- .;;~::.r.::_-.. - .-..- ..- .-..- .-.1- . -••- ••- .-••- .-••+- ' . ' . AB/Z 10~--~-~~~~~~~_,.._.--- __ __, _ _ ~~,-~~~~1.... oo---~-~-~~~~..., 1000 1 10 N h d Alt 1 119 0 . 4 0.4 -0. 4 2 67.3 4.28 4 .68 -4.679 3 13.7 3.68 8 .36 -8.364 4 134 10.7 19 -1 9 . 02 5 6 . 61 22.8 41.8 -41 . 85 6 2 4.2 Page 124 of 174

STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Table 26. Interpretation result of VES 1, Kuchana Gudie Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 119 0.4 0.4 Top black clay soil cover 2 67.3 4.28 4.68 Weathered basalt/decomposed/ 3 13.7 3.68 8.36 Moderately fractured basalt Water Bearing formation 4 134 10.7 19 Trachytic agglomerate 5 6.61 22.8 41.8 Highly weathered and fractured Water Bearing Basalt formation 6 24.2 Substratum infinity Moderately fractured basalt

Note: - The VES survey result revealed six contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top black clay soil cover, beneath lies highly weathered and decomposed basalt. The third layer is described as moderately fractured basalt with relatively lower resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to highly resistive trachytic agglomerate acting as an aquiclude to the upper shallow aquifers. The fifth layer is described as highly weathered and fractured water bearing basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the third and fifth layers are identified as potential local water bearing layers. The sixth layer is attributed to moderately fractured basalt. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to depths of 100-120m. Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted in a relatively flat land 0.5km west of the health center compound. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thick black clay soil.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Kachana Gudie–VES 2

- L N p h d Alt ' i rn •• •• • •••rn• • • •• • •• • rn•••••• • ••w•i i,• .. •• mw•1•••0••- 1 174 0.436 0.436 -0.436

-2 4.58 0.252 0.688 0.6871 3 18.6 6.85 7.54 -7.54 .. \1...... i . _······ ····:·····. .:·········· ...... ·;··············:· ... - -4 65.4 94.5 102 -102 ,., 5 4.02 ''l-, -~~~~-.. -~-~~... ,.,.. -1-~~~~,..... - -

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STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

Table 27. Interpretation result of VES2 Kachana, Gudie Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 174 0.436 0.436 Top black clay soil cover 2 4.58 0.252 0.688 Weathered basalt/decomposed/ 3 18.6 6.85 7.54 Moderately fractured basalt Water Bearing 4 65.4 94.5 102 Trachytic Agglomerate 5 4.02 Substratum infinity weathered and fractured Basalt Water Bearing

Note: - The VES survey result revealed five contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top black clay soil cover, beneath lies highly weathered and decomposed basalt. The third layer is described as slightly fractured basalt with moderate resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to highly resistive fresh trachytic agglomerate acting as an aquiclude to the upper shallow aquifers. The fifth layer is described as weathered and fractured water bearing basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the third and the fifth layers are identified as potential aquifers. The site is feasible for drilling of wells depths of 150-180m.

10.4. Conclusion and Recommendations

The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two borehole sites contrasted:  The first priority is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 241255E 1234400N at an elevation of 1809m inside the health center compound. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 100m.  The second option is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 241020E 1234425N at an elevation of 1806m, at about 1km west of the Health center. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 150m. Both sites are technically feasible, but, the first option is appreciated because of its nearness and shallow depth.

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XI. Addis Betechristian Health Center 11.1. General Addis Betechristian village is located in Fogera Woreda of Amhara National Regional State. The health center can be accessed from Wereta town 18kms on Wereta to Weldiya asphalt road and another 7kms north west on an all-weather road. The health center is under construction. A borehole drilled and fitted with a hand pump serves the villagers.

Page 127 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

330000""" 360000"·'· 390000 '·" 450000 ;. ·

·•-./"~~ ogera

---+------~i-!'------1-~ ~

40 Ki lometers .,_

420000 '"· 450000 ;.;;

Location of study area - Lay Gayint -- Road - Liboke mkem South Gonder Woreda D Mera b Belesa - De bretabor - Mirab Este c:::J oera - Misrak Este - Ebinat - Simada ~ Farta - Tach Gayint D Fogera

Figure 31. Location map of Study woredas in South Gonder

Page 128 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

..~ I.. ~ .,"' ~ ~

..~ I.. "'N "'N ~ ~

..~ I.. ::.. ::.. ~ ~

..~ I...... ~ ~

..~ I.. .,.. .,.. ~ ~

0 2 4 8 12 16 • • Kilometers Legend -c:::i--=- --=====:.-• a Location of study area -- Contour Road River

~ Town

Figure 32. DEM enhanced location map of Adis Betechristian area.

The area receives precipitation from its uni-modal rainfall pattern annually from June to September. Addis Betechristian is classified as hot sub tropical / kola / based on the Ethiopian Agro-climatic zoning. The mean annual temperature is 18-20 0C and the mean annual rainfall is 1000-1200mm annually.

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The physiographic setup of the area belongs to the North Western Massifs of Ethiopia lying in the Tana sub-basin. The village is drained by an intermittent spring named Marza to Lake Tana.

11.2. Geology and Hydro-geology The terrain is an igneous volcanic terrain composed of the trap series and quaternary pyroclastic. The village area and its vicinity are composed of thin layer of sandy loam clay underlain by quaternary and tertiary volcanic rocks. It is a dissected, elongated and hanging valley over the Rib River catchment and Lake Tana. The local aquifer system can support boreholes as has been justified by the existing borehole drilled 90m depth yielding more than 2lit/sec.

Springs occurred along the stream line. In upper catchments saline water is abstracted from hand dug wells. However, the water from the borehole is of good quality asserting the contaminant layer lies near the surface.

The area is characterized by porous media and volcanic aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results, Addis Betechristian area is classified as Low groundwater potential area.

