Franco E Mussolini
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Hungarian Studies Review, Vol
Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLIII, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2016) Essays: (relating to North American themes) Greg Donaghy Éva Petrás Susan Glanz Nándor Dreisziger (relating to Hungary and neighbouring states) Béla Bodó Gergely Kunt Oszkár Roginer Also: Book reviews Forthcoming essays and reviews by Joseph Imre Zotán Fejős Anna Menyhért Nóra Deák* Ágnes Széchenyi* Howard Lupovitch* *tentative Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLIII, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2016) CONTENTS North America: “A Perennial Problem”: Canadian Relations with Hungary, 1945-65 GREG DONAGHY ……………………………………...……… 5 Escape into Emigration: Christian democratic social welfare politician Béla Kovrig and the Hungarian State Security, 1946-1948 ÉVA PETRÁS …………………………………………….…… 23 Nicholas L. Deak, the Hungarian “James Bond of the world of money” SUSAN GLANZ ………………………………………………. 39 The Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Roman Catholic Parish of Toronto: Nine Decades of Evolution NÁNDOR DREISZIGER …………………………………...… 59 East Central Europe: Caught between Independence and Irredentism: The “Jewish Question” in the Foreign Policy of the Kállay Government, 1942-1944 BÉLA BODÓ ………………………………………………….. 83 Ágnes Zsolt’s Authorship of her Daughter Éva Heyman’s Holocaust Diary GERGELY KUNT ………………………………………….... 127 Identity Shift in the Literature of Vojvodina’s Hungarian Community, 1992-2010 OSZKÁR ROGINER ……………………….……………...… 155 Contents (continued): Book Reviews Marius Turda, Eugenics and Nation in Early 20th Century Hungary. Reviewed by Boglárka Kiss ………………………………….. 183 H. David Baer, The Struggle of Hungarian Lutherans under Communism. Reviewed by Nándor Dreisziger ………………………...… 186 Books received ……………………………………………..………… 190 Our Contributors ……………………………………………………… 191 Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLIII, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2016) “A Perennial Problem”: Canadian Relations with Hungary, 1945-65 Greg Donaghy1 2014-15 marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of Canadian- Hungarian diplomatic relations. -
A British Reflection: the Relationship Between Dante's Comedy and The
A British Reflection: the Relationship between Dante’s Comedy and the Italian Fascist Movement and Regime during the 1920s and 1930s with references to the Risorgimento. Keon Esky A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. University of Sydney 2016 KEON ESKY Fig. 1 Raffaello Sanzio, ‘La Disputa’ (detail) 1510-11, Fresco - Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican. KEON ESKY ii I dedicate this thesis to my late father who would have wanted me to embark on such a journey, and to my partner who with patience and love has never stopped believing that I could do it. KEON ESKY iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis owes a debt of gratitude to many people in many different countries, and indeed continents. They have all contributed in various measures to the completion of this endeavour. However, this study is deeply indebted first and foremost to my supervisor Dr. Francesco Borghesi. Without his assistance throughout these many years, this thesis would not have been possible. For his support, patience, motivation, and vast knowledge I shall be forever thankful. He truly was my Virgil. Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank the whole Department of Italian Studies at the University of Sydney, who have patiently worked with me and assisted me when I needed it. My sincere thanks go to Dr. Rubino and the rest of the committees that in the years have formed the panel for the Annual Reviews for their insightful comments and encouragement, but equally for their firm questioning, which helped me widening the scope of my research and accept other perspectives. -
LA TOMA DEL PODER POR EL GENERAL FRANCO Eduard Roth
15 de septiembre de 2020 LA TOMA DEL PODER POR EL GENERAL FRANCO Eduard Roth 1 . 2 ´Indice 1. Introducci´on 5 2. El vuelo del Dragon Rapide 5 3. El paso del Estrecho 6 4. Pu˜nalada por la espalda a la Rep´ublica 7 5. Nombramiento de Franco como jefe del Estado 8 6. Primer gobierno del general Franco 10 7. Entrevista con Hitler en Hendaya 12 8. Apoyo internacional a Franco 14 9. Bibliograf´ıa 15 3 . 4 1. Introducci´on En este breve art´ıculo tratamos de resumir los hitos principales que de- terminaron la toma del poder en Espa˜na por el general Francisco Franco Bahamonde (1892-1975) y damos algunas claves de por qu´ese mantuvo en el poder de forma tan longeva (1936-1975), casi 40 a˜nos. Para resumir, diremos que Franco tom´oel poder y se mantuvo en ´el gracias a sus apo- yos internacionales: los ingleses y los nazi-fascistas entre 1936 y 1939, y los estadounidenses desde 1950 hasta su fallecimiento en 1975. Este apoyo, de- cidido y sin fisuras, contrasta con el apoyo obtenido por sus adversarios, los partidos republicanos y el partido comunista, que solo lograron apoyo, y de forma intermitente, de la Uni´on Sovi´etica, entre 1936 y 1939. Se llega as´ıa la paradoja de que estados democr´aticos como Inglaterra o los Esta- dos Unidos prefirieran en Espa˜na un estado apadrinado por nazi-fascistas a un estado democr´atico. La raz´on era sin duda el miedo que desataban los partidos comunistas, tanto durante la Guerra Civil como despu´es de ella, du- rante la Guerra Fr´ıa. -
