Post-Soviet States Two Decades of Transition & Transformation Post-Soviet States Two Decades of Transition & Transformation Editors Ajay Patnaik Tulsiram KNOWLEDGE WORLD KW Publishers Pvt Ltd New Delhi 2011 BEST PUBLISHERS AWARD (ENGLISH) KNOWLEDGE WORLD KW Publishers Pvt Ltd 4676/21, First Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002 Email: [email protected] Tel.: +91.11.23263498/43528107 www.kwpub.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing. ISBN 978-93-81904-20-6 © 2012, Ajay Patnaik and Tulsiram Published by Kalpana Shukla, KW Publishers Pvt Ltd 4676/21, First Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002 Printed and bound in India Contents Contributors ix Introduction xiii Section I Understanding Transition and Transformation in Post-Soviet States 1. Continuity and Change in Russia 3 James V. Wertsch 2 Transition to Uncertainty: The Dynamics of Post-Communist Politics 15 R.R. Sharma 3. Transforming the Post-Soviet Space: Customs Union and Eurasian Integration 23 Ajay Patnaik 4. Models in Transition: The Turkish Model and Central Asia Twenty Years After 31 Anita Sengupta 5. The Russian Perspective of Post-Soviet Transformation: Some Dimensions and Problems 51 A.K. Alikberov Section II Economic and Political Transformation 1. Energy and Economy of Russia 61 R.G.Gidadhubli 2. Republic of Belarus: Economic Transition and Transformation 71 Viachaslau Menkouski 3 What are the effects of 2007-09 Global Economic Crises on Turkmenistan’s Economy 77 Sofiya Yuvshanova vi POST-SOVIET states: TWO DECADES OF TRANSITION & TRANSFOrmatiON 4. Foreign Investments in The Economic Development of Tajikistan 87 Gafur Rasulov 5. Globalisation and Labour Mobility in Uzbekistan: A Study in Changes and Challenges 97 Tareq Ahmad Rather 6. Uzbekistan: Impediments in Democratic Transition 105 Tabasum Firdous Section III Nation and State-Building 1. Unification of the Mongolian Historic and Cultural Community in the Context of Post-Soviet Political Reality 115 M. Baldano and V. Mitpov 2. Ethnicity and Culture in Contemporary Crimea 127 Preeti D. Das 3. Human Resource Management System in Oil and Gas Industry of Kazakhstan 135 Senymgul Dossova 4. Historical Memory and State-Building in Ukraine 151 Lesia Parno 5. National Identity and Culture-Ideological Aspects of Integration in Central Asian Region 161 Kamilla Sheryazdanova 6. From ‘Militia’ to Police in Russia: Overcome Crisis of Civil Distrust 169 Yacov Samodelkin 7. Newspeak of Post-Soviet Time: Grammar and Politics 173 Lilia Katseva Section IV Society, Culture and Identity 1. Andrei Volos and Hurramabad: The Dynamics of Russian-Tajik Relations 181 Rashmi Doraiswamy CONTENTS vii 2. Urban-Rural Relations in the Transition Period: The Case of an Animal Bazaar in Kyrgyzstan 189 İlhan Şahin 3 Two Decades of Transformation in Higher Education System of Kazakhstan 201 Bek-Ali Yerzhan 4 Siberia and Far East Facing Economic Migrants: The Outcomes of the First Decade of the 21st Century 207 Natalia Ablazhey 5. Roerich Movement in Post-Sovet Epoch: Problems and Dynamics of Development 213 Natalia R. Kravchenko and Vladimir Zaitsev 1 6. Literature and Problems of National Independence of Post-Soviet Era 219 Alexander Katsev Section V Changing Geopolitics of Eurasia: Strategic Dimensions 1. Kyrgyzstan Between Mistakes and Misfortune 225 P. L. Dash 2. The Potential and Problems of Caucasia 237 Bariş Doster 3 Oil and Gas Factor in the Foreign Policy of Kazakhstan 247 N. Aldabek and K. Gabdullin 4 Energy and Democracy: What role for the EU in Central Asia? 257 Vanessa Boas 5 Geopolitics of the Caspian Sea in the Civilisational Dimension: The Factor of Religion (Buddhism) 271 Baatr U. Kitinov Section VI Neighbours and External Relations 1 Turkey-Russian Relations in the Post-Soviet Era: Opportunities and Obstacles 285 Cüneyt Akalın viii POST-SOVIET states: TWO DECADES OF TRANSITION & TRANSFOrmatiON 2 Cross-Border Cooperation of Russia and Kazakhstan: Problem Area and/or Bridge to the Common Future? 299 Evgeny Vodichev 3 Transformation of Central Asia and the European Union Relations 307 Mirzokhid Rakhimov 4 The Main Directions of Foreign Policy of Kazakhistan 321 Saniya Nurdavletova 5 Azerbaijan-India Relations: History and Modernity 333 Aliyev Bahman Fazil n Contributors Prof. James V. Wertsch Marshall S. Snow Professor in Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA Prof. R.R. Sharma Former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Jammu, and former Dean of School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) Prof. Ajay Patnaik Professor and current Chairperson, Centre for Russian & Central Asian Studies, (CRCAS), School of International Studies, JNU, New Delhi Dr. Anita Sengupta