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5 2.5 0 5 Kilometers Hydrogeological classification Fractured aquifers with Legend moderate productivity Study area • Fracture and intergranular • aquifers with low to moderate River Geology Quaternary productivity Fault Q Aluvial and lacustrin deposit, sand clay, diatomite beach sand Road Ob1 Plateau basalt: alkaline ~ Town t~:~~~~I basalt and trachyte Tertiary PNtb Tarmaber (Gussa) Formation: alkaline to transitional basalts often [TI] forming shield volcanoes with minor trachyte and phonolites plugs

Figure 33. Geological map of Addis Betechristian area in Fogera woreda of ANRS

Page 131 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

..I I.. .,.. .,.. ~ ~ ..I I.. "'N "'N ~ ~

I ~ ..g ..g ..N ..N ~ ~ ..~ i.. ~ ~ ~ ~

i ffl ..g .. ~ ~ ~ ~ ..I I.. .."' ' · .."' ~ ~

Legend

Location of study area Geology • Q Aluvial and lacustrin deposit, sand clay diatomite beach sand River

Qb1 Plateau basalt: alkaline basalt Fault and trachyte

Road Tertiary PNtb Tarmaber (Gussa) Formation: .~~·~~:: .: ·~:: _: alkaline to transitional basalts often Town ' - :: ...... - ' ,,,_ 'r '.' 'I-: . ' .., .- . forming shield volcanoes 'Nith minor trachyte and phonolites plugs Contour

Figure 34. Hydro-geological map of Adis Betechrstian area

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11.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result Two VES survey sites were proposed and the test was conducted accordingly for both identified potential sites. Geographical positions of VES points are tabulated in table 5 above.

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES survey was conducted 1km west of the health center around the confluence of two streams. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with thin white sandy loam clay soil.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Addis Betechristian–VES 1

Pa ------.------N p h d Alt ,,,_~ 1 2.84 1.22 1.22 -1.22 ------~------2 25.4 0.0297 1.25 -1 .25 3 0.759 1.55 2.8 -2.805 4 6694 52.2 55 -55 ' ' ------•' ------• ' ------~- ' ------• ' - - - - - 5 1.81 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' : ARJ?

Table 28. Interpretation Result of VES1, Adis Betechrstian L ayers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 2.84 1.22 1.22 White sandy loam clay 2 25.4 0.0297 1.25 Weathered quaternary basalt 3 0.759 1.55 2.8 Weathered tuff Saline rock 4 6694 52.2 55 Massive quaternary basalt 5 1.81 Sub stratum infinity Highly weathered and fractured Water Bearing Tertiary Basalt formation

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Note: - The VES survey result revealed five contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows white sandy loam soil cover, beneath lies weathered quaternary basalt. The third layer is described as weathered tuff with relatively lower resistivity as a result of its saline content. The fourth layer is attributed to highly resistive massive quaternary basalt acting as an aquiclude to the upper shallow aquifers. The fifth layer is described as highly weathered and fractured tertiary water bearing basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the fifth layer is identified as potential local water bearing zone. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to depths of 120-140m. Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted near the existing borehole site in a relatively flat land 0.5km east of the health center compound. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thin black clay soil.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Addis Betechristian–VES 2

Pa

- - - - -r ------._------r' ------._- ' ------: 0 N h d Alt ' ' 1 6.54 0.846 0.846 -0.845 ' ' -----~ ------~------~ ------~------2 0.782 0.96 1.81 -1.806 ' ' ' ' 3 15 1.67 3.48 -3.48 1.26 4.76 8.24 -8.242 - - -•' ------~- ' ------7219 17.5 25.7 -25.75 6 4.32

Table 29. Interpretation Result of VES2, Adis Betechrstian Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 6.54 0.846 0.846 Thin black clay soil

2 0.782 0.96 1.81 White sandy loam clay 3 15 1.67 3.48 Weathered quaternary basalt 4 1.26 4.76 8.24 Weathered tuff Saline rock 5 7219 17.5 25.7 Massive quaternary basalt 6 4.32 Substratum infinity Highly weathered and fractured Water Bearing Tertiary Basalt

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Note: - The VES survey result revealed six contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top black clay soil cover, beneath lies sandy loam clay. The third layer is described as weathered quaternary basalt with moderate resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to weathered tuff with some salt contained in it. The fifth layer is described as massive quaternary basalt with high resistivity. The sixth layer is identified as weathered and fractured water bearing old basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the sixth layer is identified as potential aquifer. The site is feasible for drilling wells of depths of 130-150m.

11.4. Conclusion and Recommendations

The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two borehole sites contrasted:  The first priority is borehole drilling in the compound to a depth of 130m.  The second option is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 373868E 1324324N at an elevation of 1866m 1km west of the health center compound near the confluence of two streams. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 120m. XII. Gult Health Center 12.1. General

Gult village is located in Andabet Woreda of Amhara National Regional State. The health center can be accessed from Hamusit town via Estie to Andabet/ or from Gassay via Estie to Jaragedo and 10kms from Jaragedo on an all-weather road. The health center is under construction. A borehole drilled and fitted with a hand pump serves the villagers. Location map is shown in Figure 31

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0 3.75 7.5 15 22.5 30 ------Kilometers Legend

a Location of study area Road River Contour

~ Town

Figure 35. DEM enhanced location map of Gult and Maksegnit areas in Andabet woreda of South Gonder zone of ANRS

The area receives precipitation from its uni-modal rainfall pattern annually from June to September. Gult is classified as hot sub tropical / kola / based on the Ethiopian Agro-climatic zoning. The mean annual temperature is 18-20 0C and the mean annual rainfall is 800-1000mm annually.

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The physiographic setup of the area belongs to the North Western Massifs of Ethiopia lying in the lower catchments of Guna Mountains. The village is drained by intermittent streams before joining the Blue Nile River.

12.2. Geology and Hydro-geology The terrain is an igneous volcanic terrain composed of the trap series. The village area and its vicinity are composed of thin layer of residual soil underlain by tertiary volcanic rocks. It is a dissected, elongated and hanging valley over the Blue Nile River catchment. The local aquifer systems can support boreholes to be drilled around. The upper catchment of the local catchment was proposed for drilling site. Springs occur along the stream lines. The area is characterized by porous media and volcanic aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results, Gult area is classified as moderate groundwater potential area.

