TI-IE SfORY OF THt .

IDffiON ~be ~torp of tt

NORWAY ORY OF THE NATIONS.

ARTHUR GILliAN, 29. THE NORJIIANS. By SARAH ORNE JEWETT. J, By Prof. J. K. 30. THE BYZANTINE ElllPmE, lly C. W. C. OMAN. ,.Jt...... uri-, By Rev. S. BARING­ 31. SICILY: Ph..,nician, Greek and GOULD, M.A. Reman. By the late Prof. E. 4· CAl!.TRA.GE, By Prof. ALFRED A. FREEMAN. J. CHURCH. 32. THE TlJSOAN REPUBLICS. S· llEXABDER'B ElllPmE, By Bv BELLA DUFFY. Prof. J. P. MAHAFFY. 33· POLAND. By w. R. .IORFILI., 6. THE MOORS IN SPAIN, By M.A. STANLEY LANE-POOLE. 34· PAl!.THIA.. By Prof. GEORGE 7· ANCIENT EGYPT. By Prof. RAWLINSON. GEORGE RAWLINSON. 35· AUSTRALIAN COlii:M:Oli· 8. BlJNGAl!.Y, By Prof. ARliiNIUS WEALTH. By GREVILLE VAMBERY. . TREGARTHEN. 9- THE SARACENS, By ARTHUR 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WATTS. GILliAN, M.A. 37· JAPAN, By DAVID MURRAY, 10. m.ELARD, "By the Hon. EMILY Ph.D. LAWLESS. 38. SOUTH AFRICA. By GEORGE II. ClRALJ)EA; By ZtKAiDE A. M. THEAL. RAGOZIN. 39· VENICE. By ALETHEA WIEL. 12. THE , By HENRY BRAI)o 40. THE . By T. A. LEY. ARCHER and C. L. KINGSFORD; 13. ASSYlllA. By ZtNAYDE A. RA-, 41. VEDIO INDIA. By. Z. A. RA- GOZIN. GOZJN. , 14- TURKEY, By STANLEY LANE­ 42. WESTINDIESandtheSPANISH POOLE. lii.A.IJi, By JAMES RODWAY. 15. HOLLAlQ), By Prof. J. E. 43· BOHE:M:I.A.. By C. EDMUND THOROLD ROGERS. MAURICE. (M.A. 16. liEDLIEVAL , By 44· THE B.A.LXAllfS. ByW. MILLER. GUSTAVE MASSON. 45· CANADA. By Sir J. G. BOURI­ 17. PERSIA. By S. G. W. BEN­ NOT, LL.D. JAMIN. 46. B:RITISH INDIA. By R. W. 18. l'HIENICIA. By Prof. GEO. FRAZER, LL.B. , RAWUNSON. 47· liiOi>E~~CE, By ANDRE· 19- liEDIA. By ZtNAiDE A. RA­ GOZIN. 48, THE FRANXS. By LEWIS SER· 20. THE HANSA TOWli"S, By GEANT, HELEN ZIMMERN. 49- AUSTRIA. By SIDNEY WHIT· 21. EARLY B:RITAIN. By Prof. MAN. ALFRED J. CHURCH. so ..JIIODERN Elii'GLAND. Before 22. THE BAIUIAl!.Y CORSAIRS. the Refonn BilL By Ju~'TIN By STANLEY LANE-POOLE. MCCARTHY. 23. , BvW.R MORFILL, M.A. 51. CHINA, By Prof. R. K. DOUGLAS. ·24- THE JEWS lJl!IDER THE 52. :M:ODERl!r . From the ROJIIANS, ByW. D. MORRISON. Refonn Bill to the Present 25- SCOTLAMD. By JOHN MACKIN· Time. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY. TOSH, LL.D. 53· liiODERl!r SPAIN, By MARTIN 26. SWITZEB.LAJlD, By Mrs. LINA A.S. HUME. HUG and R. STEAD. 54- MODERN ITALY. By PmTRo a7. J!EXICO, By SUSAN HALE. 0RSI. 28. PORTUGAL, By H. MORSE SS. . By H. H. ROYESEN. STEPHENS. ;6. WALES. By 0. M. EDWARDS.

LoNDON : T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. ---- ~-- -:),....,:-

nm NORTH CArR. A

HISTORY OF NO~'.

FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES

BY HJ ALMAR H. BOYESEN

WITH A NEW CHAPTER ON THE RECENT

BY C. F. KEARY

1onl.'lon T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE (;(IPYRIGHT BY T. FISHER UNWIN, IC)OO (For Great Britain)

COPYRIGHT BY G. P. PuTNAM'S SONS, 1<)00 (For tbe United States of America) TO · CHRISTIAN BORS

KNIGHT OF ST, OLAF, WASA, AND THE NORTH STAR, CONSUL OF NORWAY AND· IN NEW YORK, THIS HISTORY OF HIS NATIVE LAND IS DEDICATED BY HIS FRIEND THE AUTHOR PUBLISHER'S NOTE

IN issuing an edition for t~e Story of the Nations Series of Boyesen's " Norway " the publisher is very sensible of the loss he sustains in· the fact . t~at the gifted author is no longer alive to revise and com­ plete the work. A concluding chapter bringing the modern history-political and literary-up to the present time has, however, been supplied by the kindness of Mr. C. F. Keary, author of the " in \Vestern Christendom," and other works connected with Norse history and literature, as well. as of numerous works in other fields. Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen was born at Frederiksvarn in Norway, on the 23rd of September, 1848, and received his education in his mother country. He graduated at the University of Christi<.>,nia in 1868, and the year following he emigrated . to America, which was to be henceforth his home. He was appointed Professor of German at Cornell University in 1874, and retained that post till 1880, when he became Gebhard Professor of German and of Scan­ dinavian Literature at Columbia College, New York. Arriving in America with an adequate knowledge of the language, he soon became a proficient in English, and began to write in that language. Hi~ first and best known novel, "Gunnar : a Tale of xi xii PUBLISHER'S NOTE

Norse Life," was published the year of his election to the Cornell professorship ; and from that time till his death he wrote voluminously, essays, novels, short stories, and poems. "Idylls of Norway" is the title of his book of verses; "Gunnar" and " Falcon berg" are· two of his novels; ·"Tales from Two Hemi­ spheres," "Norseland Tales," and "Ilka on the Hilltip," &c. (the last is the best known of the three), are among his collections of short stories ; and his essays Saga literature of his own country ; and there are necessarily some points in which these narratives come in conflict with the chronicles of other lands or give a somewhat different complexion to the facts J:han they do.. The account of the Battle of Stamford Bridge may be cited as a case in point. But, in the first place, such instances are few ; and in the second place, the high value of the Saga literature of Norway precludes all attempt to find any substitute for it for the history of . The revision of the ·text has therefore been confined to a few verbal alterations .and the modernisation of one or two names. PREFACE.

IT has been my ambition for many years to write a history of Norway, chiefly because no such book, worthy of the name, exists in the English language. When the publishers of the present volume proposed to me to write the story of my native ~and, I there. fore eagerly accepted their offer. The story, how· ever, according to their plan, was to differ in some important respects from a regular history. It was to dwell particularly upon the dramatic phases of his­ torical events, and concern itself but slightly with the growth of institutions and sociological phenomena. It therefore necessarily takes small account of pro­ portion. In the present volume more spa~e is given to the national hero, Olaf Tryggvesson, whose brief reign was crowded with dramatic even~s, than to kings who reigned ten times as long. For the same reason the four centuries of the-Union with are treated with comparative brevity. Many happened, no doubt, during those cen­ turies, but "there were few deeds." Moreover, the separate history of Norway, in the time of her degra­ dation, has never proved an attractive theme to, xiii xiv THE STORY OF NORWAY.

Norse historians, for which reason the period has been generally neglected. · The principal sources of which I have availed my­ self in the preparation of the present volume, are Snorre Sturlasson : Norges Kongesagaer (Christiania, 1859, 2 vols.); P. A. Munch: Det NorskeFolks Hi's­ tort'e (Christiania, 1852, 6 vols.); R. Keyser: Efter­ ladte Skrifter (Christ!ania, 1866, 2 vols.); Samlede Afhandlinger (1868); J. E. Sars: Udsi'gt O'l'er den Norske. Historic (Christiania, 1877, 2 vols.); K. Maurer: Di'e Bekelzrung des 'Norwegischen Stammes ·zum Chri'stenthume (Miinchen, 1856, 2 vols.), and Di'e Entstehung des Isliindi'schen Staatcs (M finch en, I 8 52); G. Vigfusson: Sturlunga Saga(Oxford, 1878,2 vols.); and Um tfmatal { Islmdinga sogum i fornold (con­ tained in Safn til sogu Islands, 1855); G. Storm: Snorre Sturlasson's Hz'stori'eskri'vning (Kjobenhavn, 1878): C. F. Allen: Haandbogi' Ftedrelandets Hz'storze (Kjobenhavn, 1863); besides a large number of scat­ tered articles in German and Scandinavian historical magazines. A question which has presented many difficulties is the spelling of proper names. To adopt in every i~stance the ancient Jceland\c form would scarcely be practicable, because the names in their mo

English genitive would be Sigurdr's) becomes in modern Norwegian , Eirikr, Erik,etc. Those surnames, which are descriptive epithets, I have translated where they are easily translatable, tilUs writing Harold the Fairhaired, , Olaf the Saint, etc. Absolute consistency would, however, give to some names a too cumbrous look, as, for instance, Einar the Twanger of' Thamb (Thamb being the name of his bow), and I have in such instances kept the Norse name (Thambars­ kelver). It is a pleasant duty to acknowledg~ my indebted­ ness for valuable criticism to my friends, E. Munroe Smith, J. U.D., Adjunct Professor of History in · Columbia College, and Hon. Rasmus B. Andersen, United States Minister to Denmark, without whose kindly aid in procuring books, maps, etc., the diffi­ culties in the preparation of the present volume would have been much increased. I am also under· obligation to Dr. W. H. Carpenter, of Columbia College, and to the Norwegian artist, Mr. H. N. Gaust~, of La Crosse, Wis., who has kindly sent me two spirited original compositions, illu~trative of peasant-life in Norway. HJALMAR H. BOYESEN. CONTENTS.

I. PAGE WHO WERE THE NORSEMEN? I-12 The Aryan migrations, 1-3-The physical characteristics of Norway, 4, s-Early tribal organization and means of live­ lihood, 6-1o--Sense of independence and aptitude for self­ government, 1<>-12. II.

THE RELIGION OF THE NORSEMEN Theories regarding the origin of the Scandinavian gods, 13- 16-The Eddaic account of the creation of the world and of man, 16-18-The world-tree Y gdrasil, 18-The Auir, their functions and their dwellings, 19-23-Loke the Evil-Doer and his terrible children, 23, 24.