Dall'internazionale a Fischia Il Vento a Niguarda.Pdf Definitivo.Pdf
Collana Il Cormorano 37 1 TUTTI I DIRITTI RISERVATI ĈIUJ RAJTOJ REZERVITAJ 2011 ISBN 978-88-96028-61-2 © Edizioni Eva Via Annunziata Lunga 29 I 86079 Venafro (IS) Tel. e fax 0865.90.99.50 www.edizionieva.com [email protected] 2 Antonio Masi Dall’Internazionale a Fischia il vento a Niguarda L’insurrezione popolare del 24 aprile e l’impegno per la Costituzione Collaborazione e ricerche di Michele Michelino Introduzione di Roberto Cenati EDIZIONI EVA 3 Ringraziamenti Gli autori ringraziano Antonio Pizzinato, Presidente dell’ANPI della Regione Lombardia per i preziosi consigli e la cortese attenzione con cui ha seguito l’evolversi di questa ricerca; Roberto Cenati e Dante Reggi per la collaborazione in sede di ricerca negli archivi dell’ANPI. Gli Autori non dimenticano il sostegno morale di Renato Vercesi, Sa- muele Brivio, Enzo Piazza e Franco Tucci del Comitato di Sezione Martiri Niguardesi. Un grazie particolare al Presidente della sezione Alberto Codevilla, al vice Angelo Longhi e al tesoriere Silvio Rigoldi, impegnati concreta- mente nella pubblicazione di questo volume. ANTONIO MASI [email protected] MICHELE MICHELINO [email protected] 4 Prefazione Antonio Masi, nato e cresciuto a Venafro ma trasferito a Milano, nel quartiere Niguarda, da quasi cinquarant’anni ormai, ha – possia- mo dire – due patrie. Quando torna a Venafro, sembra non aver mai lasciato il Molise: conosce tutti e lo conoscono tutti, si integra ed è integrato, ma quando è a Niguarda è niguardese piú dei niguardesi di nascita. Due mondi che gli appartengono e dove si trova, nell’uno e nell’altro, a suo agio. -
Jordi Catalan Francoist Spain Under Nazi Economic Hegemony, 1936–1945
Jordi Catalan Francoist Spain under Nazi Economic Hegemony, 1936–1945 1. The Spanish economy, 1914–36: structural change, industrial break- through and political instability During the late decades of the Nineteenth century, the Spanish economy diverged from Western Europe. Maddison’s per capita GDP data suggests that Spain’s aver- age income in relation to Western Europe fell steadily: from 82 per cent in 1913 to 65 per cent in 1870 and 61 per cent in 19131. On the eve of World War One, its level of industrialization was very poor in comparative terms: only 14 per cent of the Spanish male workforce was employed in mining, manufacturing and con- struction, compared with a proportion of at least a third in early industrialized countries such as Britain, France or Germany. Spain also lagged significantly be- hind latecomers such as Italy (24 per cent), Hungary (19 per cent) or Norway (28 per cent). Analysing the first century of modern industrialization from a compara- tive perspective, it seems very difficult to deny the failure of the first industrial revolution in Spain2. The situation began to change in the early twentieth century. By 1930 the share of male labour in the Spanish industry had jumped to 25 per cent, a proportion close to those recorded in Italy (26 per cent), Hungary (26 per cent) and Norway (29 per cent) and notably higher than that in Portugal (19 per cent), the Republic of Ireland (17 per cent) and the Balkan countries (all below 17 per cent). The sharp increase in secondary activity indicates that the Spanish process of development experienced an industrial outburst between World War One and the 1930s3. -
Casanova, Julían, the Spanish Republic and Civil
This page intentionally left blank The Spanish Republic and Civil War The Spanish Civil War has gone down in history for the horrific violence that it generated. The climate of euphoria and hope that greeted the over- throw of the Spanish monarchy was utterly transformed just five years later by a cruel and destructive civil war. Here, Julián Casanova, one of Spain’s leading historians, offers a magisterial new account of this crit- ical period in Spanish history. He exposes the ways in which the Republic brought into the open simmering tensions between Catholics and hard- line anticlericalists, bosses and workers, Church and State, order and revolution. In 1936, these conflicts tipped over into the sacas, paseos and mass killings that are still passionately debated today. The book also explores the decisive role of the international instability of the 1930s in the duration and outcome of the conflict. Franco’s victory was in the end a victory for Hitler and Mussolini, and for dictatorship over democracy. julián casanova is Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Zaragoza, Spain. He is one of the leading experts on the Second Republic and the Spanish Civil War and has published widely in Spanish and in English. The Spanish Republic and Civil War Julián Casanova Translated by Martin Douch CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521493888 © Julián Casanova 2010 This publication is in copyright. -
El Fondo Documental De Juan Antonio Suanzes