Page 137 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

I.. ~ ~ ~g .,.. ~ i.. .. ~ ..~ ..~ .,.. .,.. ~ ~ ..I I.. .,.. .. ~ "'~ ..§ ..I ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ .. g ..1f ..1f ~ ~ i i .. ,, .. .,...... ,..... ~ ~ ..i i...... :; ~ .·. ~ ..I , I.. .,.. .,.. N N ~ ~

0 2.5 5 10 15 20 Legend Kilometers • Location of study area Geology-- Fault Tertiary Road PNtb Tarmaber (Gussa) Formation. alkaline to transitional basalts often forming shield River ..,.._'-"..... "" volca noes w th mino trachyte and phonohtes plugs P 2 a Ashangl formation: Al Ka line ancl translti ona I ~ Town basaltic flows with rare lntercalatlons of tuff

Figure 36. Geological map of Gult and Maksegnit area in South Gonder zone of ANRS

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I e.;.c:.,:~~,i.;;~ e,..;i:-,;,:~;;i.;,t;t~e,..;c:..;*:~,.;.;.~e,;..'l);:~ ;.:.\<,.;.;.~,;;:,:.;~~,.;.;.41;,.;,,;,1.:~;..:,;,.:,,""'!b-c:..;~~4,ye,..;c:.,J_:4'~,.;.;_+-i .., ~

0 2 4 8 12 16 Legend Kilometers Location of study area -- • Fault - Roa d -- River.~ Town Geology Tertiary PNtb Tarmaber (Gussa) Formation - Hydrogeolog ica I classification alkaline to transitional basalts often - - forming shield volcanoes with minor Fractured aquifers with trachyte and phonolites plugs moderate productivity P2a Ashangi formation Alkaline • Fractures aquifers with lavv and transitional basaltic flows with to moderate productivity rare intercalations of tuff

Figure 37. Hydro-geological map of Gult and Maksegnit areas in South Gonder of ANRS

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12.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result

Two VES survey sites were proposed and the investigation was conducted accordingly for both identified potential sites. Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted 1km north of the health center around the confluence of two streams. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with black cotton clay soil.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Gult–VES 1

Pa

- - - - -r' ------._- ' ------._-' ------N h d Alt 1 130 0.869 0.869 10.868 ' ' ' -----~ ------~------t------~. - 2 13.6 1.04 1.9 -1 .904 ' ' ' ' ' 3 140 2.06 3.96 -3.961 4 46.4 5.72 9.68 -9.676 5 415 197 207 -207 6 38.7

Table 30. Interpretation Result of VES1, Gult Layer Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth Probable formations Remarks s (Ohm m.) (m) (interpretation) 1 130 0.869 0.869 Residual soil 2 13.6 1.04 1.9 Weathered intermediate basalt 3 140 2.06 3.96 Weathered tuff 4 46.4 5.72 9.68 Moderately fractured basalt 5 415 197 207 Weathered trachytic tuff 6 38.7 substratum infinity Moderately fractured basalt Water Bearing formation

Note: - The VES survey result revealed five contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows Residual soil cover, beneath lays weathered intermediate basalt. The third layer is described as

Page 140 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS weathered tuff with relatively lower resistivity as a result of its saline content. The fourth layer is attributed to moderately fractured basalt with semi-aquifer property. The fifth layer is described as weathered trachyte tuff. The last layer of moderately fractured basalt is identified as the aquifer. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to a depth of 250m.

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted on proposed site no.2 in a relatively flat land 0.8km west of the health center compound. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with relatively thin black clay soil.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Gult–VES 2

Pa

- - - - -r' ------i- ' ------r' ------i- ' ------' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' N h d Alt ' ' ' ' -----~' ------~- ' ------~' -- 1 50.9 0.9 0.9 -0.9 ' ' ' 2 24.8 0.995 1.89 -1.895 3 69.7 2.09 3.99 -3.989 4 69.9 13.7 17.7 -17.68

5 1142 19.5 37.2 -37.23 6 355 41.1 78.4 -78.37 7 65 137 21 5 -215 8

Table 31. Interpretation result of VES 2, Gult Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks

(Ohm m.) (interpretation)

1 50.9 0.9 0.9 Black clay with Residual soil 2 24.8 0.995 1.89 Weathered intermediate basalt 3 69.7 2.09 3.99 Weathered tuff 4 69.9 13.7 17.7 Moderately fractured basalt 5 1142 19.5 37.2 Weathered trachytic tuff 6 355 41.1 78.4 slightly fractured basalt 7 65 137 215 Moderately fractured basalt Water Bearing 8 substratum infinity

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Note: - The VES survey result revealed seven contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows top black clay soil cover, beneath lies Weathered intermediate basalt. The third layer is described as weathered tuff. The fourth layer is attributed to moderately fractured basalt. The fifth layer is described as weathered trachyte tuff with high resistivity. The sixth layer is identified as slightly fractured basalt and the last layer is moderately fractured water bearing old basaltic layer. On the basis of the VES data interpretation, the seventh layer is identified as the aquifer. The site is feasible for drilling of moderate discharge wells at proposed depths of 270m. 12.4. Conclusion and Recommendations

The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two borehole sites contrasted:

 The first priority is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 373868E 1324324N at an elevation of 1866m 1km west of the health center compound near the confluence of two streams. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 120m.  The second option is borehole drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 372788E 1324718N at an elevation of 1847m, at about 0.5km east of the Health center near the existing borehole. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 130m. Both sites are technically feasible, but, the first option is appreciated for it is sited at the confluence of two streams.

XIII. Maksegnit Health Center 13.1. General Maksegnit village is Located in Andabet Woreda of Amhara National Regional State. The health center can be accessed from Hamusit town via Estie to Andabet/ or from Gassay via Estie to Jaragedo town and 13kms south east from Jaragedo town on an all-weather road. The health center is under construction. A perennial stream named Zeray currently serves the villagers for their water demand. Location map is shown in figure 31

The area receives precipitation from its uni-modal rainfall pattern annually from June to September. Maksegnit is classified as humid sub tropical / weina Dega / based on the Ethiopian

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Agro-climatic zoning. The mean annual temperature is 14-18 0C and the mean annual rainfall is 1000-1200mm annually. The physiographic setup of the area belongs to the North Western Massifs of Ethiopia lying in the lower catchments of Guna Mountains. The village is drained by Zeray Perennial stream before joining the Blue Nile River.

13.2. Geology and Hydro-geology The terrain is an igneous volcanic terrain composed of the trap series. The village area and its vicinity are composed of thin layer of residual soil underlain by tertiary volcanic rocks. It is a dissected, bad topography over the Blue Nile River catchment. The local aquifer systems can support boreholes to be drilled around. The confluence of two streams in the local catchment close to Zeray stream was proposed for drilling site. Springs occur along the stream lines. The area is characterized by porous media and volcanic aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results, Maksegnit area is classified as Low groundwater potential area. Geological and Hydro- geological map of Maksegnit is shown in figure 36 and 37

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13.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result

Two VES survey sites were proposed and the test was conducted accordingly for both identified potential sites. Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1) Site Description: The VES survey was conducted 1.5km east of the health center around the confluence of two streams. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The area is covered with black cotton clay soil.

