Assessment of Ancient Land Use in Abandoned Snetlements

ASSESSMENT OF ANCIENT LAND USE IN ABANDONED SNETLEMENTS

AND FIELDS — A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC AND MEDIEVAL LAND

USE AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON SOIL PROPERTIES ON HOLNE MOOR

DARTMOOR, ENGLAND by

Nicholas Guy Aubrey Stephen Allott Ralph

Volume 2 of 2 Thesis submitted for the Ph.D degree References Department of Prehistory and Archaeology Appendices University of Sheffield Tables Figures September 1982 Table of Contents — Volume 2 Page

REFERENCES 430

Note on abbreviations and forms of citation 431

APPENDICES 471 List of contents 472 Appendix 1 Soil and vegetation mapping and sampling 473 Appendix 2 Laboratory preparation and physical analysis 479 Appendix 3 Chemical analysis 488 Appendix 4 Calculation and expression of results 498 Appendix 5 Replication and error 503

TABLES for chapter 5 525

FIGURES 570 Note on conventions 571 430

REFERENCES 431

REFERENCES- - note on abbreviation and forms of citation

In general references are presented according to modern scientific convention, and the abbreviations used follow British Standard 4148 (BS 4148, The Abbreviation of Titles of Periodicals. Part 2, Word-abbreviation List. British Standards Institution 1975). Exceptionally, non-standard abbreviation has been employed for the six frequently cited periodicals listed below: Lat_luIttra, Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports, Department of the Environment. flILLE.ap. Stn. Rep. Rothamsted Experimental Station Reports, Lewes Agricultural Trust.

J.S.S. Journal of Soil Science.

P.P.S. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.

T.D.A. Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science.

P.D.A.S. Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society. (Note that the proceedings of the Jubilee Conference of the Society held in 1978 were published under the title 'Prehistoric Dartmoor in its context' but formed volume 37 of the regular P.D.A.S.; the latter citation has been used in this list). Note also that where more than one part of a multi-author publication has been cited, an abbreviated form of citation has been adopted to save unnecessary repetition. Thus:

Barber J. 1970 Early men. In Gill C. (ed.) :55-75 indicates that an article by Barber appears on pp. 55-75 of a publication edited by Gill, and that the latter is separately listed. Thus:

Gill C. (ed.) 1970 Dartmoor: a New Study. David & Charles. Although in the thesis text, the formulation 'eta]) has been used where more than two authors contributed to a work, in the list of references this formulation is restricted to the relatively rare instances in which more than three authors are credited. 432

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APPENDICES 472

APPENDICES - list of contents

Appendix 1 Soil and vegetation mapping and sampling Mapping and sarpling locations and their identification codes 473 Information recorded at marring and sampling locations 475 Soil sampling procedures 477

Appendix 2 Laboratory preparation and physical analysis 47 Amounts of soil taken for laboratory analysis, drying, weighing, sieving, sub-sampling of fine earth, grinding 479 Exceitions to standard procedures 486

Appendix 3 Chemical analysis 488 Extraction of Pao and Pa 4E8 Determination of P in solution 4°8 Contamination 4 0 Experimental extractions 490 Determination of pH 496

Appendix 4 Calculation and expression of results 408 Measured variables 498 Formulae for calculated variables 499 Total phosphorus 501

Appendix 5 Replication and error 503 Replication - of absorbance measurements 503 - of the final solutions used in colorimetric analysis 504 - of analytical sub-samples 505 - of ground fine earth sub-samples 507 - of fine earth sub-samples 508 - of bulk samples 509 - of profiles 511 Sources of variability in observed sample values 513 Replicate analysis of oven-dry ground fine earth samples after two years storage 515 Assessment of the effects of changes in field sampling procedures 517 Assessment of the effects of drying procedures 519 Adjustment of Pa and Po values for profil s in zone C 523 473

Appendix 1 Soil and vegetation mapping and sampling

Mapping and sampling locations and their identification codes

1) Mapping grid (see Fig. 3.8) - Location letter (B-L, excluding I) and number (1-14) defined by position on grid. Small pits at 80 locations. 2) Subsidiary mapping soil pits (see Fig. 3.8) - No location codes. 120 locations.

Soil sampling locations -19.17. - Pilot sample

3) Zone A (see Fig. 3.9) Large pits - GSP 4-9 Small pits - SP 10-30 4) Zone B (see Fig. 5.111) - Small pits - PP 1-19 5) Zone C (see Fig. 5.1) Large pits - GSP 2-3 Small pits - SP 1-8 6) Stone Row (see Fig. 3.8) Large pit - GSP 1(= SRW 125) Small pit - SP 9 (=SRW 109); see (11) below. 7) Archaeological sites (profiles in or adjacent to excavations) (see Fig. 3.5; see also (18) below). Large pits - Site C - HM77C 1-4 (bank-lynchet) - Site F - H177F 11, 5, 6 (palaeosol)

Soil sampling locations - 19-Z8 - Main sample

8) Zone A (see Fig. 3.9) Small pits Zone is divided into 14 sub-zones most of which correspond to land units delimited by land boundaries (prehistoric and medieval); these are lettered A to R, excludLnoI, 0 and P. Profiles within each sub-zone are numbered 1, 2 . . . n; thus Al, A2. . • An and Ml, M2. . . Mn. In addition profiles located close to fie d edges were sampled (in groups of three, closely-spaced pits set ca. 0.75 - 1.0 m from the boundary edge) - ED1-21. 9) Zone B - Transect sampling (see Fig. 5.111) Small pits Transect across droveway - Outer Soutll Field - PTS series - Droveway - PTD series - North Field - PTN series 474

10) Zone C (see Fig. 5.1) Large pits (excavation of boundary) - HM78 C and B (palaeosol) Small pits - SP 31-37 11) Stone Row - Transect sampling (see Fig. 3.8) Small pits Transect across Row - ST series Transect along Row - SRW and SHE series 12) Prehistoric House in zone A, sub-zone (=field) D (see Fig. 3.9) - Small pits North-south Transect - PHA series, East-west Transect - PHB series 13) Stoke Farm (field) - Bench Tor (moor) (see Fig. 5.87) Large pits - GSP 10 (moor), GSP 11 (field) Small pits - SP 50-53 (moor), SP 46-49 (field) 14) Rowbrook Farm (field) - Vag Hill (Moor) (see Fig. 5.88) Medium pits - RF 1-4 (fields) RV 1-6 (moor)

Soil sampling locations -1271

15) Zone A (see Fig. 3.9) Small pits Profiles in corners of fields use sub-zone lettering plus additional letter C (=corner) and new number series. Thus profiles in corners of sub-zone (=field) L are coded: LC 1, LC 2, LC 3 etc. Pits were dug ca. 1.5 - 2.0 m along the diagonal from the apex of the corner. 16) Zone B - Transect sampling - B horizons (see No. 9 above) 17) Zone C - Replicate and additional samples (see No. 10 above) HM79 B (palaeosol) IN79 Q

Special sampling

18) Some 300 samples were taken from the Ah/E and B horizons on archaeological site F in zone A; the excavator's grid reference system was used as a sample code (see Fig. 5.51). Most samples were recovered in 1977; a few additional samples were taken in 1979. 19) Animal faeces samples were taken from Holne Moor and within and near Rowbrook Farm in 1979. Rowbrook Farm - XRF Vag Hill - XRV (see No. 14 above) Holne Moor, zones A and B - XH1 series zone C - XMA series Suffix indicates animal :-C = Cow; S = Sheep; H = Horse 475

In this and subsequent appendices, groups of pits are referred to by a number corresponding to their number in this list or by their code number where this is necessary. Thus (5) refers to the investigations in zone C in 1977 and (10) refers to the additional sampling in this area in 1978.

Information recorded at mapping and sampling locations

SMALL PITS 1977 - see (1) (3) (5) (6) Medium pits 1978 — see (14)

Site Slope angle, slope form, aspect, micro—relief, vegetation, proximity to cultural landscape features.

Soil Horizons present, horizon thickness, nature of horizon boundaries. Mottles and speckles (ferruginous micro—mottles and concretions) present, their size, abundance, contrast and the nature of their boundaries. Munsell colour of horizons and mottles (colour assessed on wet soil away from direct sunlight). Organic matter distribution, abundance, character. Particle size distribution and abundance of clay, silt, sand. Stone size and abundance. Depth of auger penetration.

LARGE PITS in all years — see (3) (5) (6) (7) (10) (13)

All variables listed above plus: Stone shape and lithology". Cutan distribution, abundance, composition, distinctiveness. Ped size, development, shape. Macropore size and abundance. Root size, abundance, type. Presence of nodules, concretions, fissures, channels, burrows, soil fauna. Carbonate (HC1) and Manganese (H 202 ) tests. 476

SMALL PITS 1978, 1979

(4) and (10) Details of site recorded on maps for groups of profiles; variables as for small pits 1977 above. Details of soil: Horizons present, horizon thickness, nature of horizon boundaries. Mottles and speckles present, their abundance and type (organic, gley, ferruginous). Presence of burrows, channels, fissures. Any unusual features (e.g. exceptionally high or low stone content, indications of profile disturbance, etc.). (8) and (15) Details of site as for small pits 1977, recorded intermittently for groups of profiles in close proximity, except that vegetation and nearby cultural features were noted for each profile location and the major patterns of vegetation were mapped in this zone (A). Details of soil: as for (4) and (10) above plus Munsell colour of B horizon soil and mottles. Fuller records of zone A were made in 1977 - see (3) (9) and (16) No details of site. Details of soil: Thickness of L, Oh, Ah/E; Presence of E, Eg, Bir; Depth to surface of B horizon only. Fuller records of zone B were made in earlier sampling — see (4) above. (13) No details of site. Details of soil for SP 50-53: Thickness of L I Oh, Ah/E; presence of E l Eg, Bir; nature of boundaries. No details of soil for SP 46-49 (cultivated field). Fuller records of these sites were recorded at large pits in each area — see GSP 10, GSP 11. (11) Details as for (9) and (16) above. Fuller records at the Stone Row were recorded in 1977 - see (6). (12 ) Details of site: vegetation in house and its surrounds noted. Details of soil: thickness of L, Oh, Ah/E; abnormalities of horizons and/or stone content. (18) Informal field notes recorded the appearance of the soil on this archaeological site; fuller records of site and soil were recorded in 1977 - see (7) site F. 477

With the exceptions of measurements of horizon thickness and depth of auger penetration, all site and soil properties recorded at all profiles represent estimates based either on the assistance pro. vided by charts (e.g. Munsell Soil Colour Strips (colour), Soil Survey Field Handbook (abundance and size of stones, mottles, macro— pores, peds, roots, etc. — Hodgson 1976)) or the unaided observations of the author (e.g. hand texturing estimates of silt, clay and sand content, estimates of slope angle and form, vegetation abundance, etc.). Laboratory estimates of particle size, LOI and stone content provided some 'control' over these estimates. All the procedures and termin- ology used above follow Hodgson (1976).

Soil sampling procedures

1222

(3) (5) (6) Standard sampling procedures as described in the text (see 3.3.1). Bulk samples from all horizons; volume samples from Oh horizons (most), from Ah/E horizons (all) and from B horizons (few); micromorphological samples (selected profiles only). (7) Sampling as for (3) (5) (6) plus soil pollen samples and large stone content samples. (4) Sampling as for (3) (5) (6) but bulk samples only.

2_3z8

(8) Standard sampling procedures as described in the text (see 3.3.1). Volume plus some bulk samples from all Ah/E horizons; Volume and/or bulk samples from Oh and B horizons. (9) Sampling as for (8) but volume samples taken from all Oh as well as Ah/E horizons. No B horizon samples taken — see (16) below. 478

(10) Sampling as for (8) plus soil pollen samples and stone content samples from H478 B and O. (11) Sampling as for (8) but volume samples taken from all Oh as well as Ah/E horizons. B horizon samples recovered by augering in base of pit after removal of Ah/E; these samples were taken from a standard depth of 20-40 cm below the mineral soil surface. (12) Small bulk samples (ca. 0.1-0.2 kg wet weight) taken from Oh and Ah/E horizons only. (13) Sampling of small pits as for (11) but volume samples also taken from Ap horizons; GSP 10 and 11 sampled as (8) plus large stone content samples. (14) Sampling as for (8) but volume samples taken from all upper soil horizons (i.e. Ah/Ap, Oh/Ah, Ah, Ah/E); soil pits were of intermediate size (0.5 m X 0.5 m X 0.7 m (depth)).

1979

(15) Sampling as for (8). (16) B horizon samples recovered by augering in base of new soil pits immediately adjacent to the pits sampled in 1978 - see (9) above; these samples were taken from the first 20 cm of the B horizon. (17) Sampling as for (8). (18) Small bulk samples (ca. 0.1-0.2 kg) of AWE horizon taken from trowelled surface during excavations; estimated to sample the middle of the Ah/E horizon. B horizon samples recovered by augering or from very small pits or from trowelled surface of B horizon at a late stage of the excavation; estimated to sample first 18 cm of B horizon. 479

Appendix 2 Laboratory preparation and physical analysis

Amounts of soil taken for laboratory analysis

In general either complete volume samples (= 182 cm 3 undisturbed soil volume, which had a 'disturbed' soil volume of ca. 250 ml, a wet weight of ca. 200 - 300 g and an oven-dry (OD) weight of —ca. 150 - 200 g) or sub-samples of similar 'disturbed' volume (i.e. l beakerful l sub-samples from bulk samples) were taken, but in several instances smaller samples were used (see below).

.1U-41.1 11E Three days air-drying in polythene bags in the laboratory (at ca. 20° C) was followed by oven-drying for 24 h at 105° C and cooling in dessi- cators for at least 2 h.

Weitling Wet weight of soil and OD weights of soil and stones were determined to 0.00 g. (see Tables A2.1 - A2.5)

Sieving The fine earth and stones were separated by crushing soil through a brass sieve (2 mm mesh) with a rubber pestle. Stones were transferred to a 'nest' of sieves containing 4 mm and 8 mm meshes (and in some instances 2.8, 5.6, 16 and 32 mm meshes).

Sub-sampling of fine earth The residual fine earth fraction of ca. 100-200 g was sub-sampled by riffle box division until a 15 - 25 g sub-sample was available.

Grinding The fine earth sub-samples were ground with a porcelain mortar and pestle until all passed through a 250 micron mesh sieve. The mortar and pestle were cleaned after each sample and acid-washed periodically (and always before starting to grind a fresh batch of samples of different type (i.e. from a different horizon)).

480

Table A2 .1 Weight of stones in Oh horizon samples

A B 0.D.Sample Stones LOI B x 100 ( g) (g) A (%)

ZONE 29.19 0.00 0.00 87.29 A 45.58 0.29 0.64 72.46 44.25 0.65 1.47 71.97 68.44 (1) 0.41 0.60 71.90 71.05 (1) 1.48 2.08 67.18 45.38 0.10 0.22 66.13 Range: 0.00-2.08

52.00 0.17 0.33 61.21 95.74 (1) 1.00 1.04 59.98 63.92 (1) 0.82 1.28 58.36 59.62 1.75 2.94 52.46 92.14 (1) 4.42 4.80 49.88 69.51 1.69 2.43 49.77 Range: 0.33-4.80

56.70 0.72 1.27 47.88

44.20 0.50 1.13 45.94

39.70 0.20 0.50 45.65

54.86 1.99 3.63 42.65 Range: 0.50-3.63

36.50 0.60 1.64 36.83 78.98 1.87 2.37 36.03 87.19 5.42 6.22 34.18 50.80 2.80 5.51 31.29 123.47 (1) 4.17 3.38 28.78 Range: 1.64-6.22

75.15 (2) 8.77 11.67 21.32

vAG HILL 159.01 (1)(2) 26.32 16.55 21.28

VAG HILL 171.08 (1)(2) 29.81 17.42 18.87 481

Table A2.1 (cont.)

A 0.D.Sample Stones LOI ( g) (g) B x 100 (%) A ZONE 16.50 0.36 1.55 74.38 75.80 (1) 0.24 0.32 57.23 79. 18 (1) 0.18 0.23 48.89 91.48 (1) 2.20 2.40 45.06 31.97 0.08 0.25 44.81 29.74 0.58 1.95 36.42 69.90 1.09 1.56 32.82 38.06 1.64 4.31 31.46 Range: 0.23-4.31

Busied Oh -h 1979 34.99 0.19 0.54 26.10 Samples 40.88 1.63 3.99 26.04

1978 99.59 3.54 3.55 23.03 Samples 51.21 1.36 2.66 21.61

Peaty Ditch Sediment 111.54 7.64 6.85 21.78

(1) Volume samples taken in the field (2) Treated as mineral soils 482

Table, A2,2 Moisture inmasulples after 4 montls stora4e (1) Samples from the stone row Oh 71.90 Ah/E 35.59(2) 56.19 37.02 51.88 37.43 55.97 38.89 52.34 41.64 60.71 38.26 55.42 38.08 61.47 42.41 58.19 43.40 61.48 29.49 61.65 49.12 71.19 49.39 64.26 50.01 64.06 48.56 54.35 37.99 54.22 40.90 63.07 43.17 55.80 40.15 64.77 39.46 61.06 33.06 66.36 40.82 51.74 31.59 59.49 25.58 62.95 42.93 74.45 41.95

•••••••--- n 25 25 0 IC 6o.6o 39.88 SD 6.20 6.03 CV 10.23 15.12

(1) Figures show volume of water in samples expressed as a percent&ge of the volume of the undisturbed soil sample. (2) Pairs of figures represent samples drawn from the same Trofile. 483

(1) Ilia).11LA2,3 Moisture in soil samples after 4 months storaLe Samples from Zone A (except where otherwise indicated)

Oh AVE

35.91 34.94 (2) 52.25 25.05 54.97 27.83 63.07 40.83 63.52 31.50 46.18 27.40 24.62 c 68.45 46.67 34.49 Zone 67.04 47.06 31.72 30.84 ( 61.15 41.69 39.46 30.92 Bench 62.07 31.77 30.08 26.62 21.48 Tor 28.71 32.89 29.32 36.09 37.51 40.07 30.06 43.46 26.66 42.91 32.76 24.08 32.69 21.91 24.11 20.00 31.64 22.97 26.43 33.16 24.47 26.24 32.31 23.81 32.75 26.72 27.24 26.17

n 10 13 16 3 15 ; 57.46 34.80 32.57 32.95 25.98 SD 10.22 7.28 5.95 6.42 3.87 cv 17.79 20.92 18.28 19.49 14.88

(1) Figures show volume of water in samples expressed as a percentage of the volume of the undisturbed soil sample. (2) Samples on the same line represent samples from the same profile. 484

:fabae.A2,4 Moisture in soil samples after 4 rontls_stoxage

Ahl Ah 2 Rowbrook 26.44 24.64 Farm 24.95 26.05 30.95 25.59 32.96 24.83

Zone 32.39 33.84 40.67 34.51 29.30 35.68

Stoke 35.22 29.59 Farm 30.91 33.50 29.25 35.25

n 12 8 R 31.82 29.34 SD 4.23 4.70 CV 13.29 16.01

1) Figures show volume of water in samples expressed as a percentage of the volume of the undisturbed soil sample. 2) Pairs of figures represent samples drawn from the same profile. 485

_a_e_AL5Tal Supinely of moksture content in soil samplps after 4 months (1) 2I2ERE.t

7 SD CV

Ahl 12 31.82 4.23 13.29 Ah 8 29.34 4.70 16.01 2 Oh 25 6o.6o 6.20 10.23 Oh 10 57.46 10.22 17.79

Ah/E 25 39.88 6.03 15.12 Ah/E 13 34.80 7.28 20.92 16 32.57 18.28 B1 5.95 B 32.95 6.42 19.49 2 3 B 15 25.98 3.87 14.88 3

1) Figures show volume of water in samples expressed as a percentage of the volume in the undisturbed soil samples. 486

Exceptions to the above standardsropedures

The groups of samples listed below received identical treatment to other samples except with respect to the specific differences listed; in most of these cases the difference is limited to a smaller size of sample taken for analysis and is a consequence of the field recovery technique.

Oh samples — all sample groups

The stone component of Oh samples was only weighed in a limited number of cases. Very few stones occurred in samples with LOI greater tlan 30% and the stone component was taken into account only on a few samples with LOI of 25% or less (see 3.3.2 and Table A2.1).

(3) (5) (6) (7) - volume samples

All volume samples were oven—dried to an unchanging weight; since these samples had not been allowed to air—dry prior to oven—drying, this took up to 48 h for the wettest samples. None of these volume samples were used for chemical analyses.

(3) (5) (8) (10) (15) — stone content of B horizons

In zone A and C, stone content of B horizons has mainly been estimated from the stones present in undisturbed volume samples; most of these samples were taken during the 1978 sampling. In addition some values were obtained from equivalent volume, I beakerful l samples (see 3.3.2) but, although the fine earth in these sub—samples from bulk samples was always separated from the stone component, the latter was not always weighed.

(10) — B horizon samples

All the sub—samples taken from the non—volume (bulk) field samples had OD soil weights of ca. 100 g, leaving ca. 60-80 g fine earth for sub— sampling and analysis. 487

(11) - B horizon samples

These auger-recovered samples had OD soil weights of ca. 4C-70 g, le ving 30-60 g fine earth for sub-sampling and analysis.

(12) - Oh and Ah/E samples

These small bulk samples had OD soil weights of 25-50 g (Oh) and 50 - 75 g (Ah/E); the stones were separated as usual but were not weighed.

(13) - B horizon samples from the small pits

These auger-recovered samples had OD soil weights of ca. 70 g, leaving ca. 50 g fine earth for sub-sampling and analysis.

(14) - B horizon samples

Sub-samples with OD soil weights of ca. 70-100 g were taken from the bulk samples, leaving ca. 40-70 g fine earth for subsampling and analysis.

(16) - B horizon samples

These auger-recovered samples had OD soil weights of ca. 40-80 g, leaving 30-60 g fine earth for sub-sampling and analysis.

(18) - Ah/E and B horizon samples

These small bulk samples had OD fine earth weights of ca. 65 g: the stones were separated as usual but not weighed.

(19) - Animal faeces samples

After field recovery, these samples were kept in sealed polythene bags for 14 days (at temperatures of ca. 15-20° C) before being placed in a o freezer for 7 days (at a temperature of -25 C). They were then oven- dried (48 h at 105° C) and ground to pass a 500 micron mesh sieve. Wet sample weights ranged from 42 to 193 g; OD sample weights ranged from 12 to 47 g. Loss of weight on drying ranged from 13 to 595% of the OD weight of samples. 488

Appendix 3 Chemical analysis

For chemical analyses, all weights of soil samples and chemicals were determined to 0.0000 g and all volume measurements were made using 'A I class volumetric glassware, which like all other glassware was regularly soaked in an acid bath. Only Analar grade materiels were used throughout the work. Several different phosphorus extraction procedures were used during the study; the principal methods, used on all samples (Pao and Pa determinations) are described immediately below. Procedures used experimentally are outlined later.

Extraction of Pao and Pa Pao A 2.0000 g sub—sample of ground fine earth was weighed into a 25 ml porcelain crucible; this sample was heated to 575° C in a muffle furnace, a temperature that was reached 40 min after the sample had 0 been placed in the cold furnace and was maintained (+— 5 C) until its removal 1 h 20 min later (total time in furnace = 2 h). After cooling for at least 1 h in a dessicator, the sample was reweighed to determine weight loss—on—ignition and transferred to a 250 ml polypropylene wide—necked bottle. Pa A duplicate 2.0000 g sub—sample of ground fine earth was weighed into a polystyrene weighing boat and then transferred to a 250 ml polypropylene wide—necked bottle. Pao and Pa 100 ml of 2N was added to the sub—samples in the polypropylene H2SO4 bottles which were then sealed and shaken on a reciprocal shaker for 6 h. The solutions were then filtered (Whatman 44 filter) and stored overnight in glass flasks.

Determination of P in solution P in solution w as determined by the method of Murphy and Riley (1962 ) following precisely the procedural steps conveniently published by Watanabe and Olsen (1965). Absorbance was measured on a Cecil Instruments CE 272 Linear readout ultra—violet spectrophotometer set at 882 nm using 4.5 cm silica cells. A blank and 3 standards were run with each batch of 20 samples (either Pao or Pa samples in each batch). Initial tests were performed to check on the stability of the blue colour, the percentage recovery of added phosphorus, the effect of 489 coloured sample solutions (Pa only) on measured absorbance and the effect of allowing solutions to stand overnight before colorimetry. No significant change in absorbance occurred between 15 min and 24 h; recovery of added phosphorus was always satisfactory; colouration of solutions did not affect absorbance measured at 882 fin; and no significant differences were found between sample solutions analysed 2 h after extraction and those left to stand for 3 days. Only very slight changes could be detected after 3 months. Pao determinations The level of P in these sample solutions necessitated a 4 X dilution; 25 ml of the solution was therefore made up to 100 ml with distilled water and a 2 ml aliquot of this dilute solution was taken for colorimetry. The dilution obviated the need for any adjustment of aliquot acidity. Pa determinations The level of P in these sample solutions neither required nor, in some cases, allowed dilution. In consequence, it was necessary to adjust the acidity of Pa aliquots and 2N NaOH was used to neutralise them. Initial tests were made to determine an appropriate routine procedure and these showed that a satisfactory adjustment could be made by adding 2N NaOH in amounts equal to that of the sample aliquot, which itself varied in size from 1 to 5 mi (but usually 2 or 3 ml) depending on the level of P in the particular sample solution.