Historia de un archivo particular: El fondo documental de Juan Antonio Suanzes. Elena Laruelo y Ana Sisniega Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI) Resumen Cuando se incorpora un fondo particular a un archivo, se normaliza su cesión mediante diferente tipos de acuerdos, en los cuales los herederos del creador del archivo suelen decidir las condiciones de su difusión y reproducción. La falta de diferenciación por parte del generador del archivo, entre la documentación personal y la producida en el ejercicio de sus actividades profesionales provoca desacuerdos y el peligro de caer en una cierta arbitrariedad a la hora de facilitar a la comunidad académica la utilización de estos fondos. La consideración del Archivo de Juan Antonio Suanzes, como “particular”, sufrió este proceso de desencuentro, lo cual ha motivado que la documentación original esté depositada en la Real Academia de la Historia y que se sigan generando ciertos problemas a la hora de su consulta. Abstract: When a new private archive is donated to an existing Archive, its donation is normalized through different written agreements, in which the heirs of the creator of the Archive usually decide upon the conditions for diffusion and reproduction. Archive creators tend to avoid the differentiation of personal and professional documents and this mixture gives birth to disagreements and causes the danger of arbitrariness in the decision of access to documents by the academic community. The classification of Juan Antonio Suanzes’ archive as “private” originated a debate of this type. For this reason the original documents are deposited at the Real Academia de la Historia and their access continues to be difficult. -
A Guide to Sources of Information on Foreign Investment in Spain 1780-1914 Teresa Tortella
A Guide to Sources of Information on Foreign Investment in Spain 1780-1914 Teresa Tortella A Guide to Sources of Information on Foreign Investment in Spain 1780-1914 Published for the Section of Business and Labour Archives of the International Council on Archives by the International Institute of Social History Amsterdam 2000 ISBN 90.6861.206.9 © Copyright 2000, Teresa Tortella and Stichting Beheer IISG All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar worden gemaakt door middel van druk, fotocopie, microfilm of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Stichting Beheer IISG Cruquiusweg 31 1019 AT Amsterdam Table of Contents Introduction – iii Acknowledgements – xxv Use of the Guide – xxvii List of Abbreviations – xxix Guide – 1 General Bibliography – 249 Index Conventions – 254 Name Index – 255 Place Index – 292 Subject Index – 301 Index of Archives – 306 Introduction The purpose of this Guide is to provide a better knowledge of archival collections containing records of foreign investment in Spain during the 19th century. Foreign in- vestment is an important area for the study of Spanish economic history and has always attracted a large number of historians from Spain and elsewhere. Many books have already been published, on legal, fiscal and political aspects of foreign investment. The subject has always been a topic for discussion, often passionate, mainly because of its political im- plications. -
Calendario Della Memoria 2018
2018 Calendario della Memoria “Radiose giornate” dell’aprile 1945. Partigiani in posa ricordo davanti alle loro prodezze. Piccola fascista con il viso imbrattato di vernice e la ‘M’ di Mussolini dipinta sulla fronte viene fatta marciare per la città da partigiani milanesi (da Istituto piemontese per la storia della Resistenza) 2018 Calendario della Memoria «Chi non conserva la memoria del passato, non avrà futuro» DISPERATA Ci dissero che eravamo dei cani rognosi, ci chiamarono servi senza onore, ci sputarono in faccia. Eravamo dei mercenari. Qualcuno fu crocefisso, altri giacque con le mani e i piedi scarnificati dal filo spinato, altri trovò nel fango sanguinoso il suo letto di morte. Eravamo dei mercenari e questa è la giusta mercede. Eravamo dei mercenari, dei cani rognosi vaganti in una notte profonda, nutriti di stolte chimere, ubriachi d'eternità. Eravamo dei bastardi. E questa fu la giusta mercede, uomini che ancora sognate. Ma forse qualcuno era un angelo, ma forse tutti erano angeli. E sulla terra vi sarà a lungo silenzio prima che una voce si levi dalle tenebre. Ci chiamarono servi senza onore, ci sputarono in faccia e ci crocefissero. Eravamo dei mercenari. Ma fino a che per l'ultima delle mercedi sarà dato, uomini, servire un sogno, eravamo degli angeli. Fino a che sarà dato morire per un sogno eravamo degli angeli, noi mercenari. Anche se ancora a lungo durerà il silenzio sulla terra, prima che una voce si levi dalle tenebre. da: Cesare Mazza "Poemi d'amore da bruciare" Edizioni Piazza Navona - Roma 1982 2018 Calendario -
An Autarkic Science: Physics, Culture, and Power in Franco's Spain
NE´ STOR HERRAN* AND XAVIER ROQUE´ ** An Autarkic Science: Physics, Culture, and Power in Franco’s Spain ABSTRACT We discuss the rise of modern physics in Spain during Francoism (1939–1975) within the context of culture, power, and the ongoing historical assessment of science during the dictatorship. Contrary to the idea that Francoist policy was indifferent if not hostile to modern science, and that ideology did not go deeper than the rhetorical surface, we discuss the ways in which the physical sciences took advantage of, and in turn were used by, the regime to promote international relations, further the autarkic economy, and ultimately generate power. In order to understand what physics meant within the National Catholic political order, we contrast the situation in the post–Civil War decades with the situation before the war. First we discuss how the war trans- formed the physicists’ community, molding it around certain key fields. We then turn to the work of right-wing ideologues and conservative scientists and philosophers, who stressed the spiritual dimension of the discipline and argued for the integration of science into the Christian scheme of the world. The cultural realignment of the discipline coincided with the institutional changes that harnessed physics to the military and economic needs of the autarkic state, which we discuss in the final section. To conclude, we reflect upon the demise of autarkic physics in the late 1960s and the overall implications of our argument with regard to the development of physics in Spain. *OSU Ecce Terra, Tour 46/00, Bureau 412, Case courrier FL 112, Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie; 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; [email protected]. -
Falange, Autarky and Crisis: the Barcelona General Strike of 1951
Articles 29/4 1/9/99 3:27 pm Page 543 Michael Richards Falange, Autarky and Crisis: The Barcelona General Strike of 1951 ‘Salta la liebre donde menos se piensa’1 Barcelona, in February and March 1951, saw the most signifi- cant wave of popular protest since the heyday of the city’s revolu- tion during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. Thousands of people from various social groups and of diverse political back- grounds or affiliation united in an escalating three-week series of protests against the exploitation and violence that had been imposed for eleven years by the Franco dictatorship. Initiated by a boycott of the city tram system, the movement culminated in a general strike in which some 300,000 workers took part, paralysing the city and shutting down production in the industrial centres.2 Within months of the Barcelona protests further strikes took place, both again in Barcelona and in other regions of Spain, principally, the urban centres. These events provide a glimpse of pent-up frustrations and suppressed identities under the dictator- ship: class consciousness, progressive Catalanism, civic soli- darity.3 Not until the mass demonstrations of 1976 which heralded the arrival of democracy in Spain, after forty years of Francoism, would popular unrest reach the level of 1951.4 It is unlikely that Franco’s regime was put in real danger. The massive apparatus of armed public control, which was, for reasons explored in this article, only briefly glimpsed in 1951, could not be more than inconvenienced by such a protest.5 Moreover, Francoism’s militant anti-communism meant that the regime was becoming a significant asset in the West’s Cold War struggle against the Soviet bloc, and was therefore supported and maintained particularly by the United States government.6 European History Quarterly Copyright © 1999 SAGE Publications, London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi, Vol. -
THE CONSULATE GENERAL from the UNIFICATION of ITALY to the PRESENT (By RICHARD N. JULIANI, Ph
The Consulate General of Italy in Philadelphia A Bridge between Two Cultures Richard N. Juliani, Ph.D. The history of the Consulate General of Italy in Philadelphia provides us with knowledge of the place of government agencies in the lives of Italians in an American city as well as a better understanding of diplomatic relations between Italy and the United States. From its early origins to today, it has not only served as an agency for commercial, scientific, scholarly and artistic programs, but also as an influence on the continued identity and cohesion of Italians and Italian Americans as a community. The PreUnification Period (1820-1859) Unification and the new Kingdom (1859-1880) The Era of Mass Immigration (1881-1921) The Darkness before the Dawn (1922-1945) The Present (1946-2012) The PreUnification Period (1820-1859) Even during the years prior to the founding of Italy as a unified and sovereign nation state, several of the various political domains of the peninsula sent or appointed representatives to represent their interests in the young United States. Beginning with Goffredo Deabbate in 1820, the Kingdom of Sardinia had a consular office in Philadelphia. Succeeded by Chevalier Ignazio Vincenzo Cavaradossy five years later, it was a relatively quiet period of diplomatic relations, perhaps made somewhat notable by the presence of Angelo Garibaldi, the brother of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the great military leader of later years, as Vice Consul. When Angelo Garibaldi died in 1835 in this city, his last will identified his friendship with Dominico Morelli, serving as the Consul General of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.