Geophysical Data Interpretation Maksegnit–VES 1

1000 : : : : : : Pa - -r' - - - - 'r - - - - - ',- - - - -r' ------.- ' - - - -',- - - ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

N p h d Alt 1 8 0.611 0.611 r0.611 2 1.14 0.945 1.56 -1.556 - -r----r---' ' ------r - --- -.- ----,--- ' ' 3 17964 1.42 2.98 -2.98 10 4 2994 4.12 7.1 -7.099 _._ ___ .. --_,_ ---_._ - . -. J_ --- _,_ -- : 5 193 10.6 17.7 -17.68

- -:' ----: ' ------,-----, ------,------6 25.7 62.4 80.1 -80.11 ' ' AB/2 ' ' 7 2.45 86.6 167 i-1 66.7 10 100 1000 8 63.4

Table 32. Interpretation result of VES1, Maksegnit Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 8 0.611 0.611 Black clay with Residual soil 2 1.14 0.945 1.56 Weathered intermediate basalt 3 17964 1.42 2.98 Welded tuff 4 2994 4.12 7.1 Massive basalt 5 193 10.6 17.7 Weathered trachytic tuff 6 25.7 62.4 80.1 slightly fractured basalt 7 2.45 86.6 167 Highly fractured basalt Water Bearing formation 8 63.4 substratum infinity Moderately fractured basalt

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Note: - The VES survey result revealed eight contrasting resistivity layers, the first layer shows Residual soil cover, beneath lays weathered intermediate basalt. The third layer is described as welded tuff with higher resistivity. The fourth layer is attributed to Massive basalt. The fifth layer is described as weathered trachyte tuff. The sixth layer is of slightly fractured basalt. The seventh layer is identified as the aquifer and composed of highly fractured basalt followed by moderately fractured basalt. The site is feasible for drilling of wells to a depth of 220m.

13.4. Conclusion and Recommendations

The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of one borehole site:  The borehole drilling site is selected at a position of UTM 37P 379545E 1250072N at an elevation of 2128m 1.5km east of the health center compound near the confluence of two streams along the stream named as Zeray. On the basis of VES Signature the well shall be drilled to a depth of 180m.

XIV. Angot Health center 14.1. General

Angot Heath Center is found in Gubalafto woreda of Amhara National Regional State, which is located at about 70kms from Wegel Tena town (Administrative center of Delanta woreda) on an all-weather road. It can be reached also through Ahun Tegegn rural town, located along the road Wereta- Woldiya asphalt road, tending to the east through very steep and difficult road. During field visit the team travelled through Ahun Tegegn village, which was troublesome and dangerous. The consulting team is not advising driving in this way.

Page 145 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS - - - - ·- I N

k.oblljo n Kot>o

I I I

I D Slud'f hea 111 DNrlla Wereda - ~ ~ TOll'1 - Oubl l Ito Ro I '] Woredas in North Wollo MASHk>TOYIN eb•Town lluffl• - 1..asta I• 1 Oll110unl ! O s 10 , 20 )0 40 - Oelania Weredl -Wild• ~ICT,====~~,=,L__ '!;,!!,:!!!1 ~, !!!!!!:= ::::!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:Ki',tl>f~m~oe1!!~2~:.,__:=:.... _ __,/c.;,;:.;,.;.;,1.l-.,.... ,. ;,.------l ---- ..... - ·- Figure 38. Location map of woredas in North wollo of ANRS

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528000.000000 536000.000000 544000.000000 552000.000000 560000.000000 .000000 .000000 1312000 · 1312000 .000000 .000000 1306000 3& 1306000

3& .000000 .000000 1300000 1300000 .000000 .000000

1294000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 528000 536000 544000 552000 560000 1294000 Legend 0 1.25 2.5 5 7.5 10 Kilometers D Studyarea .,,,,- Road --

Figure 39. DEM enhanced location map of Angot (Sokolo) and Ayichal Boniya

Health center is under construction located at a position of 538673E, 1302244N at an elevation of 3478m. The existing water supply of the village/town is:- 1. Low yielding spring about 0.5 lit/sec, located at a position of UTM 37P 538668E and 1302107 N at an elevation of 3471m, about 500m west of the health center. 2. Considering the expansion of the village/town, Amhara Water works Construction Enterprise is executing construction of a spring located at a position UTM 37P 540037E and 1305063N at an elevation of 3452m with a discharge of 5 lit/sec. The area and its surrounding is classified as Cold Humid sub tropical (Dega), with mean annual rainfall of 1200 to 1400mm. The Mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature is less that14 0c. Physiographically, it is situated in the North Western Plateau characterized by incised, deep cut gorges and vertical cliffs, mountainous, undulating and rugged topography in an isolated plateau from the nearby mountains.

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14.2. Geology and Hydro-geology The major stratigraphic units of Angot and its surroundings are characterized by transitional sub alkaline basalt of Alajie formation with thick layers of columnar basalt and thin Quaternary sediment cover. Different aged Basalts (Ashange and Aiba basalt) are mapped in various points. The Alajie formation is an overlying stratum of Ashangie formation; both are characterized by massive nature. The geological structures are dominantly trending NE to SW.

The area is categorized as volcanic aquifer system of low to moderate groundwater potential. Findings from Hydro-geological parameters and hydro-stratigraphic analysis resulted in framing of one Conceptual Hydro-geological site for further Geophysical Investigation to understand the subsurface at the nearby area the health center. Compound of health center is located at a local water divide and thus not feasible for groundwater abstraction. - ·- -

I

L&gend 0 2 4 8 12 16 Kilometers a toe atioo oi 61Udy area --oon-iour__ ,.,., __ ,.,..,

~Town Pl$ Nlitnti fortll311on >Jk&hne __ ,..., :ai,d ltinsal!On ;I b:u.allit 1}7,0 "'~" f$ft lffl$(t$1 ~!101l.$ qi Ille!

Figure 40. Geological map of Angot in North Wollo zone of ANRS

Page 148 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS

)10000 ,,..., $60000 500000 :'.110000 "'°'' ......

eology Legend 02• • m IB e~a~ t<,1omete

Figure 41. Hydro-geological map of Angot in North wollo zone

14.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result

One VES point performed very close to health center at Geographical positions of UTM 37P 538388E 1302306N at an elevation of 3452m, along the inferred geological structure. The site description; interpreted layer resistivity values, probable rock types representing the different layers and the groundwater potential of the surveyed site with recommended depth of drilling and/or optional water source is clearly presented below:

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Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred structure. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 660m. The VES was performed at a very close distance from the compound of health center. The area is covered with thin black cotton and darkish to brown clay.

Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 1, close to the compound of Angot Health Center 1000 Pa

•••••r•-• • • • • • • • • • • •••' • • • • • • ~ ' • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • r • • • • • ' ' ' 0 -----:' ------' ' ------' ' N h d Alt ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 0.226 0.226 0.225 1001:------+:-' +--tt----ll---,;;~ :...._-t-----+--+-' ' 6869 ' ' 2 38.9 2.04 2.27 -2.267 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 3 16.1 12.6 14.9 -14.87 ------,-' ------' ' ' ' ' ' 4 1693 67 81.9 -81.87 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 5 55.9 92.5 174 -174.4 --·------·------~ ------~------~----- ' ' ' ' ' ' 6 435 ' ' ' ' ' ' AB/2 10!---''--'-'--''-'--'-L.UC,..---''--'---'-'-'-.U' ' ' ' ' 1 10 100 1000

Note:- The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of six alternating resistivity layers, the first thin layer shows wet black cotton soil with a thickness of about 0.3m, following to this layer interpreted dry soil with a thickness of about 2.3m. The third layer is attributed to highly weathered and fractured volcanic unit with a thickness of about 13m. Following to this layer interpreted thick massive basalt with a thickness of about 67m, following to this layer interpreted moderately weathered and fractured water bearing basalt with a thickness of about 93m; The substratum is attributed to slightly to massive basalt. On the basis of geophysical data interpretation the well can be drilled to a depth of 230 to 250m. The amount of through tube well is will not be satisfactory amount.

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Table 33 . Interpretation result of VES1, Angot

Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 6869 0.23 0.23 wet black cotton soil 2 38.9 2.04 2.27 dry soil 3 16.1 12.6 14.9 highly weathered and fractured volcanic unit probably Ignimbrite 4 1693 67 81.9 Massive basalt 5 55.9 92.5 174 moderately weathered and fractured Water Bearing Basalt formation 6 435 substratum infinity Slightly to massive basalt

14.4. Conclusion and Recommendation

The study team prioritized drilling of a well which shall be carried out inside the health center compound to a depth of 250m. A second option would be utilization of the under construction spring, located a position of UTM 37P 540037EE& 1305063N at an elevation of 3452m with a discharge of 5 lit/sec at about 3km from the health center. The spring capping work stretches 3kms away north from the health center. A 50m3 reservoir is to be sited in a nearby hill to supply the down looked village of Angot.

The major reasons are:- Water supply pipe line is under construction at a very closer distance of the health center, it needs only a few ten meters pipeline work to supply the health center. TETRA TECH/USAID can integrate efforts with the town water service office through financing additional water fountains and other water supply systems for the water supply network under construction.

XV. Beta Health Center 15.1. General

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Beta village is Located in Borena Woreda of Amhara National Regional State. The health center can be accessed from Mekaneselam town via Segno Gebeya 13kms on asphalt road and the remaining 16kms on a difficult, rough, steep, sharp curved, winding dry weather road. The health center is under construction. Bishankillo spring tapped by the woreda water office near a cliff edge is the current water source that serves the villagers for their water demand. The area receives precipitation from its uni-modal rainfall pattern annually from June to September. Beta is classified as humid sub tropical / weina Dega / based on the Ethiopian Agro- climatic zoning. The mean annual temperature is 14-18 0C and the mean annual rainfall is 1000- 1200mm annually.

The physiographic setup of the area belongs to the North Western Massifs of Ethiopia lying in the upper catchments of Blue Nile River. The topography of the village is on cliff edge and not suitable for ground water abstraction through borehole drilling. The village is drained by Yeshu River before joining the Blue Nile River.

15.2. Geology and Hydro-geology

The terrain is an igneous volcanic terrain composed of the trap series. The village area and its vicinity are composed of thin layer of residual soil underlain by tertiary volcanic rocks. It is a dissected, bad topography over the Blue Nile River catchment. The local aquifer systems can’t support boreholes because of the worst topography of the area surrounded by steep cliffs and small elongated catchment area. Low discharge Gravity contact springs occur around the foot of cliffs. The springs tend to follow local fault systems and occur at topographic drops.

The area is characterized by volcanic fracture aquifer systems. Based on the desk and field survey results, Beta area is classified as one of the Low groundwater potential zones. As indicated above, the local aquifer system can’t support abstraction of water via boreholes. As widespread and conventional rule, resistivity survey should be carried out at feasible Hydro- geological areas. Therefore, at this project area geophysical survey was not carried out.

15.3. Conclusion and Recommendations

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The study team has recommended upgrading Bishankillo spring and integrating the discharge of Bishankillo and Talian wuha Gravity contact spring located at the foot of the cliff. There are no other better options regarding groundwater abstraction for the site is located on cliff edge.

The cumulative discharge from both spring sources is about 2lit/sec. Bishankillo spring and Talian wuha spring are located at UTM 37P 461558E 1178542N at an elevation of 2188m; and UTM 37P 1177958E 1178542N at an elevation of 2041m respectively. Talian wuha spring is sited at the foot of the cliff about 60m vertical drop from Bishankillo spring. The health center stretches about 2kms from the two spring water sources

XVI. Gelsha Health center 16.1. General

Gelsha Heath Center is found in Dessie Zuria woreda of Amhara National Regional State, which is located 26kms from Dessie to Mekaneselam on asphalt road. Dessie is the Administrative center of South Wollo Zone.

The Health center is under construction located at a position of 560086E, 1215384N Elev. 2971m

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450000.000000 480000.000000 510000.000000 5400004' .000000 570000.000000 600000.000000 4' .000000 .000000 1290000 · 1290000 4'' Ambasel 4'' .000000 .000000 Werebabo 4''4'' 4' 4'4' 4' 4'' 1260000 4'4' 4' 1260000 Kutaber Tehuledere Mekdela Tenta .000000 Amhara region boundary Dese Town .000000 Sayinit Kombolcha Town 1230000 Kalu 1230000 Legend Dese Zuriya

road Mehal Sayit .000000 .000000 4' Study Area in Debresina Sina Woreda LEGAMIBO Alibuko 1200000 South_Wollo_Zone_Boundary 1200000 Debresina Woreda boundary LegehidaWere Ilu 4' .000000 .000000

Kelala

1170000 WOGIDI 1170000

Jama

.000000 Mida Oromo .000000 Mida Oromo 1140000 0 5 10 20 30 40 1140000 Kilometers

450000.000000 480000.000000 510000.000000 540000.000000 570000.000000 600000.000000 Figure 42. Location of woredas in South Wollo zone of ANRS

The existing water supply of the town is: 1. Constructed spring about 0.2 lit/sec, located at a position of UTM 37P 559910E and 121500N at an elevation of 2911m, about 500m west of the health center. 2. Considering the expansion of the village/town, Amhara Water works construction Enterprise executed drilling of one borehole with a discharge capacity of 15l/sec located at a position UTM 37P 559349E& 1214772N at an elevation of 2913m. The distribution network is yet to be constructed. The area and its surrounding is classified as Cold Humid sub tropical (Dega), with mean annual rainfall of 1200 to 1400mm. The Mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature is less than 140c. Physiographically, it is situated in the north east corridor of North Western Plateau characterized by mountainous, undulating and rugged topography.

