Editors: Rob van Girzkel and Jojada Verrips (University of Amsterdam) Editorial Board: Raoul R. Alzdersen (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada), Jerenzy E Boissevaitz (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Reginald E Byrotz (The Queens University of Belfast, Northern Ireland), Hal B. Levirze (Victoria University, New Zealand), Bonnie Maritime Anthropological Studies J. McCay (Rutgers University, USA), Jattzes R. McGoodwin (University of Colorado, USA), G.K. Nzckurzya (University of Ghana, Ghana), Gisli Pdlssort (University of Iceland, Iceland), Vol6, No. 112 1993 Kennetlz Ruddle (National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan), M. Estellie Stnith (State University of New York, College at Oswego, USA), Lawrence J. Taylor (Lafayette College, Contents USA), Torbetz A. Vestergaard (Aarhus University, Denmark). EXTERNALFORCES AND CHANGEIN TRADITIONALCOMMUNITY-BASED MAST (Maritime Anthropological Studies) is an international journal of anthropology on FISHERYMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE ASIA-PACIFICREGION ......... 1 - fishing and maritime communities. Published twice yearly by the Department of European Kenneth Ruddle and Mediterranean Studies (Euromed) at the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, ACCESSAND DISTRIBUTION:TWO ASPECTS OF CHANGINGLOCAL MARINE MAST aims to disseminate knowledge of contemporary and historical societies and cultures of people exploiting maritime environments. RESOURCEMANAGEMENTINSTITUTIONS IN A JAVANESE FISHERY........ 38 Anita Kendrick Articles, comments, and books for review should be addressed to: LA INICIATNA PRNADA IN THE MEXICANSHRIMP INDUSTRY: MAST POLITICSOF EFFICIENCY............................. 59 Anthropological-Sociological Center Marcela Va'squez Leo'n and Thonzas R. McGuire University of Amsterdam CHAOSON THE COMMONS:SALMON AND SUCH ................. 74 O.Z. Achterburgwal 185 Neal Gilbertsen 1012 DK Amsterdam The Netherlands THETRADITIONAL APPROACH TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF COMMONPROPERTY FISHERY RESOURCES IN NIGERIA ............. 92 Business correspondence should be addressed to: Ade S. Olotnola Het Spinhuis Publishers WIVESAND TRADERS: WOMEN'S CAREERS IN GHANAIANCANOE FISHERIES . 110 O.Z. Achterburgwal 185 Ragnhild Over6 1012 DK Amsterdam SOCIALMOBILIZATION IN KERALA: The Netherlands FISHERS,PRIESTS, UNIONS, AND POLITICALPARTIES ............... 136 Subscription price per volume (including postage): private individuals Dfl.35.00 (US$18.50), Jo'tza Ha'lfda'narddttir and institutions, libraries, etc. Dfl. 70.00 (US$ 37.00). Please transfer the amount in Dfl. or ALLTHAT HOLDS US TOGETHER: US$ to our postal giro account no. 3691970 or to J. VerripslMAST, ABN Bank account no. UNSHIP AND RESOURCEPOOLING IN A FISHINGCO-OPERATIVE ......... 157 545446406, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, or pay with International Money Order. Charles R. Menzies A FISHERMAN'SAUTOBIOGRAPHY: Cover design: Yvon Schuler TO THE SHETLANDSWITH 'NANNY'IN 1937 ...................180 Reginald Byrotz Printed by Krips Repro, Meppel, The Netherlands ISSN: 0922-1476 63 MAST. All rights reserved HURRICANEANDREW AND SOUTHFLORIDA'S COMMERCIAL FISHING PEOPLE: External Forces and Change in Traditional IMPACTSAND IMMEDLATENEEDS .........................205 James R. McGoodwin and Christoplzer L. Dyer Community-Based Fishery Management BOOKREVEWS ..................................220 Systems in the Asia-Pacific Region Kenneth Ruddle International Resources Management Institute ABSTRACT In this paper I analyze and exemplify the historical and contemporary external forces that drive change in traditional community-based marine resource management systems in the Asia-Pacific Region. A summary of policy alternatives regarding the future of such systems is presented. Introduction In the Asia-Pacific region, as throughout the world, traditional community-based marine resource management systems are increasingly affected by external factors that cause stresses and often lead to radical change in systems, including their demise.] There is nothing new about this, except that the intensity of impacts and diversity of their sources has increased in recent decades. Thus contemporary community-based marine resource management systems exist under environmen- tal, social, ecological, political, and demographic circumstances that are often very different from those of even the recent past. Nowadays such systems are swept-up in the overall process of national modernization in the Asia-Pacific Region. Among the principal, all-pervasive external forces are the legacy of colonialism, contemporary government policy and legal change, the replacement of traditional local authority, demographic change, urbanization, changes in education systems, modernization and economic development, commercialization and