Standards Stock solution; 0.4393 g dry KH2PO4 was dissolved in distilled water and made up to 1 1; this solution contained 0.1 mg P Working solution: 20 ml of the stock solution was diluted in distilled water and made up to 1 1; this solution contained 0.002 mg P m1-3. 3 standards (containing 2, 5, and 10 ml of working solution) were analysed with each batch of twenty samples; in Pao batches a 2 ml aliquot of the diluted blank solution was added to all standards to ensure equality of acidity; in Pa batches an appropriate aliquot of the blank and the 2N NaOH solution used for sample neutralisation served the same purpose. The blank, standards and samples were all read (successively using the same cell) against a water reference and blank absorbance was subtracted from standards and samples before calculation of P in solution. The relationship between absorbance and the concentration of P in solution was determined for each standard (no deviance from linearity was detected) and the mean value was used to determine P in the sample solutions. 490

Contamination Blank absorbance rarely exceeded 0.0050 and on Pao batches was often less than 0.0020; Pa batches, to which NaOH had been added, typically showed higher blank values than Pao batches. Differences in cell absorbance account for much of the blank value and none of the ca. 00 batches processed had to be rejected due to suspected contamination. Since the polypropylene bottle employed for a blank was deliberately rotated such that blanks were shaken in bottles used for samrles in the previous batch, any carry—over should have been apparent but none was detected. Similar observations apply to all glassware.

The above routine procedures were used on all soil samples and samples of animal faeces (though in the latter cases substantially higher dilutions had to be employed) and such analyses provide the basic soil phosphorus and LOI data used in these studies. In certain cases additional or exceptional procedures were used. The LOI of all volume samples collected in 1977 — (3) (5) (6) (7) — was determined by igniting a ca. 5-10 g sub—sample of the fine earth from these samples for 16 h at 390° C. The chemical analyses of bulk samples from the same locations provided a second estimate of LOI for these sampling locations and the second estimate has been used in calculation of organic matter and Po — LOI relationships for these profiles. However, the mean of the two estimates of LOI, which in nearly all cases were very similar, was used in the assessment of the relationship between BD and LOI discussed in section 3.3.2. Similarly, some of the volume samples from B horizons recovered in 1978 were not used for chemical analyses and LOI was determined in these samples by ignition of fine earth for 3 h at _o 575 C. The data in Table A3.1 shows that such variations in procedure, which do not affect the reported chemical properties of the soils in any way, are also unlikely to have had any significant effect on the estimations of bulk density derived from the BD/LOI regression equations.

Experimental extractions

Alkaline oxidation — Na0Br The method of Dick and Tabatabai (1977) was tested on 20 samples representing all types of soils within the study area. The published procedures were followed precisely except that filtering (with a Whatman 44 filter) was substituted for the centrifuge step. In very brief outline, the method consists of adding 3 ml of sodium

401

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a pq I cii 1 O -1-1 z E r 4 O H -I-) .,1 4_, pi., CO -P 0 •0 0 0. 0 .1-1 CI0• • Id $•4 0 Z 1/40 C\I 0 0 04-4 M H H H 0 0 VI 1E1 f-I a) I -P I X 14 I X 0 •0 Z cd c-D I-1 4-i -P O ;4 1 0 Z LI IN- -11 .41 co H \O '41 ctn tel cr 2 A 4_, • p., 0 0.1 0. a. H 0 H R rc) cNi co co ..-1 En E 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • r- rC$ O Q) O\ C\I H 0 0 0 0 H 000 5. „S re) 1.4 -P r() .0 cti ;IN H r-ir-I H r-I H t—IH C\1 ,E1 cc, _ .

.11 •cT -ri 0 rd H II

a) 1-9 OW I X a) H P4 H W.--, ..---. u) H (\,1 E-1 Cl) 0 ., Pci ...... • ...... 492 hypobromite to a 200 mg soil (ground fine earth) sample in a 50 ml boiling flask, which is then placed on a sand bath at 275° C. Heating is continued for 30 min after the contents have evaporated to dryness. The results of this experiment are listed in Table A3.2 which also includes the results of analyses of the same samples using Na CO 2 3 fusion (Rothamsted standard procedures) and using the standard method of analysis described above. Despite its success with many other soil types, it is evident that the alkaline oxidation method cannot extract more than about 70% of the phosphorus in these samples; Dick and Tabatabai (1977: Table 2) also reported two soil types (Nos. 10 and 14) in which the method extracted substantially less than total phosphorus (91.5 and 82.5% respectively), and, although the method is fast and relatively unhazardous, it clearly cannot be used as a substitute for fusion analyses without prior testing of its efficacy. Modified alkaline oxidation method The poor extraction of the standard Na0Br method with these highly organic samples was thought to be the result, in part, of the inability of the 3 ml of Na0Br to fully oxidise the organic soil fraction; in addition, it seemed possible that difficultly-soluble phosphates were being formed during the sand bath heating stage. In consequence, three samples (selected for the particularly low proportion of Pt that had been extracted by the standard method) were re- analysed using slightly modified procedures. The modifications tested were: 1) pre-ignition of the samples for 1 h at 400° C; 2) the use of 5N instead of 1N H SO for post-oxidation extraction; 3) the use of a 2 4 lower temperature (190° C) during oxidation (the samples were kept on the sand bath until all evaporation was complete; this took 1 to 1.5 h, thus about 15 to 30 min longer than the standard method). A full factorial set of analyses was not attempted but the results of these experiments (Table A3.3) show that pre-ignition of samples, particularly highly organic ones can improve the proportion of Pt extracted by alkaline oxidation, but that the employment of a lower temperature may be counter-productive and the use of stronger extracting acid unhelpful. Although a considerable improvement in the amount extracted from peat samples was achieved, the results on mineral soil samples were less satisfactory. Pre-ignition followed by the standard Na0Br procedure might well extract a slightly higher proportion of Pt than the standard acid extraction procedure used in these studie, but the difference would not allow a clear Pf fraction to be defined. 493

Table A3.2. Phosphorus extraction experiments: a comparison of total phosphorus (Na fusion) with the phosphorus extracted 2co3 by acid after oxidation with sodium hypobromite, and by acid after ignition.(1)

Pt P P ,.100 Pao Pao.100 Po Pa.100 LOI Pt Pt Pt Na2CO3 Na0Br 2NH SO 2 4 Pao— Fusion Oxidation Extraction Pa after Ignition

Surface Soils Oh 780 604 77 88 66 45.2 820 624 703 528 Oh 800 537 67 689 86 565 71 45.1 Oh 780 610 920 642 68-80 833 91-107 748 81-06 49.9 Oh 810 616 76 700 86 505 62 45.1

Ah 580 410 71 451 78 371 64 12.4 Ah 940 646 950 683 70 740 78 610 65 15.7 Sub—Surface Soils AhE 340 238 70 256 75 230 68 10.9 AhE 410 258 430 263 62 193 46 176 42 8.7 AhE 510 270 53 281 55 256 50 9..3 AhE 460 312 480 313 66 260 55 218 46 12.]

AB 620 372 413 400 62 423 67 365 59 10.6 AB 730 56o 77 563 77 467 64 10.4

B 620 1 640 408 65 468 74 422 67 8.5 441 Bl 450 490 371 76 325 69 296 63 7.6 580 437 75 445 77 367 63 9.1

(cont) 404

Table A3.21pojittal

Pt P Ft.100 Pao Pao.100 Po Pa.100 LOI NA CO Na0Br 2N11 SO Pao—Pt 2 3 2 4 Fusion Oxidation Extraction Pa after Ignition

B 580 426 73 353 61 199 34 6.5 600 404 B2 67 357 6o 261 44 6.4 B 480 70 67 264 2 318 322 55 6.5 355

Deux 550 331 60 271 49 147 27 5.2 Beim 450 292 480 302 64 215 46 95 21 3.9

7 (n=20) 611.5 424.3 69.4 442.2 72.3

—) (1) All phosphorus values are expressed as mg P kg Fe 405

Table A3,3 Phosphorus extraction experiments: a comparison of total phosphorus (Na CO fusion) with the phosphorus extracted 2 3 by acid after ignition, and by acid after ignition and oxidation with sodium hypobromite. (1)

Pt Pao P extracted by oxidation with Na0Br Na CO 2 NB_SO Samples ignited Samples not 2 3 4 for 1 hr at Fusion Extraction 4000 C. ignited After Oxidation at Oxidation at Ignition 275°C 190°C 275°C 190°C

Oh (2)739 Sample 1N 752 IN 537 2 732 2 723 800 689 2 737 (86.1%)(3) (92.1%) (67.1%)

Ah/E IN 348 IN 270 1N 204

Sample 2 345 217

510 281 R 347 X 211

(55.1%) (67.9%) (52.9%) (41.3%)

BCDX IN 331 1N 330 Sample .237 21 358 2 325

550 271 ; 366 7( 328 (49.3%) (66.5%) (60.2%) (59.5%)

—I 1) All phosphorus values are expressed as mgPkg Fe. 2 ) Figures underlined (i.e. IN or 5E) indicate normality of extracting acid. 3) Figures in brackets indicate the amount of P extracted expressed as a percentage of the total phosphorus extracted from a replicate sample. 496

Acid extraction with concentrated HC1

A modified version of the method of Beckuith and Little (1963) ) omitting the HC104 stage, was also tested on a small number of samples. In very brief outline, this method consisted of igniting ground fine 0 earth samples (250 mg) for 2 h at 575 C, followed by an extraction, which involved repetitive treatment with concentrated, boiling HC1 (10 ml conc. HC1 was added to the ignited samples in zirconium cruci- bles, which were then placed on a sand bath at 100 0 C and evaporated to near dryness; this was then repeated two more times with, on the last stage, complete evaporation to dryness. Phosphorus was then taken up in 1N and P in solution determined using the standard colorimetric H2SO4 procedure described above. 100 mg of magnesium acetate was added to one set of sub-samples prior to ignition (as suggested by Beckwith and Little 1963:17) but a second set without such addition showed effec- tively identical results (see Table A3.4). To check whether inter- fering ions might have led to underestimation of P in solution, a recovery test was performed; the results (also shown in Table A3.4) suggest that no such interference was present. The results of this experiment were disappointing; little if any more P had been extracted by boiling Ha then by cold, dilute H SO except perhaps with the BCux samples. Certainly, the method did 2 4' not offer any significant improvement over the Pao - Pa system of extraction. Determination of pH Both in the field and in the laboratory, pH was determined on a soil - water mixture using a combination glass/reference electrode. In the field, a heaped 5 ml spoonful of soil in field condition was added to 25 ml of distilled water and pH was determined on a Walden Precision Apparatus C 6 portable pH meter after 2 min during which the soil - water mixture was periodically stirred. In the laboratory 10 g of OD fine earth (ungroumd) was added to 25 ml of distilled water and pH was determined in a similar fashion but in this case using a C10 laboratory pH meter. Although not comparable with each otIsr, the field (see Table 3.32) and laboratory determined values (see Figs. 5.3 5.28, 5.89 ) 5.104 and 5.140) for pH form highly consistent series in themselves. 497

Table A3,1 Phoslohorus extraction experiments, a comparison of total phosphorus (Na2CO3 fusion) with the phosphorus extracted by concentrated hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid after ignition of samples.

P t Pao

Fusion Extraction Extraction Extraction Na after ignition after ignition after ignition 2 CO3 Conc. HCL. 1000 Conc. HCL. 1000 2N H SO 2 4 Without magnesium With magnesium acetate acetate

Oh 860 794 (92%) (2) 806 (94%) 743 (86ct) Sample

AhE 355 203 (57%) 198 (56%) 186 (52%) Sample

520 360 (69%) 353 (68%) 391 (75%) Sample

Beux 520 329 (63%) 336 ( 65%) 289 (56%) Sample 563.75 421.50 (74.8%) 423.25 (75.1%) 402.25 (71.4%)

Recovery Check Without Magnesium Acetate - Sample Sample plus P Increase in x P Standards Recovery Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance .2390 .3500 .1110 ) .0631 . 1820 .1171 ), .11365 .1151 98.7 .1080 .2220 .1140 ) .1030 .2155 .1125 ) With Magnesium Acetate .2355 .3465 .1110 ) .0645 .1803 .1158 )) .1)445 .1149 99.6 .1100 .2265 .1165 ) .1010 .2155 .1145

overall 7 .11405 .115 99.2

(1) All phosphorus values are expressed as mg P kg-lFe. (2) Figures in brackets indicate the amount of P extracted expressed as a percentage of the total phosphorus extracted from a replicate sample. 4P8

Appendix 4 Calculation and expression of results

MEASURED VARIABLES

Soil bulk density

OD wt of volume soil sample (g) = Soil bulk density (BD) (g cm-3 ) Volume of undisturbed soil sample / ( em3)

BD was also estimated from LOI values using the regression equations listed in Table 3.5. ppparent bulk densityloffiatearth (Wt of fine earth per unit volume of soil)

OD wt of volume soil sample (g) OD wt of all stones in volume soil sample (g)

Volume of undisturbed soil sample / ( cm3)

= Apparent bulk density of fine earth (BD—Fe) (g cm-3)

or, where BD has been estimated from LOI,

OD wt of soil sample (g) OD wt of stones in sample (g) X estimated ••••• • • I. • • BD (g cm-3) OD Wt of soil sample (g)

= Apparent bulk density of fine earth (BD—Fe) (g cm 3)

/Volume of undisturbed soil samples = 182.137 cm3

Loss —on —10ition

OD wt of fine earth before ignition minus OD wt of fine earth after ignition expressed as a percentage of OD wt of fine earth before ignition = LOI (%) 499

Phosphorus — Pao and Pa (for Pt, see below).

P in solution (mg ml X extractant volume (m1) X Dilution factor X 10,000

10 X Aliquot volume (ml) X OD wt of fine earth sample (g)

= P (mg kg

P in solution determined from absorbance values by reference to standard solutions.

FORMULAE FOR CALCULATED VARIABLES

Wt of P in the Fe of a unit volume of soil

P (Pg cm '3) = P (mg Ig—iFe) X BD—Fe (g cm-3 ) ( within a horizon)

7 P (g m-2 ) in all horizons P (Pg cm 3) X 100 (within a profile)

2EThickness (cm) of all horizons

Wt of P in the Fe of a horizon or profile of given thickness

P (jgg cm-3 ) X thickness of the horizon (cm) P (g M72 ) = (within a horizon) 100

—2 P (g m ) = :EP (g m-2 ) in all horizons (within a profile)

Wt of.„12±212IgAyt of Fe in a profile of given thickness

-2 P (g m ) in all horizons P (mg kelFe) --- x1000

:F.Fe (kg m-2 ) in all horizons

Wt of Itztr. unit wt of ignited Fe in a horizon or profile

P (mg kg—iFe) -1 P (mg kg IFe) X 100 (within a horizon)

100 — LOI (%)

500

P (g in ) in all horizons P ( mg kg-lIFe) X 1000 (within a profile) IFe (kg in -) in all horizons

Calculated phosphorus fractions

Po = Pao - Pa Pf = Pao - Pt Pi = Pt - Po

Wt of Po_perunitjrztolle lost on ignition

Po (mg kg-iFe) , Po (mg kg L 0I) - X 100 (within a horizon) LOI (%)

Po ( g m-2 ) in all horizons

Po (mg kg-1LOI) = X 1000 (within a profile)

lg. LOI (kg mm12 ) in all horizons

Wt of Fe lost on ignition of ainit volume of soil

LOI (mg cm-3) = LOI (%) X BD-Fe (g cm-3) no (within a horizon)

Wt of Fe lost on ignition

LOI (mg 01ii".3 ) X Thickness of the horizon (cm) LOI (kg m-2 ) = (within a horizon) 100

LOI (kg m-2 ) = 11" LOI (kg pr2 ) in all horizons (within a profile)

Wt of soil in a horizon

Soil (kg m-2 ) = BD (g clir3) X Thickness of the horizon (cm ) X 10

Wt of Fe in a horizon

Fe (kg m-2 ) = BD-Fe (g c4(3) X Thickness of the horizon (cm) X 10

501

-2 _o IFe (kg in -) = Fe (kg m ) - LOI (kg in -)

Wt of stones in a horizon

Stones (kg m-2 ) = Soil (kg m-2 ) - Fe (kg m-2)

Wt of soil, Fe, ignited Fe and stones in a_profile

In each case, profile weight is the sum of the weight in all the horizons.

Apparent density of Fe in a_profile

Fe (kg m-2 ) in all horizons BD-Fe (g cm-3 ) = : 'Thickness (cm) X 10

Wt of Fe lost on ignition per unit wt of Fe in a profile

LOI (kg m-2 ) in a profile

LOI (%) x100 Fe (kg m-2 ) in a profile

TOTAL PHOSPHOTILL-2Et

With 6 exceptions, all Pt values used in these studies are those determined by Na CO fusion analyses at Rothamsted Experimental Station. 2 3 The Pt values for the exceptional samples have been estimated from their Pao values using the regression equations presented in Chapter 3 (section 3.3.2, Table 3.10). This procedure was adopted in order that the description of phosphorus within the palaeosols discussed in section 5.2.1 could include a complete balance sheet of Pt despite the fact that some samples from these profiles could not be submitted to Rothamsted. 502

Table A4.1 Pt values estimated from the regression of Pao on Pt (All values in mg kg—iFe)

Measured Pt value Predicts Pao Pt value Sample and horizon Pao value of: value of: adopted

Oh (and Oh—Ah) samples (uses regression equation 2 in Table 3.10)

1. HM 78/79 B, bOh—Ah Bulk density sample 479 564 479 564 2. HM77F 6 (1) 494 579 494 579 3. Hm77F 5 (1) 797 887 797 887 BCux samples (uses regression equation 6 in Table 3.10)

4. HM 78/79 B (11) 238 476 238 476 5. Hm77F (9u) 297 534 297 but note (9L) 296 and measured Pt = 535

6. Hm77F 5 (9u) 287 525 287 52_2_ but note (9L) 289 and measured Pt = 520 503

Appendix 5 Replication and error

Replication experiments designed to determine the level of uncertainty in the results of chemical analysis were not pursued systematically through all stages of the process of analysis. A full investigation of uncertainty should include repetitive sampling and analysis of: (1) A unit of land - replicate profiles; (2) A soil profile - replicate bulK samples of horizons; (3) A bulk sample - replicate fine earth sub-samples; (4) A fine earth sub-sample - replicate ground fine earth sub-samples; (5) A ground fine earth sub-sample - replicate analytical sub-samples processed within a single batch and in separate batches; (6) An extractant solution - replicate aliquots taken for the final solution used in colorimetric analysis; (7) A final solution - replicate aliquots taken for absorbance measurements. Some information as to the uncertainty existing at each of these stages of processing or 'levels' of analysis is available and is presented here in reverse order.

Replication of absorbance measurements (7) - Table Aa.1

Differences (D) in the absorbance of two aliquots taken for colorimetric determination from the same final solution; second reading taken 1.5 to 2 h after the initial reading.

.0877 .0831 .0820 .0807 .0800 Absorbance 1 .0850 .0832 .0810 .0792 .0798 Absorbance 2

n••n••."..N•"..

.0027 .0001 .0010 .0015 .0002 D

Mean Difference in absorbance = .0011 504

Replication of the final solutions used in colorimetric analysis (6) Table A5

Differences in the absorbance of two aliquots taken for colorimetric determination from replicate final solutions prepared from the same extractant solution; second set of colorimetric determinations made 10 days after initial readings.

.0961 .0950 .0605 .1040 .1952 .1444 Absorbance 1 .0953 .0954 .0585 .1039 .1920 .1440 Absorbance 2

.0008 .0004 .0020 .0001 .0032 .0004 D

Mean difference in absorbance = .0012

The relationship between the absorbance value and the amount of P in a soil sample varies as a function of the degree of dilution. In most Pao determinations, an absorbance difference of .0012 would be equivalent —I to a difference in soil phosphorus of about 4 mg kg Fe: in most Pa determinations, the same absorbance difference would be equivalent to between 0.5 and 1 mg kg-1Fe. 505

Replication of analytical sub-samples - Tables A5.3 and A5.4.

Differences in the values of Pao, Pa (mg kg-iFe) and LOI (Z) determined by extraction and analysis (withinasingle batch) of replicate analytical sub-samples drawn from a single ground fine earth sub-sample.

Profile Batch 34 Batch 32 Batch 34 and Horizon Pao D Pa D LOI D

HM 77F 330.39 24.86 8.905 5 (2) 334.58 4.19 24.64 0.22 8.855 0.050 HM 77F 234.99 24.94 7.785 6 (2) 238.49 3.50 25.24 0.30 7.730 0.055 HM 77F 196.55 18.88 5.205 6 (3) 199.18 2.63 18.88 0.00 5.185 0.020 HM 77F 288.76 32.25 7.105 6 (5a) 287.88 0.88 32.86 0.61 7.045 0.060 HM 77F 363.41 64.72 7.925 6 (5b) 359.21 4.2 65.15 0.43 7.945 0.020 HM 77F 426.30 49.43 12.885 6 (5) 431.90 5.6 49.26 0.17 12.855 0.030 HM 77F 461.25 96.05 10.980 6 (5c) 459.15 2.1 96.16 0.11 10.945 0.035

Mean difference Mean difference Mean difference

= 3.30 = 0.26 = 0.039 506

Differences in the values of Pao, Pa (mg kg -1Fe) and LOI ( 1 ) determined by extraction and analysis (in different batches) of replicate analytical sub—samples drawn from a single ground fine earth sub—sample.

Profile and Horizon Batch Pao Batch Pa Batch LOI HM 78C (13) 52 320.35 51 196.76 52 3.790 (.0940) (.2320) B Cux below 54 297.88 53 197.67 54 3.725 ditch sediments (.0871) (.2325) D 22.47 (.0069) D 0.91 (.0005) D 0.065

HM 79B 101 (1) 52 453.69 51 31.26 52 26.100 bOh—Ah (.1325) (.0398) of 26.035 medieval 54 505.17 53 28.72 54 palaeosol (.1466) (.0372) D 51.48 (.0141) D 2.54 (.0026) D 0.065

Values in ( ) indicate sample absorbances.

Replicate sub—samples analysed in different batches appear to exhibit very much larger differences than those analysed in a single batch, though Pa differences remain very small. However, this particular type of replication was only undertaken on the two samples shown and may not be representative. Other replication work at higher levels (see immediately below) suggests that these particular analyses exaggerate the likely level of differences between samples that arise from imprecision at this level. Within—batch differences are similar to those which would arise from imprecision at levels (7) and (6); this suggests that sub—samples drawn from a single ground fine earth sample are very similar and that this stage of sampling adds little to sample variance. It should be noted that, in the between—batch comparison and in all the comparisons described below, equality of absorbance values does not imply equality in the calculated values for P in soil samples, since the latter may be affected by differences in the absorbance of standards and blanks run with a specific batch. However, these factors cannot explain the large between—batch differences discussed above, since both blanks (Batch 52 = .0015, Batch 54 = .0016) and standards were almost identical in these two batches. 507

Replication of ground fine earth sub-samples (4) - T(ble A5,5

-1 Differences in the values of Pao, Pa (mg kg Fe) and LOI (%) determined by extraction and analysis (in different batches) of analytical sub- samples drawn from replicate ground fine earth sub-samples of a single fine earth sub-sample.

Profile and Horizon Batch Pao Batch Pa Batch LOI

SP6 (2 ) 2 272.03 3 33.93 2 11.670 (.0834) (.0810) Ah/E 60 275.58 60 39.64 60 11.905 (.0833) (.0973) D 3.55 (.0001) D 5.71 (.0163) D 0.235

sP8 (2) 2 255.83 3 26.39 2 10.915 (.0758) (.0780) Ah/E 60 246.62 60 33.75 60 11.390 (.0750) (.0838) D 9.21 (.0008) D 7.36 (.0058) D 0.475

Values in ( ) indicate sample absorbances.

