USAID ETHIOPIA FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM Ethiopia Health Infrastructure Program (EHIP) Health Centers Groundwater Investigation Final Report February 2016 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................9 PART I. .......................................................................................................................................11 GENERAL OVERVIEW AND VERIFICATIONS OF THE STUDY......................................11 I. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................12 1.1. Background.................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2. Objectives of the study ............................................................................................................. 14 1.3. Approach and Methodology of the study ...................................................................................... 15 1.3.1. Desk study......................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2. Field investigation............................................................................................................. 15 1.4. Discussion with local residents, office staffs and Experts........................................................ 17 1.5. Location and accessibility of the Project Areas........................................................................ 20 II. EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, POPULATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE .. 24 2.1. Existing situation and management of water Supply schemes...................................................... 24 2.2. Population...................................................................................................................................... 26 2.3. Economic activity.......................................................................................................................... 27 2.4. Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................. 27 III. CLIMATE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................28 3.1. Climate .......................................................................................................................................... 28 3.2. Physiography of the study areas .................................................................................................... 30 IV. GEOLOGY ..........................................................................................................................32 4.1. Regional Geology.......................................................................................................................... 32 4.2. Local Geology of the Study Areas................................................................................................. 35 4.2.1. Volcanic Rocks....................................................................................................................... 36 4.2.2. Quaternary Sediments............................................................................................................. 38 V. HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ....................................................................39 5.1. General .......................................................................................................................................... 39 5.2. Hydro stratigraphic Units .............................................................................................................. 39 5.3. Recharge and Discharge Conditions.............................................................................................. 40 5.4. Aquifer characteristic................................................................................................................ 41 5.5. Groundwater Flow and Occurrence............................................................................................... 42 5.6. Feasible Hydro-geological site identification ........................................................................... 42 VI. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYING..........................................................................................44 6.1. General .......................................................................................................................................... 44 6.2. Methodology of Geophysical survey............................................................................................. 45 6.3. Data Interpretation .................................................................................................................... 46 Page 1 of 174 STUDY DOCUMENT OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR 17 HEALTH CENTERS VII. WATER QUALITY.............................................................................................................48 7.1. General........................................................................................................................................ 48 7.2. In situ water quality test.............................................................................................................. 49 7.3. Water Type Classifications.............................................................................................................. 51 7.4. Water quality for drinking ............................................................................................................... 53 7.5. Overview of water pollution............................................................................................................ 55 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS....................................................................................................................................57 PART II. ..................................................................................................................................... 59 VERIFICATIONS AND STUDY FINDINGS FOR EACH PROJECT AREA ........................ 59 1. Gerbicho Health center ................................................................................................................... 59 1.1. General......................................................................................................................................... 59 1.2. Geology and Hydro-geology........................................................................................................ 62 1.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result............................................................ 64 1.4. Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................................... 67 II. Wechemo Health Center............................................................................................................ 68 1.6. General......................................................................................................................................... 68 1.7. Geology and Hydro-geology........................................................................................................ 69 1.8. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result............................................................ 72 1.9. Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................................... 73 III. Haro Health center..................................................................................................................... 75 3.1. General......................................................................................................................................... 75 3.2. Geology and Hydro-geology........................................................................................................ 76 3.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result............................................................ 79 3.4. Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................................... 83 IV. Kedida Health center ................................................................................................................. 85 4.1. General......................................................................................................................................... 85 4.2. Geology and Hydro-geology........................................................................................................ 87 4.3. Geophysical data collection and Interpretation Result ................................................................ 88 4.4. Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................................... 90 V. Wodito Health Center ..................................................................................................................... 91 5.1. General........................................................................................................................................