commoditiz- ation of living aquatic resources, technological change, the policies of external I assistance agencies, and national policies for economic sectors other than fisheries (Fig. 1). Such external forces rarely act in isolation, but rather as a mutually i reinforcing and potentially destructive complex.2 Somewhat more recent pressures - but not universally so - are the commercial- ization and monetization of formerly local and mainly subsistence or reciprocal exchange or barter economies, which now link them with external markets. This, in turn, leads to changed perceptions in fishing communities regarding the value of marine products, and often to external factors being internalized by village elites, and so to the breakdown of traditional management systems through the weakening or total collapse of traditional moral authority. Small communities are not immune MAST 1993,6(1/2): 1-37 from the pressures that drive larger polities and commercial elites, and which systems are dynamic, historically conditioned and deeply embedded in larger undermine the moral imperative of local management systems from within. Re- political, economic and social realms. Types of traditional management system vary gional and global markets also have a direct impact on them: external incentives enormously, so any examination of the external factors that impinge on them must introduce temptations for individual profit at the expense of local social equity, and be generalized. Inevitably, there will be many local exceptions. thus undermine systems from within by weakening or even destroying their moral and traditional authority. Thus the equitable allocational and distributive effect of existing local institutions should not be romanticized. The Colonial Legacy Community institutions and management systems are not immutable: they change through time. They are dynamic, adapting to external as well as internal and The principal impact of the colonial era on traditional community-based resource local experiences and pressures, many of which are not directly related to the management systems in the Asia-Pacific Region is a strongly contradictory legal fisheries sector. Participants in community-based management systems cannot be complexity, with the Western-based State law of the now independent nations that assumed a priori as being inherently benign resource conservational and socially essentially regards all waters below the high tide mark as being state property and equitable actors. Hence any policy and program decisions about the present-day open of access, at odds with local, indigenous-based customary law, which rec- and future usefulness of local management systems must be based on a clearheaded ognizes some form of marine property right. Worse, it is generally accepted by and realistic evaluation of the moral authority, motives, interests, and cultural Westerners and those Western-trained that customary law, which locally legitimizes conceptions that underpin and drive them. customary rights to resources, is invalid for upholding legal claims, because it is Traditional management systems decline under pressures exerted by both inter- unwritten, not made by either a sovereign or legally-constituted legislative body, nal and external sources, and the latter can trigger the former, such that local and arises from societies lacking any notion of 'law.' phenomena may mask deeper-seated problems afflicting social institutions. Such As a consequence, in the Asia-Pacific Region, the relationship between the customary law that governs, or governed, community-based marine resource man- agement and statutory law is highly varied and extremely complex. Nevertheless, COLONIAL LEGACY broad historical patterns and resultant contemporary conditions are clear. The impact of British, Dutch, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, and U.S.A. administrations, and the post-colonial continuation by independent nations of the laws introduced and policies pursued by those regimes, has been a major 'external' factor that either by default or deliberately, undermined customary law POLICIES OF INDEPENDENT and community resource rights. --.. Default was widespread and understandable: it never was the objective of colonial regimes to adapt metropolitan legal systems to indigenous systems and I-----, REPLACEMENT OF TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY I I institutions, rather the goal was that the latter should be displaced and native peoples b DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE educated to use Western systems and institutions. To have encouraged community- b URBANIZATION based management systems rooted in local systems of customary law would have I b EDUCATION CHANGE been inimical to this objective. Rather, the objective would be attained by either legislating directly against community-based systems,