The differences between samples shown above include imprecision at levels (7), (6) and (5), as well as (4) and, moreover, may include differences arising during prolonged storage of the fine earth (in OD condition). Batch 60 was processed two years after Batches 2 and 3; the effects of prolonged storage will be considered separately below, but it can be noted here that, whereas Pa values may well increase during prolonged storage (due to mineralisation of Po), Pao values are unlikely to be significantly affected by storage. In consequence, the differences in this fraction (Pao) may have arisen in part from the sub- sampling of the fine earth sample. If so, such sub-sampling may contribute little to sample variance. The samples shown are among those which suggest that the between-batch differences evident at level (5) may be atypical. 508

Replication of fine earth sub-samples (3) - Table A5.6

g-I Differences in the values of Pao, Pa (mg k Fe) and LOI (%) determined by extraction and analysis (in different batches) of analytical sub- samples taken from ground fine earth sub-samples, each of which was drawn from a replicate fine earth sub-sample of the single bulK taken in the field.

Profile and Horizon Batch Pao D Batch Pa D Batch LOI D

SP 10 (2) 17 220.01 1.04 17 29.12 2.95 17 18.365 0.395 AVE 20 218.97 21 32.14 20 18.760 GSP 9 (3) 17 245.45 3.28 17 53.88 0.12 17 6.685 0.140 B l 22 248.73 23 53.76 22 6.825 SP 5 (2) 2 354.38 2.57 3 43.06 0.33 2 14.950 0.000 Ah/E 81 351.81 81 42.73 81 14.950 SP 8 (2) 2 3 Ah/B 60 251.23/ 17.70 60 30.07/ 6.62 11.153?( 0.302 81 268.93 81 36.69 81 11.455

Mean Difference all samples 6.15 2.51 0.209 Mean Difference excluding SP 8 (2) 2.30 1.13 0.178

/ The mean values from two analyses (see Table A5.5 above) are used here.

The sample values shown here are affected by imprecision at all the lower stages (7 to 4) as w ell as (3) and may include differences due to prolonged storage in field (wet) condition. Although analysed only a few weeks apart, GSP 9 (3) and SP 10 (2) each provide instances of bulk re-sampling after a three month interval; SP 5 (2) and SP 8 (2) were re-sampled after a two year interval. (These four samples provide the only fully comparable set which can be used to judge the effects of long storage in the field condition; it does not seem that, with these very acid soil samples, such storage has any substantial effect, though a much larger check would be needed to demonstrate this conclusively). It can also be concluded, if only tentatively, that f'ne earth sub-samples extracted from a bulk sample are not substantially different from each 509 other and most probably provide a represent-tive sample of the bulk sample. These examples also support the notion that the between-batch differences noted for level (5) are atypical.

Replication of bulk samples (2) - Table A5j

During the Holne Moor sampling, one profile was partially re-ampled after an interval of one year and so provides an opportunity to assess the extent to which field samples are themselves replicable and so may be regarded as representative of the profile horizons from which they originate. Although each sample was separately processed down to the stage at which an analytical sub-sample becomes available, extraction and colorimetry was done in four batches during one week and many of the comparisons avoid between-batch differences. All samples spent similar time stored in field condition, but 1978 samples were stored for a year longer in OD condition. This resampling was prompted by the need to obtain a better volume sample of the very thin, buried Oh-Ah horizon; it was felt that the use of the standard procedure during the 1978 season had resulted in some contamination of the Oh-Ah sample through incorporation of overlying and underlying mineral soil. In this instance, therefore, the differences between 1978 and 1979 samples may mainly reflect the recovery, in 1979, of a 'better' sample of thic. buried surface soil. All the other samples simply represent a deliberate replicate sampling.

510

co oo K.\ ON ON 0 • • 0 0

cc) i.rn •:14 0 ‘.0 OD •zr • • cc) cc) 0 N N LC' \

o w o co CO ON Lc, o 1-1 o o CD CO N CV ON 0 • • • • 0 CO O &"1 Isrl • • • • • • H H N N CO CO CO CO CO ON

0 r-- '.00 co • • • co o r-

CD -4-)

Lrt ON RI rsrl ON 0 CO C) • UTh . • .4-1 • Co .•••n ... 1---- '4 H H N R c rE Cr3a) -1-,C1) 111 U-1 H •—• ...... "-I fd g C'4H CI) 0 .,1 (70t4 p r-- ON H OD 1-4 •r-I 1-1 9 '8 0.`7` '41 0 H 0 \ 0) H P n • • • • II • • • o4 P., Ill cd ON CO CO ON H H H CO 3 (1) 1-4 N P N Ci P - 1 (X) 00 iszl 0.1 N -P a) P.. 0) 1-1 CL) 1--1 P4 C.) P., pl in c\1 co R H 8a) ccItl O A • . .44 • . cl ,.. a) 0 co • r-- ON .. H cis N H H Isrl rd LC1 rf cr) Cl)

a. 1..-1, p.) 4S 1--i Ri t.rn a) -: ai •:i4 'II 0 \ LA la.) •.-I V.,. 0 li- \ r0 .. R N II t 4-I O N N r-I RS czt LCTh In ...... 413. cli ci H H H n •,-i Ei co c14.1 0 ..o coo cp,,I cr. pl H .0 O H di rfl co cia • • • • • • • • • • :g 4C3 0 Isrl ON 0 01--I H H ON CO 1.1.1 ., ,c; cd 0.1 rst1 isr) r-- 1,, rl, co '.0 ‘.0 In 8 a) 13-, cis cis '44 .44 'N C'4 'N 'N N N -,-1 n . 4 pc) 0 A 11 r.-4 CO ON CO ON CO ON CO ON CO CO cd .. Cd 1.--- r-- r-- r-- r-- r--- r--- r---- r-- r-- "td) -I-5) #a)) cr-1 a) crn 0.. cr. 0\ HON HON ON 0 \ ON aN Cl) C0 X) H H Hr H H H H 0 ON cli II ...... N- CO 0 Cl) 00 4)0 1-1 3 ... r--1 N S -P -P CO 4-1 CH fa, -,-1n 6-1 N- rd il o El 0 5 ;- o CH r4-4 a) N 0 o 03 0 N rd 00 fa. `.--.„ F-I 6-1 $-$ el-I CO ra o ..0 4-1 r—I 6-I H I I i I 23 q H 0.4 •=4 ...Na cl) 0 a) 0 a) F-1 (c) .8 0 tn A 0 0 r-A r-1 0 0) 0 CI) 0) H 0 > CI) stl a) 0 0) o ..._.. rii P 0 f..1 cd 5 5 -.--t N CD > 4)H p N r-I P N 0 .0 a 4, et-i•,-1 '00 •ri PI CD •ri PI 0) •,-4 •r-I0 3 g c.--1 II II 0 F-1 EP F-I MU 'x F-I c. H ;.-I o .0 0 peLIP olcd PI 40 0 O ud0 R 4_, CD •1-1 r-I • • a x .4 •ri H.0 Z pci H o Z A .4 H c\I 511

Since the initial sampling of this profile had removed or seriously disturbed one face of the sampling pit, most of the 1979 samples had to be taken from the opposite face of the pit, some 75-100 cm distant from the original sampling point. In view of this, the similarity of sample values is somewhat surprising; this data suggests that, in I wild l soils developed on uniform parent materials, soil phosphorus may be more uniformly distributed than is commonly supposed (see Beckett and Webster 1971). The differences between paired samples in this profile could have arisen entirely from imprecision of observation; even the soil in bulk samples taken in different years may have had identical concentrations of the phosphorus fractions studied.

Replication of profiles (1) - Tables A5.8 and A5.9, and Figs. A5.1 and A5.2

Many of the studies reported in detail in Chapter 5 provide information about soil variability on a scale wider than the individual profile and

based upon the chemical qualities estimated for complete profiles. However, in order to pursue the question of the reproducibility of this research to the highest level in a manner comparable to foregoing replication, certain data is presented here; it illustrates the extent of variability in samples from specific horizons within small areas. Fig. A5.1 shows the location of sampled profiles within one half of zone C; these groups of samples (A and B), each provide a random sample of an -2 area of land of ca. 500 m • One profile in group B (SP 37) contained a 'grey stone zone' (see section 4.2.1.1) below an iron-pan; separate statistics omitting this profile are included below.

512

1--I Nr1 • • • • • OD .41 LC\ .1 1-1 r-I H r-I r-I

W\ O\ ON 0 Cx.1 • • • • • .:14 coV tsr) 1-1 (\I r-I r-I

c‘.1 co r-- f=1 • • • • • CQ ap OH H ON r 4 rn

N1 ON r-I cti 0 • • • • !4 C\I 1--- CV \O CV LC-1 N- ON \C) N- CV N C\I N N A ON ON cil X Nr) N1 di N1 tql \O H0 0

n cti di '44 .44 a) tz 04 n n K-; P 0 1 1 I t 1 a 0 um 0 LC\ 0 CV H \C) H C\I N N c' N CV 0 0 N LID a \ CO bl) P Z 0 •Zii .4 II II 4 LC\ Pi II II II r--- 0 0 'S r-_- NI o H ls(1 H rfl -----, 0 0 0 0 0 TA 1 0 •44 go Pa iii gi E Cra-'

Lr1 \O OC)• 0• CO• • • 7) t) \O CV .41 Lr1 LC1 CI4 CV H H I to N1 NI ri vo o • • r4 , . • • rn r-r) r-- ON .4 tan N n.0 r-I a Ist1 C\I ON rn ON o A • • • • • cc) Cl) Pi i 8 P P, H I r() CO (4 0 • • 3o t x n21 A c; r-- o O 00 HOD .44 CO cd \O \O \O \O VD .:0 A co r*-- 11-1 CO H r-- ON CO LC1 CV P41 CI\ O $-1 0 VOL 0 0 0) N 1 0 r-- WI W, 1).0 r1-- 1"-- 1 1 IA cIN CD O• In CV CE l'el H di H N1 O \O .41 \AO ‘ztl \O N

1A0 CO ttO .41 -41 rc ii II r-- II N- 0 0 P t--I H rn 0 Cd X 1:14 X DA • rre4 P=1 go CD CO .4 <4 CO CO 513

A full evaluation of the soils in zone C is provided in section 5.4.2, where more information is presented. In this context, the aspects worth stressing include: 1) the overall homogeneity of the sampled horizons — the CV veluec are markedly lower than might have been expected; 2) the absence of any evidence that 1978 samples differ from those taken a year earlier; 3) the absence of any significant spatial pattern in the values; 4) the substantial increase in tle sire of the maximum difference betle.een samples compared with differences observed at lower levels of replication. It seems likely that, at least at this stage, the apparent differences between samples may arise not only from imprecision of observation, but also from hetereogeneity in the materials sampled. This zone is not unique; Fig. A5.2 and Table A5.0 show the pattern of values for comparable mineral horizons in one of the subsidiary sampling zones.

Table A5.9 — Bench Tor and West Stoke Farm

— Area and Samples Range Max D x SD SE CV n soil type

Bench Tor. Ah/E 217— 18 223.60 7.47 3.34 3.34 5 Moorland from zone 235 stagnopodzols ca. 620 Brake Field, Ap 1013- West Stoke from zone 526 1256.60 230.79 Farm, Hilmic 1539 103.21 18.37 5 221— 2 brown pod— 270 m zolic soils.

Withinasimilarly—sized area, the moorland CV values are even lower than those in zone C, though field values, affected by phosphorus fertilisers and FYM, are substantially more variable. This study is pursued furtler in section 5.2.2.2.

Sources of variability_in observed sample values

Insufficient numbers of replicate analyses of all types are available for a proper statistical analysis, which would allow one to pin—point the different sources of variability with confidence. In addition, many of the sample comparisons may include differences arising 514 from more than a single factor (e.g. differences in storage as %%ell as stage of sub-sampling and analysis). However, it is apparent that -1 differences of up to about 5 mg kg Fe of phosphorus may merely reflect error during colorimetric determinations and this source of error may well be the principle cause of within-batch differences in replicates. It is likely that Pao replicate differences (within-hatches and bettkeen- batches) are higher than Pa replicate differences as a result of the greater dilution of these samples. Not only are colorimetric errors magnified solely as a function of the arithmetic (five to ten-fold), but the process of dilution itself must add imprecision. Between-batch differences must almost certainly be higher tlqn within-batch differences, but the evidence available cannot provide an accurate assessment of the differences arising at this stage. In the author's view, a judgement as to the significance of individual sample values must be based on a consideration of the data from all stages of replication. On this basis, it seems probable that differences in Pao -1 sample values greater than about 2 0 mg kg Fe will usually reflect real differences in the sampled horizons - though one murt be aware that, in some cases, even larger differences may be due solely to imprecision of observation. For Pa values, the analogous threshold may lie nearer 5 mg kg-1Fe and when the samples being compared have been processed and analysed in a single batch, even this threshold may exaggerate the level of imprecision. Po values derived by calculation from the Pao and Pa values must be less precise than the Pao values. One may conclude that the sampling, sub-sampling, preparation of samples and analytical procedures used in these studies are capable of indicating the amounts of soil phosphorus fractions present in the lend sampled with as much precision as can reasonably be achieved during routine analysis of large numbers of samples (see Yana's comments (1962) on the precision of these type of analyses).

In addition to general studies of replication, the effect on sample values of specific parts of the process of field and laboratory sampling and analysis have been studied; the effects of prolonged storage in field condition have been considered above and a small-scale check on the effects of storage in OD condition was also undertaken. 515

Replicate analysis of oven- risound fine earth samples after to yenrs slisgeillself-sealirla_pplythene bau in the laboratory - Table A.5....10

An increase or decrease in Po (due to immobilisation or mineralisation) are the most probable changes in soil phosphorus during long storage of soil samples. Measurement of Po itself is, however, unlikely to reveal such changes clearly due to the lou precision of such measurements. Instead, changes in the more precisely determined Pa fraction, which can be expected to vary inversely with changes in Po, can be used as a proxy. Increases in Pa should indicate nett mineralisation of Po; decreases in Pa should indicate nett immobilisation. Five highly organic surface samples, which could be expected to be affected most seriously by such processes were, therefore, re-analysed for Pa after an interval of two years.

▪

516

8 (9. 8 RI 4 • • • • • •

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•d4 I.- COTe C) to0 Pl H 0 0 cd Pia) 0 0 0 • o o 4 4 <4 + • + 517

This data set suggests that little clange occurs during long storage in an OD condition. Although several samples did give higher absorbance values in the second analysis, even the mean increase in Pa (expressed as mg kg-1Fe, which, due to slight between—batch differences in standards' absorbance, may exaggerate differences in samples) is hardly greater than might occur as a result of imprecision. In only two samples (both Ah horizon) is it possible to argue that some mineralisation of Po has probably occurred. Certainly, variation in the length of OD storage is unlikely to be more than a very minor source of variability in sample values.

Changes in field sampling procedures at the end of the first season of fieldwork (see 3.3.1) might have led to some differences in the estimated P contents of E horizons and thus whole profile estimates. The sampling program in zone C, where similar numbers of profiles were sampled in each year provides the best opportunity available to check on this potential source of error and bias.

Augsment of tam_effActs gf c_haikepaja. field *pmplinq procedures in zone C — Table A.5.11 In 1978 seven profiles were sampled to augment the ten examined in the previous year; of these seventeen profiles, four exhibited unusual features, which are discussed in sections 5.2.2.1 and 5.4.2, and will -2 not be considered here. The total weight of Pao (g m to a depth of 40 cm below the mineral soil surface) in the remaining thirteen profiles is tabulated below; the groupings used here were selected to reveal significant error or bias, if it was present. In all cases, the values have been calculated as if the lowest E horizon sample had sampled the profile to exactly 40 cm depth. In most cases, the true sampling depth lay within 2 cm of the depth used in calculation, but in two cases a depth of only 31 cm was sampled due to the abundance of stone. 518

Om• Profile Group fl x SD SE CV Range

All profiles 13 159.39 15.38 4.27 9.65 131.75 - 181.83 1977 profiles 9 159.50 16.73 5.58 10.49 131.75 - 181.83 1978 profiles 4 159.14 14.13 7.07 8.88 145.54 - 172.49 Profiles sampled to 40 cm 5 160.62 12.68 5.67 7.89 145.54 - 172.4 profiles sampled to depths other than 40 cm 8 158.61 17.66 6.24 11.13 131.75 - 181.83 Sub-zones and groups within zone 0 (see Fig. 5.1) North Field (stagnopodzols) 7 157.66 17.01 6.43 10.79 131.75 - 178.59 North Lobe (brown podzolic soils) 6 161.40 14.54 5.94 9.01 145.11 - 181.83 Profiles sampled to 40 cm: North Field 2 157.83 17.37 12.2 8 11.01 145.54 - 170.11 North Lobe 3 162.49 12.55 7.25 7.72 148.40 - 172.49 Profiles sampled to depths other than 40 cm: North Field 5 157.60 18.94 8.47 12 .02 131.75 - 178.59 North Lobe 3 160.30 19.16 11.06 11.95 145.11 - 181.83 North Field profiles Groups A 4 160.05 16.87 8.44 10.54 145.54 - 178.59 3 154.48 20.37 11.76 13.19 131.75 - 154.48

The wider implications and meaning of the tabulated profile values are discussed in section 5.4.2. The main points to note here are: 1) the virtually identical mean values for 1977 and 1978 profiles, and for profiles sampled to 40 cm and those sampled to other depths; 2) the similarity in the differences between the mean value for the North Field and the North Lobe profiles, whether the men value is based on profiles sampled to 40 cm, to other depths, or uses the entire set of profiles. Even the small subsets of profiles in the North Field (Groups A and B) produce mean values that differ insignificantly from the larger sample sets. These data demonstrate that neither 'year of sampling' nor 'depth sampled' can be regarded as factors which may have introduced significant errors; in particular, the adoption of a standard sampling depth in 1978 has not resulted in any bias which would affect, indeed invalidate, comparison between the soil in the North Field and that in the North Lobe. 519

Although there is no evidence that estimates of the Pao fraction in the soils of zone C have been affected either by the sampling change or by a change in laboratories, which occurred immediately prior to the processing of the 1978 samples, there is evidence that the oven-drying of the 1978 samples was not identict-1 to that of the 1977 samples, and that, in conse uence, the proportions of Pa and Po in the 1978 samples was systematically altered as a result of extra mineralisation of Po during oven-drying. The data which suggested to the author that this might have occurred is listed in Table A5.12. Whereas a very small change in the proportion of Po and Pa in surface soils might be expected to occur as a result of seasonal and inter-annual changes in moisture and temperature (but note that all these samples were recovered in mid-summer - mid-July 1977 and early August 1978), changes of this order of magnitude, extending deep into the profile seem unlikely to represent real differences in the sampled materials at the time of their recovery. At the outset of laboratory work, it had been recognised that Pa values would very likely be affected by any form of sample drying and that oven-drying, in particular, might increase Pa values at the expense of the Po fraction. For practical reasons, oven-drying of all samples was nevertheless adopted (in part because air-drying posed greater problems of sample equivalence). It was accepted that, in consequence, the Pa va lues would be, to some extent, an artifact of the process of analysis. The data in Table A5.12 prompted investigation of the extent to which the standard oven-drying (24 h at 105° C) had affected sample values. Assessment of the effects of various drying procedures on the results of subsequent phosphorus analyses Two experiments were run; in the first, separate ground fine e • rth sub- samples of a single oven-dried (24 h at 105° C) fine earth sub-sample were used (to hold sub-sampling 'error' to a minimum); in the second, fresh sub-samples were each drawn separately from a (wet) field bulk sample. Precise details of samples, the experimental conditions and the results of subsequent analyses appear in Table A5.13. Prolongation of the oven-drying period was included in the experiment- to establi-h whether longer oven-drying could be substituted for the prior air- drying of samples that had been adopted as a standard procedure.

522

The main conclusions reached from an examination of this d.t1 are:: 1) any form of oven-drying will increase the values of Pa beyond those which would have been recorded if the samples had been air dried. In some cases, more than twice as much Pa was extracted from OD samples tan from AD samples. It is probable that even less Pa vould be extracted from samples analysed in the field condition. Oven-drying at lover temperatures reduces the increase in Pa but the vq lues renain significantly higher than those recorded for AD samples. The differences 0 between AD samples, samples dried at 80°d C an those dried at 105 C suggest that Pa values might increase still further if higher temrera- tures were used. 2) Since samples that had been re-wetted prior to additional oven- drying showed greater increases in Pa, it seems possible that tie initial moisture state of even a fresh sample could affect the size of the increase in Pa caused by subsequent oven-drying. 3) Longer periods of drying clearly lead to even greater incre-ces in Pa, though, particularly on the fresh samples which had been air-dried before oven-drying, the extra amount of Pa after 48 h instead of 24 h of oven-drying was not substantial. 4) The absence of any clear trends among the Pao valuer indicate that this fraction is not significantly affected by alterations in drying procedures of the type tested. If this is correct, these same values can be regerded as merely sample replicates, which provide furtler evidence for the level of precision achieved in these studies. Another implication of this conclusion is that the change in Pa values must be at the expense of the Po fraction. More generally, conclusions 2 and 3 support the practice, wh3ch had already been adopted, of bringing all samples to a similar moisture level prior to oven-drying and argue against the adoption of lengthier oven-drying. One may note also that lengthy storage in field condition seems to have had little effect on these samples, but that storage in OD condition may have led to a small increase in Pa. Finally, it is evident from conclusions 1 and 4 that the significance of Pa (and thus Po) values for samples that have been dried prior to analysis requires further investigation. Dot the d'ta provided by previous studies and that presented in chapter 5, leave little doubt that the Pa - Po division of soil rhosp1-orul3 is more than a mere artifact of analytical procedures, but it is probable that any form of sample drying reduces the apparent amount of Po, probably most markedly in samples from organic-rich surface soils. 523

Adjustment of Pa and Po values for profiles in zone C ------The differences in the proportion of Po in the 1977 and 1978 samples from this zone (listed in Table A5.12) are in many case., greater tlan those induced in the experiments described above; they are also remarkably systematic. Both features suggest that minor differences in moisture content prior to oven-drying are unlikely to be responsible for this pattern of sample values. Since all samples were oven-dried using the same standard procedures (24 h at 105 0 C), there seem to be only three possible explanations. First, it is possible that the pattern is 'real', and reflects changes in the sampled soils; this seems extremely unlikely, especially in vie u of the analysis of a sample taken in 1979, which had precisely the same proportion of Po as had been recorded for a 1977 sample from a profile lying less than 4m from the new sampling point. Secondly, it may be that the (new) oven used to dry the 1978 samples, although set at the same temperature, did not in fact dry these samples at the desired temperature or, thirdly, produced drying conditions that differed in some other manner from those used in 1977. No other sample set available from other areas provides a clear indication of the sort of problem encountered with the zone C samples, but it is also true that no other area provides such a clear set of comparable samples in a small area. However, differences of the magnitude evident in zone C do not occur between the 1977 and later samples in other areas. It is also the case that the 1978 samples from zone C were the first samples to be dried in the new oven. Taking all of this into consideration, the autlor concluded that the most probable cause of the higher Pa values in the 1978 samples from zone C was oven-drying at a temperature higler than that indicated by the oven control mechanisms. Unfortunately this hipotle.is was not specifically tested in the experiment-a work described above and time forbade further investigation. In all later oven-drying, temperatures were checked with an independent (mercury) thermometer. Although a definite cause has not been established, the author felt that it was necessary to find some way to adjust the measured sample values so that subsequent calculations used to assess the soils in zone C should not be biased by an artificial element of variability. A very simple procedure was used; all 1978 sample values for Po, whicl- showed clear evidence of having been affected, were raised by an amount equal to the difference between tie mean values of Po (%) for tIe 1977 and 1978 samples from the particular horizon. Thus, for example, the percentage values of Po in the Ahl horizon samples from profiles SP 31, 524

32 and 34 (see Table A5.12 ) were raised by 6.5% (Si' —4 from 76.5 to 83.0%, Si' 31 from 76.7 to 83.2% and so on). In doing this, the original sample variability is preserved but the marled difference between 1977 and 1978 samples is eliminated. The samples affected b3 these adjustments are indicated on Table A5.12. Some profiles close to a prehistoric house in the North Lobe (SP1 and SP34) contained abnormally high quantities of Pa in the B horizons (as did the house itself — SP 33). Since these samples differed so substantially from all others, there was no way of determining the extent to which these samples had been affected and no adjustment was possible. Although the samples from the lower B horizons in the North Field may have been very slightly affected, the variability in values is so great that adjustment seems unjustified and would in any case have made very little difference to the values used. It must be stressed that these adjustments to the measured sample values in no way affect Pao values for samples; the procedure takes the Pao value as a 'constant' and simply adjusts the Pa and Po values such that they conform more closely to the pattern found among the 1977 samples. Even the differences between 1978 samples in respect of the Pa — Po relationship are preserved. 525

Zb.5. for Chapter 5 526

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Table 5.2 Measured and predicted soil bulk density and loss—on- ignition values in Ah/E horizon samples from the medieval aeosolBa_CM2_1danearlaoodzol

Contemporary Iron Pan Buried Stagnopodml Stagnopodzol

Measured soil LOI (%) Measured soil Loi (%) bulk density bulk density (gcm-3) (gcm-3) AVILlaftgal (a) Tipper sample 1 .1331 10.52 1.1185 8 .23 (b) Lower sample 1.0284 11.36 1.0068 8.46

Predicted(2) 1.1o80 1.2004

difference — 0.0214 lower than — 0.1256 lower than predicted predicted = 1.97% of calculated = 11.69% of calculated SBD SBD

(1) SBD and LOI calculated from values recorded for both samples, taking into account the variation in thickness of sampled layers.

