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The Distribution of Corticotropin in the Pituitary Gland

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The Distribution of Corticotropin in the Pituitary Gland THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOTROPIN IN THE PITUITARY GLAND by Guy Rochefort THESIS submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science The Allan Memorial Institute of Psychiatr,y McGill University, Montreal, ~ebec. August 2lst, 1956. ACKNOWLEDGE2ŒNTS Thie investigation was supported by grant& to Dr. R.A. Cleghorn from the Federal-Provincial Mental Health Research Fund and from the Foundations1 Fund for Research in Psychiatry, New Haven. I wish to express my very sincere appreciation to Dr. M. Saffran for his constant interest, encouragement and able direction. The beef and hog pituitaries were obtained through the generous cooperation of Canada Packers Limited (Montreal). The assistance and encouragement given to me by ~ wife and all the members of the Allan Memorial Institute Research Lab- oratories is gratefully acknowledged. M& sincere thanks to the members of the Laboratory staff who assisted in reading and criticizing the manuscript. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION AND HISTOLOGICAL •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 I. The Problem of Corticotropin Elaboration •••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 II. Concentrations of ACTH in Normal Pituitaries •••••••••••••••••••• 9 1. Anterior Lobe ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 2. Posterior Lobe •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 MATERIALS AND METHODS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••••••••••••••11 1. Sources of Pituitary Tissues ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 2. Treatment of Tissues •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••11 a) Rat anterior lobes ·•·••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••11 b) Rat poeterior lobes ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••12 c) Beef and hog anterior lobes ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••12 d) Extraction procedure •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••13 e) Assay procedure ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••13 RESULTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••14 1. Concentration of ACTH in rat anterior pituitary ••••••••••••••••• 14 2. Distribution of ACTH in rat anterior pituitary ••••••••••••••••••15 3. Distribution of ACTH in beef and hog anterior pituitaries ••••••• 19 4. ACTH in rat, beef and human posterior pituitaries ••••••••••••••• 21 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS •••••••••••••••·•·•••••••••••••••••••••••••23 1. Concentration of ACTH in rat anterior pituitary •••••••••••••••••23 2. Distribution of ACTH in rat anterior pituitar,y •••••••••••••••••• 24 3. Distribution of ACTH in bee! and hog anterior pituitaries ••••••• 25 4. ACTH in rat, beef and human posterior pituitaries ••••••••••••••• 30 SUMMAR.Y ••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY •••·••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·33 APPENDIX •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••37 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL Six tropbic hormones have been extract.ed from the anterior lobe of the pituit.ary gland. The secretion and storage of t.heae hormones takes place only in the aeidophilic and basophilie cells of the anterior lobe; the chromophobe cella are believed to be in- active in these respects. It has been established that somatotrophin (STH- growth hormone) and prolactin (lactogenic hormone) are aecreted by the acidophils (1-11), while thyrotropin (TSH- tbyroid stimulating hormone) and the two gonadotropins (FSH- follicle stimulating hormone and LH- luteinizing hormone) are secreted by the basophils (13-22). I. The Problem of Corticotropin Elaboration: The problem of acidophilic or basophilie elaboration ot corti- cot.ropin (ACTH) bas, however, resist.ed solution, notwithst&nding the application of ~y methode by numerous investigators. Initially, the basophile were held responsible, due to observations on the adenohypo- physes of Addisonian patients, where the most. characteristic changea are the diminution in number and the regressive changes in the basophile. (23,24,25). However, conflicting evidence soon appeared. Bailiff (26), in 1938 noted in the hypersecreting hypophyses of rate 8Xp08ed to severe cold, a prompt and severe degranulation of the acidophils while the basopbils were only increased in size and vacuolated. At the same tiae, on pathological grounds, Haymaker and Anderson (27) confirlled Cushing '• contention (28) that adrenocortical tumeurs may be tound accgmpanying the acidopbilic adenomas of acromegaly. Smelser (29), in 1944, therefore attempted to find the solution experimentally. He prepared extracts of the zones in beet pituitaries which Smith (4) bad previously shown contaiRed rather discrete zones of baaophilic and acidophilic tissues and injected them into young immature rats. Judging by the weight gain of the adrenals of the animale (Moon as~ for ACTH-30) 1 he concluded that the basophilie area contained aix to eight times more ACTH than the acidophilic area. HoweTer 1 in the same year 1 Heinbecker and Rolf( (31) attributed the secretion of ACTH to the acidophile. They feund complete functional depression and atrophy of the adrenals in hypophysectoaized dogs, whereas in "puncture doge" 1 in whoa the infundibular stem only is severed and the basophile degenerate wbile the acidophile are unaltered1 the adrenals remained normal. A tew years later1 in 1948, D'Angelo, Gordon and Charipper (32) investigated the effects of chronic and acute starvation on guinea pigs. The adrenal cortices of the starved animala were bypertropbied1 indicating an increased output of ACTH. The ll&in cytological changes seen in the anterior lobes included a loss of granulation in the acid- ophil cella which decreased in aize and number. The Golgi apparatus was small and compact. Most of the basophile were enlarged and were in various stages of degranulation and vacuoli~tion. They possessed abundant mitochondria and the Gol&i apparatus was hypertrophied. The sigos of heightened secretory activity in the basophile were inter- preted by the authors to be due to an "augmentation of adrenotropin (ACTH) secretion" by the basophil cella. In the same year Giroud and Martinet (33) in France implanted small blocks of fresh tissue fr<a the basophilie and acidophilic areas of bee! pituitaries into young, i.BI.ature rats. Judging by the cortical hypertrophy and the weight gain of the adrenals of the animale, these workers toum that the - 3- basophilie anteromedian sections contained much more ACTH than the acidophilic posterolateral wing•. These claims were soon counterbalanced by the work of Finerty and Briseno-Castrejon (34), who adrenalectomized rats unilaterally and found a marked increaee in the percentage of acidophilic cella and an accentuation of this increase when the animale were subjected to cold stress. These changes were to them indications of the secret- ion of ACTH by the acidophile. In 1951, Halmi and Bogdanove (35), convinced tbat the probleœ of ACTH secretion could not be aolved by cytological meana, decided that a comparieon of the histological picture and the hormonal con- tent of the gland atforded a more promiaing approach to the problem. They therefore used thyroidectomized rats, in whom'- a rapidly pro- gressing hyperplasia and vacuolation of delta 1 cella, degranulation and disappearance of beta cella and an almost complete absence of acid- ophils resulted. The ACTH content of the experimental glands, compared to normals by the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion method, bad decreased but very slightly. Halmi and Bogdanove therefore coneluded that his- tological changes in the acidophils or beta basophile were indepehdent of the ACTH of the gland. Similar experimente, with very similar re- sults, on castrated and estrogen treated rats led them to the same incoaclusive answer wi.th regard to the delta basophile (37). However, wi.th somewhat similar method.s, Tuchmann-Duplessia (3S, 39) concluded from her experimenta that the basopbils secrete ACTH. After bilateral adrenaleet~, sbe attributed the reduced aize, lesa of granulation and the atrophied Golgi apparatua of the basophil cella 1 delta and beta cella of the anterior pituitary are subclasses of the basophil cella: Ha.l.mi (36), Purves and Griesbach (16). - 4 - to an increased excretory activity of these cella; at the same time, assayed by the increase in weight in the adrenals of hypophysect6mized. rats (Simpson "repair test") (40), the ACTK content of pituitaries of these animals had appreciably decreased. Corticosteroid administrat- ion-deoxycorticosterone, cortisone, 11-desoxy-17 hydroxycorticosterone- produced the following changes: increase in the size, number, granulat- ion and vacuolization of the basophils, increased ACTH content of the glands, and atrophy of the adrenal cortex. Treatœent with estrogens gave opposite resulta: first the basophils showed increased activity as evidenced by increase in number and size, followed rapidly by a ' marked degranulation to result in chramophobic cella. stimultaneously, the adrenal cortex was extremely stimulated and the ACTH potency of the pituitaries fell markedly. These facts led to the conclusion that ACTH was elaborated in, stored in and secreted by the anterior pit- uitary basophile. Marshall (41), assuming that ACTH might occur in the pituitary gland and in certain hormon• preparations as a potentially antigenic protein, applied to the problem the immunochemical method of Coons and al. (42) by which it is possible 11 to localize foreign antigens in tissues by using fluorescent antibody sQlutions as specifie histo- chemical reagents11 • Marshall injected purified hog ACTH into
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