III. THE AGE OF THE VIKINGS.-0RIGIN OF THF., VI­ KING CRUISES The Norsemen launch forth upon the arena of history, 25- The origin of the viking cruises, 25-27-Kingship among the Scandinavian tribes, 27, 28-The three periods of the , 28-3o--The contribution of the vikings to the political life of , 30, 31-Sigfrid of Nortmannia, 31- Godfrey the Hunter, 31, 32-'s prophecy in regard to the vikings, 32-34-Hasting's stratagem, 34-36- Ragnar, Asgeir, and Rorek, 36, 37-Thorgisl in , 38, 39-0laf the White, 40, 41-The vikings in England, 41-Simeon of Durham's account of the vikings, 42-The character of the vikings at home and abroad, 43, 44· xvii xviii CONTENTS.

IV. HALFDAN THE SWARTHY 45-51 The descent of the Yngling race, 45-The sacrifices of Aun the Old, 45-0laf the Wood-cutter, Halfdan Whiteleg, and Godfrey the Hunter, 46-Birth of Halfdan the Swarthy, 46 Sigurd Hjort and the Berserk Hake, 47, 48-Halfdan the Swarthy weds Ragnhild, 48-Ragnhild's dream, 48-King Halfdan's dream, 4

Legislative reforms and restoration of allodium, Sci-Signal fires, go-First attempt to introduce Christianity, 9()-.()2- Speech of Asbjorn of Medalhus, 92-The king eats horse­ flesh, 92-94-The sons of Erik Blood-Axe make war upon Norway, 94, gs-Battles of Sotoness and Agvaldsness, 9S. 96-Egil Woolsark, g6, 97-Battle of Fraedo, g6-g8- Failure of attempt to Christianize the country, 98-Battle of Fitje (Eyvind Scald-Spoiler), 98-101-Death of Haakon the Good, IOI. VIII. HAROLD GREYFELL AND HIS BROTHERS 102-114 Unpopularity,of the ·sons of Erik, 102-104-Their charac­ ters, 104-Harold Greyfell and Eyvind Scald-Spoiler, lOS­ Treachery of Harold toward Earl Sigurd, xos, xo6-Inde­ pendence of Earl Haakon, 106, 107-Murder of Tryggve Olafsson, 107, xo8-Birth of Olaf Tryggvesson, xeS-Ad­ ventures of Aastrid and Thoralf Lousy-Beard, 108-uo­ Sigurd Sleva insults Aaluf, III-Earl Haakon's intrigues in Denmark, III, II2-Gold-Harold slays Harold Greyfell, 112-Expulsion of the sons of Erik. 113, 114.

IX. EARL HAAKON IIS-1 33 Earl Haakon defends Dannevirke, us, II6-Harold Blue­ tooth, II7-Haakon's devastations in Sweden and in , uS-Earl Erik and Tiding-Skofte, II9-""The fuperal feast· of the , 120, 121-Battle in Hjorungavaag, 121-12S-The Jomsvikings on the log, 125, 126-Haavard the Hewer, 127-The power and popularity of Earl Haakon, 127, 128-Gudrun Lundarsol, 129-Revolt of the peasants, · 13o--The earl hides under a pigsty, 130, 131-" Why art thou so pale, Kark ?" 131-Kark murders the earl, 132- Haakon's character, 132, 133. X. THE YouTH oF OLAF TRYGGVESSON Aastrid"s flight to Russia. 134, Ij'S-Olaf is sold for a ram, 135-He is taken to Vladimir's court, IJS, 136-King XX . . CO.VTENTS.

Burislav and Geica, 136, 137-The wooers' market in Eng­ land, 137-:Marriage with Gyda, 137, 13S-Olaf's warfare in England, 13S, 139-Thore Klakka tries to entrap Olaf, 139, 14o-Return to Norway and proclamation as king, qo-142.

XI. OLAF TRYGGVESSON Olaf Christianizes Yiken, 143, 144--Character of old Ger­ manic Christianity, 144-146-Thangbrand the pugnacious priest, 147-The chiefs of Haalogaland, 148-lronbeard and the peasants of Trondelag, 149, 15o-The -tide f~t at l\Iore, 15o-152-0laf woos , 152-154-He marries , 154-Thore Hjort, Eyvind Kinriva, and Haarek -of Thjotta, 154-158-Thangbrand in Iceland, 15S, 159-0lafs character, 16o-Thyra's tears for her lost possessions, 161-" The Long-Serpent," 161- King Olaf sails to Wendland, 162, 163-Earl Sigvalde's treach~ry. 163-, 164-172-King Olaf's death, 171, 172. XII. THE EARLS ERIK AND SWEYN ...... :.THE DISCOVERY. OF VIXLAND. I7J-I8I Division of :Korway between the victors at Svolder, 173- of Sole, 174-176-Earl Erik's character, 176-And attitude toward Christianity, 176, 177-Revival of the vil.ing spirit, 177-Earl Erik abdicates in favor of his brother and son, 178, I7cr-Bjarne Herjulfsson's glimpse of America, 179-Leif Eriksson's expedition to Vinland, ISo, ISI-Tborfinn Karlsevne and Gudrid, 1S1.

XIII. OLAF THE SAINT Birth and childhood of Olaf the Saint, 1S2, 1S3-Viking cruises, 1S3-Return to Norway, 1S4-He captures Earl Haakon, 1S5-His reception by Aastrid and higurd Syr, 1S6, 1S7-Family council, 1S7, ISS-Support of the shire­ kings, It~-The Tronders recognize Olaf as king. 181)­ Surprised by Earl Sweyn in !liidaros, 1

190, 192-Earl Sweyn's flight and death, 19:1-Quarrel with King Olaf the Swede, 193, 19~-Bjorn Stallare's mission, 194-196-Speech of Thorgny the Lawman, 196; 197-0laf marries Aastrid, 198-Conspiracy of the shire-kings and their punishments, 199--'-The play of the sons of Sigurd Syr, 199, 2oo-Rorek's hard fate, 201-His attempt to murder Olaf, 202-The attitude of the tribal aristocracy toward Olaf, 202, 203-Paganism v~rsus Christianity, 204, 2o5- " Where are my ancestors?" 205-0lafs character and ap­ pearance, 205-207-Dale-Guldbrand, 207-210-Slaying of Aasbjorn Sigurdsson, 2II-Knut the Mighty bribes the Norse chieftains, 212, 213- refuses the bribe, 213, 214-Battle of Helge-aa, 214, 215-Death of Erling Skjalgsson, 216-0laf goes to Russia, 217-Bjorn Stallare's confession, 218-0laf returns to Norway, 218-His vision. 220, 221-Battle of Sticklestad., 221, 222-Thormod Kol­ bruna-Scald, 222-224-Burial of St. Olaf, 224.

XIV. SWEYN ALFIFASSON Alfifa and the Norse chiefs, 225-Unpopular and oppres­ sive laws, 226-King Olaf canonized, 227-Tryggve Olafs­ son's defeat, 228-Einar Thambarskelver rebukes Alfifa, 228 -Magnus Olafsson returns from Russia, 22<)-Expulsion ,,f Sweyn, 229.

XV. MAGNUS THE Goon Circumstances of Magnus' birth, 23o--Magnus and Hartha­ knut, 231-Jealousies of the chieftains, 23~-Magnus and Kalf Arnesson at , 233-Sighvat Scald's Lay of Candor, 234-Sweyn Estridsson rebels, 236, 237~Battle of Lyrskog's Heath, 237-Thorstein Side-Hall's son, 238- Einar Thambarskelver's disagreement and reconciliation with Magnus, 238, 239-Arrival of Harold Sigurdsson, 240 -His adventures abroad, 24o--242-Magnus' recep'tion of Harold, 243-Harold's with Sweyn Estridsson, 244 -Agreement to share the government, 2~5-The peasant xxii CONTENTS.

Toke's speech, 246, 247-Expeditions of Magnus against Sweyn Estridsson, 247, 247-Death of , 249. 250. XVI. HAROLD HARD-RULER The tribal chieftains and the hereditability of the crown, 251, 252-Harold decides to conquer Denmark, 252-De­ termination to break the power of the aristocracy, 253- Einar Thambarskelver's hostility, 254, 255-Harold marries Thora, 255-St. Hallvard and the founding of , 256- Burning of Heidaby, 257-Sweyn's pursuits and Harold's stratagems, 257-259-Battle of Nis-aa, 259- Peace of Gotha Elv, 26o-Feuds with Einar .Thambarskelver, 26o, 261-Harold tests ihe loyalty of the chieftains, 261, 262- Hogne Langbjornsson, 262, 263-Murder of Einar and his son, 264-Harold's treachery to Kalf Arnesson and Haakon Ivarsson, 265-267-Arrival of Earl Tostig in Norway, 268 -Battles of Fulford and Stamford Bridge, 268-27()-Styr­ kaar and the yeoman, 270-272-Position of the Norwegian · Church, 272. XVII. OLAF THE QUIET AND MAGNUS HAROLDSSON, 273-284 Olaf and Magnus divide the country, 273-W~ with Sweyn Estridsson, 273, 274-Death of Magnus, 274-Character of Olaf the Quiet, 275, 276-Gradual cessation of viking cruises, <'l76, 277-Gradual abolition of serfdom, 278-­ Vilcings and merchants, 278, 279-Appearance and appoint­ ments of dwellings, 280, 281-Increased splendor of the court, 281, 282-Establishment of guilds, 282, 283-Skule Tostigsson, 283-Death of Olaf the Quiet, 284.