(2) SBD predicted from the calculated whole horizon LOI value based on two samples, using the Ah/E regression equation for SBD/LOI (see Table 3.5, section 3.3.2) 529

_Table . Measured and predicted soil bulk density in 13 horizon samples from the medieval palaeosol C1M78131

(1) Measured Predicted SBD LOI (%) SBD Difference B1 0.8711 8.92 1.0708 0.1997 B 1.0764 6.66 2 1.1595 0.0831

x Difference 0.1414 lower than predicted

abIejLi_lleasured and predicted soil bulk density in an Oh-Ah 11Drizonsainnlefro/ledievallaeosol(HM79B)

EM79B

Measured (1) Predicted SBD LOI (%) SBD Difference

Oh -Ah 0.7405 26.07 0.7087 0.0318 higher than predicted

(1) SBD predicted from the LOI value using the appropriate regression equation for SBD/LOI (see Table 3.5, Section 3.3.2)

530

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Horizon Stagnopodzols Palaeosol Palaeosol Estimated Difference between Zone C, group prior to at time of nett post- stagnopodzols and A x values burial sampling (2) burial palaeosol at time (n = 4) losses (3) of sampling -9 kg LOI m -

Oh or Oh-Ah 27.99 17.74 12.48 5.26 15.51 Thickness cm 12 8.25 6.5 ( 6.76) (29.7%)

Ah/E 8.25 12.44 8.75 3.69 0.51 Thickness cm 7.5 11.5 11.5 (29.74)

B (to 40 cm) 20.80 18.24 17.80 0.44 3.00 Thickness cm 32.5 28.5 28.5 (2.41)

Mineral soil 29.05 (4) 30.68 26.55 4.13 2.50 (13.51) Whole profile 57.03 48.43 39.03 9.40 18.00 Thickness cm 52 48.25 46.5 (46.76) (19.4%)

mg LOI cm-3

Oh or Oh-Ah 232.9 215.1 192.0 23.1 40.9 (184.8) (30.3)

Ah/E 108.2 108.2 76.1 . 32.1 32.1

B (to 40 cm) 64.0 64.0 62.4 1.6 1.6

Mineral soil 72.6 76.7 66.4 10.3 6.2

Whole profile 109.7 100.4 83.9 16.4 25.7

Loi

Oh Oh-Ah 49.6 38.4 26.1 ND ND

Ah/E 11.2 11.2 8.3 ND ND

B (to 40 cm) ND ND ND ND ND

Mineral soil 8.2 8.7 7.6 ND ND

Whole profile 13.8 11.9 9.8 ND ND

(1) All calculations to 40 cm below mineral soil surface. (2) Figures in brackets make an allowance for compression. (3) Figures in brackets indicate loss of organic matter as a percentage of initial amound of organic matter. ( 4) Note that ; for all zone C stagnopodzols (n = 8) was 30.27 kgm-2. 532

Table ,7 The fractional composition of phosphorus in the mineral horizons of the medieval palaeosol and nearby stagnopodzols (1)

Medieval Difference Pt profiles Pao profiles tweenl Fraction Palaeosol be = 4) medieva (n = 2) (n palaeosol and Pt profiles

Pt 176.4 + 4.1 172.4 ND Pao 137.8 + 16.2 121.6 122.0

Pf 38.6 - 12.2 50.8 ND Pa 30.9 + 11.3 19.6 20.6

Pi 69.5 0.8 70.3 ND Po 106.9 + 4.9 102.0 101.4

-2 (1) All values in gPm calculated to a depth of 40 cm below the mineral soil surface.

Table .8 The fractional com osition of.hos.horus in Hem samples from the medieval palaeosol and a nearby stagnopodzol

Pt Pi Pa Pf Po

HM 78/79B medieval palaeosol mgP kg-1Ne 493 413 166 247 80

% Pt 83.7 33.7 50.0

% Pi 40.3 59.7 GSP2 iron-pan stagnopodzol -1 mgP kg IFe 484 385 125 260 99 % Pt 79.5 25.8 53,7 % Pi 32.5 67.5

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CV N.- 0 te) 0 111 Ns- 0 N1 N1 0 q • • • • • q • • • • 0 I z 1-1 Li'l CO Irl N Z r--1 0 CO • 0 H 0 0 ""--4 rd 4 1--1 i V i 7..,z -P r01 P 0 0 t N 0 j a) ts•ri „II 0 . 0 H rd adf Pi C-4 0 /1 0 O 1-1 N( CC1 tiD /a co r0 k ..-..., (1:1 V rA o i a) w ...—• O .., H N . :7-1 0 ...... ta O CD 49 A A t11 ta r..., 00 A A A ta CD 0 H trl 0 .64 ril XI XI C.1:1 C -I N 0 •24 P:i A H -1-1 Cli T 2 .0 S-I 1E1 D- g ai O cd • • • • • 1.4 ; • • • • • Ei M ca 2 P-ICE$ H N N1 NO CO ON 41) H N re, .44 N.

5-15

Table 5.10 Concentration of organic matter in Bh and Bhs horizons of selected stagnopodzol .profiles in zone A.

Sub zone Profile mgLOIcm-3

A SP26 94.2

B SP27 89.7 C c 3 114.1 D SP23 111.1 E GSP6 106.9 F SP12 112.8 G GSP4 115.9

21m2_5,jl.ozapmicmayter_sontentofthep.rehistoric_paiaeosolj its overburden and other_profiles on Holne 11oor (1). -2 Profile kgLOI m LOI %

H11177F6 Overburden 33.59 7.75 Palaeosol 27.89 8.61 61.48 8.12

HM77F5 Adjacent stagnopodzol 44.49 11.12 Zone A, sub—zone B StaRlopodzols (p ---7 5L _52.86 3,345

Overburden 32.36 10.42 Palaeosol 9.80 71.29 10.07 Zone C — North Field, Group A Stagnopodzols (n = 4) 57.03 13.82 — North Lobe Humic Brown Podzolic soils x (n = 6) 32.98 9.82

(1) All calculations to standard depth of 40 cm below the mineral soil surface.

536

•,•-n 0

7 40 iscl H CO CO n0 n0 if1 03 CV CV n a) TN 0 inCM CO N-- H rrl •ct, Ncl ON N- •It N-- a) HI Pk 0\ \O c0 O N TN ON o 40 N NNNNN P FVN P W. rll 5 O wi 0 H GES 1 Pi O N'l c4 n N.- •al isrl H 0\ N- N- CO •ri I r‘ 1 ON N- "al ON H CV •:14 EV rs-- H krn N F45 • • • • re-) • • 03 • CO • • • O 0 -0 •zti N H • H "zt4 • l'sel • n1) p ON -,-) ON 0 H 0 03 H ON N-H E b.0 4-1 H H CO f-i ONZ). fr a E

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11'1 VQ P-I H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 r-1 C\I p

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• 538

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(\.1 .-.. c \I .--... a) .0, —' •,-i •f-i to • • (11 o I \ H 0 1 +3 +3 a) Lc\ C \I $i I-I N- C-I X X tlit) o 0 •• cfs In V •• cd (1) 0 '-C • (1) (1) Ln • 0) 0 c.) +3 -IS • V 4-D 1.,.• • CV -P A ts, r- cd r--1 r-I r-.- ai 1-1 0 a) a) c..) i-I I $-n I O CI) Ill + I + i cn Ca Ea A al A (1) U) CO I I o la0 0 0b0 B H ,. 40 I-I ... co Pi P:1 ...... • u) tii a) a) a) .0 0 0 0 0 ca 0 o O N N o ,0 ••-1 ..j 0 -P 0) 01 CV ln CO cti n N- N- O 0 0 OD 0 O\ r •.1-1 .4-1 ...... isel •• • 0 pa ‘d, c1i CO H In N- CV CcI H H H 0 1-1 1-1 ni cd

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(1) able5,1.5___W_eio_f_101-ted.fine earth in _the_preld,ftorics‘alaeosol and other soils 1ln Home Moor.

BM77F6

Palaeosol 296.14 Zone C Burnie Brown Podzolic soils

North Lobe R 300.47 SD 8.32 (n = 8) 1E= Stagnopodzol 355.62 Zone A Sta,zomIzols

Sub-zone B 353.54 SD 21.97 (n = 5) Sub-zone F R 363.66 SD 18.86 (n = 6)

(1) kg m 2 to a depth of 40 cm below the mineral soil surface.

Tale .16 jheconsen-taLtion_of phospus in soil orromic matter fraction and the concentrationgforgulic matter in individual horizons of the prehistoric salaeosol LIIM.7.761 and a nearby_ soil profile._I___La,...zone SI AL...sub-zone T),

HM77F6 SP29 Po LOI Po LOI .-1 ...7 -] mg kg LoI mg cm J mg kg LoI mg cm-3 Oh 1629 181.90 Oh 1303 250.43 AhE 2732 73.25 Ah/E 2553 78.57 E 3442 47.99 1 Eg 3261 70.32 E 4125 34.04 2 5c 3321 104.95 bAh-Bhs Bhs 2943 86.72 5 2953 94.34 bA/B - Bs(h) 3290 87.90 Bs 2909 74.76 1 Bs 3410 51.22 Bs 2892 56.05 2 BCux, 2829 47.46 BCuxi ND ND Beux ND 2 1540 41.57 Beux2 ND

540

Table J7 PhosprimisansullarLic matter content of some B horizon _rmlessar from site F and from selectedprofiles in zone A.

Profile LOI Pao Pa Po -3 Code number % jig cm Site M1 18.29 437 45 392 F M2 22.65 365 62 303

Zone C3 sub-zone C 20.16 313 29 284 A GSP 4 sub-zone G 17.80 312 17 294 SP 12 sub-zone F 15.66 330 27 303

gable.oshorusand organic matter content of Oh and Ah/E samples from profiles in zone A where two_peat layers were identified and samRled.

Pao Pa Po LOI Profile and -7 (1) cm samples pg - % SP 26 1 401 62 339 55.03 2 321 36 285 53.70 3 244 13 231 7.28 SP 27 1 379 93 286 56.44 2 326 39 286 35.69 3 215 18 197 8.60 GSP 5 1 401 73 328 40.63 2 354 58 295 26.35 3 195 22 173 8.05 E 3 1 328 91 237 52.46 2 304 59 245 34.25 3 339 42 297 11.70

C 1 1 208 54 154 87.29 2 193 34 160 33.64 3 154 26 129 11.86

(1) 1 = Oh, 2 = Oh2, 3 = AhE. 541

Table 5.19 Coefficients of correlation for linear regression anallses (1)--- PBA traufglo_agglejl,...subzone D

AhE Oh n = 10 n = 8 statistical significance

Pa Pao 0.83969 // 0.93615 /// Pao Pao 0.63966 / 0.95203 he/ Po Pao 0.60314 NS 0.94136

Pa Po 0.72453 / 0.85601 // Pao Po 0.52387 NS 0.93667 /// Po Po 0.48997 NS 0.93410 ///

Pa Pa 0.79473 // 0.80310 1 Pao Pa 0.68469 i 0.72227 / Po Pa 0.65692 f 0.70279 NS

(1) All phosphorus values used in these calculations were expressed as A P cm-3. (2 ) NS = P > . 05 =P <.05 26( = P 4r .ca iff P 4; .001

542

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0 (NI ":14 0 '6?‘ ,t4 c 'Pr) .41 t‘? 4 cr;i &qj

f=1 0 \O o %,r) Isn ,4) n Lc, r‘r) 0 Co

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U1 in a) tn. g Lr: cu N \JO 0 "44 0 in H H H

1.4 4 (3) gc) i-D S 4) 711 HN cv'rn .1-1 • *A gq U1 xi v) Gcl r4 0 4 ..-.., xi ...... pq ...... • • 543

H o 14 H ti r-- di o 1 di CO lf1 P4 tiO CI \ ,S4 n isr) to

N- CO \ 0 Ca. • co 0 \ 01 cd CO co co P-n

a) r..., orr cd 1 CV H in H Ili to r-- LCN \ 0 1--1 ,. r,- •44 F1 lt1 '0 b.0 0

CN4 is() In• rel• a: o 0 o o n LC\ Is(1 K1 •44 '44 44 H H H

0.1 \ 0 11": cd ▪ • • • PLi \ 0

0 00 • • • .4+ P4 H 0 \0

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544

U) C/) H . tr\ • • • o 1.C1 0 10cti N 0 H H H HP-1 f:1-1 00 • E-i ,-... ,—. ,—. ,--. a) NO CO a) in I.-- '.0 CO in o P-1 1.2 • • • • • • , • 0 H g. H N ON 0 0 ON N. .0 P. r-t '. 4 I-.4 It H H H H ,---• ..-- I N-\In -4-) ...... - ....., to r-, .- o Z H cio a) 2,—. .—.. 0 a) c.) w..1 CO '0 di N nI0 .0 H id4 .0 4 0 OH H N-- LNr- vit.In H -P 44 I ON Lc\ S.‘.n V. 41) l'fl 4 t-;` `,:"Pi Fr; v/4 In ..--• ...... • 0 a) txr) Cl) E a) a) H ..--. .---, H••.1-1 1'41 0 CO 0 N- Lr1 00 ON • 4-I 04 0P-1 0 to .4 •( t' a 'V+ P I 1 Fe \ d 44 Ts1 1 ll tc?, $., , \J. SaJ rA H ra, E c) r..-1 r..4-1 ..--. --- H CO di H •1-1 CH ccl I 'al\ co\I s vo 0. cv .4, 0 C\I • • H Ili E .4.1 o nc) cv H I 54 0 0 .....„ ..../ cy ...... u-N A N 0 Bil rig \ 0 GLI H tk ..--. tn 0 r-I 1--1 N • • 9 N H 0 1-1A Vt. A .0 ;-4 N H

Ca .C)g CO a) trn 0. • LC: 8 • P g E 0 H 0 CO H0 0 0 H i--1 H • 0 2 4 01 oi +3 (III P-I 0 E-I n.c)

Ws N- 0 0 0 di ;A • oi• N\: • cd cr., H 0 C) N vz. H r-I \-0 Pi H cc) co-i 0 H H r-I 1 ta 0 P I—I ,- $ -P 0 2 41) r-J 0 0 H El 1> P-I i ri-) LC\ N-- .44 0 ho ,:ii ON H P ll 1)4 ..- (11 00 .0 N 1.C1LC1 HLC1 .0 tC1 0 to -IT co A 0 )4+ g 5 • • 0 0 n Cr. Lrs 0 0 0 n ;-1 Pi CY \ in in .44 0 ci-t .41 •41 Nil N H En 15 N'l I VD -P n0 cd El H I's- lf1 • a) P.1 0 0 tr, N-- H H f.'s 0 Ca 0 P 4 • .0 o Ca 0 H r-- H •cr o Cd ON H C'.4.44 Pi In 2, %.0 r-- N .9 H Cl) ••--1 a) 'd 0 C) CO ao cd 0 H •f-I 0rl a) N -,-1 0 0 a) ,--1 ...--. k 13:1 .0 -...„ ad 0 H ccIN 0 r-cri 0 V) H El M *ft 04 PQ E-I 0 -P .0 gl ...... ,

545

a) CO CO VD CI H • • • acd N LC\ 03 0

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H 4-) Ci) g so mcd c\i

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fi,80., r_ir0 1 i .,. 4 n gm 0 LC\ re) ...-1 H 4-4• . . i-, H N U-N CO W\ LC\ N a9 cc{ -I-) ;4C1) 2 4+) 0 a, a a)

49 2 El +) 0 4.4 Cc V 4-1 ul ° ai cOj Clio 'S \O. •.5 isr, 0 CO S `4). • • 404. co o N r t ) c0 d r CA CV C A '4 C0134 r— co o 0 H cll fa., 0 0 H ai 4° 1 'al u(?) CI) V) t H 0 C4 .1-1 H H .._..• rg (2) l ia '1) t" C) 4-4 4-4 a) • \ 0 0N- ...o tat; • • • +) 0 P ft (T) 0 cd 3-I o a. o. , r a) 4-i •1-1 M cia .4, 0 U.0 0 1.4 0 a) 4-4 rx. 0 0 u) .ca tzli c::1 •R-i1-1 4-4 4-1 •441 04 0 0 u) a.) 0 0 0 U)l 0;4 "0 0: 0 H (1) :X •f-I :X 1:1 1--1 C.) 4-) 'd 0 4-) 7:-)I 1 •f-I ....., u) N Ul Z4-1 H •••-1 42 : 2 0 '0 0 •0 0 0 H a) ri FT-1 a) N H N rs4 ro 4. o ro c,) ,o a) c.) a) 0 o • ,-1 0 a) 0 0 -f-I 0 tri (1) 14 P-t fzi 104 Z 0 $-4 r7-1 0 Pi E nO 00 F-4 P41) .-0 ,0 a) ,0 t'l 40 g ,.4 -4-) 4-1 -P I +) 11+' e.0 Ni 4-4 -P $'4 ;-1 0 CO-1 ;-1 1.1 CH 440 014 0 PO -12 'Lj0 .4-1 0 0 -rl 0 .-1 CO Crl A ZZ A ZU) E-1 Z PQ Z 546

_21e5Tal ..2iplicis_phorus content of samples from the Oh and AhE horizons of soils within and adjacent to a stone row on Home Moor. (1) —

ST Series SRW and SRE series Outside Row Inside Row

n = 5(2) n 10 n 12 Oh -)1 780.2 718.6 712.1 SD 230.0 140.0 58.9 SE 72.7 62.6 17.0 CV 29.5 19.5 8.3

Ah/E Tc 230.1 244.8 223.8 SD 68.8 79.9 43.4 SE 21.8 35.7 12.5 cv 29.9 32.6 19.4

-1 (1) All phosphorus values are expressed as mgPaoK5 Fe

(2) Samples outside the stone row for which analyses of the B horizon are available.

- 1 ▪ 547

H ..-1 H V;) 0 o • Ea N H di CV H rb KI1 CV n0 H g H n0 op Cd o 01 ;-I Pi a) 0 .g a) ,O -P

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548

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.E4 0 rx., u- 0 n 1-1 .0 E-1 n r- co .:14 n43 Ise) ..0 ao • • • • • • • . 0 4-3 4 a ▪ In P En .1-1 P4-I 01 cd Cl a CY1 in T1 *. 0 O P-I Pi Cl) a) Ft qi cd F-1 a) Fri 0 0 -P Cl) ... 0 "0 rS4 O Ca) cd 0 u) -P isc) r- cv Lf1 111 •41 .11 0 PI a) ... o Hr-CDCO .41 C\.1 H L.C1 nco .a a. H a) P.4 '-0 CD •zil N-- 00 N- in N- al • • . • • • • . -1-5 N 0 c) O a) H H H H H r4 El Cd 0 F-1 c4-i I-1 En 'CI a) O c•-i Cl) d a) -P H +) P., En Cl) 0 .. o cd a) cd ci) 0 1 cil -P N- 0 .4i (N4 CJ N1 CO if -Nz\ •,-I Cd CP N. 111 in r- CV .41 H u) Pi Nr" N- n0 • • • N- N CV ril H u) H 0 r0 • • •C.14• Ell a) Ica 0' H H 1•<1 N1 H H Cl) H r-S1 4-) H O I cd fal '0 •1-4 Ei . .. to 'd 91 I-1 01 fal En to a) in 0 a) O 0 o o .0 El CO r- r-- cv ul •,-1 'ffi z 0cc) p. 0 8: c4 p ONONt)01s cV a) 4-E cd 0¼0 H a)1 0 ON 0 \ H .. • • •_ 0 • • • • • H ., r9 CI) O N N E.v ca I.C1 In N N H 5. 0 4-) H C4-I H f-4 = ga ..sa O 0 M Ed i-t 44-1 ....., rx4 0 Ell Cd an 0 Ic). H b.0 .-S4 a) .ri ....-, 1 CP al 0 a) Ea '13 E '.;: 0 .0 ..0 F.4 in Ed Ea lEi -.0 3 E Pi -r1 0 0 3 -P O E H +) E H C \ I H H PI 0 r. Ca 0 4.• al -P cd H 4-4 C4 -P 03 0 Pi $-4 0 rx., k k cd PI f-4 Cl) r-I 0 CC) 0 0 ci 0 0 -P OH . al F.4 ,.1 H 0 CO ,. H 0 0 n.....• 0 0,) aJ Z 01 0 ria 0 H ...-..- 0 H -P w En 0 m E a) En a) cd C.) -,1 ZS U) P a) 134 '2 M 0 0 H a) -Ei a) cra ,0 El) _a +) H -P OA cd O ;-1 h0 r9 0 ho A r9 +) r9 UI CD al 0 0 cd 0 ..0 0 cid 00 ad o a) ,-.1 EI •,-9 4-4 0 174 g g Cr11:4 ›. M =c.) = H 1x4 0 -P ,0 Gt4 Fs 0 a) 4.4 a) -P Ul •r-I En a) 0 a) XI) -P a) F-I 0 E0 17.t, P.. ra g Cl) Q) Cl) a) a) H 1-1 rd H P4 M M M C/1 C() VI CO U ro 121 cdcd g 14 M rz4 c: E H El ril i>4 >4 ?C M A To4 ...... 548a.

Table 5.26 phosphorus content of soil samples from Brake Field, Stoke Farm (I')

GSP11 SP46 SP47 SP48 SP49

Api 1539 1086 1457 1188 1013 47.4 60.3 52.4 56.2 60.8 4614 4788 4726 4790 4571

Ap2 1163 ND ND ND ND 55.0 4493

B 864 448 1 553 539 439 41.3 62.4 64.5 67.3 64.7 3800 4395 4170 4221 3411

801 B2 40.4 3526

B 790 3 39.1 3482

Bcux 355 31.3 2817

— (1) Values shown: (a) mg Pao kg 1Fe (b) Po . 100 Pao -3 (c) mg Po kg L0I 549

Table .2 Wei ht of ho s horus fractions in soil rofiles at the West Stoke and Rowbrook Farms, and on Bench Tor, Vag Hill and H0111.1.....(12aftS)

Po Pa Po P0.100 Pao Location -2 g m

Rowbrook Farm RF1 232.5 59.9 172.6 74.2 Vagg Hill - Podzol RVI 144.6 20.6 124.0 85.8 - Humic brown RV2 138.7 27.6 111.1 80.1 PodzolicS RV6 149.3 34.9 114.3 76.6

West Stoke Farm GSP11 + satellites 275.4 116.4 159.0 57.7 Bench Tor Stagnopodzol GSP10 120.3 33.1 87.2 72.5

Holne Moor - Zone C 160.0 29.6 130.5 81.6 Group A Stagnopodzols MAX 178.6 32.3 146.3 81.9 (n = 4) MIN 145.5 29.3 116.2 79.9

Holne Moor ; 161.4 31.1 130.3 80.7 Zone C Humic Brown MAX 181.8 40.7 141.2 77.6 Podzolics(1) (n = 6) MIN 145.1 23.2 121.9 84.0

(1) These profiles do not include the high phosphorus profiles (SP1, SP34) discussed in section 5.2.2.1 (see also section 5.4.2).

550

c\I ON Lr‘ op cr\ in o4 Ise) H H H H 1 i I

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Table 5 t22__Coefficients of variation for soil samples from Bench Tor and Brake Field.

Bench Tor Stagnopodzols Brake Field Humic brown podzolic soils

Oh horizon n = 4 Ap horizon n = 5

Pao 7.9 (9.0) Pao 18.4 (18.0) Pa 10.0 (9.9) Pa 31.0 (31.2) Po 8.7 (8.9) Po 8.6 (7.5)

AD horizon n = 5

Pao 3.4 (4.7) Pa 10.1 (13.3) Po 3.5 (3.7)

B horizon n = 4 B horizon n = 4

Pao 24.4 (18.3) Pao 12.0 (16.2) Pa 45.1 (38.4) Pa 13.8 (20.2) Po 16.4 (12.7) Po 12.4 (14.7)

(1) Figures in brackets are calculated from concentration by volume data; figures without brackets are from concentration by weight data. 552

Table 5.0 Zone B — test for outlier among samples from soil :Rrofiles lying outside the medieval droveway. (1)

Dixon's discordancy test (N7) for a single upper outlier, x(n) , in a normal sample (Barnett and Lewis 1978)

Test statistic ) - x(n 1) Outlier PTS—X, 711 x(n = x(n) x(n) - x(1)

Critical values (n = 8) 5% 0.468 1% 0.590

711 — 45 - .7399 P <0.01 711 — 338 -1 (1) phosphorus values are expressed as mgPao kg IFe

Table 5.t3Zone B — Phosphorus content of profiles in the medieval _mrelazdr a_d_si_anurroutadinland (PP and PT series) (iT

SE CV Inside droveway 9 469.8 56.4 18.8 12.0 Outside droveway 7 392.4 39.5 14.9 10.1

Student's t test of differences between profiles inside and outside of the droveway. Observed t = 3.0782 with 14 df. P <0.005 (one—tailed)

(1) Phosphorus values expressed as mgPaokg IFe in profiles sampled to 30 cm below the mineral soil surface. 553

Table_ 5.72 _ Zone B — linearregressimegamdsnefflisAents of correlation and determination for phosphorus values expressed as concentration • wei ht of ' ited fine earth and as concentration by volume 1

1 -2 x = mg Pao ke IFe y = g Pao m

r(2) All profiles n CD y = 0.1152x + 53.04 17 0.7847 61.6

Omitting profiles PTS — X, PTS — 0, PTD — 2, PTD — 7.5, PTN X r(2) CD y = 0.1910x + 24.59 12 0.9256 85.7

(1) All phosphorus values are calculated for soil, profiles sampled to a depth of 30 cm below the mineral soil surface.

(2) Both correlation coefficients are statistically significant with P <0.001 in both cases. 554

Table 5.7'3 Zone B - estimates of chan:es in the •hos horus content of 1) soil profiles in the medieval droveway and in nearby land

PP Profiles A(2) B(3) (4) D(5) Comment 16 95.474 -0.126 106.366 -10.892 17 96.683 +1.083 100.232 -3.549 19 108.795 +13.195 102.808 +5.987 12 107.485 +11.885 92.911 +14.574 near gate 18 122.236 +26.636 102.487 +19.749 near boundary 10 1777.664 +22.064 94.135 +23.529 near boundary PT Trofiles S-0 95.424 -0.176 85.548 +9.876 3-4 94.864 -0.736 94.242 +0.622 S-X 126.925 +31.325 70.020 +56.905 boundary wall

D-S 118.196 +22.596 94.409 +23.787 D-2 120.199 +24.599 81.469 +38.730 D-5 101.519 +5.919 96.731 +4.788 D-7.5 100.351 +4.751 79.438 +20.913 D-N 107.211 +11.611 91.786 +15.425 boundary wall

N-X 78.048 -17.552 81.957 -3.909 N-3 88.159 -7.441 102.504 -14.345 N-10 109.281 +13.681 98.567 +10.714 flint flake

-o (1) All phosphorus values are expressed as gPao m to 30 cm below mineral soil surface. (2) A = observed value. (3) B = difference between A and the mean value of profiles outside -2 the droveway (95.6 gPao m ) calculated after exclusion of PTS-X. (4) C = value calculated by multiplying the observed weight of ignited fine earth in each profile by the mean concentration of phosphorus in profiles outside the droveway (392.4 mgPao kg-1 IFe) calculated after exclusion of PTS-X; this provides an estimate of the initial phosphorus content of each profile. (5) D = difference between C and A; this provides an estimate of residual phosphorus inputs or apparent deficiencies. 555

Table5_,a_zoiuQa_LtLiao_h_h_Q_zjzoaaapli_s_fxgLn stagno_podzols. SD SE CV Range West of reave (Group A) (n = 4) 49.6 3.7 1.9 7.5 45.2-54.2 East of reave (Group B) (n = 4) 46.8 4.5 2.3 9.7 43.5-53.5 All samples n = 8 48.2 4.1 1.5 8.5 43.5-54.2

Tat_ _i_e_13.5_1arAC- -blacknesscni_ litter of Oh horizons in stagnopodzols 7 SD SE CV Range West of reave (Group A) (n = 4) 12.0 2.2 1.1 18.0 10 -15 and iicriag. litter 16.3 15 - 19 East of Reave (Group B) (n = 4) 6.6 1.4 0.7 20.8 5 - 8 and including litter 11.6 10 - 13

Student's t-test of observed differences between groups A and B. Observed t = 4.1964 with 6 df; P <0.01 (two-tailed).

Table 5.36 Zone C - depth of auger penetration Ccm) below mineral soil surface in soil plIAA_LIT122121141_1271. - x SD SE CV Range

North Lobe (n = 5) 52.4 9.4 4.2 18.0 42 - 62 North Field (n = 5) 57.2 12.9 5.8 22.6 37 - 73 556

12.322__t_5_,37zonets for outliers among North Lobe rofiles(1)

Dixon's discordancy test for an upper outlier-pair, x (n-1)' x(n) in a normal sample. (Barnett & Lewis 1978)

Test Statistic Outlier pair SP 34 240.00 = x(n) —2- x (1) — x(1) SP 1 212.52 = x(n-1)

North Lobe sample (n = 8) Critical values: 5% 0.607 1% 0.710 •240 00 - 181.83 = 0.613 P < 0.05 0.01 240.00 - 145.11

Zone C sample (n = 16) Critical values: 5% 0.418 1% 0.508 240.00 - - 0.486 P 0.05 > 0.01 240.00 - 120.42

Zone C sample, excluding SP 37 (n = 15) Interpolated Critical Values: 5% 0.432 1% 0.523 240.00 - i8i,83- 0.537 p 4./. 0.01 240.00 - 131.75

ZoneCsamat, excluding group B stagnopodzols (n = 12) Critical values: 5% 0.481 1% 0.579 240.00 - 181.83 - 0.613 P 0.01 240.00 - 145.11

2 (1) Phosphorus values are expressed as g Pao m- to a depth of 40 cm below the mineral soil surface.

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Table 5.39 Zone C - physical properties of soils in the North Lobe and the North Field (1)

North Lobe n = 6 North Field n = 4

Without Oh With Oh

SD SD SD

Fine earth 336.07 7.21 356.2864(2) 9.12 4121701H 1.13 LOI 32.98 1.81 29.0511 1.74 57.03 5.38 Ignited fine earth 303.09 7.86 327.2411 8.31 355.67 Stones 86.33 3.75 93•7J 5.84 93.7J 5.84 449,9311 Soil 422.40 8.25 9.27 506.40' 11 4.84

_n (1) All values are expressed as kg m 2 to 40 cm below the mineral soil surface. (2) Significant differences between the North Lobe and North Field values were assessed by Student's t-test C4 = P ( 0.05, ff P <0.01, = P 0.001).

North Lobe n = 6 North Field n = 4 without Oh with Oh FE .100 79.56 79.18 81.50 soil LOI .100 7.81 6.46 11.26 soil g--E- .100 71.75 72.72 70.23 soil stones .100 20.44 20.82 18.50 soil LOI . 100 10.88 8.88 16.03 1FE stones. 100 28.48 28.63 26.34 1FE • ▪ • 5595

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Table 5.41 Zone C - test for outlier among_ stagnopodzol profiles

Dixon's discordancy test (N7) for a single upper outlier, x (n) in a normal sample (Barnett & Lewis 1978).

Test statistic Outlier SP7 4045 mgPokg-1LOI x (n) -x (n_1) n = 8 Critical Values x (n) - x(1) 5% 0.468 1% 0.590 4045 — 4045 - 30277 - 0.486 P 4! 0.05

-1 (1) Phosphorus values expressed as mgPokg L0I.

Table 5.42 Phosphorus content of _profiles in zone C and sub-zones B (I) and F in zone A

-2 g Pao m mg Pao kg -1IFe - X SD SD

kr—a-A Sub-zone F (virgin land) 137.25 11.18 378.6 39.5 6 Sub-zone B (prehistoric field adjacent to house on site F) 147.95 3.67 420.0 32.4 5 Zone C North field 160.05 16.87 450.5 53.3 6

North Lobe 161.39 14.54 533.2 53.5 4

SP 33, 34, 1 221.16 16.33 772.7 41.0 3

(1) All phosphorus values are calculated for soil profiles sampled to a depth of 40 cm below the mineral soil surface. • 561

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Table 5.44 Zone A — Adjustments to observed peat depth values to allow (1) for peat cutting losses

7( peat depth(2) for: sub—zone Profiles Changes to observed values A n= B n. A No adjusted values 14.00 5 13.67 12 No adjusted values 14.00 5 13.50 14 GSP 8 Raised from 9 to 11 Segment XI 13.80 5 13.79 14 C 4 Raised from ) , Segment 10 to 14 ) vi 14.80 10 14.78 C 6 Raised from ) 9 7 to 14 ) SP 16 Raised from ) 10 to 13 ) SP 17 Raised from ) Segment X 13.67 7 13.67 11 to 14 ) 9 SP 18 Raised from ) 9 to 13 ) SP 19 Raised from 11 to 16 Segment V 15.50 2 15.50 2 F and GSP 5 Raised from ) 11 to 16 ) SP 14 Raised from ) Segment I 12 to 17 ) SP 15 Raised from ) 10 to 14 ) 16.50 8 16.50 16 GSP 4 Raised from ) 12to 18 Segment III (3) SP 10 Raised from 8 to 19 )

(1) All peat depths in the table include depth of litter; all values are in cm; all calculations exclude profiles in corners and edges of enclosures. (2) A = R peat depth of profiles for which chemical analyses are available (after adjustments to observed values as indicated in the table). B = R peat depth of all sampled profiles in relevant subzone or segment (after omission of peat cut profiles — see section 4.3.11 and Table 4.3). (3) All profiles in Segment III were peat cut. Values for these profiles, which lay on flatter land than those in Segment I I were raised to match the value for Segment IV (18.75 cm) on the plateau top, but the mean value for all profiles in virgin land sub—zones F and G was matched to the equivalent value for segment 563

Table _5,45_ Zone A — .pbosphorus content of BCux samples from Home Moor(1)

Zone Sitrzone Profile Value Comment

A G GSP 4 253 Virgin F GSP 5 252 Land

E GSP 6 259

GSP 7 297

GSP 8 354 Thick E horizon

A GSP 9 223 X 253.5 A HM 77C 4 284

HM 77F 5 302 Shallow HM 77F 6 313 Palaeosol Profiles

All sub—zones All profiles_ (n = 9) x 281.9 SD 39.6 CV 14.0% SE 13.2

C North field GSP 2 224 Stagnopodzol Forth lobe GSP 3 286 Brown Podzolic lin 78 B 247 Palaeosol All All profiles_ (n = 3) x 252.3 SD 31.3 CV 12.4% SE 18.1

A + C All All profiles_ ( n = 12) x 274.5 SD 38.7 CV 14.1% SE 11.2

-1 (1) All phosphorus values are expressed as mg Pao kg TFe. 564

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C LC1 N r-I • • • • • HO r-I .0 H \ 0 H H H H It N 0 1•C) 0 tsel l'el 0 • • • • • • H K1 FT-4 CO Pll N H H • 0\H a) \ 0• H• a). • • o NW'\ cti rr) r-I cti A-) H H H cH rn in (I) '.- il no r- n vc.) r-- co Cl) ...-0 • • • • • • 0 X \ .0H n 9-1 17-1 in r--- Pi ON C 1 H 0 Crl p:1Cv N- Isrl N \ 0H H • • • • • cd N Istl r-- VD in + $-1 -P H a) ca .0 r--I 0 A .0 LLTh CO C \I ON ti4 r-I g It • • • • • • I I 0 Iscl '0 CO C \I LC \ r-- a) tiq n);) cYn in .:14 r-I CV \ 0 .0 H H -P W 0 N N LC\ \ 0 0 • • • • • + H 00 Ch VD a) n .0 • 41 ro TN .4 s',. 4 1E1 II CD .4 t.) 00 0 \ 0 .41 V) 0 0 • • • • • • 0 + 0 •;14 ti a) o NO N cii A NN st Nil H N .0 H H co-i 0 •A• 0I I C \I• • C• \ I \• 0 0•rl LC \ -P r.cl CNI 0 \ 0 \CI H H N H (I) LC \ C1) ('I'dI ni O CA ii o cd Isr) \0 01 GN H a) N 11 0 • • • • • • Na) LC) \ 0 CN 0 \ 4 .41 S .4 \0 \0 rrl N 0 r-I H H Cl) 7:1 H G) CNI 0 C.) LLI • • i--! N: 0. cd I t rd I'cl cil \ 0 In NH a) P H H H Iscl c.) LC \ f-I H ii 0 Ln r- M in c0 0 4-1 W g 0 • • • • • -zr r-- N• V,) \ 0 in § + VI A '.0NN .0 r. i 0 N H H 0 W ul .0 cii 1 .4 0 co 1 o( ol .1-1 II II 0 Lr'l \ 0 A N cd I Cd I ° I cd CO a) 4 H c0 e0 0 •1-1 'di Isrl tR. 4I- ...... -a) 1.. II 0 11-1 03 r-i H I >4 H P-, al -,-1 PA H ('4 ci--;\c ,I 4:1 01 0 I ..-... ..-...... -5 d ce 0 1-i 0 r-i C\41 Nr1 E-4 P-4 si LID P-1 bD ...., ...... _....

•

568

01 CO LC \ 0 • • • • .0 N CO 0 NN H NI pl N r-- 0 VO VO CV CV \ID N1 I I ON r- cO .0 • • co 0 • • 01 CO In VD 0 N um co oo C N CO 0 N .0 r- 0 CT Iscl VD .0 '.0 CV 0 rel tst") Iscl H H CV CV H vD • r-- o • ti o NI CV • 1-... • • o L.C1 tsel n In (NO C r--- 0 O In N N CO H .0 rel rcl

I I -I-' (N ON O istl 0 0 NI VO .0 0 • • • • OD c/I ON 0 ON CO NO ON -:14 •:14 H C ,-... H ON NO isC1 H CO H H N C\I 0 (.4 \A P ?2i

ON In .41 1-1 • Ist-1 l'el \ 0 0 OD • • • ON ON CNI CO OD ON Lf1 VD H H Iscl (N \4 In H 1`41 H fx1 I I 0N r-- \1;) • • .44 r--- r•-- N-- p) • • + 0 w.\ rel P'\ a) H ao m szii o 1.4 c-.1 o 00 .0 H N N CV .cli i9 4' •c4 . 0 ci4 0 .0 • • • 0 H r-- o um H • • In 10 (N.! H N- pl OD \191 0 VD 1 0 N ,0 0co (.4 -P N VD 0 CV ci2 In 0 4-i -P a) u it o• Nil• • • 01 0 ca ...... m 0 NI H In P1-4 0 n0 0 H \ 0 0 N .0 CO V;) .0 N-C-;-, H r4 r-1 N CV CV NI r 1 rcl CV .. • 0 N- 0 Q2 Ca • CO Isrl H 0 -P 01 • . • cy. \ H O 0 CV 1*--- CV CV 0 0 ON..:1 4 um CV H H .0 4 E I '.-7:)' v.\ o m N- N r- CD a) U).4.1 NI N CV c1-1 0 Ca 0 •g CD ii NN- 01 NI • • • • 00 Ca ....., \ 0 di nff 0 CO 01 ON Nr1 Isrl CV 0 CV CV -P CD CD r4 00 N- 0 C \I ill 4 O 0\ CV Wl In 0 CD -f 'CI n 0 '44 R rs.O 030 \ • • c \ 1 cd 03 N") di ON • • p, RI p 191 H i 0 n .0 ) in • 0 .2i H In 'V .,:4 VD In c4 49 .0 Ca CD H 0 Ii o g ,-4 c.) _9. cr.• ,ii• • • o o .0.. 0 0 \ N- CV (.1 En 0 O oz) N N.) o (P) N g.... re) N-- H .41 0 CT di •0 C \ I C H PCI '44('4Cn1 H N r'n N ll'N rel ct 4-I .,-1O U] P 0 \0N-r- 0 COrl-P 0 • • • • 1.--- c_, CV '-.0 V\.0 O In 0 .0 CV '41 . ,7/1 CO CO N N- CII .d 4-Pia. `4-i a 0 Cl) LC1 it

C!3I I rci \I) I-I C7. •:14 rijcd • • • • LC% 0 g CO LCN 0 01 CO g 0 \ VD Pil H N- N -P In CO N N 0 N- H ,60 ca <4 .0 1`11 NI \I91 N ca XI H C11 CV N rd ...4 + 0 71 C.> In 0 Ceti H -Pcti H 0 H . • ON CD CCI rj -P \ 0 N1 N- ND • • N N- N- 0 La 1 I n CO N 0 gIN LC1 r4.) N In (N -1--1 C \ I 04 ii HC) -P II in N H rel 4-4 N' • • • • -1 0 ON H CO H 01C) 0'. 0 tli 0 N .0 N- ON CV § W Ca \A K1 CV 0 '''.. I \‘il 0m N '41 .0 .0 Crl .c4 H •z4 CO I I clj• Cl) H O N I I a) A NO H N N1 0 Lf1 n P-I H co Cl) H Q ,0 H H i--i ,c1 0 •,-1 ON H 4-I 0 0 0N CJ 1 0 14 pT.4 ...... • I 110 7 cti I I 2 I--; 0 g x be In, H be ..-I X H PA HI H be Cl) ..-. I .r-1 0 be 4-1 H i N t3.0 0 01 Ci 0 ..-.. (Ai XI -...... ,.. be Li 1=-1 czI 1:(11:.:1,1 H N\ cd 0 1 110 cl ..-...... • ...... , E-i PL4 1 0 C5-1 0 P-1 H 569

Table 5.59 Zone A — .phosphorus enrichment or deficiencies in the sub— zones of zone A takingthe virKin land sub—zone F as a baseline for calculations

(2) Sub—zone n Phosphorus loss ( —) or gain (+) or Profile A B Mean of A and B

2 -16 +6 -5.0 A 5 +1 0.0 5 +5 +4 +4.5

E west 5 -7 -17-J —10.0 E east 4 +21 +17 +19.0 5 +11 +14 +12.5

C north 2 +14 +31 +22.5 C south 8 -17 -18 -17.5 ED 8 1 -26 ...0, -17.5 ED 3 1 +16 +7 +11.5 cc 1 1 +8 +37 +22.5 CC 2 1 +75 +91 +83.0 CC 3 1 +20 +19 +19.5

-2 (1) All phosphorus values are expressed as g Pao m calculated to a depth of 40 cm below the mineral soil surface. (2) A = difference betwegn the observed weight of phosphorus in each sub—zoneo(R g Pao m-4) or profile and that in sub—zone F 137.25 Pao m); this is equivalent to the values in column B of Table 5.33, which were discussed in section 5.4.1. B = difference between the observed weight of phosphorus in each sub—zone (R g Pao m-2 ) or profile and an 'initial state' estimated by multiplying the observed weight of ignited fine earth in each sub—zone or profile by the mean concentration of phosphorus in sub—zone F (378.6 mg Pao kg—lIFe); this is equivalent to the values in column D in Table 5.33, which were discussed in section 5.4.1. The calculations for both methods A and B were performed on the values for individual profiles; subsequently mean values for sub— zones w ere calculated from the profile data. 570

FIGURES 573-

FIGURES— note on conventions and lay—out

In general, all figures appear in consecutive number order starting from Fig. 2.1 (chapter 2) and concluding with Fig. A5.2 (appendix 5); exceptionally, Fig. 5.50 appears between Figs. 5.48 and 5.49, and Fig. 5.140 appears between Figs. 5.138 and 5.139. In most cases the keys provided with figures cover all newly introduced information, but in some instances symbols and conventions are repeated from figure to figure and are only keyed in the figure in which the information is most relevant. A conventional depth scale has been used for the many diagrams illustrating the vertical distribution of values for soil variables; it is marked at 10 cm intervals and the 1 0' included in it indicates the level of the mineral soil surface. Values above the /0' refer to Oh horizon samples and those immediately below it to Ah/E horizon samples. Diagrams showing cumulative weight of soil variables with depth (abbreviated to /cum.') usually indicate cumulative weight both to 40 cm and, where appropriate, to deeper, sampled depths.

• • • • 03 'd fq 0 0a) 01 +1 k reN 00 01 cj +' .1-1 Cl) ci o 0 ai 0 0 C-t 0 F-1 •4-1 •P 0 VO 0) •r-I 0 0 -P 0 0 'd o.---••n 0 ...-24.. no 0 P. H .o H -P o a) 0 -P co ,c) t..0 N WO A •• P. rd 4-1 4-4 4-I k a) fd >, a a) II II II II a .0 4N 4" o 0 C >, a) CD C/3 Cl) co n co • ---, H e FA H 0 w 0 0 4-3 H >2 ..../ ....0 0,0 01 •0 H 5-1 44 ,t$ .0 a) -,-1o .-•-•. II II a) 4-1 0 -PC) CO co 0 a) to > + VI Cl) 0 4.4 0 4-, .,1 O 03 -)-, 0 01 0) CU ..--..u.., r--1 H 04-4 .4-1 .1-i 44 ci) 00 cd 03 03 el k. 11 1 1 I". 0 • )CI) 44 C 0 01 4-3 44 ,-.. C*4 r--1 0 . 0 -P a) ..-... s....• .0 +3 4-0 4-I 0 ••n 10 43 II II /0 0 et n •- . ...-Nrd NN a] c-I 0 H 4-) 0 + +0) C/1 ..-1 0 3 0 -P P. I.4 ...... -...... a) -la 4-, 4-1 44 4-4 H g II II II II cd H N.-.1-1 trN u-N — C/3 Cl) C/3 C/1 c., „ ,..._ 1 .., c., . .p ,-I k + t .. /C1 cd o 43 0.-4 • + o 1--I 0 0 4.3 -1-3 ...-.0 ....• $4 4.4 4-4 -1 0 II II rd a) .01 %.0 ,..0 A-) Pi '.., + C11 C/3 4-3 Ps +3 ..-... id IL 4-, ci 4 (4,' ,+r d H +, .----. 0 lan + 0 4-i cm - 4., bO ;.. II II a) + 0" +I 4-, -21-; 0 0 03

ci H 0 .ri +3 S4 0 Cl) ••••n•••44 34 0 41-1

Cr] --> --.- -n--> 4.) E-1 •••••1,

•••••• .12 0 r•-n

•C". n nnnn .1• • 1==1. a) .0 -c

0 0 1:72 0 a.

0 0 4-- 311dOdd IVRIV iiNn Id JO IHOOM SHEEP DUNG DRY WEIGHT (g 406cm-2)

0-19

20-39

40-59

60-99

Fig. 2.4.

4.: 301 •

0 10 20 40

171

EXCHANGEABLE K(m— equiv

0 10 20 AO Fig. 2.5 IN•11111===n1 ▪

a) ,--4 -Fp +) Cri C.)

Z Ct •,-1 U) a) ;-1 fx4

?.b .L.) water a) N trough CO i-o 40

(ll H

cl) (11 4 ho

a ) • Dung deposit Ul 1.4 0 A

ai . N • to .ri to cz., 9 •• '0 0

O H

O SO 100 m O 0 O 0 •ri

O cd •0 Cl) •,-I f-f

4 E .,-, 4_, A......

gate n0 CN1

4.9 •,•1 Czi 1.1111MNOMIMMIMINNIMmm•Mmoonwnm.n 111111111111=

water trough

Sodium bicarbonate - soluble phosphorus > 100mgKg-1

0 66 100 on

gate

Fig. 2.7 Distribution of sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus in a Dorset grass ley grazed by Fresian cattle (from Salmon 1980: Fig. 11) ▪ ▪

• •• •

• • • • • •• •

. . •

• - • • . • . • - . • • 4 • • • - • 7 - . •

. *. • • • • • • 0

• . • . • .• • • •• • .

% . . • • : • % • • •. •• • • . • • • .• • • • ▪

z E 0 o 0 U-

• • . • 0 ••• •.. • - .0 . ',0; . 00 o0 0 0 100 °, • ' 0 A 0i).0 ,.,0 0 0 : • • .6v'''• .6 6 A- A 0 o.v . 06)0v0vo v 6 8 - .P.• ....•• 0: 0°- v • Ap .. :- . -: • 0 0 00: ‘°0...... ; -.0. ;0 0 0 • '0 . .—. ..8:1 : p.0 9 °. 0 08004 0 00 0 • . . ..0 : . • • 0 • 0 0 .0 . 0 :: i'• .. . . . 0 0 0

• • 0. • • • • 0 • • „ I o 9 0 . 0 w0 t; 0 • 10 0000 00 00 0

••• 0 0 • 00

.0 • 0 • .. 0 0 • • 0 0 • . 0 • 0 a) 0 0 • "6 a) • 0 .0 •

4.)

U) 0 • CO CO • • .0 8 00 0 0 0 • U) 0 0 0 . 0 ° ()0 En Eo o +) CO 0 Cd

0 0 - 00 0 • - ° o • 0 o

0 P- test va_tues

10 -

co -

Depth _

a 100 .

A Heather-grass, Salthelleven

Intensively-used pasture, Salthelleven

8 Mesolithic settlement, Salthelleven

..... - .... Modern arable (fert4ised), Sunde

Arable in recent and iron-age times (700-1100 AD), Strapa- Sands°.

Fig 2.10 Vertical distribution of phosphorus-test values in Scandanavian soils (after Bakkevig 1980: Figs. 10, 13 and 16) a)

CCI

• 4-) Erl

0 •n-1 a)

0 MO••••111111• IMO • 11•Ir••••641 •••••••••• 4, ••••••••1110-...•••••• mmm mm •••1112711n- 111 mmun3/401.011111111111Miargiii. a)

$-• mat moss NMI 4-3 RIM•••‘ •••••••Il •••• 4-)0 •••• •••Il SOHNWENS •••II MOM MINNNEB MUM •••Il ••••••1 ••• •••• 1•••

0 -1/4— • ' • '

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......

SEEM ... SEIM • 1•••• ••-- n•6111-•n• Vann ... • MINIM 1 • . •

4-) 4.) a)

fi Cl] . c.) •ffi -o 0 C I —1 0

° • CV 4-) 0 0 I • a) (10 .r4 2 I •r4 1.4 41 +2 a)

E-4

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CV 04

--+ "1—••• re)

`11

2 0

V 0 4

a 2 r_

4. 2 U 2 2

-c ".0 CC CO z ea e- mi kg. 2.15 Models of the changes in soil development and profile morphology caused by cultivation of stagnopodzol soils. Fig. 3.1 The location of the main study area on Holne Moor and the secondary study areas at Rowbrook and West Stoke farms. CRASSLA.4. Wrei4 aAASWEIV l'Aoa X X • 1'1 P trr ••n • V======1 a•RECTED OY ASCENT' 10‘4,SS I "If NI Ye n1, VALLEY HOC AREAS .0 40 El.ulli oxosA r:77,1 Ila/AL./•",9 SeiL EA A.LuodA - TOLIAIIA "Melt 69 SA..1 • s. •ITEll

Fig. 3.2 Distribution of vegetation in the Holne Moor study area in 1969 and location of soil pollen sampling sites.

BROWN

EARTHS

(Gunnislake Series) - — \ , . -- \ . . % • \ / \ >f / \ n / ‘ • n \ • / n • -. - .- -- —.//... TYPICAL BROWN i - -I HUMIC BROWN I \ I I PODZOLIC SOILS I i PODZOLIC SOILS 1 I (Moretonhompstead Series)' /1 (Moorgote Series) /

..., .." N. N. •• -SI'N

••nn•

FERRIC PODZOLS FERRI—HUMIC

PODZOLS

IRON—PAN PODZOLS (Unnamed Series )

•nn ••n• dr. ..•••• . .••• ••• ../ ••••

N. N...... N. ....„. I' ...„, •,..„ N. „... I ‘ ,,.•

IRON—PAN FERRI—HUMIC

STAGNOPODZOLS STAGNOPODZOLS

(Hexworthy Series) (RoughTor Series _\— — — /

• STAGNOHUMIC

GLEYS

(Princetown Series)

n••.

loe Zoe ..., 1 \ 1 ___,4 -

r - - -

1 1\ .

/ /

/ / / i / / / / / / . /

. . / , , , , Z ON A 4 1 0 \ _..i ,

\ - •4-•. *4+ VIKNOoAD aemyc 1 \ St. ....: Wow

...... -<;:-. RcA yLs 4- CAIILN S 0 “OUSES

Fig. 3.4 Prehistoric land boundaries (reaves), ceremonial monuments (cairns and a stone row) and houses in the Holne Moor study area. 0

Fig. 3.5 Zone A — prehistoric and medieval land boundaries, archaeological excavation sites and sub—zone divisions. I 1 • / , / ----.. i _c I -c . iJ / 0 I M 1 di 1 I 1 I 1 , / 1

I I t I

I I I I

\ - \

1 4 I % k 0 z It tn

I 1 k i I I • d

• 0

Fig. 3.6 Archaeological site C — south face of excavation showing section through stone reave boundary and bank/lynchet, and soil sampling locations.

wlea aaffICIA/ • ',fat" •

- n c „ C E .1rA A 1:

±"—C r L ••••• • •• AtiL0 g • . . • . • • I. .° • °• •• • .. • • • wEgrEllN . . • . • . • ••• • Fle4 • . • • . • "f*.e4 • • • " • • R• • : • • • • 1 .. \ • I .... \ . . • • • • , --- % 1 \L.*** . . • ...... ? „v. ei,,, _, 1 _. % EAs ri """••n•° •••• ••• t i x x x x x I Wsif's,,,E1. igiwyr, I \ n Goo- ..:. % . I ! ..) t ! I \ \ I \ I % \ \ . OWL. 0 N.., N ft A L n . 1 0 A T I-1 Ls' 0••• •• . I N Fi El- P2%....— 0... . n ...... — .... ""••• •••n fhb" , 1 i 00°' ..••n• ft.. 11•10...L...... L..i...... W .1 \ n .n• .0.. 4 C.1. 4trwiT4et. \ tli T-z 4,,,,..7.; \ ...... -..... > s \ 4' Le. , \ 43.h,C4r. L 0 a E 1 / ...- 4 ,-c.L ..,-, ‘....0•n•• V • ...94 • - r.elar \ %•;Z:a4•4441r \ i nnnnn.... \ n••-•i---...... „...... „/":4, ..:. . . ‘,:.4 n , .00" r A 4 t li ..;i4$ . • ' ..•: .: • / I ....)...... bolo. he ' '' / / 1 11.11WISINID pli-D / Flii-Di I re.oirRALI\ I / Our ER S ourH / Lil ac 3 .1 . i ,.9 At„,...,-...:_,...„,--...... ,7 /

F E x x X I - ,.... Sou TH . ., ‘

...... -- -...... ) \‘‘ s.,,,,H V .4.4 CAA Am.,/ t. V . .v '1) Ur•D •ra D .... Ivr, 1 141 greitoe F IELO kr. cLosRl '.-W1.4:1,:;11 1'141 *`'.....ic'S.Ci:v.:. /141 2 * * ef - e•I.:19;1••) ••"Zia • JA. '‘ '1''''144 4. .01. 1 ',201. • . 1., att'll:;:7,403...... ------W 0 6:::„. ../ ....:1111.6. 4 74 win;t7i i i I ::.;:t .t;;;‘. › .i . •••:.....,n•nn•11- .0. '1 cy.,..r,-...... - /. ft• ,/•••:.+n,....7... LONf Me vef Ii. V•• % I\tr.....4//1\ i, \

40,,,vpwa1 FS" /10.t5''C Oflumetsnmgivr rooRLY AMent 1 . /1•414.rre.q.e ga,oes.1X % p,rs 4.18, 4.,,et ISV.,44A•ietit /0 r"c, fdad Iff (••••• ") HOC* CA ma ..... Ced.row.isrmArtrIWV A ...„0 AMISIT Avila! CZZZ210 /no • SRN r NIMI 4A M /3 .r "e. /Neil/CAT * re•An, S.. • l 4.„ ,n•0/4.1 A0.4 OVell War,.

Fig. 3.7 Medieval land boundaries, fields, rabbit buries and tinning works in the Holne Moor study area (after Fleming and Ralph: in press) • 19 77 M4/1. 1N4 LOLAT/ 043 mais4 :noose zonoff • /979 , 1930 R p oirion/AL MnisPINC • ......

Fig. 3.8 Soil mapping sample locations and the main study zones in the Holne Moor study area.

▪ ▪ • • . ‘ ,.., a as . (0 u 0 r•• \ • o. . c .. \ m II 'I r/ £ l''' I' / `... •Ir w so •-... /.0 m ..'... V1 1 4. so I $ 0. M • .. V'''. — I••• .1 I m 1% £ • - - v, = E / .4 tr.. Z 311 IC ? v. vt‘ 4 a 4 ,... • • . v. n f 4 ?. le i / n., s ..... A 0 1 u4 o z c., o • V 0 • e c • 0 0 n 0 ... '. c ..,

t l Zi o

0 • 0 0 0

o • 9 0 4 • A a 0. .11 • • p.' 0 .1 4 0 I- • 10 el 4 r. O .44 0 •

.41i • 4,17, 0- 0 V7.4 41 c4.4

CO r. a A, —4

0 I. • o 0 O 0 0 LU 0

0 0

0 0 -r o ‘.• 0 0

6 • ‘' 1.• . L 0 • 4 0 • •

Fig. 3.9 Zone A — soil sampling locations.

Fig. 3.10

.712

r11• • 0111

4.-wo 6] AlISN90 Nina mos Fig. 3.11

N-

NNN

.4-a

2t C3

(11 Ul CD

Ce-w° 6] AlISNDO Nina lips Fig. 3.12

(11

'7 1 II r-1 1-1 1-4 1-41 •-1 0 0 X X X CV CV ••0 CV NI 0 0• 0• CN o o 0 + `C) Q Ln O rg n 11 Ul • • 0 0 0

II II II 10) 0 0 03 CO 03

(f) LU LLI ILI >- ›.• ›- CC IX CC U U U LU 1-I < < M

2f CO

CO Cr) (r)

-J

CL1

•43 03

* ED

N-

n••n• • O

[2-w3 6 ] AirsNal Nino -us Fig. 3.13

0 CV ,I,8 :1. 0. N- Or CO ..— 6 I I + 1 71

...c:(

.4- OW

MI IILL_I

= CO

III

I II III

143 CV .111..n 0 ".n ,. n n ... •. ' Ei-w° 6] AlISNDO Nine -us

Fig. 3.14

1 s i r I r I / * Ii I 4 _ 1 1 I , s 1 : r 1 1 1 I I I 1 I rf i ri * 1 I *I *1 ** r i I r 1 r s r 1 i I r r r r I e f I 1 I I I 1 I 1 I * I i r I I t t / ri 1 1 * ii Ei / r „i • A 4,1* •, I •I • / * I t n , A5V It Ak* I n 1 •I 1r. I I I * I 1 1 * 1/ * * I / I * AV I 1 F•/ / * *• / / / ./. * /If / I / i *** * / eF ,j, * I lITIII Ai,* iII 7F *If * / i / I1 / i / / * ei / / IIt II II / II •I •Il I• I •• A

o Ln o Ln o Ln o Ln o 0 oo 1•••• l'•.- `0, •0 111 111 -4- -4 NI 8 d; 8 6 c; 8 iS 8 a 0 [ e-Allo 6] AlISNACI Nil% MOS

Fig. 3.15

• • I • In / • ••••• / • Il / • • / a • / t 181 i /is • • 121/ lig •• / / • •• / / Er •• •• / •• I / • • 1 • / El / 181 / / / •• / / •• •• / / •, •• •/ / / • • / / i : / / •, 181' / I • 181 I •1 El Et / •• • 181 / El • El•/ / •1 181 I • El / / TM •• I / / ra ; • , ,, / ,, / ,, ,14 / , El • •; / •• •• / •• 181 . p kg ,,,,,, : El I--i ,„,... / / 181 It / • El •/ • / / El , 1 ••• / 124181 • • 181 I 1 • El / / • ,: 1:31 / if ,; 1 , dt , I ,• C..t.' , •i LL1 : / El -cc ,• / / ril , 181 1 EY El 1812Y 121 Ifil / • / 181 181 • •• / i El/ a) / • 1:321// )441F111 I El 21/ lie: 1 •: 181 • • • i 181i/ El •• El / •• : 181 El / rgi • i /rgi 13 I N. le/l /ff / 3 El ,/ El / 1:81 : / •• El / i / • 1N1 ,/ •0 111 •II / I / / 1 / I / I • I I -4-o In t4)o in o .-In ..--o in o tr) . N. N, . . o. o. .- ..._. — — — 0 c; [emo 6 ] A1ISN30 Nina ims

Fig. 3.16

i II II 9/ I I / / It / 1 / / I I I. 1 / 1 II e , I / .t I. i If •11II If of If° / II / •O / l .-- r--1 . / --.1" / / ../ / of / e / e II / , / , , ,.., C , , , 1—.1 , , ./ , E) / ED / e / / 1 II I •../ / A I .., , / ED 1 .' / .# / Ili .1. / / . / / ../ . / / . / Il // e / Q e / e / e . / , I / , / ./ 0 / / •-• e. • , / • • , (1).' 1 li • / / / 9 " / 1/ .." / , , / ,/ , . 1' CO ... . ; , . . / /(331 I / / 1 / I I I .1

a VI Q LSI CI Ul CI Lf1 0 U-1 vs Cã N 0 0 Os Os GO • . . • . • • 8 ,- ,- ...! ,: .--• .-. 0 Et-41° 6] AlISN30 Nine iIos Fig. 3.17

0 CV

•-• CO

141 CM ..... 0 0%. CO N_

.II v--- ...- 0 0 Q [ 0J0 6] AiisNal x-Ing ilos -

Fig. 3.18

l' I 4 I I I I I 4 I I I I II I I-

I I I II I I 4 I I 4 I 1 .jt4 III / .I 0 . / I V-. . / ii I' / I' 1 .1 * Ii / / i 1 / / i ei / / /• / / / i' / i 1 * * // II I .i . / I. ./ / i // * * A / / II / / . * I' ,,, / i 117 I' : / * I / / :./ 1 / .i / . .1 // * */1 / ././ , . N0 / .. ./.. / if i i i / LA Il 1 i .. I/ / 1 •.e/ .7

•.1 A FA

IR R R Ca .Ln.- .2Cr') • • 8 T a aL •IP , ...... 1". .1. T.. .8.n .1 ..- 8 8 cl: C IOU° 63 kustua 41118 1 I OS

Fig. 3.19

I I I I S I I I I I I I I I II I S I I I I r I I I I /11 I I I I / I II I I I II // I I I I / I / I e I II I / I I I S I / / I P I i I I / I / I I I I •51 I I •I I v• / I I I 1 I I I 1 I S I 1 I I 1 1 I I I

II I I I I I I I I II I I I I S I I I S I I II I S I S I I I I I I S I I I I I

0 Lf1 0 Irl 0 CV ...... - 0 0 a • • m a • gr— ...— ...— w— .11.— 8 [ .-WO 6] AlISN30 :ma lios Fig. 3.20

• II DC L_J * * ° z cn * * El * * (r) * ('-n/ 0, 0 LI N -J LLJ 21 El * *

-J LU 1-1 CO

* In

Egi fs- LJ

3 N _J LU

0 so

111 1.11 0 Lf1 0 Lf1 0 Lfl tr) C\ CI

••n 6 •-• V- V-. 12.-A1° 6] AlISNDO Nina -us Fig. 3.21

P 11 2 Ea m c II II 0 I—I I--1 6 LS

121 o1-- 11J LI IL. Z IL7 (1) 1-1 @ II:

z 0 LL1 * 131 Cl) I. c.. CO LL C) —I ILI

CO 181 * -)re 131

181 El '0 *

181

I 1 I I I I I I I I I

CI Lf1 C11 IP C1 in o 111 0 U1 1=, •-t NI N) cv t% 0 CI 0. 0. 8 .— - ..-- •n 8 [ 2-00 -6] AlISN90 Nino -nos ..-... ta .0 •4-4 4-4 b.3 0 OiD 0 •.1 ta Z I En a) 44-I -,-I 0 r-I 4-) i-i F-4 ;-, 0 ed a) +3 0 n ;..1 4.) ca .0 ,S) r0 +3 -P -,.-4 ca, 0 Cl) ca ra co 0 0, 0 p. 00 0 H H .-0 -,-4 z H H ct f-14 -P tL0 •4-I La 0 ai ;-1 -4I 4-4 -4 Cl) (I) 4) 04' ta E 0 F.-4 0 cd a) a) z 0 (1) F-I tto o 0 ,I.:: to • 4-4 0-P cu a) a) 4-) o •rl .4 .4 C.) Z A-1-1 +3 .0 ...... -41

rcl

043

C14

0 0

0..

0 a.

tn 0 ce 0 0

0 ' • °0

•=..1 0

- C•4

ILA 2 z _c -c 0 a:T o *.:( CO 03 o 'it Oi 03 03 00 a) o 0 o ›-. A-:: 0 •rl Z ..-.... 41 -4-) H H -f-) 0 0 0 p.4 ..-1 g 0 P 0 = a) -P P 2, it, 4.),9 -1 r tia g ••-n a) •,-1 ,C ai a) 0 a .4:• P P. ;-1 g CO 4-) 4•) 0 +3 ',-J 43 r—I Pi 0 o Z ,--4 cti •r-I 0 4-) 4-4 •,-1 .0 00 0 -Po ta0 0 '0 P.

0 0 in In

TITT" 0 11 0 0 0 V) 0CL 0

u 7 0

0 oz 0 - 0 In

4.. Ct.

Lu Lu -c _c _ 0 < aa CO 0< cc'

0 0 0 0 0 o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 - cs4 cn 0 - C.4 CI 0 Ohl, h

ONAh Oh n=10

% Strip P Field o / o 0-...c.

cl) Z Stone H Row 0 0 =

0 4.4 AhlE D.) 0 n=25 H P. E cd u) H •,-1 0 u) 4 0 •r4 _J E 44 P-4

n=13 4-4 B 0

wi Z 0 V :Id 0 cd ;-I +) Z 4 a) C.) 0 0 Bir C) n=7 a) .0 4-) to 0 •ri 0 o .0 Cl) 3 Cl] n=4 5 BCux cu P 40 0 4-) Cl] H o =

Tr CV Isil

Samples b.1) H 44

El I I 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

Pf mg kg-' •

• .\ ••••

• • • • • • fo e •

II , • S • e: • •• • so• • • • \• • •

• •

o o a CI a a a a o ea. ...• n 4 :-)C"

I co-, E I '

Fig. 3.25 Scattergram illustrating the relationship between Pt and Pao in soil samples from Holne Moor. 0 eJ _

0 0 • -o 4 t

0 0 IP.

o 0 sa

• 0 0 . 4

0 0 0 0 0 os o n0 eV

Fig. 3.26 Scattergram illustrating the relationship between Pt and Pao in Oh, bOh— Ah and ironpan samples from Holne Moor. 0 0 0 0 Cs em ...,

Fig. 3.27 Scattergram illustrating the relationship between Pt and Pao in Ah/E, Ah, A/B and B horizon samples from Holne Moor. \

0 \ + \• \ • •40• + \ \ + • • + • • S • ++ • • • • \+ 4. • \ • • • + \ • • • ••• \ • •

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 — OS Jo ...i. ...4

Fig. 3.28 Scattergram illustrating the relationship between Pt and Pao in the normal and the 'High Pf l soil samples from Holne Moor. • ar

• 0

• \

0 • • \ 8 0 •: o 0 0 • 0 •••• 0 0 0 • 0 • • l' ° 0 • • • 0 0 • • • 0 0 • 0 nn••\'0. • .0 •

•

o o Lb 64

Fig. 3.29 Scattergram illustrating the relationship between Pt and Po in soil samples from Holne Moor. 0 4- V I2. It LO —c 7 . •

. ;.. / o o

a) i 0 H 4-0 o --,-4

E 1 o

'0 • cd

a) Loi 2 a)

a) •0

Ca) 20

a) F-1

4-)

bO I.

e• r•-n • • 411, 4-) 4-) • 0

rc)

0 0.1 0-6 O•t I•0 NZ 1•n•n•••••n

4.1 Oh

3.7

- AA

amonn• Ak/k" 4.3

- 4•0

[ 4.5 7-7 .11„ A„„ P1/A ../IA 4•4 BA 4.3

Mom- MI/ 140,1./24W //i'sAl-p4A1 mei-t*Ad

A/8 4.c 8,

4.3

4.7

n//4 Ai/ A is.sBL

4.3

en•••=li alnID 4,7

•nn=1 4.5 8Cug

/ 4.3

SroNE 7-oe.C C zoNiA P-oto /714ti • rtn Negtrof AIEL.0 A Sta4-.70iC.

1 3 4- 5 6 7 9 9 Preefilt (CSA Zior,as)

Fig. 3.32 Diagram illustrating pH values in soil samples from Holne Moor. o I.

41 4

.41

El 4 7 .4

o o . 0 wl .41

0 I i 0 0 0 0 o 10 r4

Fig. 3.33 Scattergram illustrating the relationship between different measures of the concentration of phosphorus in the organic matter of soil samples from Holne Moor (all samples for which C measurements are available) • 0 0

0 0

r•4

Fig. 3.34 Scattergram illustrating the relationship between different measures of the concentration of phosphorus in the organic matter of soil samples from Holne Moor (stagnopodzol soils only) 5

0 e_

3 • 0

• 0

C a o , .., .4., • u 4 u i

en 0 C.11:;1

Fig. 3.35 Scattergram illustrating the statistical relationship between different measures of the concentration of phosphorus in the organic matter of soil samples from Holne Moor (linear and non-linear regression)

•

BROWN

EARTHS

(Gunnislake Series)

• •

TYPICAL BROWN .--HUMIC BROWN i

PODZOLIC SOILS r•ODZOLIC SOILS

(Moretonhampstead Series" (Moorgate Series) S-IV

/ \ / /\ // \ / FERRIC PODZOLS l/ FERRI-HUMIC / / , l S- IV WITH / I I / / 1/ 7 PODZOLS IRON-PAN / / I .'1 IRON-PAN PODZOLS \ •,- / (Unnamed Series) .-

...- ----\\ S-V / 5.- / •••• \,e /\/`, ••• \

IRON-PAN IS-la STAGNOPODZOLS STAGNOPODZOLS 'S-lb

(Hexworthy Series) ( Rough Tor Series _\-- ---_./ . - rs -- , . \ / -- / .. . / \ / . / / n / \/ .5 / /\55 / / n \ -5-.,. \ - STAGNOHUMIC

GLEYS

Princetown Series)

• • Fig. 4.2 Distribution of sub-soil classification units in the Holne Moor Study area (sub-soil classification units I - V are described in sections 4.2.1.1 and 4.2.2.1)

71- •N1/4:N ZCi:44::' • getoo...4

lb 4, 1 4 S. • • f

...:".....

... Z.- 1.

, - : • lev.,-,tF;.k.-*S-...=, vr4 a.!•••;7,..,

AMU mmmmm moms nem von sae .,. leva

7-7‘

1 I

10 —j

I j ; 'r s

. I

•

S - / P14r 7. s- 5- lc c- ti 54/1 54V 54V ~ nun,* ARIAL -1/ 1'71.1[4L dm-j., •P otervaaio + S//! ;Adut;•As rYPE tvfic q r feat

Fig. 4.3 Distribution of surface soil classification units in the Holne Moor Study area (surface soil classification units S-I - Str are described in sections 4.2.1.2 and 4.2.2.2) Fig. 4.4 Zone A - segment and sub-zone divisions, and the distribution of medieval plough marks, tinning and animal disturbances. n=12 II

n=25 • • •

11/ n=15

En n

n=13 Ill

n=65

6- Corners, 5- Edges 4- ro26 3- 2- 1-

10 15 20 25 Cm. Disturbed samples Ei Peat cut

Fig. 4.5 Zone A — histograms of peat depth measurements in segments I — IV and corners and edges of enclosures.

1,11,111,IV n•n

n=65

XIII;Xl V

n=19

V, VI

n=26

n=34

fil

n=35

6_VII,V111 5- 4- n=31 a- 2 1 - • 0 5 10 15 29 25 cm

Fig. 4.6 Zone A — histograms of peat depth measurements in segments I — XIV. _ - S.

.,......

- e- 4...... _ .... • - .

1 ----.. 4. 1 . -, r '..,....„...... , CN '46 •••n c--4 \ - . X (41‘.,\ . `....,' r•n • x . R.N.- cn

-..-1) "••n. -••••• I . Q • rrl laj / ----N: / • 03 nft/ ft;

0 •0 r4

• .N • - \ .A"

Fig. 4.7 Zone A - lateral variation in organic content of peat and mean peat depth in all segments (after exclusion of Corner, Edge and Peat cut samples). SOU -MOUI INglrz gun

]

t--1 ,-3 * •r-f H 0 a) Col' • 1-1 I-1 fr4 a) 0 g •r1 H •ri C-4i 0 cd P4 F-4 H -1-, H cd 0 0 0 0 F4 rd Z a) I-I c., d 0 ...... E 0 al a) LI -0 .0 El 4-) H a) czd P H r0 0 ›. 1-4 0 t-4 b.0 I I 4-, n 4-) 0 I-1 T .0 T- ci •H H Cl) Cr) -P 0 a) rd H 4 g4 d 0 4-4 H I c..) a .-4 Z (-4 O H H 0 0 I o o I •r1 0 0 rd q4 I I •1-1 0 U) o r7-4 P4 al -P 0 4-2 I I ct ..--. 0 0 ;=.5- P4 rd cd I I Cd H_- .-I -,-I -P 0 o F4 1 A P .1-1 cd I CD a) al- C.3 A I 4-4 4-3 I Cil 4-5 4-5 a) a) a) M I b.0 a) a) o I rd .._...... - P4 ....1 a) 0 H .4-n a) a) F4 cd H 03 c1,1 -c- CD a) H al rd Cd CZ P cu 0 a) 1-1 a) cd I I P a) ai tn 0 A -P C/1 C/) 4-5 rd co 4-1 cf) r-I a) • 0 0 a) ca as (1) r+-1 f.4 cr) Z El m 4 1-1 0 Crl •,-.1 a) 1-1 ,...... 0 H H 0 ....-, Cr-f AH 0 0 ...... , H! OW .9 0 C/3 0 cd q .0 C/1 -P a) .-1q • H VI 0 1 ,13 T-1 a) m o •,-1 o o r. 0 4-4 > cc •-4 •-I Z c--! H -I' cd :g -c-- te 1 r-1 1- m m 4 4 d $-1 1-4 •Fcl 0 0 o F-1 0 0 C.) cc Z 0 d 4-, 0 4-, O .H P4 cd C.) +3 4-4 rd oi 54 (T) -P rip4 O ct1

d 4-, rd0

c-- >4 >4 >4 1-4 F-1 Erl ME-.1 1

rri 0 A rx1 I 1 El a <4 I-i A El cf3c; 1

100 1.•

PASTURE

D I vIDED AR,48LE

/0"C. 0 4 Es 'EA. A 84N DONF a V C. /50o - TW6 A(?) f 7-WE • . ••

Coaolvt o 0 4 AA,sa- n liv rA k E / 3 00 Al4 MIS I re •• ..e.ORLIER A fiA/D0A, ED al Am 0 eNED

i• A.• A E ) 11 , ? . ,---- 6)1, c2):.. 0

•• • • • ER RSA, f [HEY AL Cu • V THEN Eir7P OU•V />A/C\ AMP p s r tm A N47,1/ TAAos 0

OARL,V /3rwC. T

,.1„thrf) VID ED

I Nr_ A'KE5 LA I'S R I3r0C. —L—RitA8L.E 11--- — jair". 0 • t s .. • Ari4 rIN,v,wf f c1300 r`oeivc l• PasruRE Afti" C./200 Alf ts,44,5meD 0 "- /6" f"C Tin/ o o EPISODES 00 0

8 ft E F Ti Li. A C 1%"4:•Nmi LATE N 0 a,

• E irRA.V ei,fx e usr/v4rmw

PASTORE. A /OA HALF A EVand / • I E. r*C. • LA rixe -0)Np4•Nc s•

Fig. 4.9 Medieval land use in the Holne Moor study area (after Fleming and Ralph: in press) . ( ?Z \ \ \ \ \ \

CR ,ISSLAAIO WITH AlfarAt• Deon.Mair CALL &pea 844CKEIII Akider rto•Mi. ••n ••4 ir, g rits. f‘V LE= • A/ Iferao OVARII-10/1 • VeitsSLA hurl, C4 ta-u•14 mteatneo., I. . Aa...Er- dog 1iI.4rW4 4./o st••4 AAAAA S omE am Ac.ff we

Fig. 4.10 Distribution of vegetation in the Holne Moor Study area in

1976-1977, and the location of vegetation sampling sites 1 — 7. LYAICNET om AGAvt NO RTH LOSE

0 31 01

• 32.

0 34. 4 2.

0 3 43

No firH FIELD A 1 s,

# 14 hi 7e, 79 8 0 3 5 PA cAEoSOL 0 CI c ROUP 13 CatooP A

li frl 79 12 A 4' 036 02

07 5 4 0 37 IkEAV E

so' mP L IN 4. Loc A TioNS A N D CODES 10 rn /977 197 € /179 0 Cfp sER/Ef 0 V sulks A SPEciAL SA mPe.mig

0 SP iliv‘S' ZONE C

Fig. 5.1 Zone C - Location of sampled profiles Fig. 5.2 Zone C - Section through North Lobe corn-ditch showing the principal features of the buried medieval palaeosol and its overburden o o 4- $ . o ‘..) A kn \ ...... 0 I N `NI . o e,.... ‘L .2 el 1 ."‘Na 4 St 4 - .. 0

1 A ‘T C44

•! n•

II "*.

.4 - I II •. 0 o

'"•n 4

a r— — — J ' n••n C) -1 .1 •

•."

r— -

1 o 1

1 1

1- - -. 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i I 1 I I

I I I i i 1

0 4 It Ii II . 0 II tq II II II II I- ..... II II I

- TI -- I --I- — _

a • o o 4 v.. N- O a.--

II er ,t II

II II L f n(?1 a

co - - - I , -, - LJ

0 • sm

•n• 0 4

iz)41

• 464

a 0 II I • 4 I II I I II I I II II II 1 I Ii 3 it 4 Nt'r

1 1

ii 1 I I II

o Is

? 3 i ;

I I

I — — -J I I i I 1 u - ..... , r-r----Z1—_—_ =21_ _1 ___q___I 1 1 F 0 0

1/44 0•

n4. e- t

•

- l

r— ......

c. Fig. 5.24. Schematic view of the palaeosol trench through the wall of the prehistoric house on archaeological site F Fig. 5.25 Section through site F house wall showing the principal features of the buried prehistoric palaeosol and its overburden a)

rd a) r.1

4-3

a) ao a) ;4 .1-1 C-5 0

•r-I rd H a) ca, O rd 0 H (1.) r cd d rd ra,

n/ 0

a -

a:7 0:1

co'

-o

o .°?

.. 7 I)4

r—, %.1 4 yQ ..... c; ..1, c:r -4 !..! cc 'AT a • 4 .1 U. z CD ‘...... • I.. 0 Ct ..e ,b "i P' CO ‘‘I 0 X z Cl ,

cci

0 4

—

Ct 411

. re

.=:;•-•;;::=_'

471

• Cb

Cs z -I --

I - - --I

tr- - --I

0 In

1 - - - -I I- - - - -1 1.- 1 1 I e I 1 _I e 1 I

I i I

F- 44.1 0-1

-J

r- 0 %.

Q-4+;

0 C. 0

CD 0 o a

1 1 ••n L_ J I

--1

n __

t ts/ o

a Li I. 0 Is 0 '4t k (4I k a. a 0. 0 2 o 0(

I - -I I I- - - -I L 44

CS -

•-..

4.1 1

2 _

.41 0 a

0 0

It II

II II o II II I I II _ It II II L.. II II II II • II II - . II II N• II II tz• II II II n II . 1 0

1 : •

a) 0 4-1 0 ° Cti Rs a) irt I ic,31 -P t a) cH P-•

-P 0

7.4 -P 3 0

0 %JD 0 0 n•n a) rd

P4 a)

t•-1 •ri a)

rid 0 O o C'3 +3 U) 0 r- 1-1 aMMIM O ;-4 q-, 0 0 4-1 al a., al a) PL+ -P ai •r-i g 0 14/ H c.—, 0 ;3. 0 a) ut 3 ai ct 0 (0 -p Crn ;-n (i) O 0 ▪ F-1 • 0.) •rl 0)0) PI .0 P- ch

r- 1.r%

6.0

/61, /4.3 7 r C..D /84,14C 2.23, /04.c (4: 8) 2! /9

Rh wvt 32.6 2.93 V 7 32.• A A z 22_5, 2o6 241,220 277, 24-8 386,311 /9 21 69\ 2..9„/ • 6 34.636? 301,1.60 -r- 3ft, 313 172, 2 9 32 1 /3 • A n171 1 ‘9,1 35%3,310 1 • 7 1

399, C—W 3•4-9 411 , 32:

5 ' oir . Ce. e" Ce • 3g • ' • 32.4.3o3 4 u06 429, 371 3K,1,1 2.2.11-, 200 E .11 , 39 E • 38

24 4 g e , •

• *I.

F,Ein 8 5c" 269 , 2-36 (".6) 12.

4-1//, 432 mz • 674, 244 mi• 441 4-35 (2

MI 4-04- 376 in; 422, 392. In.. 4/8 ,377

1 3C 30

302,22o 354, 326 Fitcp A 2.9 • • 327, 296• 37. 265, 2.30 33 3 (n. ) 25 216, 2.6-7 Lsue-zoNe rj 32 /77, /60 30 • AfAvi 1,1:4) le

A A/E ,ty cm-3 Pao, Po o 6 IC) PI/ PA4,

e .Sc.,,/'seleve,i‘es /°•,..se Sev,,e Ir.ore

Fig. 5.51 Site F — Lateral distributions: Pao, Po and Pa in the Ah/E horizon •

co‘L C I 237, og (. :8) 38

V -V V

M1 • 4.37, 392. • m;•

• 345,3036:1" )1 272,2/0 3 2 (A=f) [sue-zoNe PI • 1.96,24-0 = 44 L.Atl'se- PAO , o

0 5 10 m PA.

Z ZZ" Steme Noase (ov•ACres /'‘....re I ...ee „ H „„ .72 • r 1/ftre

Fig. 5.52 Site F — Lateral distributions: Pao, Po and Pa in the B horizon 4.4

•

• 0 • 0 4

' ;

3 14." ▪ 011

Figs. 5.53 and 5.514. Site F — Scattergrams illustrating the relationship between Po and Pa in Ah/E and B horizon samples

2.926 6

V V 3391 e -v V

2322 1543 2429 4 9 vi • 34-46 v/H 4/14 6 3571 32.16 • a W •j v./ • Woodan hut 347 • C=114.11 3793 5 ' 06- ' • Ct • __•__ J3779 4 2‘7 .36'91

34.57 k 2.732 E • E • E • 44(29 E • ;11

P,fi r) 8 R27/7 1111/11P • 3910

47o9 MZ •

ffa o • 405-9 //to.

1.0 A Mt • 25'99 3,9 7 (4. 4. f) Esue-zoNe _ 2o37 3 0 ; 7 (.4

/941E

Po k -20/ 0 10 — _I

St." Rouse (ov •Cres /°<..se r .Len House) Er / • 43.. 14ase r S'A., e

-1 Fig. 5.55 Site F - Lateral distributions: mgPo kg LOI in the Ah/E horizon

V v. A A

2579 3039 3087 vi • .IH WI-1 6 3 4.02 3267 • • A . NA./• w •

F./Dec(4n At

Cc* 3976 E . E : , E • 3704 1... 5 •

in,: •

g i.n A vigS 3 r u 8 - zo Ne • .2-947

AS Avi ( 6)

3 0 oti P0 ki

Pk.se St..te Hawse 1144.se fl.j7 ItS.Te liwre

Fig. 5.56 Site F - Lateral distributions: mgPo kg -1 LOI in the B horizon C.34- c

6.61 a

ML 411 • 9.2.0 14.97

MI Mi. • 8.90 9.48

ri g t.13 A ML • 8:78 r Sj

[sue-zo Ne Fl • 3: 7.72 '7.82 AiAvi 61 6)

1494/C 0

0 6 I 0 ^9 Lo/

/24.,,t e jr SesAe (40N-Zres /34.se r /24.0. S'I-D.e 14.re

Fig. 5.57 Site F — Lateral distributions: LOI in the Ah/E horizon

r(4.0 C

•

V -v A A A

U.12 l.i 7.31 WH WH1 6 • • 4.1 •

k eeeLan hut

. . ...Ce • Cc •

• E • E • 10.49 I.:* E •

•

m. •

• 3 [ su e-zoNe PI •

AlAri

.B lo Loi

11" jr St.,e ek.se t „712- R,44..ta SfiAe H•ure

Fig. 5.58 Site F — Lateral distributions: LOI % in the B horizon 0 r-

77,

LIN • 09 b.0

Fri

cr)

-0 9

n •• ••• 3

0 0

Cl) 5 0 ea c0

4.4 2.1

0 0

•0

2 ,

sc'* I al I CO I JI Figs. 5.64 and 5.65 Site F Scattergrams (for location of samples see code numbers on Figs. 5.51 - 5.58)

ta, 0 0 4t

1 0.4

n 11, 40 C1:1 I Q.! i

4gq, Fig. 5.66 Site F - Scattergram: mgPo kgLOI in Ah/E horizon / mgPo kg LOI in B horizon

C) v t o n t. .0 N. .14 ‘t I a 0. 0 \\ 01t \0 .e t k.. 0 o r l N 4 v *.1 4 st ....; %. l o v v r N4s. m• ;....4.,. 4.) . 2 • • i vi su

4.1 t C.) X N. 4 0 Lt. \ 0 4-

0 I

04 4 n 40 4 m 4 0 * C 04 1^- 0 0 ft 1". 0 Pi 6 0 tr" a k -4. 6 47, le t 4'") t stf Ns X X < L X 0 4*, • • 4. .41

It L 1 ft

0 0 0

• 0 < o .1 0 1...., 4 • a e n . I Q.! 4 itn, El • •

SI .t1 °•), ? er • d o ZeS CL. Q 0 CI!

1.11 In Cr) In •.0 (.1

csi ea 4 co ex% TJ ••.0 0 m M

1 02 o -- CT -+ 0.00 0 • I In

.43 0.00 trl o • L. -- 4

W 7.0o In ol 0 1 -7 0o 7-4 oo a oo 1- 4

1 .4 m 0 tt't a 0 a 0 In 2 I M cr, a VI - 1 7+ tr .VI crs 0. m m 0 — Oo a 4 -1' 4. m In 10 o' n 7 %al ON 70 a- ts• 0 I 9 Crl e'n 4 C.

II .4 M (.4 r- CO Cr. I WI M

.} 14 co 1.71 r- 0.• • I

o tee r-- 4. m N

0 0 n-4 E I

Fig. 5.67 PHA Transect — Phosphorus and LOI values in samples along a transect through a prehistoric house

• •

a 4 O 0 u.1

▪ %A\ • %al

A a\ a

I . =5 ..-., 0 g• ?. F. 20 \ a'c . 7 \ \ a 4 =.111 1 t...• 24 a‘• 1

• °44<1 (:)\

• J ° 0 .1'0 \ 0 411‘

kf;

,... -0 \ : . I I . 0 0 .,, : .4 0 - , a 'ti ;1 4 zsl -3 qe] —,

—9 Fig. 5.68 PHA Transect - Lateral distribution: kg LOI m -

Fig. 5.69 PHA Tranzect - Scattergram: pgPo cm:1 in Oh and Ah/E horizon pgPa cm ' in Oh and Ah/E horizon =44

a 0 .gt I 2 a. =

1 Fig. 5.70 PHA Transect - Scpergram: mgPo kg - Fe in Oh and Ah/E horizon / mgPa kg- Fe in Oh and Ah/E horizon

3 0

00 t.o 0 r-- 0 tr.

• 0

• • Ot I ft? 0 \

ksi 4 0 I* 0 30 o -0

0 0 ' II 2 ,-) Zo. 6'1 4 gkll di .71; TJ"

• ci! •

V:4— cr. 4 3 o 0 NO

• 0

tsn

co 0 -4 0 0.

1? Figs. 5.71 - 5.76 PHA Transect - Scattergrams = 4 :.4 4 2 4 crsis

0 2 0 0 0 o el 0 .1. 0 C:) C) It

(4.3 1.) .4 4

2 • cs •

0 0 4711 0 el 0 0

„ L

• 0

-41 cZt

2 0 44 0

et I 4re --I- at I o o NO 4 1

=1 I

1 0 o

..41

01 1

1 - _ ------

I .r •

:: •

I o o A • a II I

1 "

1 .2 •

1 0I

0 0 0 0 0 n t.n 0 :. r. •••4 cl 1:9 .12-7

CI! I '4:1 Ili E g

Fig. 5.80 PHA Transect - Scattergram: mgPo kg -21 LOI in Ah/E horizon /

mgPo kg LOI in Oh horizon q‘. I C4-I0 _ _ II o o c\ •1-I II CO II • 0 II 41-1 II • rd tD rI cd rm.! o Cd II/

el-,

•r{ I 0 1 '14 1 4 •-) o CL E

INSV/A1 cr)

•ri F-t

4-,

•••••• ;•4

P I 0

rl ' / A

irAIMAM

PAr/All • • "4 IIA/A11

WAWA P.. 0 ts1

F.4 0 All pr-oFLIGS n:17

2 -7-1_ n

Propcles outside row 5 rd

;.n

Pro14.1e5 4lAe i•ou)

: 12.

co 0

P4 r -1 R CO

f:14

Fill profileS a:17 0 0 eri 4-, r-i 4.1 0

c.)

Propel OotSicte v-OtJ 4-3

S• l• 5 1-1

Prop.LeS(jcide rotJ

46 r--/o7 17971,,

•

97- in- 1t .2rt- 20- 2.91- 331- <90 3C0 • it 0 ISO 190 230 170 310 330 b.9 •rf m 3Pk3-1 Fe ••••••

.% 0 1E1 .0 o

.0 0 +I .1-4

o 0 0 c0 01 CI 0 ria) fa.• C11 f.4 El 40 es-, al at 0 co 0 •ri n..me t A 0 4 <1 00 +3 .H ••• Ci 0 ;-4 0 0 .• f •f:g .J 1) MI o " 0 0 +3 0 CO rf) 0 0i ‘.0 CO LC\ ... c.., 0 • F

..4 ...1 it ul VI el 4 • . . . n C e e C C Z C

COI

0 •H 0 0 L-CN •r1 C ;-1

2 — — _I r. —1 ct 0 I 4-3 1g)I $-1 V) e) 41.)

ni i H •r1 a I cf 4

0 0 4 0- •

-11

Qt. 0. CO

O. • O. tro • ct -.$ 4.

z a

nno

ea 1.4%

• a.

-c 0

Fig. 5.87 West Stoke Farm and Bench Tor — Location of sampled profiles and cultural features b., E l el I < Ce ] cr

A'4• q u, MI > cc

191(1° 1 .c,

(11 \ ‘ 01IV,

....j 4 .4 Ne 1 \ o —...1 F 6•.. ) \ k 1 (1) .0 tICO C:S; q=2 VE? 0 !Rag, CCP I I I. Oft

4-1

Fig. 5.88 Rowbrook Farm and. Vag Hill — Location of sampled profiles, and. the distribution of soil types and. cultural features ▪

v) g 0 •H +a ,.0 3 •(-1 U. F-1 CL -P Cr/ hi ...." u. ...- ed cc ./ H n-1 / ai U. i 0 — / 4 -, u. / P ec a) .." I H H •,-1 3

ct / OA cd /

rd i g d

cd I rti 0 0 ;-I rCI -- 0 124

ON so CO > • a LIN

• In 4.1

..-,..1 1 ers,

1 • —n•

t— — II • —. 7—•—•—; = — — — — _

F-1 a)

•

to cd

••••.

cd cri

0 0 F-1

cc In

ez• 0 -

0 0

-P

+3 0 .4

ct 0

4-,

tao cd

4 Cd

cd cxi

0 0

0 t:4 0

Rvl

•n•• n•n n•n

0 ' Rv6

R Fl

200 400 too Zoo ivoo iboo My PO - I°a c "3

Figs. 5.94 and 5.95 Rowbrook Farm and Vag Hill - Vertical distributions . a.

0 .4

F-4 -P

.r1 rd

•ri -P

.rl

t11) ,

cc rd

Cr.1

0 0

0 r=4

Cz4 0 • 0 — u.

0 •rl

-P

7-t1

4-3 F-1 a)

•ri

crl

ai fri 0 0

0 (Z4

['— Cr\• \ • •:--1 fri -o

1 _ • - • -

%.1

o sib

Cr..)

- - 5

-P rin

r • - • rid V.

Cd C.) 9-1 4-3

•ri

bi) 0 Ed

0 rri

0 0 Cr-a

0 IZ4 0

_ a a sa

a o ro

r— — 0 UP - - .4

o o Of

0 S a a lo

o• a so

a o

•

o •

t ▪

olt

•r1 4-) ======o rl 4-3 0. t.r rd

• %A

•ri ;•1 CD

0 0

cii tr • .41-

cii r=4

4-)

1.1 4- CO 0 • \

h0 0 0 a

cri • 4-3 0 a)

0 E-1

rc!

cri

4-3

:\?

0 el

4.•

a 0 o

t.r

ei>

4 Q. 0 tr) I 4.)

ee.

dee ‘7.a a. —

Ct. 0

▪

..-P i

...0... ? 1,,...... O1.1 S t. 44 n•!**? vi. .—....1 0 4 11 4 N. on t 1 co .t -.< 1 , ‘t , to :5, ."V < -4 . 0 -4., 1 1 1 0 v Std...... „ en 1 .i. il 0 2 ' uo Q. vi 03 ,• a gc▪ 444 • • 0 en / X m tot

cL.

I I I I Cl' 1 ‘24.. 1 I t e4 I %,1 I .?. COI • 4 k 44 • .44• •44 4..44 4 . 1 • • 44 0 4 4.1 4 OX .Z 0,03 12 VI 4,4 IA. vol ''t .4 f4 so 4, -'• In ( 1 cr% r-

• • • • • • • •

%to tn t•to tot. •••

03 Q, o •.5 a 4 L:.

A 3-Y ATI WCInn0

Fig. 5.111 Zone B — The location of sampled profiles and cultural features

•

..I e•-• 0 ...... / 1 S .... ki .4 0 N. L...0 n ‘ .n '..., -V • CC . C 4.) IA 0 ...I.J • Nt ...1 -4 ..!. V°.S ‘1.4 ,44 CI Ck o 03 ,.- a -a " sa N •1 t I • a -.1 n-, a 1 ,... co cc ci.. liN e, st sO is , M 4 ...... 4 al M .4 Nt 44 d 4 o ;n o. r \ --,:f n0 an e \' • '\ its e 4 '1 n N ‘ \ \ n n n -.. itY .t LI, - ` , \ rel \ \ Ma X \ \ a In % . 1 X \\ ---1/ Q... ,...,;i I X Q.. I ! '4... X \\\ \ C 4 ,..4 ,...e4 -.%....

4 1 4 LI% 4

‘4Z.'

i...... , ...-. •-•. ••••. .... ' ••• —'Cr. 441 aa In n ,4 n .. t! 3 i • v, I, •:, t;.. -:. — e ...I :f MI 74 N .1 A A .1 n..4- -4.4. I '- .., '- .... -.... %a t - .4. N 0. ...1 ,,, ce -t I \ t'.A vi Cs f It en ,n N 0, -. N fp m 4 4 m m j. 4 4 41 4 2 ul 44 • 414 • . 44 141 •••1 44 4 . 4 • • 44 . .4 1.... 0 l'n In Ci o x cNce 1.1'. \A N I.!! )c cn r-- 4 N 0 Q. I

• 0 0 • .10 •

•••—.

a 4 4M

a'a 4

7AtI 3 A-ti we:7,nel? 'ken Yu,

Fig. 5.112 Zone B - Lateral distribution: mgPao kg -1 IFe and Pa in profiles sampled to 30 cm below the mineral soil surface s o .1 ,0 1 1 ,-!, i .0q . . ',' 11 2.i"? .. , ..-4. . .4 ., i . ... -v • ¢ . C z V % o ...4, 1 1 0 , v ....e ce n 1 M. C \ 40 0, 0 'el i ). o M 0 .., : -.. c 1.4 • • 0 00 2 X

kr, 0

I I - I I 0 I 41 es p N 0 co I o co co I T... I-, VI \ 11 f at rn 0 o o N n to N • ON CT* 0 tbi I -- n n n ....7,:i n

44 • 4 • •4 n 4 •• 4 4 4 . 4 44 • • • i t, 0 Pn ,..4 cq 0 Q...... , OX 2 a• to 12 %A "4 11 tni X ON r••• .4. 1

• • •• • •• •

••• •III Do. 4

7" tt wa nnoe wn 'to LAI

a a

-2 i Fig. 5.113 Zone B - Lateral distribution: gPao mn profiles sampled to 30 cm below the mineral soil surface 4,1

•

0 0 0 1.0 E r-

asp (,„ 0

r//, op

,41 CL

I kr) I r- a I I _

tz4. 11

0 1 I

1/41 1 N.

n.0

▪ •

tfl 0 ▪ •

0 vrt 0 Cr-4 0 1\\\ \KAI

rrn MIL\n1116,111.11111

r7,1 N\\\Y/I

N\\NY/A rA k\\\17/

rA k\\\ Y/I

rA k\-\ \\Y A

ie ..\\WILIONE

k\\\ \Y/1

1MP • 10n11%

}\\\\ \r/ I et_

ir./A1

k\\ \\V /1

1') k\\\\\\1/ a_

1\\\\\\1//I

0 0

A.4 0

%WA nn.N1I n\V Gi -

_ _ 1 r

laj vl .—c -...c I.. C) CE QII tk. .4. ]

, 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 o o o 0 o o * ei ...*

Fig. 5.118 Zone B — Transect I

I - - I

1-- —

- _ I 1 1 - - 7 I n r -I

r-- - _I

- n --I 1 --- _1 1 1 1 1 1

-I 1 - I 1--- I I I

CX) I 1 1 1 I I_ __ ,

I I I _ _ - - - iI-- - 1

, 0 o i o a o 4- en a 0 e-.4 o ....

Fig. 5.119 Zone B - Transect r — --

I 1

1 1 L

1 i

1 1 I 1

-c CD al

1 1

I— — — I I 1 1

o tan 0

Fig. 5.1205.120 Zone B — Transect

1 1

I lill 1-

1 1 i 1 1 1

I I__ _ _ - 1

I 1 1 r- - - - I 1 1 1 L__ 1 1 I 1 1

1.4.1

...... c cc(-.. IzE . I I I 1 1 1

I 1

1 i r 1 , 1

• 0 0 o 0 Iln 0 M N ci

Fig. 5.121 Zone B — Transect ▪

0 I. / 0 x 0 N • IS

0 / • •

x 0

• 0 • •

0 ON 0 • • 0 0

• 0 • • •• ‘4. 0 • X • • w 0/ 0 0

0 0 - 0 en co. 1:1, qi nI•

Figs. 5.122 — 5.127 Zone B — Transect Scattergrams vi

cx. cx. • 0 A

0 0 •

• •

0 0 X

Figs. 5.128 and 5.129 Zone B — Transect Scattergrams o 0 o in

VI o 6 a 0

in 0 .0 0 2 I- ,7 cnI In 0. 1 I- A 1 Q. 4 X n t• - • a- ..5 0 X

%IN n o o v 0 o o V. c I to 0 -i- o 0• p-, IN cL

Fig. 5.130 Zone B - Transect scattergram: pgPao cm-3 in Oh + AVE horizon / ,ugPao cm-3 in B horizon

350 0

r- - - 1 ,i I 1 1 r_ 1 3000 1 1 1 1 1 i I 1 1 1 B I j 1 1 1 1 1 I - ---J I

loo

Li--

/ 000 I r

A A 0 3. la. 7 9 X 5 1-52 6 72 9 N x o i j0 PT S PT.%) P 77V

Fig. 5.1 .31 Zone B — Transect L\\

I N\N

1-1 kr, o • a Jo 0 el VI 0 cn N i •H P4 0 * 4 crs to— I 4 4 I o a • 0 a • * 0 a. .ri L A. IV" \

0ai c..) _ 0 h Q. ft. r'') Z. • ,.... et

•

• Nrn fl

0 ra.4 4.3 di • Z. d .. ..., 4 a. g cj d ;-I VI NO ;-1 ...—) a) ...o OA • • 0 -I-, .1 o -4-) a. • 0 al E tn C.) d • • c4 C!) -e • • • • • .... v • • 1 I . • pa • a. 0 i • • 0 1 • NI ▪.. 0. g• a_ a 0 •

• 0 • %.0

0 n42 (-4 5,1

1.... — w .1. Ia0 -4 . v. ,...... 1 -4 .... ,0 • e r., -Y ... 4 .''S 4,„ .... 4. t e 1 s . CI IA •.. VI Ve • t- o

• •

• • S. • k)

o 2 La re\ S. I S. • s s 0 \ C.)

•

•• • 0 • • 0

0 • • 0 4- X 4- a- 0 44 \ • 0 • • •• \ 0 • w X o 0

:0) It.n

• 0 •

(-4 0 0 X

•

`7.• az I

N.A TI4 rli 4.0,

C A O UP A 37. (4. 1)

0 - — — — — — No 4 rpr coat, '2 (R. 4)

.3 /my L 0 / Cm, A:y. 5:1399

r 0 100 2.00 300

0 I I 1 i I 1 AloArN Leaf 1 1 i I_ I -I SP saitiEs Fis 5:1 40 . I i 1 ' I . i I i I I 1 I 1 I 1 I - I I ' I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 - I

3-2.5 3.5o iii 3.76 4 . 00 1.22.6 i---

isloArm FIELI, SP sEg/cs 0-

4.16 3 • 25 3 . C 0 /, /1 3 .7 5 440

Figs. 5.138 and 5.140 Zone C — Vertical distributions c•1 ‘4,

\\\ 1\\\

c4,‘\

r 7 7 " -- I , '

V //I -

An°77-.

N\V * I X 1

N\.\\ K

S. ‘7".. eCe. CC KSIIIJogs

t°43r• • d I

tI 31

Fig. 5.139 Zone C - Bar chart LYNCHEr ON 1114ve NORTH LOBE

•

• S o • 0 P.EAVE

m .2. P0-0 LO 4-0 cm 10 rn

ZONE C

Fig. 5.141 No 11 -1- H LOBE

• /7.9

0 17.5

.314 IN 22.4

0 22.4 • /4.9

/6.0

/8•2. • •19/ •2o.3

• /8.1 244.o A A /g.7 ,Env E

171.3 Pa- o ki 11 Fe a.nd P s a. per-eentaie 10 trv OF Pa.o to a. olepth of 40 ern > g oo • 500 - 599

0 7 00- 711 • 4.00 -19 ZONE 0 6 o 0 - 699 • 30o -39

Fig. 5.142

____fn 5 Po kL o /

10 sr, Profiler to a. d.GptA or 4. 0 ern flli.neral soLL 0 Ais

* Coo° - 54.91 9 3400 -3999 0 Ir. a_ 0 • a 34.94:99

.999 350 0 - * 4-6 0 0 - 4-999 0 2500 . 2999

Fig. 5.143 LY.I CM E T am AEtive No/ZTH L 0 8 E

• +16•2. • +81.9

. +32:7

• +107-1 • + 29-7

• -0- 49.7

• + /5.5

• a • -.P. i 4. • 3 • —15.9

• + 2o-e —34-9 . • —64. AEAVE

PHOSPHORUS ENR/CHME NT (+) AND DEFICIENCIES (--) . 9 P4.0 Al To a °cepa. of 4.0 cni

0 rnI E C

Fig. 5.144 0

(-4 — — -

a v.) 4 if\

rid 0 cli a , a —+ 4

c.1

..... 4 0 . o e tri .-

t a 0 k I- -1 0 kro 0 1"1 z 4 s v a

Co 0

0 0

1 eft 4 1 1 1 o III 1 1 co ,

1 4 1 1

1 1 1 tti

•0 4

nr; ..n.)

0 . o to' co

II II 0 0

I I

• IV 0

41 0 •

0 0 4t

k•-1 LvucmEr Aga vc NO RTH LosE

•

• • •

• • • A.EAV E

-3 PA korilon AL. 0 cm

00 - o SCo IN so o - 5 49 • 450 -49 ezoNEc • 400 449

Fig. 5.158 Fig. 5.159 Zone A - Distribution of sub-soil classification units (sub-soil classification units are described in sections 4.2.1.1 and 4.2.2.1)

•

• •

4 • S. 0 I. • U. tS 2 sv. 0 01 V 40 V 0 T 4 • 14J 4 QV' .1 i• 0 '4 %.1 V .1 I••\•••nn. E ). • 4‘ \ 55 y' 5. • 33

J••••••••-•:„,/ ...;:;;;;:' ,,.__•,•,__• /////////// /////////////////// / /////// ///////////////// / / //// 7///1 ///////////// /////// /////////////////////////////////////////////// //// / /// ////////////////// ///// /// / /////////////// ///// // /////////////////////////////////e•//////////// //// / // /////////////////// ///// ,••• ///// /////////////////////////////////////////////////// / /// // / ///// / / ////// //////////////// ///////////////////// ////// / /// //////////// / / ////////////// / / // ////////'///// ///////// /// ///• /////////////,'////////////// / /////// / / //////////////////////////// / ////// //// ////////////////////////// /// /4///////// / // /////////// // //////////// • /. . . /7:,:/:::::::: /: ,.; /.// /: // ' / // // // // ."/ /r / // // ' /////////////////////n ,•..„..„„,,,,„;///////// ,,.. //,..,.///...,/;,,/,/,//e,/,,,../.../"/„./„./..,///////, ..1 • \ .„„„„ • • /4,,I4 /////r///// E • „;:::::::,;":,:„:„:„::„T . ,„„ \ ,",//,,,,,,,,,,,' ,, ',,,, 14 \ /////r ii//////7/// ///0 i lik / /I// //".//:/.../../.1./;7/) *# ///////////////// // /////////// ,/,,./ // ////////////////////////,////////////// / //,//// // //// // // // // // // // 7/7/.///• 01///.///////////////// // // // // // // // // 4..,////„././...."/„./,./...////)//////"///„/////7,.///;/.; ////////////////////////// I////////////////////// ///////////// /////////// /, '////////////// •7 1::;::::;1%.!:;;;',2;,.. •////////////.; /./ /./..,/,,/,././/:. ';',/.;:',..; '/.//: :5/1 0 •/*////////// //////////;',/,./„/„/////,

7. "/;/..,://7/////%1 • • //////////

...... n•••.• •/////////////ea.",

Fig. 5.160 Zone A - Distribution of vegetation •

•

cr% Cr% Cr• a% cr. cr. cr. a% .4- cr. --1. as 4. .- 4. -4- (r) rt1 c-4 e...1 ,

. . a . 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LP 0 try 40 LP 0 ln 4 -.1•• re1 rn r-.4 r4 ,

4( 0 • • • 0 4

Fig 5.161 A

-7- ••••-• • • 7-; C• ED • k CC

e. easte.rn.k1Jç of a) ,dah-3oA.t 12,4) 177

Cd F0

0 F4-. 1 1-1

ALL SUB-ZONES E Cra.ss letn-ct with 8 r-cc.e ke

•r1 inter-rneoLidde F-1 0 Mixed Commun....Ey

CaUutc.o.- MotirLits. 0 moor-land teN

0 CIA -3 •• cm AI-Z SUB-ZoNES

F-1 A 1- I. sAmpLes 10 -1-D

I• •

9-1

loo - 14.9 260 - 2-99 300- 314-9 3So- 39" L4-00- 1I-49 4.5.0-499 Soo

*Cs C C

• ED3 •

CLe * C 6

•

• Coo

Oh 00 • A . ,A0 350- 0

•

300

Sue-Los IN zoNE A

150' L. A • • a • c • D s E o E watt Zoo • F

30 -3 :0 A AlE ../±1 C171

Fig. 5.163 Zone A — Scattergram: pgPa cm AVE horizon / ,ugPao c:n-3 in Oh horizon 500

# CS CC.2 •

•

.SPZI

Oh 0 0 0 • # 4 350 o • • 0

0 300 0 II

sue-ZONES 11.4 zow£

IS O • A

• B

• D • E east 200 o E west O F 0

ISO o ., 360 350 lecio icii,/E (.22; C/71

Fig. 5.164. Zone A - Scattergram: pgPao cm Ah/i] horizon / )1;Pao cm-3 in Oh horizon • Prl 0 la

d a. U co ...• 4 4- .4 • • 4 a

4 o

0 4 0 0 <1

4 4 • a • o a • 0 •

• •

ID*

•

U U ei

• 4 •

CP la • 'z CC 13 o N Z I w Lu 11 V' a 03 0 0 s ' 7 co o n <> < 4 •n •• o o 0 til 1.4 0 4 4

(Z) ez, o ‘c% --.. o 4-1 o'l ---

Fig. 5.165 Zone A - Scattergram: ,ugPo cm -3 in Oh horizon /,ugPa cm -3 in Oh horizon

L •1'

3r 4-

o 0 0 < k w 2

>. 0". 0% 0.• 1- CP cr• 0, a 0' 0, a- CP 0, CT to cr a' C•1 fs, CT Z v./ -... 0 to ..... -..: -.. ... C. N C 6 • • . . 0 o w o o o 0 o o o 0 .1 0 o o o 0 a 3 We r1 ... 0 ON CO n -.. -.: -.7. 0 ...... ‘-k1 J --c 0 `z[ o 0 <1 Cr)

Fig. 5.166 0 0.- cr• cy• (3.- ch 0- 0.• -+ cr• ...1. cr- 4 N en en (-4 (-4 , I I I I o 0 o o o Q 0 tel o in 0 vs c) en en el e-1 , — il 0 • O. 13 4

Fig. 5.167

7 17 n B

N Atli' De.nim ACE

a 1.4.1EAteiN - q 4FY ED cr) Sue-Soft smi r- o C ;-1 to

a) Eo fo 40 C-- cc 17,1 8 '. Fl H ..-i D F - 7, E

e \ e • caste,. Lif \ 17 of 414 -pm. \e n -\ e\\l \

F.„,t C

C F 4 F -3 r/ PCL 0 on on POE korl) - - A.I.I. SamPLES 11 .4.7 ALL SuS-zoNES

—

\ N I \ N: /00-14_9 /50- /99 250-299 300-3i1..'3 . 350- 399 Fig. 5.169 43% cr• cr. cr• C- n 4 n •• vet (-4 1' • • • • 0 -Z o o o 0 0 o o 0 o o 0 tP 0 L.L.1 trt o Iti en cn •-) --

I`Z 40 40 • <> C •

Fig. 5.170

A NI

••nn•

Pa — E0 0 F-4 CC

ED cc

•rt Ci rd

Cd .. s-- E N e \ e • etSter 4 WC \ \ e e e of -Sol,-Ion.o. \ \ \

01 OMD

›"A

!Y.)

P ALL SUS- 20NES Ia. sAmpLis z 6-1 Ah/E Aorzion i on

E1 Fitts Dagispimst

LI WEAKLY -CLLYED 5u8 Soli_

0 4-, cr,

a) 5 0

• tr.\

h 0 1000-14.99 Soo- 939 2.000-2.499 - 2999 30c)o-34.99 3500- 3999 Fig. 5.172 8

CAE( DRAINACE

El wEA kL Y -CLEY ED u8 -SOIL

ED 17Q 1 N

e= ecis te‘A N ka.ff of 40.3.4.e.

F AND 4'

A 1.4. SA MPLES

insa. d; 47

/3 kOri./ 0 ILS

ALL SUB-ZON4S

2 0 0 - 2.99 30o-399 t4-00- 4-99 500-599 600-699 ▪

..e , 4

kr 0 ..

4 kr

• 0 . 0 O 0 0 • o /. 0 0 a ra k 0 . • * a x 4- a 0 0 • E k : e • -V

0 0 0 cz -N- w z

ON (r. /Ir. T 07,. 0 s e\ 0.. CT' -I" CI ,* el re) I I . I N 0 o 0 o a a 0 %it a ‘4., a Q n 0 en in 4-4 (NI n r,

* 0 • • 0 o a

Fig. 5 .1 74. 8 TI

cc ED cc rc71, 7 N

e : e4s6er4 half of 4 aG-iO4e N

FIJI

rTi

ALL SUB-7-ONES

ALL A mPLCS 4.447

CAEE DRAhvACE

L4414KLy- CLEYED StiB 9 0/L- p j Pri 8 horiionS

5 . 0- 9-9 10-0-14.9 ,5.0 -19.9 10.0 -1.4.9 1.5 o-19-9 30 o 34-9 35.o-39.9

Fig.5.175 Zone A - Histograms: gPa m-2 in B horizons by sub-zones and soil drainage groups IS Cr' ON Cr% 437% 0 Cis 0"` CiN CiN 1:3- r's ''', 0 1..n -.i. INe) tel I I 1 I I N n c 1 0I o o o o 0 "e.,.. (:) • J 6 6 o a 0 r- Ix) --+ I•r)

. • . 0 4

Fig. 5. 176 B ri N - - - C - ED C— e CC \. F

17 - - e: G4.Sterrt 44.1/ of 406- C•ote \ IT

rAp,r, 4

ri ^

AL L Sua-2.014ES H a'.& sAmpus :S] ,cweE DRahvA4'4 - n.47

WAliel-Y- CLEWED 0 gU,Sgoli_ _

\-- B Aori•yonf , \ 30•0 - 39 . 9 40 0-49 . 9 5o•o - 59-9 Lo•o -9 . 9 To•o- 11.9

-2 i Fig. 5.177 Zone A - Histograms: gPo m in B horizons by sub-zones and soil drainage groups Fig• 5.178 \ A n \ \ 8 n -\ F n ^ C - - ED - CC,. FI N N D c--- e : eilStent e of \ \ E it...if rel e e \ 406-30,1e N n N \ ^ , FANag c N \ n 7

E FREE DRA tniraCE ^ CI WERkLY - q t_EYED - u8 SOIL

ALL SuB-ZoNES - - A.47 - ALL SAMPLES

- n ri

5 LasP 0 k''Loi j B horZ7o/t5 / F 22 50 - 14. 9 9 2.004" 2.7 49 2.7 Co -1999 30oo -314-9 32.5.0- 3499 3o514.9 3750. 3999

-1 Fig. 5.179 Zone A - Histograms: mgPo kg LOI in B horizons by sub-zones ana soil drainage groups CI

CI • k k

k o < A- U z

Crs. crs o 47% er. csn 4 a. 4 crn --$ ‘4"1 4 -4 re) re) Z)) N 0 1 1 1 Ci VI 0 ...0 0 0 14—' so 1:3 vl c 0 UN o o )•• t.cl 4 en cc) C 4

•1

Fig. 5.180

0 0 0 0 0 N ...o tn -4. ti r4

`.1 o , , -, o , , I. I ..... Cl- - ...._ ...... 0 tri -4- 01 r4 A

*0 • o

Fig. 5.181 Fig. 5.182 n PI

P • P.••1%.slve.s p.la•• s• I

o • 0 wt.-4"..-Atot A f•S",te NAM'S' 7

— ED ED H

7 7 — e e easter.% kftif ea,- 5.4e 7 7

••nn1

FANO

o Ale C Caoups A "Imo B r P • etalatael — 0 •Ovee6wedeet a a A [6114 2o/vg C , Alo,trs4 Loaf

5" .,9 600- &co 450-499 210 -2:31 3oo- 34.9 350-3,9 4-00 - 4-49 45o - 499 6'Co- 599

-I Fig. 5.183 Zone A and Zone C - Histograms: mgPao kg IFe in profiles to a depth of 40 cm by sub-zones and groups A n pi NI

8 N 7 7 -

ED - ID 7 C

D 7 N

I, . toter.. ^ 1 4444.jom \ E

7 N c

EfREE DRAINAGE - - 0 aii A ki.v - 4.LEVE D Su a so/4 _ to AL!. Su8-xonICS .... ALL SAMPLES' n:47

n n n

ferty Pa. o k1 - 71-e \ \\ Prop:Les to 40 crn N N T\ nr , N 2.Sø- 2,99 '3 o o - 34-9 3So - 39 9 4- ea - 4-4-9 Li- 5 0 - 419 S 0 o - 54.9 SCo - 699 600- 6 49 O -39 -1 Fig. 5.184 Zone A — Histograms: mgPao kg IFe in profiles to a depth of 4_0 cm by sub—zones and. soil drainage groups El 1-1 El Fi 17 - Pr P.-el...star,. paha.toSol 0= 006.60A4e4 f: Yak. C 8 Hm77if 1-1

E D

- - - CC CC ED C FTi r7- D

_ e e , ea4then. e kaif 01.6J. e E 5°' ra

11..nnn —47 FAND q c

- 10

nnnn•

- r--

n11nn• - ALL SuB-ZoNES N 20A./E A

ft r; 47 s

Pet 0 m-I- j 1 A-of aes to 4 0 cm

Alortrm toar ^ ZorJr C1 n1-1 1-1 n

Pr Oltd..eval. p4.2A4osoC Zo.vg C, 4x.up s A - o- Ovc,C,.."Aew A AJdo B roi p 51 A F v so p 110 1%0 130 14.0 15 0 160 110 I g o 190 2.00 240 -101 -119 -12.9 -119 -11+9 -159 -149 -179 -199 -119 -X09 -2.19

Fie. 5.1 5 Zone A and Zone C - Histograms: gPao m - 2 in profiles to a depth of 40 cm by sub-zones and groups \

— ED 7d, cc CC\ rJ51

NI es e._cto-4 E Aub-3o4e e\ \ 17'7.

1a8c DRAWASE

1.1. u8-X0x/E5 we41(LY-CLEYED SUBSOIL

Jo& mC2

P,-0 /Lief to 4-0 CM

ALL CAMPLiC ns

80 0- V9-9 90 0- 4)9 .9 loo . o- 09.9 110 . 0- fiq.9 12.0 . 0.12.9.9 1 30• . 139.9 r\-e•-/-•-"a 1600 - 169.9 —2. Fig. 5.186 Zone A — Histograms: gPo in in profiles to a depth of 40 cm by sub—zones and soil drainage groups o 0 vt

:1 • ;.4i . 0 u sO - 3 o

•

..0

4 ..., -Is • o ::: • • d : i 0 • ci o -+ '4-, • o et • • %k- m l Z • Q. o o

• II • 0 .1 0 4 o

o 0 •

o 4

4 • • 0 * o ri

co 0 tat or- 4 2 4, e•4 1.1 n 4.1 • C 0 .1.1 641.: Zi N‘ai

, . a SA CO tl 444 co Cs C) Lk c:[ Lk' L.) (../) Z

Fig. 5.187 Zone A - Diagram showing sub-zone R and SD: mg Pao kg-lIFe in profiles to a depth of 40 cm k

0 o

-k

E 0 In /Ln 1.11 Ln -4 Ln 11) Ln Cr) e4 ...... _ e-1 ri C 0 . g o + 4 4 4 I 1 I cn 4 V I 0 • o 0 0 -1 4, .1 Ct 1- 03 4 4 46.11 4b 4.4.: 4.1 ill 41 ..4t. 0 2 41 -a , ÷ -.0 0 I w . -...co w c-4 tn •0 --- E 2 c--1 0. A + I w t z ,, + + I 1 I 1 w - U U o 2 0 ci ..1), t- I ce U.— a. * • z la cria 0, 0 * 0 a a a.. w.1 0

Fig. 5.188 0

-C 0 oti

Fig. 5.189 Zone A - Vertical distribution, sub-zone .1-c : pga cm-3 C.4 t_t Li •

_c 0 Cid

- Fig. 5.190 Zone A - Vertical distribution, sub-zone x : psPo cm-3

01.)

E east B i / \\\ '-- A / • 8, 6r \. \ /1 / / ,. 0 E wed I'l / / I' l •/

It /.

100 2 0 0 - 3 3 0 o4. o o 500 GT. an.cL SD Su6-3•A el

Fig. 5.191 Zone A - Vertical distribution, sub-zone 3: and. SD: p.gPao cm-3 •

0 a) 4 es

0 •

ky 0

—C CO

-1 Fig. 5.192 Zone A - Vertical distribution, sub-zone R: mgPo kg LOI •

•

4co

ii_oo •

A IVE_

• 0 • • • • er-f 350 • ra• et:1 • Ln_jP_ao 0 o o 4-3

• a,o H 300 4-4 D-1 0

fi/14 •

•ri srl • CD (ll rr-4 H H • • 7 7 • • to to • 00 250 cd • • 1--4 (10 t)L0 • • • • • • a) a • qj • 0 C') 200 • •

• ,z4 • • • a) • • • • ••

• re'N •

ifl 150 • • b.3 •rI •

•

300 , 6'oo kja Fe "0 Pr-o fi'I 0 °coo_ Cm

4.00 •

350 • • • A VE (exct.E)

• , • •

• •

•rl ;-1 0 tr) a) 4-1 al •ri 250 `81

04 0 •,1

rte1

I 0 fEl 0 0 cd 4r3 04 40 40 0 Zoo

ca ;-1 43

-1-)

•

c'? ISO 2.00 :5? PO. 0 RS Protas to 4-0 col Lfl r

csi °I 0

ln Cr% t.4, 00- M cla 0

— Maw n11. ••••n•

as 0 0- plik V) %IP r4

110

tri .0 NI cl, z In c. M Oa 0 CL L.) r- c-4 1 tr, C.P.

...ti C V Ti K 0 11. C • N.%...1 o l 0 i -.4 o ....4 4) -..... 00 C ...c ...e 0 I::c D

* Fig. A 5.1 Zone C, GToups A and B — Lateral distribution: mgPao kg Fe in Oh and Ah/E horizons rc) 0

•

r— C•1 C•4

•

Fig. A 5.2 West StokT Farm and Bench Tor - Lateral distribution: mgPao kg Fe in Ap and Ah/E horizons