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16.2. Geology and Hydro-geology

The major stratigraphic units of Gelsha and its surroundings are characterized by Quaternary alluvium and transitional sub alkaline basalt of Tarma ber-megezez formation. The surrounding area is also characterized by Alajie and Asangie basalts of Tertiary Volcanics. The geological structures are dominantly trending N to S.

Hydro-stratigraphically, the area is categorized as volcanic aquifer systems of fracture aquifers of low to moderate groundwater potential. Findings from Hydro-geological parameters and hydrostratigraphic analysis resulted in framing of one Conceptual Hydro-geological site for further Geophysical Investigation to understand the subsurface condition of the health center and its environs.

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0 3.75 7.5 15 22.5 30 •--=:::i--:::::i----======:..---Kilometers Legend Geology Quaternary • Location River ff~; :rY?fal ~~d ~~~i:~~~ ~~~~~de~~I UV i al' Contour Tertiary Road ~ Ntb Tarmaber-Megezez formation ~ transitional and alkaline basalt Fault PNa Alaje formation transitional and ~ Town sub alkaline basalt with minor rhyolite 0 and trachyte eruption ~ P3a Aiba basalt Flood basalt ~ with rare basic tuff

P2a Ashangi formation Alkaline and transitional basaltic flows with .,,...~~... rare intercalations of tuff

Figure 43. Geological map of Gelsha area in South Wollo of ANRS

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7 14 21 28 Legend •--=--==----======---• Kilometers e Study area Geology -- River Quaternary

-- Contour ~ Qh Undifferentiated alluvial. ~ and lakustnn sediment -- Road Tertiary -- Fault ~ Ntb Tarmaber-Megezezformation i. Town ~ transitional and alkaline basalt

Hydrogeological classification r777 PNa Alajeformation transitional and l_LLl sub alkaline basalt with minor rhyolite nd • Fractured and, intergranular a trachyte eruption aquifers with moderate productivity ~ P3a Aiba basalt: Flood basalt ~ with rare basic luff

P2a Ashangi formation Alkaline Fractures aquifers with low and transitional basaltic flows with to moderate productivity rare intercalations of tuff

Figure 44. Hydro-geological map Gelsha area in South Wollo of ANRS

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16.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result

One VES point performed very close to health center at Geographical positions of UTM 37P 559349E 1214772N at an elevation of 2913m, along the inferred geological structure. The site description; interpreted layer resistivity values, probable rock types representing the different layers and the groundwater potential of the surveyed site with recommended depth of drilling and/or optional water source is clearly presented below:

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1) Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 1, for Gelsha Health Center

100 Pa

------~------~-----' '

'r------

0 10 1 10 100 1000

N p h d Alt 1 12.4 1.5 1.5 -1.496 2 24.9 6.17 7.67 -7.666 3 74 37.7 45.4 -45.37 4 11.1

Note:- The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of four alternating resistivity layers, the first thin layer shows wet black cotton soil with a thickness of about 6m, following to this layer interpreted moderately to slightly weathered and fractured basalt with a thickness of about 38m. The substratum is attributed to highly weathered and fractured water bearing basalt. On the basis of geophysical data interpretation and data correlation with the existing well, the well can be drilled to a depth of 130.

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Table 34, Interpretation result of VES1, Gelsha Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 12.4 1.5 1.5 wet Black clay with residual soil 2 24.9 6.17 7.67 moderately to slightly weathered and fractured basalt 3 74 37.7 45.4 moderately to slightly weathered and fractured basalt 4 11.1 substratum infinity highly weathered and fractured Water bearing water bearing basalt formation

16.4. Conclusion and Recommendation

The finding of integrated approach concluded by selection of two water sources for comparison. The first priority is drilling a well in the compound to a depth of 130m. The second priority would be the utilization of the under construction borehole located at a position of UTM 37P 559349E& 1214772N at an elevation of 2913m with a discharge of 15 lit/sec, at about 1kms north of the health center. The major reasons for this option is that per the information obtained from the administrative organ, water supply pipe line network is planned for the health center as well; it needs only a few ten meters to supply the health center. Therefore, TETRA TECH/USAID can integrate efforts with the town water service office through participating for construction of additional water fountains and other water supply system for the under construction water supply network.

XVII. Zerit Health center 17.1. General Zerit Heath Center is found in Menz Keya woreda in North Shewa zone of Amhara National Regional State, which is located at about 45kms from Mehal meda town (Administrative center of Menz Keya woreda) on asphalt road. Construction of health center yet not started, the area of health center secured by the officials at a position of UTM 37P 532032E, 1122880N at an elevation of 2665m.

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0 Study area

$10000 d S z 16 I'S 1 --Road o 2 l<.llome;e ~=---====-- -- River LJ Town

Figure 45. DEM enhanced Location map of Zerit area

The existing water supply of the village/town is:- 1. Poorly constructed Gravity Contact spring yielding about 2 lit/sec, located at a position of UTM 37P 533379E and 1123135 N at an elevation of 2661m, about 1.2km east of the health center. 2. Hand dug well located at a position UTM 37P 531925E and 1122040N at an elevation of 2639m fitted with hand pump. The area and its surrounding is classified as Cold Humid sub tropical (Dega), with mean annual rainfall of 1200 to 1400mm. The Mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature is less that14 0c.

Physiographically, it is situated in the North Western Plateau characterized by incised, deep cut gorges and vertical cliffs, mountainous, undulating and rugged topography in an isolated plateau from the nearby mountains.

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17.2. Geology and Hydro-geology

The major stratigraphic units of Zerit and its surroundings are characterized by transitional sub alkaline basalt of Alajie formation with minor trachite and thin Quaternary sediment cover. Different aged Basalts (Ashange and Aiba basalt) are mapped in various points. The Alajie formation is an overlying stratum of Ashangie formation; both are characterized by massive nature. The geological structures are dominantly trending NE to SW.

