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All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Theories of Noblesse Oblige in Carolingian Francia

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All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Theories of Noblesse Oblige in Carolingian Francia University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2018 ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD: THEORIES OF NOBLESSE OBLIGE IN CAROLINGIAN FRANCIA Megan R. Perry University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0059-9012 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2018.336 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Perry, Megan R., "ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD: THEORIES OF NOBLESSE OBLIGE IN CAROLINGIAN FRANCIA" (2018). Theses and Dissertations--History. 54. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/54 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Megan R. Perry, Student Dr. Abigail Firey, Major Professor Dr. David Hamilton, Director of Graduate Studies ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD: THEORIES OF NOBLESSE OBLIGE IN CAROLINGIAN FRANCIA ___________________________________________ THESIS ___________________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Megan R. Perry Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Abigail Firey, Professor of History Lexington, Kentucky 2018 Copyright Megan R. Perry 2018 ABSTRACT OF THESIS ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD: THEORIES OF NOBLESSE OBLIGE IN CAROLINGIAN FRANCIA This thesis argues that conceptions of commerce in the Carolingian era were intertwined with the discourse of ethics, and that concepts of the Carolingian ‘economy’ may be profitably illuminated by consideration of pre-modern ethical and social categories. I explore a pre-modern pattern of personhood that framed persons in terms of political rôles, and exchange in terms of the interactions of those rôles. In moral letters addressed to counts and kings, ethical counsel about greed for each lay rôle was grounded in particular geographic spaces and historical moments, creating a rich valence of specific meanings for greed and charity. I examine letters in which Paulinus of Aquileia, Alcuin of York, Jonas of Orléans, and Dhuoda of Uzés treated the greed of counts, and those in which Smaragdus of St. Mihiel, Sedulius Scottus, and Hincmar of Rheims treated that of kings. In each letter’s definition of greed are found interactions with specific elements exchanged, and correlative meanings of greed far from limited to the ‘love of silver’, but also not wholly vague and spiritualized. Greed and largesse constituted the language in which Carolingian writers discussed economic exploitation, tyranny, plunder, investment, credit, and noblesse oblige. KEYWORDS: Economy, greed, individual, Carolingian Francia, moral instruction, nobility. _______Megan R. Perry______ ________July 4, 2018 ______ ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD: THEORIES OF NOBLESSE OBLIGE IN CAROLINGIAN FRANCIA By Megan R. Perry ______Dr. Abigail Firey______ Director of Thesis ______Dr. David Hamilton____ Director of Graduate Studies _________July 4, 2018_______ Date For Jackson οὐ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ γε κρεῖσσον καὶ ἄρειον, ἢ ὅθ᾽ ὁμοφρονέοντε νοήμασιν οἶκον ἔχητον ἀνὴρ ἠδὲ γυνή: πόλλ᾽ ἄλγεα δυσμενέεσσι, χάρματα δ᾽ εὐμενέτῃσι, μάλιστα δέ τ᾽ ἔκλυον αὐτοί. -Homer, Odyssey VI.182-85 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The thesis that follows would not have emerged in its current form without the scholarly largesse of three outstanding mentors. To Professor Abigail Firey, my advisor and the chair of my committee, I owe the greatest debt of gratitude: her inspiring conversation and her keen eye for formal elegance and wholeness at all levels has shaped this work profoundly. For her excellent instruction—which moved me from the world of large abstractions into the particularities of time and space within Carolingian Europe— as she read and re-read my drafts and seminar papers, I will always be tremendously thankful. Professor Matthew Giancarlo’s sterling training in Middle English literature and penitential texts, with particular attention toward the intersections of political and religious discourse, has greatly influenced my methods in engaging the Carolingian world, and will undoubtedly continue to inspire future inquiry. Professor Daniel Gargola’s research seminar challenging the transcendence of the dichotomy between ‘individual and community’ was transformative and acutely influential on this project: the methodological framework articulated in the first chapter stems from these roots. I count myself hugely fortunate to have received the mentorship of these three scholars during the thesis process and their support in my wider tenure here at UK. Any errors that remain are certainly my own. Dear friends and dynamic interlocutors in Lexington have shaped my thoughts in more subtle ways with their conversation and wonderful good humor. My thanks go especially to Christine, Daniel, Jacob, and Mel for the gift of their attentiveness to questions I raised, and for grounding me in laughter and shared meals. I am also intensely grateful for the love and support of my family during this process, especially that of my iii parents, who, much to my surprise, never tired of hearing about the drama of Carolingian political exchanges. And finally, the greatest personal thanks are owed to my husband Jackson, to whom this work is dedicated. Bearing nobly with the vicissitudes of the writing process, he has been a source of unceasing support and encouragement. For a better academic partner, spouse, and friend I could not have asked. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………..………….…………...……………………………......iii List of Figures……………..………….…………………………………………….…….vi Chapter One: Introduction and Historiography…………………………………….….. …1 Chapter Two: The Carolingian Intellectual Inheritance Regarding Greed…………...….29 Chapter Three: The Greedy Count and Noblesse Oblige in Läienspiegel Part 1: Before 800……………………………………………………...………48 Part 2: After 800…......……………………………………………………...….81 Chapter Four: The Greedy King and Noblesse Oblige Part 1: Before 814…………………………………..…………………….….108 Part 2: After 814………………………………….………………………..…134 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………..179 Appendix: Comparison Between the Reims MSS of the Moralia and the DCV.………185 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………....193 Vita………………………………………………...…………………………………....211 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Reims, Bibliothèque municipale, 101, f.125v....………….……….…………163 Figure 2: Reims, Bibliothèque municipale, 101, f.123v....………..………….…….…..164 Figure 3: Reims, Bibliothèque municipale, 101, f.104v…….…………………….……170 vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORIOGRAPHY The lure of the shiny, the valuable—possibly but not necessarily synonymous with the beautiful—and of money’s power to fulfill desires, has generated profuse moral writing in the Classical and Medieval West. Some material is not immediately compelling as profound engagement with the dilemmas of unlimited human desire, sounding rather more dyspeptic than measuredly deliberate. Nonetheless, medievalists have found in avarice, as Conrad Leyser has observed, “a door to pass from the world of moral discourse to that of social relations.”1 The extent to which moral discourse is regarded as a viable source for understanding ‘economy’, however, has not been so clearly accepted. On the one hand, important clues about mercantile activity, commerce, and credit are embedded in heavily moralized language. On the other, one must ask whether those clues reflect realities or only the perceptions of the literate ecclesiastical elites. In response to this dilemma, two major historiographical streams have developed around early medieval economic exchange. The first treats the early medieval economy as an impersonal system from the perspective of formal scientific economics, to greater or lesser extent in search of its relation to the structure of
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