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Cs.E. Phd ÉRTEKEZÉS SZEGEDI TUDOMÁNYEGYETEM ÁLLAM - ÉS JOGTUDOMÁNYI DOKTORI ISKOLA Csatlós Erzsébet Az Arktisz nemzetközi jogi helyzete PhD értekezés Témavezet ık: Prof. Dr. Bodnár László Prof. Dr. Blutman László egyetemi tanár tanszékvezet ı egyetemi tanár Szeged, 2011 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK TARTALOMJEGYZÉK ............................................................................... 2 ÁBRÁK JEGYZÉKE .................................................................................... 8 RÖVIDÍTÉSEK JEGYZÉKE ....................................................................... 9 BEVEZETÉS .............................................................................................. 13 1. AZ ARKTISZ SAJÁTOSSÁGAI ÉS JELENT İSÉGE A NEMZETKÖZI JOGBAN .......................................................................... 15 1.1. Az Arktisz területe és annak nemzetközi jogban is releváns sajátosságai .................................................................................................. 15 1.2. A terület jelent ısége ............................................................................. 16 1.2.1. Gazdasági jelent ıség ..................................................................... 17 1.2.2. Hajózási útvonalak az Arktiszon .................................................. 17 1.2.3. Az Arktisz, mint stratégiai pont .................................................... 19 1.2.4. Az Arktisz és a klímaváltozás ....................................................... 22 1.3. Az Arktisz jogi helyzetével kapcsolatos problémák ............................ 25 2. AZ ARKTISZ TERÜLETÉNEK ÁLLAMI URALOM ALÁ VONÁSA: TERÜLETSZERZÉSI JOGCÍMEK ÉS PROBLÉMÁK ............................ 30 2.1. Az Arktisz felfedezése és megismerése érdekében tett els ı kísérletek 30 2.2. A szárazföldi Arktisz-területek állami uralom alá vonása ................... 31 2.2.1. A felfedezés, mint területszerzési jogcím ..................................... 31 2.2.2. Az okkupáció ................................................................................ 33 2.2.2.1. A foglalás csak illetékes állami szervek útján történhet .......... 34 2.2.2.2. Az elfoglalt területnek uratlannak (terra nullius) kell lennie ... 34 2.2.2.3. A foglalásnak ténylegesnek kell lennie .................................... 35 2.2.2.4. A foglalás tényét nyilvánosságra kell hozni ............................. 38 2.2.3. A sarkköri államok szárazföldi Arktisz-területe ........................... 38 2.2.3.1. Oroszország (Szovjetunió 1922-1991) ..................................... 39 2.2.3.2. Dánia ......................................................................................... 39 2.2.3.3. Norvégia ................................................................................... 40 2.2.3.4. Kanada ...................................................................................... 41 2.2.3.5. Az Egyesült Államok (Alaszka) ............................................... 43 2.3. Az „ismeretlen” állami uralom alá vonása: a szektorelmélet. Területszerzési jogcím? ............................................................................... 43 2.4. Az Arktisz-államok és a szektorelmélet............................................... 45 2.4.1. Kanada és a szektorelmélet ........................................................... 45 2.4.2. Oroszország és a szektorelmélet ................................................... 48 2.4.3. A szektorelméletet elutasító államok: Norvégia, Dánia és az USA ................................................................................................................. 54 2.5. A szektorelmélet nemzetközi jogi megítélése ...................................... 56 2 2.5.1. A szektorelmélet gyökerei ............................................................ 56 2.5.2. A szektorelmélet doktrinális háttere és helye a területszerzési jogcímek között ....................................................................................... 58 2.5.3. A földrajzi kontinuitás elmélete, a szektorelmélet napjainkban ... 63 3. A JÉG NEMZETKÖZI JOGI HELYZETE ............................................ 66 3.1. A jégformációk: elnevezés és jogi min ısítés ....................................... 66 3.2. A jégformációk jogi helyzete: az egyes kategóriák jogi min ısítésének lehet ıségei és problematikái ....................................................................... 69 3.2.1. A jéglemez, mint terra firma ......................................................... 69 3.2.2. A jégszigetek lehetséges jogi státusza .......................................... 72 3.2.2.1. A jégsziget, mint szárazföldi sziget .......................................... 72 3.2.2.2. A jégsziget, mint mesterséges sziget ........................................ 77 3.2.2.3. A jégsziget, mint hajó ............................................................... 79 3.3. Joghatóság a kutatóállomásként és gazdasági célból használt jégszigetek felett .......................................................................................... 82 3.3.1. Jégsziget a parti állam kizárólagos gazdasági övezetén és a kontinentális talapzatát elfed ı vízrétegen túl .......................................... 83 3.3.2. Jégszigetek a kizárólagos gazdasági övezetben és a kontinentális talapzat felett ........................................................................................... 83 3.3.3. Jégsziget a parti tengeren .............................................................. 84 4. AZ ARKTISZI VIZEK FELETTI ÁLLAMI SZUVERENITÁS ÉS AZ ÉSZAKKELETI, VALAMINT AZ ÉSZAKNYUGATI - ÁTJÁRÓ NEMZETKÖZI JOGI HELYZETE ............................................................ 85 4.1. A tengeri közlekedés szabadságáról általában ..................................... 85 4.2. Kanada szuverenitása az arktiszi vizeken és az Északnyugati-átjáró jogi helyzete ................................................................................................ 88 4.2.1. Kanada és az Arktisz-vizek feletti joghatóság .............................. 89 4.2.1.1. Történeti vizek .......................................................................... 89 a) A történeti jogcímre alapozott szuverenitás-szerzés feltételei a nemzetközi jogban .............................................................................. 89 i. A parti állam kizárólagos jelleggel gyakorolt szuverenitása az adott vízterület felett .................................................................................. 91 ii. Hosszú id ın keresztül való kizárólagos szuverenitás-gyakorlás az adott vízterület felett (possessio longi temporis) .............................. 92 iii. Az idegen államok jóváhagyása, elismerése a parti állam szuverenitás-gyakorlása tekintetében ............................................... 94 b) A kanadai vízi területek, mint történeti vizek: pro és kontra ......... 96 i. A történeti jogcím mellett álló tények ........................................... 96 ii. A történeti jogcím ellen szóló tények ........................................... 99 4.2.1.2. Egyenes alapvonal megvonása és a kanadai igények ............ 101 3 a) Az egyenes alapvonal alkalmazásának feltételei a nemzetközi jogban ................................................................................................ 101 i. Az els ı földrajzi kritérium: az egyenes alapvonalak meghúzása észlelhet ıen nem térhet el a part általános irányától ...................... 101 ii. A második földrajzi kritérium: kell ıen szoros kapcsolat az tengerszakaszok és a szárazföld között .......................................... 102 iii. Harmadik földrajzi kritérium: tartós létesítmény léte az alapvonal megvonáskor figyelembe veend ı területen .................................... 103 iv. Egy f ıszabályt enyhít ı körülmény: regionális gazdasági érdekeltség ...................................................................................... 103 v. Az egyenes alapvonal hossza ..................................................... 104 b) Kanada és az egyenes alapvonalak ............................................... 105 4.2.2. Az Északnyugati-átjárón nemzetközi jogi státusza: a békés áthaladás joga és a kanadai szuverenitás .............................................. 106 4.2.2.1. Idegen államok a nemzeti vizeken: a hajózás jogáról általában ............................................................................................................. 108 4.2.2.2. A belvízi jogrend és idegen államok áthaladásának joga....... 110 a) Ha a vízterület történeti jogcím miatt esik belvízi jogrend alá ..... 110 b) Ha a vízterület az egyenes alapvonalak megvonása miatt esik belvízi jogrend alá ............................................................................. 111 4.2.2.3. A tengerszorosok és idegen államok áthaladásának joga: a nemzetközi tengerszorosok ................................................................. 111 a) A nemzetközi szorosok jogrendje alá tartozás feltételei .............. 114 i. Földrajzi kritérium ....................................................................... 114 ii. Funkcionális kritérium ............................................................... 115 b) Az Északnyugati-átjáró: nemzetközi tengerszoros? ..................... 117 i. A földrajzi kritériumnak való megfelelés kérdése ...................... 117 ii. A funkcionális kritériumnak való megfelelés kérdése ............... 118 4.3. Oroszország szuverenitása az arktiszi vizeken és az Északkeleti-átjáró jogi helyzete .............................................................................................
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