The area is categorized as volcanic aquifer system of low groundwater potential. Findings from Hydro-geological parameters and hydro-stratigraphic analysis resulted in framing of two Conceptual Hydro-geological sites for further Geophysical Investigation to understand the subsurface situations. The VES was conducted in at a very close distance of the compound of health center and upstream of the spring.

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I

Legend - ·-=·-·~=·----~- "===:,;".., __- ...;"- - Geology • SludyatN Cretaceous KaArrwAraradomlo

Figure 46. Geological map of Zerit area in North Shewa Zone of ANRS

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Ot.-5'3 6 9 12 Hydrogeological classification • ·-=--­- Kll omcters Fractured and, intergranular Legend • aquifers with moderate productivity e $U.idy .,.ea --Contou, Fractures aquifers Wth low • to moderate productivity --RiW!l Geology --__ ,...Faull. Cretaceous Ka Amb:i A.~l'tKIOm ro,molk>n P2a A!hangi 1011'1,allon. Alh11nto r..,, sandstone wttn fnlc1cal111110ft ol end t,an,ilionlll bos;,1tk flows With Shale and ma.rl Nl( e int~ltal&b«IS Ofl\lff

Figure 47. Hydro-geological map of Zerit area in North Shewa zone of ANRS

17.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result

Totally, three VES were performed, the first point carried out very close to the compound of health center, the second VES at the selected Hydro-geological area very close to hand dug well area at Geographical positions of UTM 37P 531925E 1122040N at an elevation of 2652m, along the inferred geological structure and the third is up stream of the spring along the inferred geological structure UTM 37P 533370E and 1123165N at an elevation of 2631m. The site description; interpreted layer resistivity values, probable rock types representing the different layers and the groundwater potential of the surveyed site with recommended depth of drilling and/or optional water source is clearly presented below:

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Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-1)

Site Description: The VES was conducted at a relatively flat land very close to the health center to understand the groundwater situation of the compound of health center and its vicinity. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 300m. The area is covered with thin black cotton and darkish to brown clay.

Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 1, close to the compound of Zerit Health Center

000 : Pa ---r---• ---y•---~------~----~--- ' ' ' ' '

N h d All 1 2.86 0. 453 0.453 -0.452 ---~----~---' ' ---~----J--- ' ' 2 40396 0.0819 0.535 -0.534 ---t----~---' ' ---~----.J--- ' ' 3 21.2 4.18 4.72 -4.719 ~B/2 4 16167 1.'-~~~-~~~=-~~-~ 1 10 100 1000

Note: The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of four alternating resistivity layers, the first thin layer shows wet black cotton soil with a thickness of about 0.5m, following to this layer interpreted massive basalt with a high resistivity signature with thin layer. The third layer is attributed to highly weathered and fractured volcanic unit with a thickness of about 5m. Following to this layer, the substratum is interpreted as thick massive basalt On the basis of geophysical data interpretation the selected area is not feasible for groundwater abstraction.

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Table 35, Interpretation result of VES 1, Zerit

Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 2.86 0.453 0.4 Wet Black clay with Residual soil 2 40396 0.09 0.5 Massive basalt 3 21.2 4.18 4.72 Highly weathered and fractured Water bearing basalt formation 4 16167 substratum infinity Massive basalt

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-2)

Site Description: The second VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred geological structure, where existing hand dug well is located; it is about 0.7km from the health center. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 300m. The area is covered with thin black cotton and darkish to brown clay.

Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 2, close to the existing hand dug well for Zerit Health Center

1000 : Pa -~-----.--- ' '

___ ., ____ ., ___ ' ' N h d Alt ___ .. ____ .. ______.. ____ ., ______., ____ ., ___ 1 5.06 0.464 0.464 ·0.464 ' ' ' ' ' ' 2 133 0.798 1.26 -1 .262 ---~----t---' ' ---t----~--- ' ' ---~----.J--- ' ' 3 16 2.61 3.87 -3.873 ~B/2 1 4 28410 1 10 100 1000

Note:- The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of four alternating resistivity layers, the first thin layer shows wet black cotton soil with a thickness of about 0.5m, following to this layer interpreted massive basalt with a high resistivity signature with thin layer. The third layer is attributed to highly weathered and fractured volcanic unit with a thickness of about 5m. Following

Page 165 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS to this layer, the substratum is interpreted as thick massive basalt. On the basis of geophysical data interpretation the selected area is not feasible for abstraction of water from deep aquifer, but possible to excavate hand dug well. Table 36. Interpretation Result of VES 2, Zerit Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 5.06 0.46 0.5 Wet Black clay with Residual soil 2 133 0.8 1.3 Massive basalt 3 16 2.61 4.9 Highly weathered and fractured Water bearing basalt formation 4 28410 substratum infinity Massive basalt

Vertical Electrical Sounding Data and Interpretation (VES-3)

Site Description: The second VES was conducted at a relatively flat land along the inferred geological structure, where existing hand dug well is located; it is about 1.5km from the health center. The maximum electrode spacing was AB = 300m. The area is covered with thin black cotton and darkish to brown clay.

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Geophysical Data Interpretation of VES 3, close to the existing spring for Zerit Health Center

1000: - Pa • I I I I -• • • • • r • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • ' • • • • • ••••• , •-••• • •r••• • • 'I 'I 'I 'I ' '

' ' ' -- ---,' ------,------' ------' --

10011:------l--+--H l----ii--l----,a±.,,..-;--oe-;.----+---l ~ ' ' ------_:_------' ' N p h d I Alt ~ ~ ~ ~ ------' ------' -- --- ' ' ' ' 8.59 0.389 -0.388~ - 1 0.389 -2 43.9 13.1 13.4 -13.45 -- - - .. ------· ------· ------.1 . ------.1 . ------.. - -- - - 3 331 16.7 30.2 -30.18 : AB/2 - -4 66.9 10~-~·~·~-~-·~~ · ·~-~'-~·~~,' ~·~ · ·- --~·· ~ ~ ~'~·~·~",'" 1 10 100 1000 - I - Note:- The VES data interpretation result reveals the presence of four alternating resistivity layers, the first thin layer shows wet black cotton soil with a thickness of about 0.4m, following to this layer interpreted moderately fractured and weathered basalt with a thickness of about 13m. The third layer is attributed to basalt with a thickness of about 18m. Following to this layer, the substratum is interpreted as moderately fractured and weathered basalt. On the basis of geophysical data interpretation a deep well can be drilled to a depth of 120. Table 37. Interpretaion Result of VES 3, Zerit Layers Resistivity Thickness (m) Depth (m) Probable formations Remarks (Ohm m.) (interpretation) 1 0.59 0.4 0.4 Wet Black clay with Residual soil 2 43.9 13.1 13.4 Moderately fractured and weathered basalt 3 331 16.7 30.2 Slightly weathered and fractured basalt 4 66.9 substratum infinity Moderately fractured and Water bearing formation weathered basalt