Fellow, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Institute of Asian Studies, Kolkata Dr. Alikber Alikberov Head, Central Eurasian Research Centre (CERC), Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Prof. R.G.Gidadhubli Adjunct Professor, Centre for Central Eurasian Studies, University of Mumbai Prof. Viachaslau Menkouski Department of History, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus Sofiya Yuvshanova, Census Manager, UNFPA/UNICEF/UNHCR, Turkmenistan, Ashgabat Dr. Gafur RASULOV Deputy Head of Main Department - Head of Department of the development of industries and an infrastructure sectors of the Ministry of economic development and trade of the Republic of Tajikistan Dr. Tareak Ahmad Rather Sr. Assistant Professor, Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir, Srinagar x POST-SOVIET states: TWO DECADES OF TRANSITION & TRANSFOrmatiON Dr Tabasum Firdous Sr. Assistant Professor, Center of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir, Srinagar Prof. Marina Baldano Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan Ude, Buryat Republic, Russian Federation Victor Mitypov Consultant, Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Buryatia, Ulan Ude, Russian Federation Dr. Preeti D. Das Assistant Professor, Centre for Russian &Central Asian Studies (CRCAS), JNU Senymgul Dossova Senior lecturer, Faculty of Oriental Studies, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Lesia Parno Junior research fellow, Situation Modeling Agency, Kieven region, Ukraine Dr. Kamilla Sheryazdanova Assistant professor of the External Policy and Diplomacy Department, Institute of Diplomacy, Academy of Public Administration under the President of Kazakhstan, Astana Dr. Yakov Samodelkin Chief of research group in NGO “ The Centre for human and political technologies” in Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk region, Russia Lilia Katseva teaches at Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Prof. Rashmi Doraiswamy Professor, Academy of International Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi Prof. Ilhan Shahin Professor, Faculty of Letters, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Dr. Bek-Ali Yerzhan Senior lecturer, Informational Technologies University, Almaty, Kazakhstan AUTHOR BIO xi Prof. Natalia Ablazhey Dean, Department of Journalism, Novosibirsk State National Research University, Russia Natalie Romanoff Kravchenko Research scholars at the National Museum, New Delhi Vladimir Zaitsev Research scholars at the National Museum, New Delhi Prof. Alexander Katsev teaches at Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Prof. P. L. Dash Former Director Central Eurasian Area Studies Programme, University of Mumbai Dr. Baris Doster Associate Professor, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof. Nurzhamal A. Aldabek Professor and Vice-rector of Kazakh State Woman University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kenzhebek Gabdullin Lecturer, Faculty of Oriental studies, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Vanessa Boas Research Scholar, University of Cologne, Universität zu Köln, Jean Monnet Lehrstuhl, Germany Dr. Baatr U. Kitinov Associate Professor, Department of the World History, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (PFUR), Moscow, Russia Dr. Eyup Cüneyt Akalýn Marmara University, Faculty of Communications, Istanbul, Turkey Prof. Evgeny Vodichev Chief Researcher and a Head of the Centre for Analysis and Expertise, Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch. xii POST-SOVIET states: TWO DECADES OF TRANSITION & TRANSFOrmatiON Dr. Mirzokhid Rahimov Head of Department, Contemporary history and international studies, Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Saniya Nurdavletova Lecturer of International Relations Department, Kazakh National University named al-Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan Dr. Aliyev Bahman Fazil Lecturer at the Regional Studies Department, Azerbaijan University of Languages, Baku, Azerbaijan n Introduction Ajay Patnaik and Tulsiram Since their independence in 1991, the former Soviet Republics have gone through difficult transition processes to achieve cultural, economical and political transformations. Diverse internal dynamics have produced diverse outcomes for the countries and peoples of the former Soviet space. While there are different results of transition, there are also similarities due to many common concerns and expectations. The Eurasian region’s geopolitical context has also changed dramatically with greater diversity. There are a number of factors and actors pulling these countries in different directions, making the geopolitical diversity even more