Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment

STAGE 1 AND 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE GLEN ABBEY GOLF CLUB PART LOTS OF 17, 18, 19 AND 20, CONCESSION 2 SDS, GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF TRAFALGAR, FORMER HALTON COUNTY, TOWN OF OAKVILLE, REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF HALTON, ONTARIO

ORGINAL REPORT

Prepared for:

Clublink Corporation ULC and Clublink Holdings Limited 15675 Dufferin Street King City, ON L7B 1K5 T 905-841-5360

Archaeological Licence #P046 (Clish) Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport PIF# P046-0144-2016 ASI File: 16TS-004

14 October, 2016

Archaeological & Cultural ASI H e r i t a g e S e r v i c e s 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 416-966-1069 F 416-966-9723 asiheritage.ca

STAGE 1 AND 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE GLEN ABBEY GOLF CLUB PART LOTS OF 17, 18, 19 AND 20, CONCESSION 2 SOUTH OF DUNDAS STREET, GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF TRAFALGAR , FORMER HALTON COUNTY, TOWN OF OAKVILLE, REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF HALTON, ONTARIO

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ASI was retained by ClubLink Corporation ULC and ClubLink Holdings Limited to undertake a Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club, part of Lots 17, 18, 19 and 20, Concession 2 SDS, Geographic Township of Trafalgar, Halton County, now in the Town of Oakville, Regional Municipality of Halton, Ontario. The subject property is presently an 18-hole golf course encompassing approximately 92.72 hectares.

The Stage 1 background assessment entailed consideration of the proximity of previously registered archaeological sites, the original environmental setting of the property, along with nineteenth and twentieth-century settlement trends and archival research. Based on this research, it was determined that a small portion of the property retained potential for the presence of both Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources. The majority of the subject property was identified as heavily disturbed due to twentieth century golf course construction techniques.

The Stage 2 field assessment was conducted on June 27-28 and August 5, 2016 by means of a test pit survey initiated at five metre intervals and increased to 10 metre intervals when disturbance was observed. Despite careful scrutiny, no archaeological resources were encountered during the course of the survey.

It is recommended that no further archaeological assessment of the property be required.

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PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Manager: Beverly Garner, Hons. BA Senior Archaeologist & Manager, Stage 1 and 2 Projects, Planning Division

Project Director: Andrew Clish, BES (P046) Senior Archaeologist & Geomatics Specialist

Project Administrator: Jennifer Ley, Hons. BA (R376) Staff Archaeologist & Assistant Manager, Stage 1 and 2 Projects, Planning Division

Field Directors: Ronald Williamson, PhD (P352) - Stage 1 Chief Archaeologist & Managing Partner

Robb Bhardwaj, MA (P449) - Stage 2

Field Archaeologists: Ella Boswell Alexander Boyle Lauren Vince, Hons, BA

Archival Research: Colin McFarquhar, PhD Project Historian

Report Preparation: Deborah Pihl, BA (R130) Staff Archaeologist

Jennifer Ley

Graphics: Jonas Fernandez, MSc (R281) Staff Archaeologist & Geomatics Specialist

Report Reviewers: Beverly Garner

Sara Cherubin, MSc (P223) Senior Archaeologist & Assistant Manager, Stage 3 and 4 Pre-Contact Projects, Planning Division

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Ms. Meggan Gardner, Curator of the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame and Museum, for allowing staff to review archival information and providing copies of construction slides for our report.

Mr. Andrew Gybra, Glen Abbey Golf Club Superintendant, for assistance with the field survey and providing information regarding buried infrastructure.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i PROJECT PERSONNEL ...... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iii 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT ...... 1 1.1 Development Context ...... 1 1.2 Historical Context ...... 1 1.2.1 Aboriginal Land Use ...... 1 1.2.2 Euro-Canadian Land Use: Township Survey and Settlement ...... 3 1.2.3 Euro-Canadian Land Use: Lots 17, 18, 19, and 20, Concession 2 SDS...... 4 1.2.4 Review of Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Mapping ...... 8 1.2.5 Review of Archival Photography ...... 9 1.2.6 Review of Historical Archaeological Potential ...... 10 1.3 Archaeological Context ...... 11 1.3.1 Registered Archaeological Sites ...... 11 1.3.2 Previous Assessments ...... 13 1.3.3 Physiography ...... 13 1.3.4 Review of Pre-contact Archaeological Potential ...... 14 1.3.5 Existing Conditions ...... 15 2.0 FIELD METHODS ...... 15 2.1 Stage 1 Field Review ...... 15 2.2 Stage 2 Test Pit Survey ...... 16 3.0 RECORD OF FINDS ...... 18 4.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 18 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 18 6.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION ...... 19 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WORKS CITED ...... 19 8.0 IMAGES ...... 24 9.0 MAPS ...... 33

List of Tables Table 1: Ownership and Settlement Features on the 1858 Tremaine Map of the County of Halton ...... 9 Table 2: Ownership and Settlement Features on the 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Halton ... 9 Table 3: Registered Sites within a 1 km Radius of the Subject Property ...... 11 Table 4: Outline of Southern Ontario Prehistory ...... 12

List of Plates Plate 1: Aerial view of golf course, October 1974...... 24 Plate 2: Grading near building site, October 1974...... 24 Plate 3: Grading near former stable building, October 1974...... 25 Plate 4: Club house construction and grading, October 1974...... 25 Plate 5: Grading and excavation within floodplain, October 1974...... 25 Plate 6: Grading and excavation connecting water feature to creek, October 1974...... 25 Plate 7: Installation of irrigation pipe within levelled floodplain, October 1974...... 25 Plate 8: Earthmoving on uplands, October 1974...... 25 Plate 9: Spreading topsoil on uplands, October 1974...... 26 Plate 10: Seeding on graded floodplain, 1975...... 26 Plate 11: Soil disturbance within level woodland, 1975...... 26 Plate 12: Mounding and grading within floodplain, 1975...... 26

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Plate 13: Construction in clubhouse vicinity, 1976 ...... 26 Plate 14: Construction activities within floodplain, 1976...... 26 Plate 15: Clubhouse surrounded by paved lane...... 27 Plate 16: Paved laneway flanked by concrete steps and walls...... 27 Plate 17: Typical contoured landscape and large pond...... 27 Plate 18: Typical contoured landscape and large pond...... 27 Plate 19: Typical contoured landscape and sand trap...... 27 Plate 20: Walkway and bridge within floodplain...... 27 Plate 21: Contoured landscape within floodplain...... 28 Plate 22: Buried infrastructure around RayDor building...... 28 Plate 23: Example of culvert found on property...... 28 Plate 24: Fortified creek within steep valley...... 28 Plate 25: Creek and steep valley wall...... 28 Plate 26: Steep fairway through dense trees...... 28 Plate 27: Steep valley wall...... 29 Plate 28: Test pit survey within Glen Abbey portion of Area A...... 29 Plate 29: Test pit profile from Glen Abbey portion of Area A...... 29 Plate 30: Rear of 1301 Greeneagle Drive within Area A...... 29 Plate 31: Golf course feature at rear of 1301 Geeneagle Drive within Area A...... 29 Plate 32: Test pit profile from rear of 1301 Greeneagle Drive within Area A...... 29 Plate 33: Test Pit survey within Area B...... 30 Plate 34: Drainage pipe within Area B...... 30 Plate 35: Vegetation indicating water within Area B...... 30 Plate 36: Test pit profile from Area B...... 30 Plate 37: Test pit survey within Area C...... 30 Plate 38: Test pit profile from Area C...... 30 Plate 39: Test pit location within Area D...... 31 Plate 40: Test pit profile from Area D...... 31 Plate 41: Test pit survey within Area E...... 31 Plate 42: Drainage pipe within Area E...... 31 Plate 43: Test pit profile from Area E...... 31 Plate 44: Test pit survey within Area F...... 31 Plate 45: Test pit survey within Area F...... 32 Plate 46: Test pit profile from Area F...... 32 Plate 47: Test pit survey within Area G...... 32 Plate 48: Electrical boxes within Area G...... 32 Plate 49: Test pit profile from Area G...... 32 Plate 50: Wood-shingled structure from Area H...... 32 Plate 51: Maintenance building / former stables near Area H...... 33 Plate 52: Test pit survey within Area H...... 33 Plate 53: Test pit profile from Area H...... 33

List of Figures Figure 1: Location of the Subject Property...... 34 Figure 2: Subject Property located on the 1858 Tremaine Map of the County of Halton...... 35 Figure 3: Subject Property located on the 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Halton...... 35 Figure 4: Subject Property located on the 1919 NTS Sheet Hamilton-Burlington...... 36 Figure 5: Subject Property located on 1954 aerial photography...... 37 Figure 6: Approximate location of the first Glen Abbey Golf Course and archival images illustrated on existing conditions of the Subject Property...... 38 Figure 7: Surficial Geology of the Subject Property...... 39 Figure 8: Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment Results...... 40

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1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

1.1 Development Context

ASI was retained by ClubLink Corporation ULC and ClubLink Holdings Limited to undertake a Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club, part of Lots 17, 18, 19 and 20, Concession 2 South of Dundas Street (SDS), Geographic Township of Trafalgar, Halton County, now in the Town of Oakville, Regional Municipality of Halton, Ontario. The subject property is presently an 18-hole golf course encompassing approximately 92.72 hectares (Figure 1).

This assessment was conducted under the project management of Ms. Beverly Garner and project direction of Mr. Andrew Clish (MTCS PIF P046-0144-2016). All activities carried out during this assessment were completed as part of the pre-development approval process required by the Town of Oakville for a proposed mixed use redevelopment of the property. All work was completed in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act and the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists.

All work carried out for this assessment is also guided by the Master Plan of Archaeological Resources of the Regional Municipality of Halton (ASI 1998, 2008) which provides further refinement with regards to potential buffers surrounding any noted features or characteristics which affect archaeological potential.

Permission to access the subject property and to carry out all activities necessary for the completion of the assessment was granted by the proponent on January 18, 2016.

1.2 Historical Context

The subject property is located within part of Lots 17-20 Concession 2 SDS, Geographic Township of Trafalgar, Halton County. The subject property currently comprises the 18-hole Glen Abbey Golf Club, located at 1333 Dorval Drive.

A review of secondary source material was undertaken to produce a contextual overview of the subject property including a general description of Aboriginal land use and Euro-Canadian settlement history.

1.2.1 Aboriginal Land Use

Southern Ontario has been occupied by human populations since the retreat of the Laurentide glacier, approximately 13,500 years before present (BP) (Ferris 2013:13). Populations at this time would have been highly mobile, inhabiting a boreal-parkland similar to the modern sub-arctic. By approximately 10,000 BP, the environment had progressively warmed (Edwards and Fritz 1988), and populations now occupied less extensive territories (Ellis and Deller 1990:62-63).

Between approximately 10,000-5,500 BP, the Great Lakes basins experienced low-water levels, and many sites which would have been located on those former shorelines were then submerged. This period produces the earliest evidence of heavy wood working tools and is indicative of greater investment of labour in felling trees for fuel, to build shelter, or to produce tools, and is ultimately indicative of prolonged seasonal residency at sites. By approximately 8,000 BP, evidence exists for polished stone implements and worked native copper. The source for the latter from the north shore of Lake Superior is evidence of extensive exchange networks. Early evidence exists at this time for the creation of communal

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cemeteries and ceremonial funerary customs. This evidence is significant for the establishment of band territories. These communal places indicate shared meaning across the community and are reflective of a people’s cosmology (Brown 1995: 13; Holloway and Hubbard 2001:74; Parker Pearson 1999:141). Between approximately 4,500-3,000 BP, there is evidence for construction of fishing weirs. These structures indicate not only the group sharing of resources, but also the organization of communal labour (Ellis et al. 1990; Ellis et al. 2008).

Between 3,000-2,500 BP, populations continued with residential mobility harvesting of seasonally available resources, including spawning fish. Exchange and interaction networks broaden at this time (Spence et al. 1990: 136, 138) and by approximately 2,000 BP evidence exists for macro-band camps, focusing on the seasonal harvesting of resources (Spence et al. 1990:155, 164). It is also during this period that maize was first introduced into southern Ontario, though it would have only supplemented people’s diet (Birch and Williamson 2013:13-15). Bands likely retreated to interior camps during the winter.

From approximately 1,000 BP until approximately 300 BP, lifeways became more similar to those described in early historical documents. Populations in the area would have been Iroquoian speaking though full expression of Iroquoian culture is not recognised archaeologically until the fourteenth century. During the Early Iroquoian phase (1000-1300), the communal site is replaced by the village focused on horticulture. Seasonal disintegration of the community for the exploitation of a wider territory and more varied resource base was still practised (Williamson 1990:317). By the second quarter of the first millennium BP, during the Middle Iroquoian phase (1300-1450), this episodic community disintegration was no longer practised, and populations now communally occupied sites throughout the year (Dodd et al. 1990:343). In the Late Iroquoian phase (1450-1649), this process continued with the coalescence of these small villages into larger communities (Birch and Williamson 2013). Through this process, the socio-political organization of the Aboriginal Nations was developed, as described historically by the French and English explorers who first visited southern Ontario.

Several key water courses flow into Lake Ontario in the general vicinity of the subject property, which would have been attractive for village settlement. The Humber River watershed exhibits two ancestral Huron-Wendat settlement sequences, one in the middle Humber River area spanning the fifteenth century (Black Creek site - Emerson 1954; Parsons site - Williamson and Robertson 1998), and one in the area of the Humber River headwaters spanning the mid-fifteenth century (Damiani site - ASI 2012a) to late sixteenth century (Skandatut site - ASI 2012b). The Credit River watershed has a well-documented ancestral Huron-Wendat settlement sequence dating from the beginning of the fourteenth century (Antrex site - ASI 2010) until the mid-sixteenth century (Emmerson Springs - Hawkins 2004; Wallace site - Crawford 2003). The Etobicoke Creek watershed, between the Humber and Credit, would have been utilized by Aboriginal peoples for settlement and resource extraction however may have been a liminal territory between the former two settlement sequences. By the turn of the seventeenth century, the north shore of Lake Ontario was devoid of permanent settlement, and the Credit River and Humber River populations are believed to have relocated to join either the Huron-Wendat Nation or perhaps more likely the Tionontaté (Petun) Nation (Birch and Williamson 2013:40).

By AD 1600, the Five Nations Iroquois, in particular the Seneca, were the principal group using the central north shore of Lake Ontario, in particular for hunting, fishing, and for participation in the fur trade. By AD 1649, the Seneca mainly took over control of the region (Heidenreich 1990:489; Ramsden 1990). Compared to settlements of the New York Iroquois, the “Iroquois du Nord” occupation of the landscape was less intensive. Only seven villages are identified by the early historic cartographers on the north shore of Lake Ontario, and they are documented as considerably smaller than those in New York State. The populations were agriculturalists, growing maize, pumpkins and squash. These settlements also

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played the important alternate role of serving as stopovers and bases for New York Iroquois travelling to the north shore of Lake Ontario for the annual beaver hunt (Konrad 1974).

Beginning in the mid-late seventeenth century, the Mississaugas began to replace the Seneca as the controlling Aboriginal group along the north shore of Lake Ontario since the Five Nations Iroquois confederacy had overstretched their territory between the 1650s and 1670s (Williamson 2008). The Five Nations Iroquois could not hold the region and agreed to form an alliance with the Mississauga peoples and share hunting territories with them. The Mississaugas traded with both the British and the French in order to have wider access to European materials at better prices, and they acted as trade intermediaries between the British and tribes in the north.

The eighteenth century saw the ethnogenesis in Ontario of the Métis. Métis people are of mixed First Nations and French ancestry, but also mixed Scottish and Irish ancestry as well. The Métis played a significant role in the economy and socio-political history of the Great Lakes during this time. Living in both Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal societies, the Métis acted as agents and subagents in the fur trade but also as surveyors and interpreters. Métis populations were predominantly located north and west of Lake Superior, however Métis populations lived throughout Ontario (Métis National Council n.d.; Stone and Chaput 1978:607,608).

By 1805, the lands from Burlington Bay to the Etobicoke River north of Eglinton Avenue were known as the “Mississague Tract” (Boulton 1805: 48; Heritage Mississauga 2012:18; Smith 2002). In 1806, the lands south of Eglinton Avenue from Etobicoke Creek to Burlington Bay, excluding the Brant Tract and reserves along the Twelve Mile Creek, the Sixteen Mile Creek and the Credit River were purchased by the Crown from the Mississaugas as part of the “Head of the Lake Treaty” (AANDC 2013b). In 1818, the lands of the Mississauga Tract north of Eglinton Avenue were purchased by the Crown from the Mississaugas of the Twelve Mile Creek, the Sixteen Mile Creek and the Credit River as part of the “Ajetance Treaty” (AANDC 2013a). In 1820, the remainder of Mississauga land was surrendered except approximately 81 hectares along the Credit River (Heritage Mississauga 2012:18). In 1825-26, the Credit Indian Village was established as an agricultural community and Methodist mission near present day Port Credit (Heritage Mississauga 2009; MNCFN n.d.). By 1840, the village was under significant pressure from Euro-Canadian settlement so that plans were formulated to relocate the settlement. In 1847, the Credit Mississaugas were made a land offer by the Six Nations Council to relocate at the Grand River. In 1847, 266 Mississaugas settled at New Credit, approximately 23 km southwest of Brantford. The majority of the former Mississague Tract had been ceded from the Mississauga by 1856 (Gould 1981).

1.2.2 Euro-Canadian Land Use: Township Survey and Settlement

The first Europeans to arrive in the area were transient merchants and traders from France and England, who followed Aboriginal pathways and set up trading posts at strategic locations along the well-traveled river routes. All of these occupations occurred at sites that afforded both natural landfalls for Great Lakes traffic and convenient access, by means of the various waterways and overland trails, into the hinterlands. Early transportation routes followed existing Aboriginal trails, both along the lakeshore and adjacent to various creeks and rivers (ASI 2006).

Development of Trafalgar Township

As noted above, while other lands in the “Golden Horseshoe” at the western end of Lake Ontario were acquired by the British government for settlement by the United Empire Loyalist refugees during the

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1780’s, Halton County (including Trafalgar Township) remained in the hands of the native Mississaugas. These lands were then acquired under the terms of the Mississauga Purchase (Armstrong 1985:148). Under the terms of the land surrender, the Mississauga chiefs reserved the right to fish at the mouths of the Twelve Mile (Bronte) and Sixteen Mile (Oakville) creeks, as well as grow corn on the creek flats (Johnson 1990:249).

The concessions lying on either side of Dundas Street were formally surveyed in 1806, and are known as the Old Survey. Additional lands were purchased from the Mississaugas in 1818, which extended the boundaries of Trafalgar Township, and this portion of the Township became known as the New Survey. The New Survey of Trafalgar was undertaken by Richard Bristol between April and June 1819. His Survey Diaries and Notes are still extant on microfilm, and we learn from it that the timber was primarily elm, beech, maple, white oak, “black ash” and pine.

Trafalgar Township originally formed part of the West Riding of York in the Home District and following 1816, it became part of the Gore District. Trafalgar was simply known as Township Number 2 when it was first surveyed by Samuel S. Wilmot, and was subsequently renamed Alexander Township in honour of Alexander Grant, who was President and Administrator of the Province of Upper Canada (Mathews 1953:6). Shortly thereafter, when news reached Upper Canada of Lord Nelson’s victorious sea battle off the coast of Spain, the names of two townships in the county were changed to Nelson and Trafalgar. Although the old Districts of Upper Canada were abolished by legislation in May 1849, the area which was to subsequently become Halton remained as part of the United Counties of Wentworth and Hamilton until it was finally separated and elevated to independent County status by an act of legislature in June 1853.

Smith (1851:261) noted that the settlement of Trafalgar commenced about 1807. Initial settlement was by the children of Loyalists, soldiers who served during the War of 1812, and by immigrants from England, Scotland and Ireland. By 1817, the population had increased to 548, and the township contained one grist mill and four saw mills. In 1846, the township was described as “well settled… containing numerous well cleared and cultivated farms, most which have good orchards” (Smith 1846:198-199). By 1850 the population had increased to 4,513 and the township contained three grist mills and nineteen saw mills (Smith 1851:261).

1.2.3 Euro-Canadian Land Use: Lots 17, 18, 19, and 20, Concession 2 SDS

Development of Lot 17, Concession 2 SDS

According to the Abstract Index to Deed Titles, the Crown Patent for Lot 17 was granted to King’s College in 1828. The patent was for all 200 acres. The University of Toronto sold the north half of the lot to Charles and John Culham in 1853. In 1854, the Culhams divided the north half of the lot with Charles taking the north half of the north half and John taking the south half of the north half. In 1856, the University of Toronto deed polled the south half of the lot (100 acres) to Hiram McCraney. In 1858, Hiram McCraney sold 36 acres to John Culham. In 1877, Hiram McCraney sold 100 acres excepting 36 acres to James Thorp, who in turn sold this part to Charles Bredin in 1879. Bredin then sold the south half except 36 acres to John McKay in 1886. In 1886, John Culham willed his part of his lot to his wife. Charles Culham then willed the north half of the north half to his son Charles Culham in 1888 (Archives of Ontario n.d.[a] and [b]).

The agricultural portion of the 1851 census for Trafalgar Township is missing.

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One family was enumerated for Lot 17 in the 1861 census. Hiram McCraney was a 60 year old Canada West born farmer who lived with his wife and three adult children. The family possessed 166 acres, of which 40 were devoted to crops, 63 for pasture, three used for gardens, and the remaining 31 left wild. (The enumerator must have made a mistake, as these numbers do not add to 166). The farm’s crops included wheat, peas, oats, potatoes, turnips and hay, while the livestock consisted of cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. The family resided in a one and a half storey frame dwelling (Archives of Ontario 1861).

A total of four families were enumerated for Lot 17 in the 1871 census. Charles Culham was a 58 year old Welsh born farmer who lived with his wife, two children, 26 year old Elizabeth Elliott, and her one child. The family possessed 253 acres in Lots 15, 16, 17 and 18, of which 225 were improved. The crops consisted of wheat, barley, oats, peas, potatoes, turnips, hay, and apples, while the livestock included cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. The family owned six houses. John Culham was a 53 year old Welsh born farmer who lived with his wife, two grown children, one of whom was a farmer, and 27 year old John Tappling. The family owned 186 acres, of which 160 were improved. The farm’s crops included wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, hay, hops, and apples, while the livestock consisted of horses, cows, sheep, and pigs. The family owned two houses. Thomas McDonald was a 56 year old Scottish born farmer who lived with his wife and four children. He possessed 120 acres on Lots 15 and 17, and was referred to as a tenant on Lot 17. Of the 120 acres, a total of 110 was improved. The farm’s crops consisted of wheat, barley, oats, rye, peas, buckwheat, potatoes, hay, and apples, while the livestock included cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. The family owned one house. Peter Kemp was a 50 year old Ontario born tenant who lived with his wife and seven children. His occupation was not listed. He owned no acreage or crops but possessed cows and pigs. He did not own a house (Archives of Ontario 1871).