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17.4. Conclusion and Recommendation

The findings of integrated approach concluded by selection of two feasible Hydro-geological areas for water well drilling:- 1. The study team prioritized deep well drilling selected at a position of UTM 37P 533370E and 1123165N at an elevation of 2631m found at about 1.5km from the health center. On the basis of geophysical data interpretation a deep well can be drilled to a depth of 120 2. The second option is excavation of hand dug well selected at a position of UTM 37P 531938E and 112204031N at an elevation of 2639m found at about 0.7km from the health center. On the basis of geophysical data interpretation the hand dug well shall be excavated to a depth of 15m

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PART III. General Conclusions and Recommendations.

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General conclusions and recommendations

The study for water source assessment of the 17 identified health centers by Tetra Tech/USAID was conducted from November to December, 2015. The methodology deployed incorporated all conventional assessment techniques via office based and field investigation activities.

Twelve of the study areas physiographically categorized to the central and north western highlands and five of them are situated in south eastern highlands close to the main Ethiopian Rift Valley.

The major identified aquifer systems are porous media aquifers and volcanic aquifers. The major rock units forming these aquifer systems are basic rocks /basalts, ignimbrite, tuff, trachyte, and agglomerate etc./ and the overlying weathered rock overlain by alluvial and colluvial soil cover. These aquifer systems are known by their fracture permeability and poor to moderate productivity with possible abstraction of ground water from 5 to 20lit/sec.

A total of 29 VES surveys were conducted on 16 out of the 17 project sites to ascertain the depth of occurrence of ground water, aquifer type identification and determination of anticipated drilling depth. Only Beta site is left out without VES survey because of the very small probability of ground water reservoir as a result of its topography, small catchment area adjoined by deep vertical cliffs and gorges.

The study has tried to assess all possible water sources and prioritized the proposition taking into consideration of:  USAID preference for water sources to be wells within health center compounds  Hydro-geological importance of specific locations  Proximity of the recommended source to the health centers and construction costs  Accessibility  Social, Economical, and Environmental considerations  Willingness of beneficiary communities and the like Accordingly,

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 Ground water abstraction through borehole drilling in the range of 100 to 300m depth  Capping and pumping of potential natural spring sources  Upgrading and improvement of existing sources and,  Sharing sources from running water pipe network systems upon certain arrangements with the local administrations are recommended basing individual site conditions.

Thus, the primary recommendation from the study results are summarized as follows  Borehole Drilling in and around the health center compound is proposed for 14 project sites namely; Haro, Kedida, Wodito, Agumamit, Kuni, Gulem Denjin, Lideta, Kachana Gudie, Addis Betechristian, Gult, Maksegnit, Angot, Gelsha and Zerit sites  Spring construction and improvement is recommended for 3 sites named; Gerbicho, Wechema and Beta sites

The study has also incorporated optional /secondary/ water supply sources in cases where the primary option is not utilized.

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Revised Recommended sites for 17 health centers in Amhara National Regional State and South Nation and Nationality Peoples Regional State Table39. Revised Recommended Sites No Project area 1st Revised Recomm Geographical Elevat Elevati Distance Remark Recommendati Recommendation ended position of ion of on of of the on depth for recommended the the source As per the borehole Water Source(UTM) sourc Health from the study s (meter) Easting Northin e Center Health g Center 1 Gerbicho/Seda Spring Not changed 37N Distance of the 2nd 438400 724010 1893 1989 500m recommended borehole site is located at a distance of 1km from the health center 2 Wochema Spring Not changed 37N The road leading to 0427285 694381 2048 2060 500m the village is not accessible for mobilization of Drilling machine 3 Haro Borehole, sharing Changed to Borehole in 100 37N 1080 1984 On spot with town water the compound 0405631 678229 supply supply 4 Kedida Spring Changed to Shallow well 80 37 N 2210 2212 On spot in the compound 4024198 678448 supply 5 Wodito Borehole out of the Not changed 180 37p 1722 1864 2.5km compound 354095 904952 6 Agumamit Spring Changed to Borehole in 170 37P On spot the compound 295331 1178809 1859 1878 supply 7 Kuni Borehole out of the Changed to Borehole in 150 37P On spot compound the compound 303992 1193880 2250 2252 supply 8 Gulem Denjin Borehole out of the Not changed 130 37P compound 291816 1169866 1960 1982 950m 9 Lideta Borehole out of the Changed to Borehole in 130 37P On spot compound the compound 267410 1210035 2500 2502 supply

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10 Kachana Gudie Borehole in the Not changed(Borehole) 100 37P On spot compound 241255E 1234400 1809 1811 supply 11 Addis Borehole out of the Changed to Borehole in 130 37P On spot compound the compound 373800 1324465 1873 1876 supply Betechristian 12 Gult Borehole out of the Not changed 120 37P compound 373868 1324324 1866 2410 1km 13 Maksegnit Borehole out of the Not changed 180 37P compound 379545 1250072 2128 2276 1.5km 14 Angot Spring sharing with Changed to Borehole in 250 37P On spot the community the compound 538676 1302240 3471 3474 supply 15 Beta Spring Not changed 37P 461558 1178542 2041 2198 2km 16 Gelsha Sharing of Borehole Changed to Borehole in 150 37P On spot the compound 1215389 1215399 2964 2971 supply 17 Zeret Borehole out of the Not changed 120 37P compound 533370 1123165 2631 2665 1.5km

Summary Table

No Recommended source Project area Number of sources 1 Spring Gerbicho/Seda, Wochema and 3 Beta 2 Shallow Well(in the Kedida 1 compound of Health Center 3 Deep Well in the compound Haro, Agumamit, Kuni, Lideta, of Health Center Kachana Gudie, Addis 8 Betechristian, Angot and Gelsha 4 Deep Well out of the Wodito, Gulem Denjin, Gult, 5 compound Maksegnit and Zeret

Total No of springs are 3 Total Number of Tube wells are 14

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Page 174 of 174

USAID/Ethiopia U.S. Agency for International Development US Embassy, Entoto Street PO Box 1014 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia