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Stlčka Slla Nastojala Da Flzlčkl Istrgne /Z Tela Mog Rodnog Grada DuŠan JELIĆ KRATAK PREGLED ISTORIJE SUBOTICKIH JEVREJA I NJIHOVOG DOPRINOSA RAZVOJU GRADA Ovo delo posvećujem subotlčklm Jevrejlma koje je okrutna faši- stlčka slla nastojala da flzlčkl Istrgne /z tela mog rodnog grada. Medutlm, ta slla je blla nemoćna pred njlhovlm stvaralačklm duhom koji žlvl kroz nlegov neprekldan materljalnl I kulturnl us- pon, I kojl će trajatl dok žlvl moj grad. Autor Ne možete unlStltl kulturu tako lako kao Sto možete unlStltl čoveka. Isak BaSevlc Slnger UVODNE NAPOMENE DO DANAS nije napisana nljedna celovlta istorlja subotičkih Jevreja. Ova mono- graflja je skraćena verzija mnogo opšlrriijeg dela koje je u rukoplsu, a nosi naslov Prllog za Jzučavanje subotlčklh Jevreja I njlhovog doprlnosa razvoju grada. 0 su- botičklm Jevrejlma plsanl su isključlvo necelovltl-, fragmentarn! I usko tematskl delovi iz opsežne, svestrane I njihove srazmerno duge delatnostl I života. 1. U velikoj dvotomnoj IstorlJI Subotice' Ištvana Ivanjlja štampana su poglavlja: Jevrejski narod (Zsidok nćpesćge), Crkvena opština (Hitkozsćg) I Jevrejska škola (A zsldoiskola). U Istom delu se još na nekollko mesta pominju Jevreji u okviru ostalih tematsklh poglavlja. 2. Dr Imre Vldor Je naplsao Jednu, po svemu sudećl kraću verziju istorije subo- tičklh Jevreja (sada Izgubljenu) čtjl su pojedlni delovl objavljeni u Mađarsko-fev- rejskom lekslkonu* I subotlčkom jevrejskom llstu »Szombat« (br. 21-22/1925), kao i »Jevrejskom almanahu«, IV,® a možda I još negde. 3. Laslo Flšer je 1955—56. godlne41 2* objavio u »Jevrejskom almanahu« kraći pregled »Jevrejstvo Bačke« u kome se u stvarl razmatra Istorija subotičkih Jevreja. 1 latvdn Iv6nyl, Szabadka szabad klrđ!yl vđroa tdrtdnete (Istorl/o slobodnog kraljovakog grada Subotlce), ] tom, Subotlca 1886; II tom, Subotlca 1892. 2 Magyar zaldđ lekalkon, Izd. Zslđć lokalkon, Budapest 1929. 9 »Jevrejskl almanah«, IV godl&te. 1928-29, Vr&ao 1928, »Osnlvanje subottCke JevreJato opftlne., 71—75. 4 »Jevrejskl almanah«, 1955—56, Izdanje SJOJ Beograd, 86-96. 2 0. Jelić 4. Mirko Sekelj-Eči je takođe u istom »Almanahu« objavio prilog pod naslovom »Učešće subotičke jevrejske omladlne u borbi protiv okupatora«.6 5.1 na kraju, u Zborniku 3 Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja u Beogradu izišla je op- šima monografija ovog autora Prilog izučavanju učešća bačkih Jevreja u NOR-u naroda Jugoslavije, u kojoj se u određenom opsegu govori o odgovarajućim poli- tičkim i revoluoipnamim aktivnostimasubotičkih Jevreja.6 Pri konstruisanju ovog više nego složenog istorijskog mozaika o subotičkim Jev- rejima, mnogi dobronamemi pnegaoci su mi svesrdno i svestrano pomagali da bih se lakše i brže-snašao u obimnoj i često nesagiedivoj građi, pa im na ovaj način izražavam duboku zahvalriost Međutim, po svom dubokom uverenju ostao bih dužnik ukoliko rie bih posebno . istakao izvesne pojedince koji poput duhovnih stu- bova podupiru ovo pozamašno ostvarenje. To se pre svih odnosi na profesora dra Andriju Gamsa koji je uvek podsticajno delovao na mene kako bi se moja intknna preokupacija preobrazila u stvaralački napor i odgovarajući kreativan izraz. Dalje se zahvaljujem Stevanu Sentderdlju, naučnom savetniku Gradske biblioteke u Subotici, koji me je svojlm'studibžhim pozriavanjem ove problematike nesebično usmeravao prema mnogobrojmm izvorima istori’jske građe, kao i drugim znalcima iz ove oblasti. 3a zahvalnošću se sećam i neseblčne pomoći koju mi je ukazivao sada već pokojni novkiar i publicist Tibor Koloži. On mi je pružio na uvid, tada još u rukopisu, svoju dvotomnu Istoriju subotičke štampe,7 izvanredno bogatu infor- macijama. Posebno. sam zahvalan i Gašparu Ulmeru, bivšem stručnom saradniku lstorijskog arhiva Subotice, koji mi je nesebično davao na korišćenje svoje tokom dugo- godišnjeg skižbovanja prikuplijene i neobjavijene rukopise iz istorJje subotičke privrede. Zahvaljujem se i oštalim saradrricima Istorijskog arhiva Subotice koji su samoinicijativno pronalažlli i davali mi na korišćenje neophodnu istorijsku građu. Blagodaransam i Eugenu Verberu, svestranom naučnom radniku, piscu i hebrelstt, kojimi je pomagao da. se snađem umnogobrojnim složenim pitanjima judaistike. Š posebnom zahvalnošću odajem priznanje plodotvonnoj saradnji na ovom pozamašnom projektu koju su mi pružali saradnici Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja u Beogradu na čelu s prof. drom Vidosavom Nedomački, kao i zalaganju i saradnji Mirka Vajcenfelda, predsednika Subotlčke jevrejske opštine. Pošto je pročitao prvu. verziju ovog rukoplsa, dr Josip Presburger, penzionisani generalni konzul Jugoslavije u Njujonku, dao.mi je vellki broj novih i dragocenih podataka i tako upotpunio ovaij tekst, zbog čega sam mu posebno zahvalan. ’ Isto, 117—122. • Jevrejskl IstorlJsJd muzej, Beograd, Zborftik 3, 1975, DuSan Jellć, Prllog za Izučavanje bačkih Jevreja u NOR-u narođa Jugoalavlje. 55—222. 7 Tibor Kolozsl Szabadkal aajtč (Subotlčka. Stampa), .1 tom (1848—1919), Subotlca 1973: II tom (1919—1945), Novl 8ad 1979. D. Jelić 3 OPŠTE PRILIKE U VREME NASEUAVANJA JEVREJA U SEVERNOJ BAČKOJ Jevreji u Bačkoj Pobeda Eugena Savojskog nad Turcima kod Sente 1697, pored drugih istorijskih posledica značila Je I prekretnlcu u istoriji jevrejskih seoba i kretanja na ovom južnom panonskom području u jugoistočnoj Evropi. Posle ovog istorijskog događaja javill su se prvi znaci organizovanog života jevrejsklh zajednica na tom prostoru. U pogledu jevrejske prisutnosti u Evropl, bački Jevreji su relativno mlada zajed- nica, ali je ona u odnosu na Jevreje naseljene u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji ipak nešto starija. Oni su pretežno stizali tokom XVIII veka kao torbari sa severa, Iz češke, Moravske, današnje Slovačke, iz Burgenlanda, severne i zapadne Mađarske.8 Po- što su se izgubllii tragovl ranijih, svakako ne I znatnijih zajednica Jevreja koji su bili naseljeni u ovim delovima Bačke za vreme Turaka, započelo je njihovo poste- peno prodiranje i u ove krajeve. Doduše nema pouzdanlh podataka koliko je Jev- reja bilo u bačkim naseljima 1712. prilikom prvog popisa stanovništva, ali je ne-. sumnjivo da su tada popisane I neke jevrejske porodice. U drugom poplsu sta- novništva koje je izvršeno 1736. zabeleženo je da postoje stalno nastanjeni Je- vreji u trl opštine: u Sivcu jedno domaćinstvo, u Baji šest, u Novom Sadu pet- naest.9 Navedeni događaji su vezani za doba vladavine austrijskog cara Leopolda / (1664—1705), zatim Marlje Terezlje (1717—1780) i njenog sina Josipa II (1741—1790), koje obeležava stalno pogoršanje opštih prllika kod Jevreja, što znači i u pogledu materijalnog položaja I u svemu ostalom. Korlšćeni su svi na- čini da im se onemogući pnivređivanje. između ostalog, prilikom proputovanja kroz razna mesta na raskršćima nije im dozvoljeno da prenoće čak ni jednu jedinu: noć. Kraljevskim naređenjem bilo Im je zabranjeno da iznajmljuju pravo na naplatu carina. Da bl se nadoknadili ogromni troškovi koje 'je izlskivalo vođenje sedmogo- dišnjeg rata (1756—1763), a s obzlrom na to da Im nlje blo priznat status građan- stva, niti su užlvall građanska prava, Marija Terezlja ih je opteretila tzv. Porezom trpeljivostli (7axa Judeorum ili Toleranzteuer). Ovaj vanredni porez je u početku bio razrezan na ukupan iznos od 20.000 forlnti, a potom je razrezivan na sve Jevreje u carevini. Međutim, porez je već tokom sledećih deset godina povećan na Iznos od 30.000 forlnti, da bi posle deset sledećlh godlna opet blo povećan na 50.000 forinti. Na kraju je jevrejstvo, uprkos svim uloženim naporima, bilo ne- sposobno da Izvršava sve ove obaveze.10 8 To Je dobrlm delom bllo uslovlleno I odredbama austrljskog zakona »Famlllataten Gesetz« kojl Je vailo sve do emanclpaclje; sadržavao Je klauzule koje su ogranlSavale prlrodnl prlraštaj Jevreja; nalme, eamo Je prvorođenl sln mogao osnovatl porodlcu u rodnom kraju, dok su ostall blll prinuđenl da se Isele posle zonldbe. 9 Navedenl podacl su reglstrovanl u tzv. Zblrcl dokumenata »Rudolf Smlt« koja se nalazl u Vojvođanskom arhlvu u Srem. Karlovclma; dokumenta se Izvomo I nereglstrovana nalaze u Jevrejskom Istorijskom muzeju u Beogradu (dalje: JIM). 10 Simon Dubnov, A zsldosdg tGrtđnete az ćkortol napjalnk, Budapest; fOggelćk A zsldosdg tdrtđneto Magyar- orszdgon (Istorlja Jevrefa od davnlna do danas, dodatak Istorlja Jevreja u Mađarskoj), 340. 4 D. Jelić U međuvremenu, po sklapanju mlra u Sremskim Karlovcima 1699, Petrovaradin i Novi Sad su postali važni vojni punktovi u kojima su bile smeštene jake jedinice • austrijske vojske. 0 snabdevanju ove vojske oružjem, municijom, konjima, Ijud- skom i stoonom -hranom brinuli su se najčešće jevrejski vojni snabdevači. Doc- n’rje, kad je Petrovaradinska tvrđava izgubHa od svog strateškog značaja, Jevreji su se sve više usmeravali prema severnoj Bačkoj i Subotici, te njenoj neposrednoj okolini u kojoj su postepeno razvili središte trgovine žitaricama i drugim, uglav- nom poijoprivredno-stočarskim proizvodlma. Tako su kroz duge decenrje ostvarili vodeću ulogu na tom planu.11 Položaj Subotice u vreme pred naseljavanje Jevreja SUbotica je smeštena na mestu gde se račva tzv. Telečka visoravan i odatle za- tvara sve pristupne i strateške pravce Između ii unutar gornjeg i donjeg dela me- đurečja Dunav-Ttea. Dunav je od grada udaPjen oko 60 km kod Baje, a Tisa 30—40 km na odseku Kanjižsh-Senta. Teritdrija grada prostirala se u to vreme na 166.077 katastarskih jutara, odnosno 90.446 ha (Segedin 141.776 kj, Novi Sad 27.712 kj, Sombor 53.577 kj, Senta 64.832 fcj, itd.j, kojlma je obuhvatano neposredno gradsko područje, te okolne i pretežno nenaseljene pustare: Tompa, Kelebija, šebešić, Ludaš, Verušić, Tavankut, Bajmok, Đurđin, Žedrtik, Vamtelep (Mala
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