XVIII. AND HAAKON MAGNUSSON, 285-290 The Tronders proclaim Haakon king, 285-Magnus' ex­ pedition to and Ireland, 285, 286-Death of · Haakon, 286-Punishment of his partisans, 286, 287-·War­ like spirit of Magnus, 287-War with Sweden, 288-War with Ireland, 289-Death of Magnus in Ulster, 290. CONTENTS. xxiii

XIX. EvsTEIN AND OLAF MAGNUSSON. Division of the land, 291-Sigurd's crusade, 292; 293- Eystein's meritorious activity at home, 294-Hostility of the brothers, 295-The case of Sigurd Ranesson, 295, "296- Borghild of Dal, 297-The "man-measuring," 297-301- Death of Eystein, 301-0ttar Birting, 301-303-Arrivat of Harold Gille, 303-Cecilia, 303-Death of Sigurd, 304, 305. XX. MAGNUS THE BLIND AND HAROLD GILLE Character of Magnus and of Harold, 3~Battle of Fyri­ leiv, 307-Magnus captured and maimed, 307, 308-Sigurd Slembedegn, 308-Harold Gille murdered, 309-Burning of Konghelle by the Wends, 310. XXI. THE SONS OF HAROLD GILLE • The sons of Harold Gille proclaimed kings, 3n-Sigurd Slembedegn allies himself with Magnus the Blind; 311, 312 -Inge Crook back's first experience of war, 312-Battles of Krokaskogen, 312, and Holmengraa, 313-Sigurd Slembe­ degn's fortitude, 313-Arrival of Eystein Haroldssoh, 314- Feuds between the brothers, 314-316-Character and ap­ pearance of Sigurd Mouth, 314-316-Death of Si!p!rd, 316 -Death of Eystein, 317- and Gregorius Dagsson, 318-320-Fall of Inge at Oslo, 32o-The cardi­ nal's visit, 320, 321. XXII. HAAKON THE BROAD-SHOULDERED Christina bribes the priest, 322-Erling Skakke's intrigues, 323-Seeks aid in Denmark, 323, 324-Battle of Sekken, 324. XXIII. MAGNUS ERLINGSSON Rebellion of the "Sigurd party," 326, 327-Battle of Ree, 327-Erling's alliance with Archbishop Eystein, 327-Mag- xxiv CONTENTS.

nus takes the land in fief from St. Olaf, 327, 328-Magnus crowned, 328-KingValdemar's expedition to Norway, 328, 329-The rebellion of the Hood-Swains, 329-Battle of Djursaa, 33o-Erling accepts an earldom from Valdemar, 330-Kills his stepson Harold, 332-Eystein 1\Ieyla and the Birchlegs, 333, 334-Childhood and youth of Sverre Sig­ urdsson, 334-337-Sverre becomes the chief of the Birch­ legs, 337-Vicissitudes and adventures of the Birchlegs, 337-341-Battle of Kalvskindet, 341-343-Death of Erling Skakke, 343-Social revolution inaugurated by Sverre, 343- 345-Battle at Nordness, 346-Warfare between Birchlegs and Heklungs, 346-348-Battle of Norefjord and death of Magnus, 348, 349· XXIV. SVERRE SIGURDSSON A dangerous precedent, 35o-Erik Kingsson, 351-The lawmen and prefects, 351, 352-The new democracy, 352, 353-Rebellion of the Kuvlungs, 353, 354; the Varbelgs, 354; and the Oyeskeggs, 354-357-Sverre's controversy with the Church, 357, 358-Nicholas Arnesson, 358- Sverre is put in the ban, 359-0rigin of the party, 360, 361-Nicholas shows the white feather, 361-Treason of Thorstein Kugad, 362-The besiege the block­ house in , 362-365-Burning of Bergen, 365-The traitor's return, 366-The Papal bull and Sverre's defence, 366-368-The Bagler's defeated at Strindso, 369-The great peisant rebellion, 37o-373-Sverre's magnanimity, 374-Aristocracy versus Democracy, 374, 375-Siege and surrender of Tunsberg, 375, 376-Deathof Sverre, 376, 377 -His character, 377, 378. ·

XXV.

HAAKON SVERRESSON Peace with the Church, 379-Popularity of Haakon, 38o­ Discontent of the queen-dowager, 381-Abduction of Prin­ CesS Christina, 381, 382-The fatal Yule-tide feast, 382, 383-Death of Haakon by poison, 383-Flight of Queen Margaret, 384- CONTENTS. XXV

XXVI. UUTTORM SIGURDSSON AND INGE BAARDSSON, 385-399 The Bagler troop reorganized under Erling Stonewall, 385 -Successful ordeal, 386-Death of Guttonn Sigurdsson by poison, 387-Inge Baardsson proclaimed king, 388-Society disorganized by the civil wars, 388, 389-Unbidden guests at the bridal feast, 389, 39o-Philip Simonsson made king of the Baglers, 39o-Birth and childhood of Haak'on Haakonsson, 391, 392-Compromise of Hvitingso, 393- The intrigues of Haakon Galen, 394, 395-Helge Hvasse and the boy Haakon, 396, 397-Discontent of the Birchlegs, 398-Death of King lnge, 399· ·

XXVII. HAAKON HAAKONSSON THE OLD Haakon proclaimed king, 4oo-Rebellion of the Slittungs, .JOI-Effects of the oivil war, 401, 402-The intrigues of Earl Skule, 402-404-lnga of Varteig carries glowing irons, 404-406-Rebellion of the Ribbungs, 407, 408-Skule's double-dealing, 408-41o-Ass_embly of notables in Bergen, 410-Bishop Nicholas' hypocrisy, 4n-Sigurd Ribbung re­ news the rebellion, 412-Haakon's campaign in Vermeland, 412, 413-Duke Skule's leaky ships, 413-Death of Bishop Nicholas and Sigurd Ribbung, 414-Squire Knut as the chief of the Ribbungs, 416-Skule's "Crusade," 416, 417- Skule allies himself with Valdemar the Victorious, 417, 418 -Skule called to account, 418-42o-lntrigues at th~ Roman Curia, 420, 421-The plot revealed, 421, 422-Skule pro­ claims himself king, 423-Battle of Laaka, 424-Skule de­ feated at Oslo, 425-Death of Skule, 426, 427-Coronation of Haakon, 427-429-His power and fame at home" and abroad, 429-431-Expedition to Scotland, and death, 431,_ 432. XXVIII. THE STURLUNGS IN ICELAND • Snorre Sturlasson's Hdmskringla, 433, 434-Snorre's paren­ tage and youth, 434-Characterof Snorre, 434-Reykjaholt, 436-Rrother feuds, 436-Snorre's visit to Norway, 437- xxvi CONTENTS.

Plots and counterplots,- 437-44o-Snorre's death, 44o­ Sturla Thordsson, 440, 441.

XXIX. MAGNUS LAw-MENDER Cession of Man and the Shetland Isles to Scotland, 442- Reasons for and against the cession, 443-Condition of Ice­ landic society and submission of the island to Norway, 444 -Magnus as a law-giver, 445-44~·-The tribal aristocracy and the court nobility, 447, 448-Concessions to the Church, 448, 449-Degeneracy of the old royal house, 45o-Death 9f Magnus, 450. XXX. ERIK. PRIEST-HATER The barons increase their power, 451-Quarrels with the· clergy, 452-The false" Maid of Norway," 453-Depreda­ tions of" Little Sir AU," 453, 454-War with Denmark and the Hansa, 454, 455-Capture and death of Little Sir Alf, 456-Death of King Erik, 456.

XXXI. HAAK.ON LONGLEGS Sir Audun's treason, 457-The dukes. Erik and Valdemar 458-Complicationswith Sweden, 459-Warwith Denmark, 46o-Delth o~ Haakon, 46o.

XXXII. MAGNUS :SMEK., .tiAAK.ON ¥AGNUSSON, AND OLAF THE YouNG • 461-466 Magnus Smek becomes king of Norway and Sweden, 461- Duchess Ingeborg's unpopularity, 461, 462-Discontent with Magnus, 462-Alliance with Valdemar Atterdag, 462, 463- Magnus deposed in Sweden, 463-Haakon's war with Al­ brecht of Mecklenberg, 464-The ·power of the Hansa in Norway, 464-Death of Magnus, 465-The Black Death. 465, 466-0laf the Young, 466, CONTENTS. XX\ii

XXXIII. NORWAY DURING THE Margaret unites the three kingdoms, 467-469-The Kalmar Union, 469, 47o--Reasons for its disastrous consequences, 47o-472-Death of Margaret, 472_:Erik of 's misrule and extortions, 472, 473-, 473: 474· XXXIV. THE UNION WITH DENMARK • The condition of Norway and Denmark during the union compared, 47S. 476-Charles Knuttson elected king of Swe­ den, 478-Christian I.'s war with Charles Knutsson, 479, 480-Misrule in Nor:way, 480-The Scottish Isles pawned, 480, 481-King Hans, 481, 482-Christian II.'s accession, 482~His attempt to humble the nobility, 483-The carnage of , 483, 484-His vain appeal to the bourgeoisie, 484, 4Ss-Christian's flight, 48s-Frederick 1., 48s, 486- Struggle about the succession, 486, 487-Christian III., 487, 488-Norway becomes a province of Denmark, 488.

XXXV. NORWAY AS A PROVINCE OF DENMARK The Reformation introduced, 489, 49o--The power of the Hansa broken, 49o-492-Frederick II., 492-494-Christian IV.'s interest in Norway, 494-The Kalmar War, 49S­ Participation in· the Thirty Years' 'Var, 49S, 496-The Hannibal's feud, 49fi--:-Frederick III. 's qisastrous >war with Sweden, 498-Absolutism introduced, 499, sao--Christian V., soo, so1-Frederick IV.'s accession, sor-The Great Northern War, S02-S04-Tordenskjold, so3, 504-Christian VI., so6-5o8-Frederick V., soB-Christian VII., so8-S12 -The a:med neutrality, so9, s1o--Frederick VI. mounts the throne, S12-War with Sweden, S12, S13-Christian August as viceroy, S12-S14-The Treaty of , 513-Pro­ test of the Norsemen, 514-Separation from Denmark, srs.

XXXVI. NoRWAY RF.covERS HER INDEPENDENCE sr6-sJ8 Christian Frederick as viceroy, sr6-s.r8-Constitutional con- · xxviii CONTENTS.

vention at Eidsvold, 518-52o-War with Sweden, 520, 521 '-Armistice at Moss, 521-charles XIII. accepts the consti­ tution, 522-charles XIV. John becomes king of Nor­ way, 522-His controversies with the Storlking, 522-526- Henrik Wergeland, 526, 527-Count Wedel-Jarlsberg as viceroy, 527-0scar 1., 52B-53o-The character of the No.rse peasantry, 52B-53o-Charles XV., 530, 531-0scar II., and the constitutional struggle, 531-534-Impeachment of the ministry Selmer, 53-J-" The Pure Flag," 535-Pres­ ·ent condition of Norway and her place among the nations, 536-Literature and scic;nce, 536-538.

XXXVII. THE RECENT HISTORY OF NORWAY 539-553 The clergy, 539, 540-Sverdrup and the Liberal party, 540, 541-Movement to give Alexander Kjelland a State pension, 541, 542-Question of" open churches," 541-Indignation at the Government's action with regard to Christian Krohg's novel, "Albertine," 542-Proposal to increase the powers of Parish Councils, 542, 543-Cieavage in the Liberal party, 544-Suicide of Richter, dispute between Norway and Sweden over the French Exhibition and representation abroad, 545, 546, 547, 548-Introduction of the "Flag Bill," "Suffrage Bill," 549, 550-Literature, 55o-553. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE, STONE AXES FROM THE LATER STONE AGE 5 STONE USED FOR SHAPING INSTRUMENTS 7 STONE HAMMER 7 STONE KNIFE ., 8 ADZE OF ELK·HORN 9 STONE WEDGE 9 ROCK PICTURE OF A SHIP AT LOKEBERG IO ROCK PICTURE AT BORGEN II BRONZE SWORD 14 LOOR OR WAR HORN OF BRONZE 15 BRONZE SWORD 17 BUCKLES FROM THE EARLY IRON AGE 19 THE VIKING SHIP RECENTLY UNEARTHED AT SANDEFJORD 26 THE VIKING SHIP, VARIOUS VIEWS OF 29 ST. ANSGARIUS THE APOSTLE OF THE NORTH 33 IRON IMPLEMENT-USE UNKNOWN 35 TWO·EDGED SWORD 37 BUCKLE FROM THE IRON AGE , 39 RUIN OF NORSE TOWER AT MOSO 43 BUCKLE WITH BYZANTINE ORNAMENTATION 51 GILT BUCKLE FOUND AT SKEDS:IfO , 72 CYLINDRICAL MOUNTING IN BRONZE 76 IRON POINT OF SPEAR, IRON CHISEL 84 FRYING-PAN OF BRONZE , 89 xxix XXX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGB. BREASTPIN OF BRONZE OVAL BRONZE BUCKLE EGIL WOOLSARK'S MONUMENT ORNAMENTAL BRONZE MOUNTING CHURCH AT EGILO • 103 SCISSORS AND ARROW-HEAD OF IRON 107 HAROLD BLUETOOTH : FROM STRAND IN RYFYLKE • 121 OBLONG BUCKLE 133 OLAF TRYGGVESSON'S ARRIVAL IN NORWAY 141 LOOM 14S -RUNIC STONE FROM GRAN IN HADELAND 1 S3 INSTRUMENT OF UNKNOWN USE 1 SS OLD LOOM FROM THE FAEROE ISLANDS 1 S9 CHURCH AT MOSTER ISLAND • J67 SHUTTLES OF IRON AND WHALEBONE 1 7S KNIVES OF IRON FOUND IN HEDEMARK AND HADE- LAND 208 ST. OLAF FROM DRONTHEIM CATHEDRAL 219 ST. OLAF AND THE TROLDS • 223 MAGNUS THE GOOD AND KALF ARNESSON AT STIKLESTAD 23S MARBLE LION. FROM THE PlRlEUS 241 POMMEl, OF GILT BRONZE FROM THE VIKING AGE 2SO THE OLD MAN OF HOY 271 INTERIOR OF ORKHAUGEN 279 HITTERDAL CHURCH 299 VILLAGE DURING FISHING SEASON • 3IS THE RAFT SUNDIN VESTFJORD 331 HORNELEN • 339 THORGHATTEN • 363 HONEFOSS 371 VIEW ACROSS THE JORINGFJORD 397 ~~T FRONT OF DRONTHEIM CATHEDRAL 403 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xxxi PAGE. OLD NORSE CAPITALS ON THE SOGNE FJORD A STORM ON THE FJORD NORWEGIAN STABBUR OR STORE-HOUSE 43I NORWEGIAN SCENERY. LOOKING DOWN THE TRANDAL 435 ALMANNAGJAA WITH THE HILL OF LAWS 439 QUEEN MARGARET 47I CHRISTIAN I. • . 479 BELT WRESTLING 49I THE NORTH CAPE 493 FREDERICK III., KING OF DENMARK AND NORWAY 497 . THE CAl'ERCAILZIE IN NORWAY 505 CARVED LINTEL, STABBUR, AND BEER-MUGS 507 PEASANTS DANCING 5 I I PRINCE CHRIS1'lAN FREDERICK, VICEROY OF NORWAY 5I7 CHARLES XIV. JOHN {BERNADOTTE) 52 I SKEE-RUNNING 525 BRIDE AND GROOM • 52 9 PORTRAIT OF OSCAR II. 533 BJORNST ]ERNE BJORNSON 537 A NORWEGIAN GLACIER. THE RINGDAL • 55I [~

INDEX.

A Aesir, 13, 14 · Aabo, 514 Africa, 32, 298 Aachen, 31, 32 Agdeness, 294, 300 Aake, the Yeoman, 58 Agder, 32, 47, 147, 173, 324 Aal, Jacob, 518 Agmund Skoftesson, 288 Aale Hallvardsson, 373 Agnes, Queen of Denmark, 456 Aaluf, III Agnes, daughter of Haakon Aamunde Gyrdsson, 312 Longlegs, 478 Aanrud, Hans, 552 Agvaldsness, 95, 2II Aaros, 237 Aker, 416, 492 Aasa, 32 , 459, 481, 486, 503 Aasa, Haakon Grjotgardsson's Akron, 293 daughter, 6o Albrecht of Mecklenburg, 463, Aasbjorn Sigurdsson, 211, 212 464. 467, 468, 469 Aasbjorn of Medalhus, 92 Alexander Newsky, 430 Aasen, I var, 538 Alexander IV., Pope, 430 Aasgerd, wife of Egil Baldgrim's Alexander, 1., Emperor of Rus- son, 78, 79 sia, 510, 514 Aasta, mother of Olaf the Saint, Alexander III., King of Scot- 182, 186, 187, 188, 199, 2oo, land, 430, 442, 453 240 Alexius 1., Comnenus, 293 Aastrid, queen of Olaf the Saint, Alexius III., Angelus, 360 197 Alf Askman, 100 Aastrid, Olaf Tryggvesson's Alf Erlingsson, 453-456 mother, 108, 109, 134, 135 Alf Guldbrandsson, 207 Aastrid, Olaf Tryggvesson's sis- Alfheim, 21 ter, 148 I Alfhild, mother of ~agnus the Aastrid, daughter of Thirik, 153 Good, 230 Aastrid, wife of Earl Sigvalde, Alfifa, 225-229 163, 171 Alfonso the Wise, 430 Aasulf of Austraat, 426 Alfvine, 137, 138 Abel, mathematician, 538 Allogia, see Olga Absalon, Bishop, 330, 359, 379 Almannagjaa, 439 Adalbert of Bremen, 272 Alsted, 248 Adeler, Kort, 500 A/thing, 159, 436· Aeger, 23 Amboise, 34 Aelgifa, see Alfifa America, 3 1 I 79 555 THE STO.R Y OF NO.R WAY.

A~terdam, 474 Bergen, 280, 294, 307, 309, 316, Amund Sigurdsson Bolt, 473 323, 324, 327, 328, 345. 346, Andres Skjaldarband, 399, 423 347. 348. 349. 354. 3;6, 359. Andvake, 37:! .. . 362, 365, 366. 375. 376, 388, Anglesey, :zSS- ·-- -···· .· --­ 390. 392, 398. 41(), 413, 417, Anglo-Saxon, 4I, I38, I47 420, 422, 424, 428, 429, 457. Anker, Peder, SIS 462, 465, 473. 478, 480, 488. Anna Kolbjornsdatter, 503 492, 494. soo Ansgarius, St.,_ 32 Bergljot, 119, 178, 261, 264 Anund, 145 ·Bergthor's Knoll, ISS Anund Jacob, King of Sweden, Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste, SI3. 198, 213, 2I4, 2I7, 2I8 . SIS, SI9-S28, S3I, 546 .Apostles, Church of the, 294 Bernsdorff, Andreas, S09 Arctic Circle, 494 .. Bertrand of Tripolis, 293 Arinbjom Thoresson, jS, .82, 85 Bevje-Aa, 320 · Annfelt, General, SP4, 512 · . Biadmuin, 289 Ambjom Jonsson, 4I3. 424 Bifrost, 17 _ Ammodlings, 2S5 . · · · ' · Birchlegs, 333-407, 414, 42S, 426, Aryans, I, 2, 3. s· . :· ., 427 Asaheim, 13 .. Birger, Earl of , 333, , I3, IS, 19, 20; 23 336. 337 c Asgeir, 36 · ·-·' Birger Magnusson, King of Swe. Asia, I, I3, 240 den, 456, 458, 4S9· 461 Ask. 18 • I Bjarkemaal, 221 Askatin, 442 Bjarko, 211, -zi2, 4S1, 462 Aslak Erlmgsson, I79 Bjame Erling5son, 451, 4S2 Aslak Rock-SkuJ.l.i 124· · Bjame Herjulfsson, 179 Astrid, Sverre's first wife, 380 Bjelke, General, 498 Audhumbla, 16 · · Bjorgvin, see Bergen Audun Hugleiksson, 4SI, 4S7 Bjorn; King of Sweden, 1g6 Aun the Old, 4S Bjorn Egilsson, 311 · Aura-Paul. 364 Bjorn Ironside, 34 Austrian, 498 Bjorn, a peasant. 109 Bjorn the Merchant, 71, 182 Bjorn Stallare, 194, 195, · 197, 218 Baard, steward of Erik Blood- Bjornson, Bjornstjerne, S35. S37. Axe, 78, 79 . S38, 542. 544. 552 Bagler, 36~401, 407,413 Bjorn, the yeoman, 77, 78, 79 Balder, 21, 22 Black Death, the, 46s, 466 Bald Grim, 57, 62, 63, 77, 78, 79 Blanca of Namur, 462, 463 Baldwin, 293 · Blekinge, 463, 498 Baltic,the,94,237,277,312,463 Bor, x6 Bank of Norway, 522 Bogesund, 483 Beauvois, 36 Bohemia, I Belts, the, 3S6 Borg, see Sarpsborg Bene Skindkniv, 401 Borgar-thinA"", 2S3. 361, 445 Bengt Algotsson, 463 Borghild, daughter of Olaf of Beorthric, 41 Dal, 297 Berg-Anund, 79, So BomhOved, 417 INDEX. 557

Bomholm, 498 Charles XII., King of Sweden, Brage, 22, 4S. 120 sox, 502, S03 . Bratsberg, ISS, 317 Charles XIII., Sl3;, 520, 522 Breidablik, 21 Charles XIV. Jolui, see Berna­ Bremangerland, 339 dette Bremen, 147, 272 Charles XV., King of Norway· Brenn Islands, 23 I and Sweden, 530, 531 · Brigida, Harold Gille's daughter, Christ-Church, 284, 428 333 Christian 1., 478-481 Brising, 23 Christian II., 481-487 Bristein, 3S4 Christian III., 487-492 Bromsebro, 496 Christian IV., 494-496 Brunkeberg, 480 Christian V., soo, 501 Brynjulf, 129 Christian VI., so6 Bue the Big, 122-126 Chri£tian VII., so8 Bugge, Prof. Sophus, 153 Christian VIII., see Christian Bull, Ole, 538 Frederick Bure, 16 Christian August, of Augusten­ Buris Henriksson, 330 · borg, 512, 513 , 136, 142, 154, 162 Christian Frederick; SIS-522 Buste, uo Christiania, 256, 494,. 503, 508, Bute, 431 522 Byzantine, 360 Christiania Fjord, 46 Christiansand, 494 c Christina, wife of Erling Skakke, 318, 322, 332 Candor, Lay of, 234 Christina, Sverre's daughter, 380, Canterbury, 147 381, 383, 384, 393 Cantire, 431 Christina, wife of Haakon Galen, Cape Cod, 18o,·18r 382, 384, 387, 395. 398, 410';\ - Capercailzie, the, sos 412 i Carolingians, 36 Christina. daughter of Haakon /1 Carrara, 34 the Old, 430 . Catholic, 487, 489 Christopher I., King of Den­ Cecilia, second queen of Sigurd mark, 430, 453 the Crusader, 304 Christopher of Bavaria, 473, 474, Cecilia, daughter of Sigurd 478 Mouth, 332, 336, 382 Christopher, Count of Olden- Celestin IV., Pope, 427 borg, 487 • Charlemagne, 31, 32, 33, 230 Churl's Head, the, Igo, 191 Charles the Bald, 36 Clement, St., 193, 227 Charles the Simple, 64, 65 Clyde, Firth of, 431 Charles Knutsson Peasant, 473, Consts.ntinople, 240, 264, 293, 478, 479. 480 302, 376 Charles Sunesson, 312 Conqueror, see William the Charles V., Emperor o{ Ger­ , 219, 4S5. 459, 46Z. many, 483 · 477, 498, 499, 500, 509, 510 Charles IX., King of Sweden, Count's Feud, the, 48j, 490 495 Cowlmen, see Kuvlungs Charles X. Gustavus, 498 Crane, the, 157, 164; 165 558 THE STORY OF NORWAY.

Crimean War, the, 530 Eidsvold, 70, 210, 414, 516, 518, Crookmen, sec Baglers 519, 520, 522, 532 Curia, the R~man, 422, 45'2 Einar Thambarskelver, 162, 169, Cuthbert, St., 42 170, 178, 179. 189. 190, I91, 192, 2I7, 227, 228, 229, 231, D 232, 233. 236, 237. 238, 239. Dagfinn Peasant, 375, 404, 405 243. 244, 246, 247. 249. 252, Dalarne, 472 254. 260, 261-265 Dale-Guldbrand, 207, 208, 210 Einar the Priest, 375 , 288 Eindride Einarsson, 238, 239, 264 Dannebrog, the, 502 Eindride the Young, 327, 328 Dannevirke, II6 Elgeseter, 426 · Dav, 332 Elivagar, 16 Delling, 17 Ellisif, queen of Harold Hard- Dingeness, ll3 Ruler, 242, 235, 260, 272, 274 Ditmarsken, 481 Elsinore, 455 Embla, IS Djursaa, 258, 330 Domesday Book, 63 Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, 472, Donald Bane, 285 473 Donmouth, 42 England, I, I2, 28, 31, 40, 41, Dorchester, 41 42, 43, 72, 79· So, 81, 84, 88, Dorestad, 36 qo, 91, I28, 137. I38, I39. Dovre Mountain, 286, 294, 300, I42, I47, 177, I79, I83, 184, ISS. 207, 212, 213, 217, 228, 517 Drontheim, 54, 91, q2, 118, 121, 236, 268, 273. 2j6, 277, 278, 140, 148, I89. 219, 220, 403, 283, 287, 2"q2, 347. 375. 443. 465, 478, 479. 492, 498, 504, 446, 447. 453. 454. 465, 509, soB, 5I7, 522 . 510, 512, 513, 514, 530 Drontheim Fjord, 54, 7I, 107, Enkoping, 464 I40, 362 Erik, Archbishop, 358, 379, 387 Erik Blood-Axe, 68, 7o-86, 88, , 38, 40, I39. 238 Dumbarton, 40 94, 95, 99, I02, 160, 182 Durham, see Simeon of Erik Eiegod, 288 Erik Eimundsson, 57, 58, I96 Dutch, 474, 485, 495, 498, 500 Erik Emune, 312 Dynekilen, 503, 504 Erik Eriksson Lisp, King of E Sweden, 412 Erik Glipping, 453, 454 Eadburg, 41 Erik Gudrodsson, 32 Eadgar the Etheling, 285 Erik Haakonsson, Earl, 119, 121- Eadwine, Earl, 268 . I27, I63-181, 184,.2I5, 254 Ecgfridh, 42 Erik, King of Hordeland, 52 Edda, the Younger, 434 Erik Kingsson, Earl, 351 Edward the Confessor, 236 Erik .Magnusson, Duke, 458, Edward I., 453 459· 46I . Egil Aaslaksson, 287 Erik .Magnusson, son of Magnus Egil, Bald Grim's son, 62, 77-84 Smek, 462, 463 Egil W oolsark, 96, 97 Erik Menved, 455 Eidsivia Law, the, 47, 210, 445 Erik of Ofrestad, 108 Eidskog, 337 Erik Plowpenny, 453 INDEX. 559

Erik of Pomerania, 467-474 F Erik Priest-Hater, 451-456, 459 Erik the Red, Archbishop, I 79, Faeroe Isles, 40, 43~ ISS, I 59 181 320, 333. 334. 336, 3SO Erik the Saint, 3S0 Falkoping, 46S Erik the Victorious, King of Fall River, ISO Sweden, IS2, I96 Falsen, Judge, SIS Erik the Younger, King of South Falsterbro, 466 , 6S · Fenris-Wolf, 2I, 23 Erlend of Husaby, 39I Fensal, 22 Erlend Haakonsson, I29, I30 Finland, I96, SI2, 5I3 Erling Eriksson, 106 Finmark, 74, I73. 495, so6 Erling Haakonsson, I2I, 123, Finn Arnesson, 255, 265, 266, 267 I28 Finn Eyvindsson, I70 Erling Skakke, Earl, 31S, 3I9, Finns, 3, so, 61, 67, 74, 278, 295 322-3.n. 350, 355, 357, 360 Fitj~. 98 Erling Skjalgsson of Sole, I4S, Fjolne, 45 I62, 164, 174. I76, I7S, 179. " Flag Bill," 549 IQO, I92, 210, 2II, 212, 216, Flanders, 2S 217, 3IS Flensborg, 472 Erling Stonewall, 3S5, 3S6, 3S7, Florsvaag, 356 390 Folden, 46, I90, 256, 320, 425 Erling Vidkunsson, 462 Folkvang, 23 Erne, Loch, 38 Folkvid the Lawman, 332, 336, Ernst, Herzog, 242 3S2 Eskil Lawman, 412 Fontenelle, 36 Essex, I38 Formentera, 292 Esthonia, I35, I96 Fors, 3I7 Estrid, daughter of Sweyn Fork- Forsete, 22 beard, 236 · Fraedoe, 96 Ethelred II., I3S, I39, IS3 France, I, 36, 43, 64, I37, 277, JEthelstan, 72, 73, 79, So, 85, 150 430, 509. 527, 530 Eugene III., Pope, 320 Fredensborg, 504 Euphemia of Arnstein, 457, 459 Frederick, Count Palatine, -4S7,· Europe, 465, 4S3, 523, 526, 527, 4SS . S3S Frederick I., 4S5, 4S6 Eystein, Earl of Hedemark and Frederick II., Emperor of Ger­ , 76 . many, 4IS, 430 Eystein Erlendsson, 327, 347, Frederick II., King of Den- 354. 357. 3SS mark and Norway, 492 Eystein Haroldsson, 314-317 Frederick III., 496-500 Eystein Magnusson, 29I-30I, Frederick IV., soi, 502, 5o6 317, 329 Frederick V., soB Eystein Meyla, 333, 334, 336 Frederick VI., 50«)-5I6 Eystein Orre, 255, 270 Frederickshald, 500, 503 Eyvind Kinriva, I54, IS6, IS7 Frederickshamn, SI3 Eyvind Lambe, 57, 59 Frederickstad, 492 Eyvind Scald-Spoiler, 9S, · 99, Fredericksteen, 503, 504, 520 100, ros. I 54 Freke, 20 Eyvind Skreyja, 79, IOO Frey, 2I, 45, I44, 150, 2o7 THE STORY OF NORWAY.

Freya, 22, 23 Gotha Elv., 231, 257, 2S9. 26o Freydis, 181 Gotland, 333 Fridkulla\ 288 Gottland, 463, 473, 496 , 22 Goths, 3 Frisian, 205 Gran, IS3 Frosta-tking, 88, 91, 92, 149, Great Northern 'Var, the, 502 3S9. 445 Greece, 137, 13S Frosten, ISO, !89 Greeks, 3, 44, 240, 293 Fuliord, 268 Greenland, ISS, 179, 180, 181, Funen, 24S, 4S5, 49S 320,430 Fuxerne, 288 Gregorius Dagsson, 316, 317-320 Fyrileiv, 307 Gregory IX., Pope, 421, 427 Grib, Peter, 504 G Grieg, J., S3S Griffenfeld, sot Gabn, Colonel, S20 Grim, see Bald Grim Gall, St., 32 Grim Keikan, 423 Gallia Narbonensis, 32 Grimkel, Bishop, 207, 227 Gamle Eriksson, 94, 97 Grjotgard Haakonsson, 1o6 Gardarike, see Russia Gude, J., S3S Gauldale, 129, 341 Gudleik Gerdske, 278 Gaule, 79 Gudny Bodvar's daughter, 434 Gaul River, see Gula Elv Gudolf of Blakkestad, 407 GauiN', see Goths Gudrid, wife of Tborfinn Karls- Gautland, II8, 152 evne, 1S1 Geira, 136, 162 (iudrod Bjornsson, 8S, 102, xos, Georgios Maniakes, 240, 242 107 . Gerd, 21 Gudrod Eriksson, 104, 107, II3, Gere, 20 160 German, 3, 2S, 31, 44, 430, 464, Gudrod Haroldsson, 6o 46S, 471, 480, 4SJ, 488, 492, GudrOd the Hunter, 31, 32, 46 494, 495. t':t>. sox, soo, so8, Gudrod, King of Hadeland, 199 1 S2I GudrM, King of the , ' Gein?any, IIS, 277, 430, 4S7, 320 465,4¢. S30 Gudrod Ljome, 68, 6g , 16 · Gudrod Meranagb, 286 Giske, 4SI, 462, 481 Gudrun, daughter of lronbeard, Gisla, wife of Duke Rollo, 6S IS2 Gissur the White,. 127 Gudrun Lundarsol, 129 Gissur the White, xsS Gula Elv, 120, 46S Gissur Tborvaldsson, Earl, 440, Gula-tking, 79, 89, 210, 44S 444 . Guldberg, Ove, 508 Gjallar Bridge, 21 Guldbrandsdale, 207, 208, 210, Gjallar Horn, 21, 22 24S. 49S. 517 . Gjeble Pedersson, Bisl>op, 490 Gungner, 20 Glommen, 194 Gunhild, Queen of Erik Blood• Godfrey the Hunter, see Gudrod Axe, 74-86, 94, 9S· 99, 100, Gold-Harold, 112, II3 101, 102, 104-II4, 130, 134 Goldlegs, 3S6 Gunhild, mother of Sverre, 334 , 53, 86, 2q .. I Gunnar of Gimse, JII INDEX. 561

Gunnar Grjonbak, 352 Haakon the Broad-Shouldered, Gunvor, I53 316, 319, 320, 322-326 , 495, 496 Haakon the Good, 721 73, So, Gustavus IV., 512 87-IOI, IOS, 100, 150, I6o, Gustavus Trolle, 483 294. 446 Gustavus \Vasa, 484, 487 Haakon the Old, a Swedish Peas- Guttorm, Archbishop, 400, 410, ant, IIO, I 34 . 41! Haalogaland, 56, 6o, 148, 154, Guttorm Eriksson, 94, 95 ISS, ISS, 211, 366 Guttorm Haroldsson, 6o Haarek Gand, 48 Guttorm Ingesson, 395 Haarek Haroldsson, 6o Guttorm, son of Sigurd Hjort, Haareko( Thjotta, 148, IS4-IS6, 47. 48, 52, 53. 62 ISS, 233 Guttorm Sigurdsson, 385, 387 Haavard the Hewer, 124, 127 Guttorm Sigurdsson, 199, 200 Hadeland, so, 51, IS3, 199, 203 ' Guttorm Sindre, 71 Hadrian IV., Pope, see Nicholas Gyda, wife of Harold the Fair­ Breakspeare haired, 52, 53, 59, 6o Hadulaik, 12I , Gyda, wife of Olaf Tryggvesson, Hafrs-Fjord, 59, 6o, 63 137. 142, 228 Hagustald, 121 Gyldenstjerne, Knut, 486 Hake, a Berserk, 47, 48 Halder Brynjulfsson, 320 II Halfdan Haalegg (Longlegs) 68, 69 Haakonarmaa!, IOI Halfdan Sigurdsson, 199, 200 Haakon Eriksson, Earl, 178, 179, Halfdan the Swarthy, GudrodS­ 184-186,215-218 son, 32, 46-52, JIB, 432 Haakon Galen, 377, 382-398, Halfdan the Swarthy, HaroldS- 402, 410, 412, 414 son, 6o, 71, 72, 76 Haakon Grjotgardsson, 56, 6o Halfdan the White, 6o Haakon, Gunhild's emissary, I09. Halfdan Whiteleg, 46 iaakon Haakonsson the Old, ; Halland, 214, 266, 267, 273, 307, 391-433. 437-444 418, 453. 454. 46o, 462, 463, Haakon lvarsson, 259, 264-268 498 llaakon Jonsson, Lord High Hallkel Agmundsson, 451, 452, Steward, 467 456 IIaakon Longlegs, 45I, 456, 457- Hallkel Jonsson, 355, 356 46I Hall of the Side, I 58 IIaakon Magnusson, son of King Hallvard Vebj6rnsson,St.,256,322 !llagnus Haroldsson, 274, 285, Hals, 258 · 286 , 321, 420, 421, 492. llaakon Magnusson, son of King Hamburg, 32 Magnus Smek, 46I-466 Hampshire, 138 Haakon Paulsson, 287 Hamson, Knut, 552 Haakon Sigurdsson, Earl, 1o6, Hannibal's Feud, 496 I07, IIQ-I34, 139, I6J, 166, Hans, King of Norway, Sweden, 173. 254. 261 and Denmark, 481, 482 Haakon Sverresson, King of Nor­ Hans, son of Frederick I., 487 way, 370, 377, 379-385, 39I, Hans Kolbjornsson, 503 404 Hansa, see 37 562 THE STORY OF NORWAY.

Hanseatic League, 45J, 4S4, 4SS, Helluland, 180 46o, 464, 474. 480, 48S, 490. Heming Haakonsson, 119 50<) • Henrik of Schwerin, 410 Hansteen, astronomer, SJ8 Henry I., King of England, 292 ·Hardeland, 41 Hercules, Pillars of, 34 Harold, Earl of the Orkneys, J55 Heredhaland, 4I Harold, grandson of Sigurd the Herjedale, 4¢ Crusader, JJ2 Herlaug, King in Naumdale, 54 Harold Bluetooth, 86, 94, 95, Herluf Hyttefad, 482 IIQ-I20, IJ8, I6I, 4IO Hettesveiner, see Hood-Swains Harold Gille, JOJ-JII, JIJ, JI4, Himinbjarg, 22 J20,J22, JJJ. JJ7. J46, J82, Hindoos, 2, 3 J86 Hinsgavl, 455 Harold Godwineson, 268, 269, Hirdskraa, 445 272 Hitterdale Church, 299 Harold Greyfell, 94, IOO, I02- Hjalte Skeggesson, I94 114 Hjorungavaag, I2I, I22 Harold Gronske, I 52, I82 Hlade, I27, I32, q8, I49, 152,1S9 Harold Hard-Ruler, I99, 200, Hnos, 23 20I, 22I, 24D-274. 278, 28J, Hoder, 22 286, JOB Hofudlausn, Ss ·. Harold Ingesson, J49 Hogne Langbjornsson, 262, 263 Harold the Fairhaired, JI, 49, Roland, 502 SD-74. 87, 88, 99. IOS, IJO, Honefoss, J7I IJ4. IJ9. I40, I52, ISS. I74. Honer, IS I76, I77, I82, I8J, I87, I88 Horda-Kaare, JIS I98, 20I, 226, 2JI, 24S, 2SI, Hordeland, 52, 98, qo, I47, 324 252, 256, 275, 2;6, JIB, JSO, Horgadal, 435 J78, 4JJ, 460 Holberg, Ludvig, 5o6 Harthaknut, 229, 2JI, 234, 2J6 Holland, 4S5, 488 Hasting, J4, JS, J6 Holmengraa, JI3 Hastings, 272 Holstein, 485, 496, sox, 515, SJO 1 Haug, 2J2 , I7I, 21S, 292, 298. " Hauk, ISS JoB, 376 Haukby, 284 Hood-Swains, 329 Hebrides, 40, 4J, 6J, 288, JII, Hornboresund, 312 JI2, J94, 480 Hornelen, 339 Hedemark, 48, 51, 76, 203, 210 Hrimfaxe, 17 Heiberg, Gunnar, 550, 553 Hugditrich, 242 Heidaby, 257 Hugin, 20 Heimdal, 22 Humber, BI Heirnskringla, 13, 45, 433, 440 Hvergelmer, 16 Hekla, 465 Hvitingsoe, 393, 400 Heklungs, 345-348 Hyrning, 161, 162 , 23,24 Helge Hvasse, 396, 397 I Helge-aa, 215 Helgeness, 237 Ibsen, Henrik, 53S. S38, 550 Helgeo, 4I3, 421 Iceland, 40, 44, 62, 63, 77. n. Helheim, 24 · So, S5, 146, ISS, IS9. 202, 320, Hellenes, 1 430, 4J3-44I, 443. 444. 465 INDEX.

Icolmkill, 38 lvar of Fljod, 295 Ida, plain of, 20 I var Steig, 349 Idun, 22 Ilevolds, 296, 345 J India, 2 Inga of Varteig, 391, 404, 405 Jaabcek, Soren, 528 Inge Baardsson, 284, 385-400, Jacob, Count of Halland, 454 402 J aederen, 59 Inge Crookback, 3II-321, 323, James Ill., King of Scotland; 349. 353. 358 "480 Inge, chief of the Baglers, 360, J aroslav, 217, 218, 240, 242 361, 380, 421 . Jaxartes, I Inge, King of Sweden, 288 Jemteland, 194, 198, 294, 300, Ingeborg, queen of ~agnus 459. 496, 498 Law-~ender, 451, 452, 453, , 233 •. 291, 293 454 . Jews, 32, 44, 530 · Ingeborg, daughter of Erik Josse Eriksson, 472 Priest-Hater, 456, 459 J ohan Karl, 546 . Ingeborg, daughter of Haakon Johannes, see Hans Longlegs, 458, 459, 461 , 120, 237 · Ingegerd, daughter of Harold Jomsvikings, 120-128, 163 Hard-Ruler, 268, 272 Jon Birgersson, Archbishop, 321 Ingegerd, daughtP.r of Olaf. the Jon, chief of the Kuvlungs, 353 Swede, 195, 197, 217, 218 Jon Kutiza, 345 Inger of Oestraat, 485 Jon Loftsson, 434 Ingerid, Queen of Harold Gille, Jon the Red, Archbishop, 448, 3II, 314, 386 452 Ingjald Ill-Ruler, 45 Jonvolds, 365 Ingrid, queen of Olaf the Quiet, Juliana ~aria, queen of Fred­ 274 . erick v., 508 Innocent lii., Pope, 366, 379 J umieges, 36 Innocent IV., Pope, 429 Jutla,nd, 41, 68, 95, II6, 236, Iona, 38 237. 257. 324, 330, 453. 485, Iranians, 2 495· 496, 498 Ireland, I, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 138, 228, 277, 287, 289, 295, K· 303, 309 Kalf Arnesson, 217, 222, 228, Irishman, 303, 304, 313 229, 231, 232, 233, 235,· l!S5. Iron Ram, 169 265, 266 Ironbeard, 149, 151, 152 Kalfsund, 459 Irp, Valkyria, 123 Kalmar, 301, 455, 467, 469, 470, Isabella Bruce, queen of Erik 479. 495 Priest-Hater, 456 Kalvskindet, 343, J.J4, 345 Isabella, queen of Christian II., Karelen, 196 483 Kark, 130, 131, 132 Italic tribes, I, 3 Karlsevne, 181 Italy, 292 Karlshoved, 190 lvar, King in Limerick, 40 Kelts, I lvar Assersson, 307, 308 Kent, 138 lvar Darre, 348 Ketil Calf, 190, 199 THE STORY OF NORWAY.

Keyser, Rudol£, 538 Leso, 257 Kiel, SIS, SI6, 520, 523 Lie, Jon as, 538 Kielland, A~xander, 538 Lie, Sophus, 538 King's Mirror, 44I · Lier, 520 Kirkevaag, 432 Limerick, 40 Kjelland, Alexander, 541 Lim Fjord, 258 Kjogebugt, 502 Lindesness, I73, 179, 210, 531 Kjolen, 4 Lindholm, 468 Klerkon, I35, 136 Lindisfarena, 42 Klypp Thorsson, III Lodin, I35, I.l3 Knaerod, 495 Lodur, IS 'Knut Alfsson, 481 Lowen, Colonel, 563 Knut Eriksson, King of Sweden, Lowenskjold, 527 . 358, 385 Lofoten, 315, 33I Knut Haakonsson (Squire K.}, Loire, 34 396. 4IO, 4I6, 424, 425 Loke, 23 Knut the Mighty, 179, 185, 212- London, 73, 538 218, 225, 226, 229, 23I, '232, Long-Serpent, The, 162, 164- . 236, 243, 26I, 268 . !69 Knut Parse, 461 Lothair, 37 Knut VI., King of Denmark, Louis the German, 32, 37 368 Louis the Pious, 32 Kolbjorn Stallare, 171 Louis IX., 430 Kolbjorn the Strong, 209 Louis XIV., 500 Konghelle, I52, 198,- 274, 2SS, Lowenhaupt, Count, 545• 547 3IO, 3I9 Lubeck, 457, 4S6, 487, 490, 495 Kongsberg, 494, 503 Luna, 34 Krag, Vilhelm, 553 Lunge, Vincentz, 477, 485, 487, Krebs, Colonel, 502 488 . Kringen, 495 · Luther, 485, 486 Krogh, Christian, 526, 542 Lutheran, 489, 490, 5o6, 5I9 Krokaskogen, 313 Lutter and Barenberge, 495 Krummedike, Hartvig, 477 Ltitzow, General, 503 Krummedike, Henrik, 481, 482 Lykke, Nils, 485 · Krupp, 536 Lyrskogs Heath, 237 Kruse, Colonel, 502 Kurland, 196 M Kuvlungs, 353, 354 Kveld-Ull, 56-63, 77 Maelsechnail, King of Meath, 38, 39 L Magne, Bishop, 304, 305 Laaka, 424, 425 Magnus Barefoot, 285-290, 295, - Labrador, 1ilo 303, 308 Laerdal, ·119 Magnus Birgerson Barnlock, Landnama Book, 63 King of Sweden, 449, 455, 456, ·Laps 3, 495 458 . Largs, 431 Magnus Birgerson, the Younger, •• Lars,u 491 459. 461 Latin, 378 Magnus Eriksson Smek, King Lei£ Eriksson, i79, 180, J8I of Norway and Sweden, 46I- Leipsic, 5 I 5 465 INDEX. 565

Magnus Erlingsson, King of Nor­ Mjosen, 199, 321, 380, 4o8, 413, way, 323-349, 351, 355, 356, 421 . 3S5, 3SS, 401, 427, 42S · Moliere, 5o6 Magnus Haroldsson, 273, 274 Monnikhofen, Col~el, ~5 Magnus Law-Mender, 442-451, More, 56, 59, 64, 69, 130, ISO 453. 457. 494 Moors, 292, 300 Magnus the Blind, 297, 305-313 Mora, 197 Magnus the Good, 21S, 229-250, Moss, S2I 251, 254. 255. 265 Moster, 72, qo, ISS, 167 Maid of Norway, The, 453, Mostero, I67 457 Motzfeldt, Captain, SIS Malcolm, 2S5 Muirkertach, 2S6, 2S9 Malmfrid, 302, 304 Munch, P. A., Prof., 378, 538 Man, island of, 2S8, 2S9, 320, Munin, 20 394.442 Munk, Erik, 492 Maniakes, see Georgios Munk, Ludvig, 492 Marcus of Skog, 326, 327 Munkeliv, 294, 4So Margaret, see Maid of Norway Muspelheim, I6, I7 Margaret, queen of Magnus Barefoot, 288 N Margaret, queen of Sverre, 35S, 362, 381, 3S2, 3S3 , Balder's wife, 2I Margaret, queen of Haakon the 1., SIO, 513, SIS, 519, Old, 407, 413 520, 526 Margaret, queen of Erik Priest­ Naumdale, 54 Hater, 452 Nessje, I90 Margaret, Reigning. Queen of New England, IBI Norway; Sweden, and Den­ Nicholas Arnesson, Bishop, 358- mark, 462, 463, 466, 467-4;2 362, 365, 366, 374, 3So, 3S6, Margaret, daughter of Christian 3SS, 390, 393, 407, 411, 413, 1., 4SO 4I4 Maria, relative of the Empress Nicholas Breakspeare, Cardinal, Zoe, 242 320, 321 Maria, daughter of Harold Hard­ Nicholas, Church of St., 294 Ruler, 26S, 272 Nicholas Simonsson, 322, 324 Maria, daughter of Harold Gille, Nid River, 140 322 Nidarholm, 30S ' Markere, Earl, 26S , 14S, 156, 189, 192, 207, Markland, 1So 213, 215, 227, 232, 253, 26o,, Massachusetts, 1So, 1 SI 262, 274, 2S4, 2S6, 294, 311, Mathias, Bishop, 334, 335 320, 324, 334. 33S, 341, 345. Matrand, 521 347. 354. 36I, 362, 366, 36S, Mecklenburg, 410, 463, 467, 469 369, 3S1, 3S4, 3S7, 3S9, 390, · Medalhus, 130 392, 400, 404. 413, 4I6, 422, Mediterranean, 31S 424, 426 Michael, Church of St., 294 Nidhogger, 16, IS Military Academy, 50S Niflheim, 16, IS Mimer, IS Nils Henriksson, 485 llfinne, 311 Nimwegen, 36 Mjolner, 20 Nis-aa, 259-266 I 566 THE STORY OF NORWAY.

Njaal, ISS ' Olaf the Quiet, 268, 272-285, Njord, 21, 22, 23 293. 294 Noatun, 21 Olaf the Saint, 49, 179, 182-224, Nordfjord, ~39 227-232, 248, 252, 255. 261, N ordhordland, 309 267, 275. 278, 282, 2';13. 294. Nordland, 363 318, 327, 357, 396, 400, 423, Nordmore, 96, 193, 287, 366 428 . Nordness, 346 Olaf the Swede, 152, 163, 166, Nordraak, Richard, 538 173·. 192, 193. 194. 195. 197 N orefjord,- 348, 349 9laf Tryggvesson, .roB, 13

p Ranrike, 57, 173, 284 Ratibor, 310 Paderbom, 31 Raud the Strong, IS~. 157, 162 Paris, 36, 513, 520, 538 Raumarike, 46, 51, 173, 199, 210 Paul, Bishop of Hamar, 420, 421 Raumsdale, 193 Paul, Earl of the Orkneys, 288 Reas, 135 Persia, 2 Ree, 327, 334, 338, 433 Peter III., Emperor of Russia, Reformation, the, 486 508 Reidar Grjotgardsson, 313 Peter Kolbjornsson, 503 Reidar Messenger, 360, 361, 375, Peter of Husastad, 4II . 376, 380 Peter Skulesson, 423 Reidulf, a Birchleg, 389 Peter, St., 427 . Rein, 416 Peter Steyper, 377, 381, 382, 388 Reinald, Bishop, 308 Philip, Don, 430 Revolution, the French, 509, 524 Philip Simonsson, 386, 390, 393, Revolution, the July, 527 400,401 Reykjaholt, 436, 440 Piraeus, 241 Rhine, The, 37 Poland, 498, 502 Ribbungs, 407, 408, 412'--416 Pomerania, 163, 473, 513 Richard the Fearless, Duke of Pontecorvo, 513 Normandy, 65 Prestebakke, 512 Richard the Good, Duke of Nor- Protestantism, 487, 495 mandy, 65 Prussia, 136, 1l.3 Richter, 543, 544, 545 Pultawa, sor Rimul, 131, 140 Ring, King, 188 R Ringeness, 190, 199 Ringerike, 47, 51, 183, 186, 199, Raf nista race, 56 244, 503 Raft Sund, 331 - Robert Bruce, 456 'Ragnar, a viking, 36 Robert Guiscard, 292 , 34, 198, 214, Robert the Magnificent, Duke of 231, 236 Normandy, 65 Ragnfred Eriksson, II3 Robin Hood, 341 Ragnhild, queen of Harold the Roe, Bishop, 335, 380 Fairhaired, 68 Rorek, King,r!>8, 199,201,202, 2o6 Ragnhild, queen of Halfdan the Rorek, Viking, 36 Swarthy, 47, 48 , 174, 324 Ragnhild, daughter of Magnus Roger, Duke, 292 the Good, 265, 266, 267 Rolf the Walker, see Rollo Ragnvald, Earl of More, 56, 59, Rollaug, King in Naumdale, 54 64, 69 Rollo, Duke of Normandy, 56, Ragnvald, son of Erik Blood­ 64, 65 Axe, So Rome, r, 31, 34, 36, 171, 2141 Ragnvald Rettilbeine, 68, 71 308, 359. 421, 422, 438 Ragnvald, Earl of Vesterg6tland, , 498 195 Rostock, 469 Ran, 23 Rother, King, 242 Ranafylke, 317 Rouen, 36 Rand>fjord, 51, roB Rousseau, soB s6s THE STORY OF NORWAY.

Rugen, 163 Sigrid the Haughty, 152, 154, 161 Russia, I, I34-I37, I42, I92, 217, 163, 169, 182 2I8, 229, 232, 239. 240, ';.77, Sigrid, daughter of Earl Sweyn, 501, 502,~508, 50<). sro, 512, 179 SI3, s 14, 515, 530 Sigrid, sister of Thore Hund, Rydjokel, 329 212 Ryfylke, 121 Sigrid, wife of Ivar of Fljod, 29S s Sigrid, wife of Haldor Brynjulfs­ son, 320 Saemund Jonsson, 436, 440 Sigtrygg, King in Wat_erford, 40 Saemund the Learned, 434 Sigurd, Bishop, 147, 157, 208, Saito Sound, 346, 361 2II, 220 Sandness, 61 Sigurd of Haalogaland, IS5 Saracens, 240, 318 Sigurd Borgarklett, 362, 364 Sarpen, 194, Sigurd the Crusader, 289, 291- Sarpsborg, 194, 197,213,39I,492 305, 309, 310, 313, 318, 323, SaiS, Prof., 538 329, 332, 427 Sars, J. E. Prof., S38 Sigurd, Earl of Hlade, 87, 90, 93, Saudung Sound, ISS 95, 98, 102, 105, 1o6 Saurbygd, 337 Sigurd Eriksson, 134, 135 , :)I, 42, I46, 236 Sigurd Haakonsson, 121 Scandinavia, 470 Sigurd Hjort, 47, 48 Schiller, Friedrich, 418 Sigurd Jarlsson, 355-357, 36o. Sciences, Academy of, soB 362, 364, 365 Scotland, 40, 43, So, II3, 114, Sigurd Jonsson, 4 73, 4 78 137. 268, 28S, 287, 314, 431, Sigurd Lavard, 370, 380, 385 442,443.452,456,480 Sigurd Marcusfostre, 326 Seeland, 244, 248, 510 Sigurd Mouth, 3ll-32I, 326, 327, Sehested, Hannibal, 477, 496 332, 334. 335. 336, 351, 382, Seine, The, 36 . 387, 388 Sekken, 324 Sigurd, alleged son of Magnus Selmer, Chr. August, Prime Min- Erlingsson, 355 ister, 532, 534 Sigurd Ranesson, 295, 296, 297 Selven, 7I Sigurd Ribbung, 407, 408, 410, Serpent, The, 157 412, 414 Shetland Islands, 43, I76, 35S, Sigurd of Reyr, 323, 324, 326, 430, 442, 481 327 Short-Serpent, The, I62, 165 Sigurd Rise, 68 Sicily, 240, 241 Sigurd Sigurdsson, 307 Side-Hall, "238 Sigurd Slembedegn, 308, 30<), Sidon, 293, 299 311-314 Sif, 21 Sigurd Sleva, 104, III Sigar of Brabant, 405 Sigurd Syr, 182, 183, I86-r90, Sigfrid, King of Nortmannia, 31 I92, 199. 221, 240 • Sigfrid Haroldsson, 6o, 76 Sigurd Tavse, Archbishop, 421, Sighvat Scald, 230, 234, 26o, 261, 422 262 Sigurd Wool-String, 287 Sigh vat Sturlasson, 436, 440 Sigvalde, Earl, 120, 123, 163. Brestesson, 158 164, 171 INDEX.

Silgjord, ISS Stanger, 332 Simeon of Durham, 42 , 59, 321, 358, 359 Simon Kaaresson, 354 Steen Sture the Elder, 480, 481, Simon Skaalp, 3I7, 322 482 • Sinclair, Colonel, 495, SIS ·Steen Sture the Younger, 482, Siric, Archbishop of Canterbury, 483, 485 • 147, Steinker, 189 Skaane, 214, 242, 259, 463, 466, Steinkil, King of Sweden, 267 468, 498, 502, SI3, 530 Stenbock, Magnus, 502 Skade, 21 Stig, Marshal, 454 Skage Skoftesson, II9 Stiklestad, 212, 221, 227, 232, Skagen, 324 235. 240, 255 ' Skara Stift, 464 Stockholm, 464, 469, 480, 484, Skegge Aasbjornsson, see Iron- 485, 532 beard Storm, Prof. Gustav, 538 Skinfaxe, I 7 Stortlu'ng, 521-534 , 46, 5 I Strand, 121, 183 Skraellings, IBI Strindso, 369 Skuld, IS Struensee, soB, 509 Skule Baardsson, Duke, 284, 395- Stub, Rev. Kjeld, 496 427, 432, 437. 438, 440 Stuf l(atsson, 254 Skule Tostigssou, 283 Sturla Sighvatsson, 421, 438, 440 Slavs, I, 237 Sturla Thordsson, father of Sleipner, 20 Snorre Sturlasson, 434 Sleswick, 31, 237, 257, 472, 495, Sturla Thordsson, nephew of 530 Snorre Sturlasson, 45, 440, 442 Slittungs, 401, 402, 404, 407 Sturlungs, The, 433-441, 443 Smaaland, 30I Styrbjorn, 214 Smaalenene, I 1 Styrkaar Stallare, 270, 27 I Snarfare, 62 Supreme Court, 522 Snefrid, wife of Harold the Fair­ Surtur, 16 haired, 67, 68, 71, I83 Sussex, 138 Snorre Sturlasson, I3, 45, 49, 52, "Suffrage Bill," 549, 550 66, 72, 74, 160, 186, 254, 276, Suttung, 20. 421, 433-441, 444 Svang, 408 Snorrelaug, 436 Svanhild, daughter of Earl Ey- Sondmore, 122, 193, 217, 324, stein, 76 411, 495 Svante Nilsson Sture, 482 , I 19, 234 Sverdrup, Prof.,516, 518, 54o-545 Sc.gnefjord, 179, 210, 348, 349, Sverdrup, John, Prime Minister, 415 534 Sognesund, 228 Sverke, King of Sweden, 368 Sognings, 348 Sverre Sigurdsson, 195, 333-379. So~veig, 438 382, 385,. 386, 388, 391, 393, Sonartorek, 8 5 396, 404, 407, 423, 432, 446, Sotoness, 95 450 Sound, The, ufl, 242, 453 Svolder, 157, 163, 173, 178, 193 Stamford Bridge, 268, 269, 272, Sweyn, a pretender, 287 283, 287 Sweyn Alfifasson, 225-229, 233, Stang, F., Prime-Minister, 534 287, 292 570 THE STORY OF KORWA Y.

Sweyn Estridsson, 236, 237, 2-U. Thorgils Thoralfsson, 135 245. 247. 2,.J8, 250, 252, 257. Thorgils, 224. 227 258, 251). 265, 266, 267, 268, Thorgisl, 38, 39, 40 273, 274. ~76 Thorgny the Lawman, 195. 1¢ , u6, uS, 119, Thorkell Dyrdill, 16-t, 165 138, 139, 154. J6J-I66, 168, Thorkell Leira, 124. 125, 126 173. 177. 214 Thorleif, Bishop, 480 Sweyn Haakonsson, Earl, 119, Thormod Kolbruna-Scald, 221, 121, 122, I7:J-I8I, 186, 187, 222 189, 190-193 Thorolf, Bald Grim's son, 77, 78, Sweyn, Rorek's servant, 201 79 Thorolf, Kveld-Uirs son, 57-6o ;r Thorsberg, 362 Thorstein, a peasant, IOC) Tacitus, 25 Thorstein Kugad, 362, 366 Taylor, Bayard, 491 Thorstein, son of Side-Hall, 238, Tegelsmora, 223 239 Telemark, 338, 340 Thorvald Eriksson, 181 Thamb, 162 Thrond the Priest, 391 Thames, The, 42 Thrudvang, 20 Thangbrand the priest, q6, 1.47, Thyra. queen of Olaf Tryggves- 158, 159 son, 154, 161, 168, 171, 214 Thirty Years' War, ~95 Tiber, 3~ Thjostulf Aalesson, 311, 312 Tidemand, Adolf, 538 , 20, 21, 22, 128, 14-4, 151, Tiding-Skofte, Jl9 20.J, 208, 209. 22~ Tilly, General, 495 . Thora, wife of Earl Haakon, 119 Tilsit, treaty of, 510, 51:! Thora, wife of Harold Hard- Toke, a peasant, 246 Rn!er, 255 Tordenskjold, so:;, 5~ Thora Guttorm's daughter, 309 Torstenson, General, 4¢ Thora llloster-Pole, 72 Tostig Godwineson, Earl, 26<). Thora of Rimul, 130 270, 283 Thora Saxe's daughter, 308 Tours, 3-t Thoralf Lousy-Beard, 108, 109, Toverud, 512 135 Trangen, 512 Thorbjom Hornklove, 59 Travendal, 501 Thord Stnrlasson, 436 Trondelag, S-t. 76, So, 87, SS, Thore, Archbishop, 393, 395 102, 100, IJO, 140, 1~8, 177, Thore Herse, 77, 78 178, 1!19, 193, 220, 234. 255, Thore Hjort, qS, 154. 156 285. 287, 324. 327, 340. 352, Thore Hnnd, 211, 212, 222, 233 :;58, :;66, 368, :;<)8. 445 • Thore Klakka, 131). qo Tronders, C)-t. 95, 100, 107, 148, Thore Sel, 211 149. 189, 193. 207, 227, 228, Thore of Steig, 245, 262, 274. 232, 265, 285, 2il6, 311, 327, 286,287 . 328, 3-JO, :;68, 423, 4<)S • Thorfinn Karlsevne, 181 Trollhaettan, 288 ThorgeiT, brother-in-law of Olaf Tromsa, 429 Tryggvesson, 161, 162 Tryggve Olafsson, son of Olaf Thorgerd, V all..--yria, 123 Haroldsson, 76, 88, 9-J, 95, Thorghaettan, 363 102, 105, 107, loS, 1-H INDEX. -57 I

Tryggve Olaf~on, son of Olaf , 14, 2I Tryggvesson, 22S Varangians, 240, 24I Tunsberg, 201, 3o6, 324, 327, Varbelgs, 354, 355, 423, 425 334. 354. 375. 376, 380, 38S, Ve, I3, 16 • 390, 413, 449 Vebjorn, 256 Tunsberghus, 48I Venice, 241 Turf -Einar, 69 Venetian, 500 Turges, 3S Venus, 22 Turks, 2, 500 Verdande, IS Tyr, 21 Vermeland, 57, sS, 267, 332, 337, Tyrker, ISO 412, 464 Versailles, 501 u Vesteraalen, 331 Vestergotland, 195, 267, 312, 464, Ueland, Ole Gabriel, 32S 46S, 481 Ugerup, Erik, 485 Vestfjord, 331 Ulf Thorgilsson, Earl, 214, 215, Vestfold, 46, 51, 57, 76, 190, 412 236 · V estgoths, 268 Ulf Uspaksson, 255 Viborg, 485 Uller, 22 Viborg-thing, 231, 237, 252 Ulster, 289 Vidar, 22 Unas, 334, 335 Vidra;, 84 · University of Norway, 514 Vige, 156 Upland, 223, Vikar, Chief of the Varbelgs, Upsala, 45, 19!1 354. 423 Urd, tS Viken, 57, 64, 76, SS, 94, 102, Urokja Snorresson, 440 IOS, 107, IIO, II8, Il9, 143. Utgard, 17 144, 147, 16o, 213, 245, 256, 266, 273. 285, 307, 319, 323, -v 324, 327, 330, 332, 337. 345. 35I, 356, :561, 370, 388, 39I, Vaagen, 294, 299 393. 400, 407, 408, 410, 411, Vaerdalen, 220, 221, 222, 232 4 22, 425, 445. 498 Vagn Aakesson, 122-127 Vile, 13, 16 Valdalen, 217 , 57, I73 Valdemar Atterdag, 462, 463 Vinland,· ISO, t8I Valdemar Birgersson, King of Vinold, Archbishop, 467 Sweden, 449 Virgin Mary, The, I44, 146, 396 Valdemar, the Great, 323, 327- Visby, 463 33e, 345 Vitalie Brethren, 469, 473 Valdemar Magnusson, . Duke, Vladimir, 134, 136, 137, 142 456, 45S. 459 Voltaire, 508 Valdemar the Victorious, 386, Vorn~dskao, 475 387, 410, 417, 418 Vors, III Va1ders, 52, 127 Valfather, 19 w , 19, S4, 101, 204 Valkendorf, Christopher, 490 Wallenstein, 4I8 \'alkyries 19, S4, 123, 204 'V aterford, 40 , 1:,6 Wedel-Jarlsberg, Count, 518,527 572 THE STORY OF NORWAY.

Welhaven; J. S., 536, 550 Wismar, 469 Wendland, 136, 142, 161, 162, Wollin, 120 163, 168, 237, 330. y \Vends, 236, ~37. 310, 312 Wener, Lake, 288 Ygdrasil, 18 \Vergeland, Henrik, 526, 531, Ymer, 16, 17 536 Ynglings, 31, 40, 45, 57, 62 Wergeland, Rev. Nicolai, 518,550 Yngve, 45 Wessex, 41 York, 81, 268 Widukind, 31 Yotun, 16, 17, 21, 23 \Villiam the Conqueror, 12, 56, Yotunheim, 17, 18, 21 6s, 272, 277, 283 \Villiam Longsword, 65 z William of Sabina, Cardinal, 428 Zoe, Empress, 242

rNWIS: BROTHERS, TilE LRESH.\ll PRESS. WOKIS:G AXD LOSDOX.