Two families were enumerated for Lot 17 in the 1901 census. William Fell was a 33 year old American born farmer who lived with his wife and four children. He owned one and three-quarter acres and leased 186 acres in Lots 15, 16, and 17. The family owned one house and leased two houses for a total of 10 rooms. John Bothwill was a 61 year old Scottish born farmer who lived with a domestic. He owned 260 acres in Lots 17, 18, and 19 and two houses for a total of five rooms (Archives of Ontario 1901).

Development of Lot 18, Concession 2 SDS

According to the Abstract Index to Deed Titles, the Crown Patent for Lot 18 was granted to Robert Graham in 1826. The patent was for all 200 acres. In 1827, Graham sold the north end (100 acres) to David Ribble and the south half (100 acres) to William McCraney. Ribble then sold the north end to Thompson Smith in 1830, who in turn sold part of the lot to Benjamin Thomas later that same year. William McCraney then sold the south half to Davie Libar in 1831. Thompson Smith sold the north end to Charles Culham in 1844. Benjamin Thomas then sold three acres to Charles Culham in 1860. Charles Culham sold 100 acres in the north end to Charles Ephraim Culham in 1874 (Archives of Ontario n.d.[b]).

Two families were enumerated for Lot 18 in the 1861 census. John McKay was a 68 year old Scottish born farmer who lived with his wife, 30 year old John McKay, and 16 year old Mary McKay. The family resided on 160 acres, of which 53 were devoted to crops, 55 used for pasture, two used for garden, and 50 left wild. The farm’s crops included wheat, peas, oats, potatoes, turnips, and hay, while the livestock consisted of cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. The family resided in a one storey frame dwelling. Robert Pierce was a 28 year old English born farmer who lived with his wife and child. The family possessed 80 acres, of which 50 were devoted to crops, 28 to pasture, and two used for gardens. The crops included wheat, barley, peas, oats, potatoes, and hay, while the livestock consisted of cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. The family resided in a one storey frame dwelling (Archives of Ontario 1861).

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Four families were enumerated for Lot 18 in the 1871 census. Hiram McCraney was a 70 year old Ontario born farmer who lived with his 71 year old wife, a 45 year old widow named Mary Mulholland, and Mullholland’s four children. The family resided on 100 acres, of which 65 were improved. The farm’s crops included wheat, barley, peas, potatoes, turnips, hay, grapes, and apples, while the livestock consisted of horses, cows and pigs. The family owned two houses. David Libar was a 64 year old Ontario born farmer who lived with his wife and child. The family possessed 77.5 acres, of which 52 were improved. The crops consisted of wheat, barley, oats, peas, potatoes, hay, and apples, while the family also owned horses, cows, sheep, and pigs. The family owned one house. John McKay was a 42 year old Scottish born farmer who lived with his wife, five children, 84 year old Annie McKay, and 10 year old William McPherson. The family possessed 160 acres in Lots 18 and in Concession 3, Lot 19. A total of 138 acres was improved and the family grew wheat, barley, oats, peas, potatoes, turnips, hay and apples, and also owned horses, cows, and pigs. The family owned two houses. John Hawkins was a 39 year old English born tenant farmer who lived with his wife and five children. The family owned no acreage, and no crops were listed, but they did possess horses, cows, sheep, and pigs. The family did not own a house (Archives of Ontario 1871).

The only family resident for Lot 18 in the 1901 census was John Bothwill, who owned 260 acres in Lots 17, 18, and 19 and is discussed in the summary for Lot 17 (Archives of Ontario 1901).

Development of Lot 19, Concession 2 SDS

According to the Abstract Index to Deed Titles, the Crown Patent for Lot 19 was granted to Benjamin Thomas in 1823. The patent was for all 200 acres. Thomas sold part of the lot to Thompson Smith in 1830. Smith then sold part of the lot to Charles Culham in 1844. Benjamin Thomas then sold 50 acres in the southeast quarter to M. Thomas in 1853. Thomas sold 50 acres in the northwest part to James Carter in 1853 and then an additional 45 acres in the north half in 1860. Thomas then sold 50 acres in the southwest quarter to Isaac and William Carter in 1863. William Carter sold an undivided half of the south half of the north half save five acres and an undivided half of the northwest part save five acres to Isaac Carter in 1868. Also in 1868, Isaac Carter sold an undivided half of the southwesterly quarter (50 acres) to William Carter. Don McKay et al. then sold the 50 acres in the southeast quarter to John McKay in 1869. Rachel Ribble then quit claimed 95 acres in the northerly part of the lot and the southerly half of the northwesterly half save five acres to Isaac and William James Carter (Archives of Ontario n.d.[b]).

Charles Culham sold four acres to Charles Ephraim Culham in 1874. Isaac Carter then sold the southerly half of the northerly half less five acres along with the northwest part save five acres to George Booth in 1877 (Archives of Ontario n.d.[c]).

No one was enumerated for Lot 19 in the 1861 census (Archives of Ontario 1861).

One family was enumerated for Lot 19 in the 1871 census. Isaac Carter was a 42 year old English born farmer who lived with his wife and seven children. The family possessed 96 acres, of which 75 were improved. The crops included wheat, barley, oats, peas, potatoes, turnips, hay, and apples, while the livestock consisted of horses, cows, sheep, and pigs. The family owned one house (Archives of Ontario 1871). Two families were enumerated for Lot 19 in the 1901 census. John Bothwill owned 260 acres in Lots 17, 18, and 19 and is discussed in the summary for Lot 17. Also enumerated was George Booth. He was a 65 year old Scottish born farmer who lived with his 28 year old son, his daughter in law, a grandson, and a lodger. The family owned 95 acres and owned a house. The number of rooms in the house is illegible (Archives of Ontario 1901).

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Development of Lot 20, Concession 2 SDS

According to the Abstract Index to Deed Titles, the Crown Patent for the southerly half of Lot 20 was granted to Hiram McCraney in 1849. The patent was for 100 acres. The patent for the northerly half of Lot 20 was granted to William Edwin Clayton in 1849. This patent was also for 100 acres. William Clayton sold the northerly half to Charles and John Culham in 1850. John Culham then sold the northerly half (100 acres) to Donald McKay in 1871 (Archives of Ontario n.d.[b]).

Two families were enumerated for Lot 20 in the 1861 census. William McCraney was a 31 year old Canada West born farmer who lived with his wife and two children. The family possessed 253 acres, of which 122 were devoted to crops, 76 for pasture, five for gardens, and 50 left wild. The farm’s crops included wheat, barley, peas, oats, buckwheat, Indian corn, potatoes, turnips, carrots, and hay, while the livestock consisted of cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. The family resided in a one and a half story frame dwelling. Joseph Delapage was a 58 year old Canada West born farmer who lived with his wife and three children, the oldest of whom was a laborer. The family owned 100 acres, of which 45 were devoted to crops, 30 used for pasture, and 25 left wild. The farm’s crops included wheat, peas, oats, potatoes, and hay, while the family also owned cows horses, sheep, and pigs. The family owned a one storey frame dwelling (Archives of Ontario 1861). (It should be noted that the lot number for Delapage is difficult to read due to faint microfilm. It is possible that his location was Lot 20 NDS as opposed to Lot 20 SDS).

Two families were enumerated for Lot 20 in the 1871 census. Robert Bell was a 38 year old English born tenant farmer who lived with his wife and two children. The family owned 100 acres, of which 80 were improved. The crops consisted of wheat, barley, oats, peas, potatoes, turnips, hay, and apples, while the livestock included horses, cows, sheep, and pigs. The family did not own a house. David Bell was a 74 year old English born tenant farmer. The widower lived with 44 year old John Bell, 35 year old Willis Bell, his wife, and four children. The family farmed 100 acres, of which 87 were improved. The farm’s crops included wheat, barley, oats, peas, potatoes, turnips, hay, and apples, while they also owned horses, cows, sheep, and pigs. The family did not own a dwelling house (Archives of Ontario 1871).

One family was enumerated for Lot 20 in the 1901 census. John McKay was a 45 year old Ontario born farmer who lived with his wife and six children. The family owned 100 acres and a five room house (Archives of Ontario 1901).

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Development of the RayDor Estate and the Glen Abby Golf Club

In the 1930s, Andre Dorfman, a wealthy mining engineer, amassed a 350 acre estate which he called “RayDor.” Dorfman constructed a large stone residence in 1937-1938, which is now the location of Golf House, the headquarters of the Royal Canadian Golf Association (RCGA). A wood-shingled former stable building also dates to the 1930s, and a second wood-shingled structure near the stable is of an unknown derivation. In 1953, the property was sold to the Jesuit Fathers who used it as a retreat for the men of the Toronto and Hamilton dioceses until the early 1960s. In 1963, the property was then sold to developers in order to construct the first Glen Abbey golf course. This golf course was approximately half the size of the current property and operated until the early 1970s, using the Dorfman residence as a clubhouse. The Glen Abbey property was also converted into a ski resort around this time. A t-bar lift and floodlights were installed on the property utilizing a slope with a large vertical drop. In 1974, the property was included in a purchase by Great Northern Capital Corporation Ltd. for residential development and arrangements were made with RCGA for the course to be the permanent home of the Canadian Open. In 1976, the golf course was completely redesigned by Jack Nicklaus, and a new wood-shingle clubhouse was constructed. The RCGA purchased the golf course and Dorfman residence in 1982, and sold it in 1999 to ClubLink (Anonymous 1969; Jackson 1985; Laurie Smith Heritage Consulting 2015).

The RayDor manor house was designated in 1993, under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act (By-law 1993-112) as a property of historical and architectural value and interest (Laurie Smith Heritage Consultants 2015).

1.2.4 Review of Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Mapping

The 1858 Tremaine Map of the County of Halton and the 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Halton were reviewed to determine the potential for the presence of historical archaeological remains within the subject property during the nineteenth century (Figures 2-3). It should be noted that not all features of interest were mapped systematically in the Ontario series of historical atlases, given that they were financed by subscription, and subscribers were given preference with regard to the level of detail provided on the maps. Moreover, not every feature of interest would have been within the scope of the atlases.

To best use historic mapping to reconstruct/predict the location of former features within the modern landscape, maps are reviewed using geographic information systems (GIS). Using reference points which are likely to have remained constant through time, such as unimproved road intersections or Concession Lot vertices, these maps are georeferenced in order to project the most accurate location of former map features. There are numerous potential sources of error inherent in this process. These include idealism in the original map production, map scale, image resolution and reproduction accuracy. The significance of such potential error is often mitigated, however, through critical analysis of the sources in comparison with other map sources as well as the property inspection results.

The 1858 Tremaine Map of the County of Halton (Figure 2) illustrates the subject property east of present-day Upper Middle Road West and north of what was likely a former extension of Fourth Line. Five individual property owners are depicted, a saw mill and access road on the north side of Sixteen Mile Creek under the ownership of Charles Culham (Table 1).

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Table 1: Ownership and Settlement Features on the 1858 Tremaine Map of the County of Halton Lot Concession Landowner Settlement Features Lot 17 2 SDS John Culham None Lot 18 2 SDS Charles Culham Saw mill, partial access road Lot 19 2 SDS James Carter None Lot 19 2 SDS Benjamin Thomas None Lot 20 2 SDS John Culham None

The 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Halton (Figure 3) indicates five individual property owners, as well as two homesteads and associated orchards (Table 2). The homestead within Lot 20 is mapped as immediately adjacent to the limits of the subject property. It is interesting to note that the saw mill previously depicted on the 1858 Tremaine Map is no longer present. It is also worth mentioning that Upper Middle Road West along the western limit of the subject property does not appear to have crossed over Sixeteen Mile Creek as depicted on the previous map.

Table 2: Ownership and Settlement Features on the 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Halton Lot Concession Landowner Settlement Features Lot 17 2 SDS John Colham (Culham) None Lot 18 2 SDS Charles Ephraim Colham (Culham) None Lot 19 2 SDS W. C. Carter None Lot 19 2 SDS Isaac Carter Homestead, orchards (2), laneway Lot 20 2 SDS Donald McKay Homestead, orchard

Figure 4 illustrates the subject property located on the 1919 NTS Sheet Hamilton-Burlington. Land features such as waterways, wetlands, woodlots and elevation are clearly illustrated on this map series. Only a single stone or brick structure is identified within the limits of the subject property (red square). This structure corresponds to the location of Isaac Carter’s homestead on the 1877 Historical Atlas. The stone or brick structure which corresponds to Donald McKay’s homestead in Lot 20 is now shown as clearly outside of the property limits. Further, the majority of the property, including the creek valley (described as Oakville Creek on this map), is illustrated as wooded, with likely open agricultural lands on the south side.

1.2.5 Review of Archival Photography

The University of Toronto Map and Data Library possesses digital aerial photographs of Southern Ontario from 1954 obtained by Hunting Survey Corporation Limited (University of Toronto 2003). These images illustrate the development of the subject property in the mid-twentieth century, and were reviewed in order to identify previous land use and/or disturbance on the property (Figure 5). The subject property is largely agricultural at this time. The RayDor stone residence, built in the late 1930s, appears to be visible just south of the creek. A lane is also visible leading southwestward toward another building, and then continues to other structures near the west limit of the property. These other structures are likely the wood-shingle stable, built in the 1930s, and associated second wood-shingle structure, likely also built around that time. The stable and secondary structure also appear to be in the approximate location of a homestead depicted within Lot 19 on the 1877 Historical Atlas and the 1919 NTS Sheet Hamilton- Burlington. A lane is also visible on the north side of the creek, and may have been used for agricultural access.

Archival information was also reviewed at the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame and Museum, located on the Glen Abbey grounds. Various slides documenting the history and construction of the golf course from the

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1970s were reviewed (Plates 1-14). Figure 6 illustrates the approximate location of these images1. Additional images illustrating the construction of the golf course can be viewed on the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame and Museum website (http://www.rcga.org/cghf). No detailed design maps of the 1970s golf course were available.

These images illustrate extensive and deep ground disturbance throughout much of the Glen Abbey property. On the flood plain, creek banks were stabilized with rock, concrete walls, and gabian baskets. To enhance drainage, channels were excavated and drainage pipe installed. To supply water features and to irrigate the golf course, connections with the creek were excavated and irrigation pipes were installed. On the floodplain as well as on the uplands, extensive contouring of the ground surface was accomplished with large machinery such as belly scrapers and bulldozers. Soil was excavated to create water features and sand traps, and other areas were elevated with re-deposited soil and fill. New topsoil, aggregate, and paving were added in various locations. New buildings and additions to existing buildings were constructed, and various utilities were installed.

1.2.6 Review of Historical Archaeological Potential

The Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTC 2011:18) stipulate that areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement, including places of early military pioneer settlement (pioneer homesteads, isolated cabins, farmstead complexes), early wharf or dock complexes, pioneer churches and early cemeteries, are considered to have archaeological potential. There may be commemorative markers of their history, such as local, provincial, or federal monuments or heritage parks. Early historical transportation routes (trails, passes, roads, railways, portage routes), properties listed on a municipal register or designated under the Ontario Heritage Act or a federal, provincial, or municipal historic landmark or site, and properties that local histories or informants have identified with possible archaeological sites, historical events, activities, or occupations are also considered to have archaeological potential. The Master Plan of Archaeological Resources of the Regional Municipality of Halton (ASI 2009) considers a similar suite of criteria or indicators.

For the Euro-Canadian period, the majority of early nineteenth century farmsteads (i.e., those which are arguably the most potentially significant resources and whose locations are rarely recorded on nineteenth century maps) are likely to be captured by the basic proximity to the water model, since these occupations were subject to similar environmental constraints. An added factor, however, is the development of the network of concession roads and railroads through the course of the nineteenth century. These transportation routes frequently influenced the sitting of farmsteads and businesses. Accordingly, undisturbed lands within 100 metres of an early settlement road are also considered to have potential for the presence of Euro-Canadian archaeological sites.

Given the proximity to historically important transportation corridors adjacent to the property limits, and illustrated settlement features, there is the potential of encountering nineteenth-century historical sites within the subject property, dependant on the degree of recent land disturbances.

1 The approximate locations of the archival images were plotted based on noted features within the existing landscape. Many of the images show the construction techniques within the northern half of the property, as discerning the location of images within the southern half was troublesome given the lack of easily identifiable features. The absence of archival photos in the southern half does not reflect a lack of similar construction techniques which would have undoubtedly taken place throughout the property limits.

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1.3 Archaeological Context

This section provides background research pertaining to previous archaeological fieldwork conducted within and in the vicinity of the subject property, its environmental characteristics (including drainage, soils or surficial geology and topography, etc.), and current land use and field conditions.

1.3.1 Registered Archaeological Sites

In order that an inventory of archaeological resources could be compiled for the subject property, three sources of information were consulted: the site record forms for registered sites housed at the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, published and unpublished documentary sources, and the files of ASI.

In Ontario, information concerning archaeological sites is stored in the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (OASD) which is maintained by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. This database contains archaeological sites registered within the Borden system. The Borden system was first proposed by Dr. Charles E. Borden and is based on a block of latitude and longitude. Each Borden block measures approximately 13 km east-west by 18.5 km north-south. Each Borden block is referenced by a four-letter designator, and sites within a block are numbered sequentially as they are found. The subject property under review is located within the AiGw Borden block.

While no archaeological sites have been registered within the limits of the subject property, 41 sites have been reported with a one km radius (MTCS 2016). None of these sites appear within 50 metres of the property limits. Table 1 below provides a list of registered archaeological sites, and Table 2 provides a general outline of Southern Ontario prehistory.

Table 3: Registered Sites within a 1 km Radius of the Subject Property Borden No. Name Temporal/ Cultural Affiliation Site Type Researcher AiGw-121 Percy Leslie n/a n/a n/a AiGw-175 81-TCPL-2 Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot R. Pihl 1981 AiGw-195 Abbot Euro-Canadian Undetermined ASI 1988 AiGw-196 Tanana Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1988 AiGw-209 Pettit Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1990 AiGw-210 Chestnut Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot ASI 1990 AiGw-211 Bastille Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot ASI 1990 AiGw-212 Robespierre Undetermined Pre-Contact Camp ASI 1990 AiGw-213 Descartes Undetermined Pre-Contact Camp ASI 1990 AiGw-214 Hazelnut Late Archaic Findspot ASI 1990 AiGw-215 Potemkin Undetermined Pre-Contact Camp ASI 1990 AiGw-216 Acorn Early Archaic Findspot ASI 1990 AiGw-217 Walnut Middle Archaic Findspot ASI 1990 AiGw-218 Levar-Reid Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1990 AiGw-219 Oakdene Undetermined Pre-Contact Camp ASI 1991 AiGw-220 Benjamin-Smith Late Archaic, Camp, ASI 1991, 1992 Euro-Canadian Homestead AiGw-221 Line Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot ASI 1991 AiGw-222 Extension Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot ASI 1991 AiGw-223 Vista Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot ASI 1991

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Table 3: Registered Sites within a 1 km Radius of the Subject Property Borden No. Name Temporal/ Cultural Affiliation Site Type Researcher AiGw-224 Peninsula Middle Archaic Camp ASI 1991 AiGw-225 Desmond Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1991 AiGw-226 William Smith Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1991 AiGw-255 Taplo Late Woodland Camp ASI 1994 AiGw-256 Upper Middle Early Archaic Camp ASI 1994 Third AiGw-257 McCraney Creek Late Paleo-Indian Findspot ASI 1994 AiGw-270 Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot ASI 1995 AiGw-271 Euro-Canadian Homestead, privy ASI 1995 AiGw-278 Early Archaic Findspot ASI 1996 AiGw-279 Undetermined Pre-Contact Camp ASI 1995 AiGw-280 Late Archaic, Findspot, ASI 1996 Euro-Canadian Homestead AiGw-281 Middle Archaic Findspot ASI 1996 AiGw-282 Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot ASI 1996 AiGw-294 Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot ASI 1997 AiGw-375 - Middle Archaic Findspot K. Slocki 2001 AiGw-448 Finch Euro-Canadian Homestead P. Woodley 2008 AiGw-465 Loyalist Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 2007 AiGw-466 Kaitting Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 2007 AiGw-469 Middle Woodland Findspot ASI 2007 AiGw-470 Undetermined Pre-Contact Findspot ASI 2007 AiGw-471 Trafalgar Euro-Canadian House ASI 2007 AiGw-481 Undetermined Pre-Contact Undetermined ASI 2007

Table 4: Outline of Southern Ontario Prehistory Period Archaeological/ Material Culture Date Range Lifeways/ Attributes PALEO-INDIAN Early Gainey, Barnes, Crowfield 9000-8500 BC Big game hunters Late Holcombe, Hi-Lo, lanceolate 8500-7500 BC Small nomadic groups ARCHAIC Early Nettling, Bifurcate-base 7800-6000 BC Nomadic hunters and gatherers Middle Kirk, Stanly, Brewerton, Laurentian 6000-2000 BC Transition to territorial settlements Late Lamoka, Genesee, Crawford Knoll, Innes 2500-500 BC Polished/ground stone tools (small stemmed) WOODLAND Early Meadowood 800-400 BC Introduction of pottery Middle Point Peninsula, Saugeen 400 BC-AD 800 Incipient horticulture Late Algonkian, Iroquoian AD 800-1300 Transition to village life and agriculture Algonkian, Iroquoian AD 1300-1400 Establishment of large palisaded villages Algonkian, Iroquoian AD 1400-1600 Tribal differentiation and warfare HISTORIC Early Huron, Neutral, Petun, Odawa, Ojibwa AD 1600-1650 Tribal displacements Late Six Nations Iroquois, Ojibwa AD 1650-1800's Euro/Canadian AD 1800-present European settlement

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1.3.2 Previous Assessments

The subject property is situated within an area that was largely developed in the 1990s for residential use. At least four archaeological assessments are known to have been conducted on lands within 50 metres of the property limits, one of which was situated within the northwest limit of the current subject property. Each of these assessments is discussed below.

The Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of a proposed access and workspace associated with an Enbridge pipeline was conducted by Stantec Consulting Ltd. under MTCS PIF P256-0379-2015. The study area comprised approximately 1.5 hectares situated in the northwest corner of the current subject property. The assessment was completed by means of a test pit survey at five metre intervals in areas deemed to have archaeological potential. Test pits were found to consist of a mix of silty clay loam and sandy loam with evidence of construction fill and gravel. No archaeological resources were identified during the course of the assessment (Stantec 2015).

The Stage 2 archaeological assessment within an existing hydro transmission right-of-way was conducted by ASI under MTCS PIF 99-007-105. The study area comprised a long corridor between Oakville and Etobicoke situated in part along the west edge of the current subject property. Puller-tensioner sites and access roads were subject to test pit survey in preparation for the removal of the transmission lines and towers. No archaeological resources were identified during the course of the assessment (ASI 1999).

The Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of the River Oaks subdivision was conducted by ASI under MTCS PIF 90-021 in advance of an application for development. The study area comprised a large area in a greenfield setting located between Dundas Street West and Upper Middle Road West, portions of which were situated less than 50 metres from the current subject property. The assessment was completed by means of a pedestrian and test pit survey in areas deemed to have archaeological potential. During the course of the assessment, a number of pre-contact Aboriginal and historical Euro-Canadian sites and findspots were documented. Pre-contact sites include the Early Archaic Acorn site (AiGw-216), the Middle Archaic Walnut site (AiGw-217), the Late Archaic Hazelnut site (AiGw-214), and the non- diagnostic Chestnut (AiGw-210), Bastille (AiGw-211), Robespierre (AiGw-212), Descartes (AiGw-213) and Potemkin (AiGw-215) sites. Euro-Canadian sites include the mid-to-late nineteenth century Pettit (AiGw-209) and Lavar-Ried (AiGw-218) sites. Of the 10 sites documented, only Robespierre, Descartes and Potemkin were recommended for further archaeological assessment (ASI 1991a, 1991b). None of these sites are located within 50 metres of the current subject property.

Finally, no information is available on the nearby 2001 assessment by K. Slocki. In the course of that assessment one isolated Middle Archaic site (AiGw-375) was recovered just west of the current subject property limits. According to the OASD, no further assessment was recommended for the site.

1.3.3 Physiography

The subject property is situated on the Iroquois Plain, which is the former lake bed of glacial Lake Iroquois (Chapman and Putnam 1984:190-196). In the Oakville area, the Lake Iroquois strand is situated more than three km inland from the current Lake Ontario shore. The strand is situated on a shale plain, with heavier till sediments above the strand. Below the strand, the quaternary sediments are dominated by outwash sands typical of nearshore deposits (Chapman and Putnam 1984; Gravenor 1957). Major watercourses, including the Humber River, the Don River, and, in the vicinity of the subject property, Sixteen Mile Creek, cut across the plain, carving well-defined valleys as draining southward into Lake Ontario.

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Glacial Lake Iroquois came into existence by about 12,000 B.P, as the Ontario lobe of the Wisconsin glacier retreated from Lake Ontario. Isostatic uplift of its outlet, combined with blockage of subsequent lower outlets by glacial ice, produced a water plain substantially higher than modern Lake Ontario. Beginning around 12,000 B.P., water levels dropped stepwise during the next few centuries in response to sill elevations at the changing outlet. By about 11,500 B.P., when the St. Lawrence River outlet became established, the initial phase of Lake Ontario began, and this low water phase appears to have lasted until at least 10,500 B.P. At this time the waters stood as much as 100 metres below current levels. However, isostatic uplift was already raising the outlet at Kingston so that by 10,000 B.P., the water level had risen to about 80 metres below present. Uplift since then has continued to tilt Lake Ontario upward to the northeast, propagating a gradual transgressive expansion throughout the basin (Anderson and Lewis 1985; Karrow 1967:49; Karrow and Warner 1990).

The subject property is situated on the interface between the shale plain and the till plain, approximately 750 metres above the Lake Iroquois strand line (Chapman and Putnam 1984). Surface sediments within the subject property are largely diamicton with paleozoic bedrock exposed in the Sixteen Mile Creek valley, and sandy sediments on the creek floodplain (Figure 7). Soils in this portion of the Iroquois Plain are predominantly imperfectly drained Trafalgar clay, formed on clay till (Gillespie et al 1970).

The property is situated within the watershed of Sixteen Mile Creek, which meanders through the subject property. Numerous other watercourses are also present within the general area, the closest of which is McCraney Creek found immediately south of the subject property limits.

1.3.4 Review of Pre-contact Archaeological Potential

The Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists ( MTC 2011:17) stipulates that primary water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, creeks), secondary water sources (intermittent streams and creeks, springs, marshes, swamps), ancient water sources (glacial lake shorelines indicated by the presence of raised sand or gravel beach ridges, relic river or stream channels indicated by clear dip or swale in the topography, shorelines of drained lakes or marshes, cobble beaches), as well as accessible or inaccessible shorelines (high bluffs, swamp or marsh fields by the edge of a lake, sandbars stretching into marsh) are characteristics that indicate archaeological potential.

Potable water is the single most important resource necessary for any extended human occupation or settlement. Since water sources have remained relatively stable in south central Ontario after the Pleistocene era, proximity to water can be regarded as a useful index for the evaluation of archaeological site potential. Indeed, distance from water has been one of the most commonly used variables for predictive modeling of site location.

The generic MTCS distance to water potential model has been refined for the Regional Municipality of Halton, as part of the Region’s Archaeological Management Plan. According to the Master Plan of Archaeological Resources of the Regional Municipality of Halton (ASI 1998, 2008), undisturbed lands within 200 metres of an extant or formerly mapped river or creek or the break in slope associated with that feature has potential for the presence of Aboriginal archaeological sites.

Other geographic characteristics that can indicate pre-contact archaeological potential include: elevated topography (eskers, drumlins, large knolls, plateaux), pockets of well-drained sandy soil, especially near areas of heavy soil or rocky ground, and distinctive land formations that might have been special or spiritual places, for aboriginal populations such as waterfalls, rock outcrops, caverns, mounds, and promontories and their bases. There may be physical indicators of their use by aboriginal peoples, such as

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burials, structures, offerings, rock paintings or carvings. Resource areas, including; food or medicinal plants (migratory routes, spawning areas, prairie), and scarce raw materials (quartz, copper, ochre, or outcrops of chert) are also considered characteristics that indicate pre-contact archaeological potential (MTC 2011:18).

Therefore, given the presence of Sixteen Mile Creek and its associated valley lands, the proximity to McCraney Creek and the proximity of multiple pre-contact archaeological sites, there is the potential for the identification of Aboriginal archaeological remains, dependant on the degree of later developments or soil alterations.

1.3.5 Existing Conditions

The subject property is approximately 92.72 hectares in size, and is generally bounded by Upper Middle Road West to the north, Dorval Drive and residential properties to the west and south, and Sixteen Mile Creek to the east. The subject property currently consists of the 18-hole Glen Abbey Golf Club located at 1333 Dorval Drive. The subject property includes multiple structures and associated parking areas. The golf course itself features typical landscaped tee-off areas, fairways, putting greens, water features, sand traps and rough areas. Additionally, wooded areas denote the top of bank and valley walls of Sixteen Mile Creek, which meanders through the property. Terrain on the uplands is undulating, while the creek occupies a deep and steeply walled valley. The property varies between 99 and 137 metres asl.

2.0 FIELD METHODS

The Stage 1 field review was conducted on April 18, 2016 in order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current conditions and to evaluate and map archaeological potential of the subject property prior to development. All fieldwork was conducted under the field direction of Dr. Ron Williamson (P352) and assisted by Mr. Robb Bhardwaj (P449).

The Stage 2 field assessment was completed on June 27-28, and August 5, 2016 in order to inventory, identify, and describe any archaeological resources extant on the subject property prior to development. All fieldwork was conducted under the field direction of Mr. Robb Bhardwaj (P449).

All fieldwork was carried out in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologist. The weather conditions and lighting were appropriate for the completion of fieldwork as they permitted good visibility of the land features. Photo locations and field observations have been compiled on project mapping (Figure 8). Representative photos documenting the field conditions during the Stage 2 fieldwork are presented in Section 8.0 of this report.

2.1 Stage 1 Field Review

The subject property consists of undulating to gently rolling terrain, largely situated on uplands as well as on the floodplain of Sixteen Mile Creek. The property includes landscaped and maintained features typical of a golf course of this size and age (Plates 15-21). The features are well maintained, with evidence of buried infrastructure apparent throughout the golf course (Plates 22-23). Based on a review of archival images documenting the construction of the golf course, in conjunction with the on-site field review, it has been determined that the majority of the subject property is significantly disturbed, and therefore does not possess archaeological potential. According to 2.1 Property Survey, Standard 2b of the

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2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, the disturbances noted at these locations are considered too deep and extensive to warrant further survey. The disturbed areas account for approximately 80% of the subject property.

Sixteen Mile Creek and its associated valley meander through the eastern portion of the subject property. The watercourse and the steeply sloped valley walls do not possess archaeological potential (Plates 24- 27). It should be noted that additional areas of slope and water were noted within the golf course; however, given the manufactured nature of the landscape, these areas have been classified as disturbed. According to 2.1 Property Survey, Standard 2a (i) of the 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultants Archaeologists, permanently wet areas are considered to have no or low potential. Additionally, According to Standard 2a (iii) of the 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultants Archaeologists, slopes greater than 20º are considered to have no or low potential. The creek accounts for approximately 2% of the subject property, and the valley walls comprise approximately 13% of the subject property.

The remaining portions of the subject property not obviously impacted during the construction of the golf course are considered to retain archaeological potential. These portions are primarily situated in areas featuring mature trees and in the approximate location of noted historical features. The presence of mature trees was used as a general characteristic of un-altered ground conditions, although archival images do document grading in the immediate vicinity of such trees. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of the subject property is found to possess archaeological potential.

2.2 Stage 2 Test Pit Survey

All remaining areas considered to retain archaeological potential were subject to a test pit survey. Test pits were hand excavated at least five cm into subsoil, and all topsoil was screened through six mm mesh onto tarps to facilitate artifact recovery and maintain the golf course grounds as neatly as possible. Test pits were examined for stratigraphy, cultural features and evidence of fill. All test pits were at least 30 cm in diameter and excavated within approximately one metre of all structures and paved surfaces whenever possible. Upon completion, all of the test pits were backfilled.

The test pit survey was initiated at five metre intervals and increased to 10 metres when disturbance was observed. Test pit stratigraphy varied throughout the property.

In order to facilitate a clear understanding of each area subject to testing, each location has been subdivided into alphanumeric areas in order to equate the descriptions to their locations on field mapping.

Area A This area consisted of two parts: an area within the limits of the golf course, and an area immediately outside of the golf course. The first is a treed and scrub area situated between Hole 5 and Dorval Drive (Plate 28). Test pits revealed approximately 2-10 cm of very dark grey (10YR 3/1) sandy loam laid topsoil, over approximately 15 cm of mottled dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay fill, over yellowish brown (10YR 3/3) clay subsoil (Plate 29). The second is a small triangular parcel of land to the immediate rear of an extant house at 1301 Greeneagle Drive (Plate 30). This area, while not presently included within the limits of the Glen Abbey Golf Club, does comprise a privately-made one-hole golf course comprising of a tee-off area, putting green and associated landscaping (Plate 31). Test pits revealed approximately 10 cm of very dark grey sandy (10YR 3/1) loam laid topsoil, over approximately 20 cm of compact grey (10 YR 5/1) clay mixed with gravel, over yellowish brown (10YR 3/3) clay subsoil (Plate 32).

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Area B This area consisted of a cluster of trees situated between Holes 4, 5, 6 and 7 (Plate 33). During the course of the survey exposed pipes were noted in the area (Plate 34). Based on the vegetation, it is likely that excess water is drained into this treed area (Plate 35). Test pits revealed approximately 20 cm of very dark grey (10YR 3/1) sandy loam laid topsoil, over approximately five cm of dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay fill, over approximately 15 cm of organic black (10YR 2/1) silty soil, over yellowish brown (10YR 3/3) clay subsoil (Plate 36).

Area C This area consisted of the mature treed top of bank situated between Hole 11 and the main parking lot and entrance lane (Plate 37). Test pits revealed approximately 10 cm of very dark grey (10YR 3/1) sandy loam laid topsoil, over approximately 15 cm of dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay fill, over yellowish brown (10YR 3/3) clay subsoil (Plate 3).

Area D This area consisted of a small cluster of trees within the floodplain near Hole 11 (Plate 39). Test pits revealed approximately 15 cm of very dark grey sandy (10YR 3/1) loam laid topsoil, over approximately 45 cm of mottled dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay, over yellowish brown (10YR 3/3) clay subsoil (Plate 40).

Area E This area consisted of the mature treed top of bank to the rear of the extant museum / RayDor building (Plate 41). During the course of the survey exposed pipes were noted draining excess water down the adjacent creek valley (Plate 42). Test pits revealed approximately 10 cm of very dark grey (10YR 3/1) sandy loam laid topsoil, over approximately 15 cm of dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay fill, over yellowish brown (10YR 3/3) clay subsoil (Plate 43).

Area F This area consisted of a cluster of mature trees and maintained lawn area within the floodplain near Hole 13 (Plates 44-45). This is the approximate location of a saw mill depicted within Lot 18 on the 1858 Tremaine Map. Test pits revealed approximately 10 cm of very dark grey (10YR 3/1) sandy loam laid topsoil, over 25 cm of dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay fill, over dense impenetrable rock fill (Plate 46). No historical artifacts of any kind were encountered.

Area G This area consisted of the mature treed top of bank along Hole 16 (Plate 47). During the course of the survey numerous electrical boxes were noted within this area (Plate 48). Test pits revealed approximately 10 cm of very dark grey (10YR 3/1) sandy loam laid topsoil, over approximately 50 cm of mottled dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay fill, over yellowish brown (10YR 3/3) clay subsoil (Plate 49).

Area H This area consisted of the grounds immediately surrounding a maintenance building and associated two- storey structure located within the west portion of the property (Plates 50-52). This is the approximate location of a homestead depicted within Lot 19 on the 1877 Historical Atlas and the 1919 NTS Sheet Hamilton-Burlington. Discussions on site with the golf course superintendant indicated that much of this area had been modified and recently filled, and that the structures in this location were thought to be built in the 1930s. Test pits revealed approximately 20 cm of very dark very (10YR 3/1) sandy loam laid topsoil, over approximately 10 cm of mottled dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay fill, over what appeared to be possible buried topsoil consisting of compact brown (10YR 3/2) clay loam, over yellowish brown (10YR 3/3) clay subsoil (Plate 53). Based on the presence of possible intact buried topsoil, this

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 18

was the only area subject to test pit survey at five metre intervals. No historical artifacts of any kind were encountered.

In summary, of the 5% of the subject property with archaeological potential, approximately 4% of the subject property was found to be disturbed and therefore tested at 10 metre intervals. Approximately 1% of the subject property was found to consist of possible intact buried topsoil and was therefore tested at five metre intervals.

3.0 RECORD OF FINDS

Despite careful scrutiny, no archaeological resources were found during the course of the Stage 2 field assessment. Written field notes, annotated field maps, GPS logs and other archaeological data related to the subject property are located at ASI.

The documentation and materials related to this project will be curated by ASI until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to Her Majesty the Queen in right of Ontario, or other public institution, can be made to the satisfaction of the project owner(s), the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, and any other legitimate interest groups.

4.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

ASI was retained by ClubLink Corporation ULC and ClubLink Holdings Limited to undertake a Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club, part of Lots 17, 18, 19 and 20, Concession 2 South of Dundas Street (SDS), Geographic Township of Trafalgar, former Halton County, Town of Oakville, Regional Municipality of Halton, Ontario. The subject property is presently an 18-hole golf course encompassing approximately 92.72 hectares.

The Stage 2 field assessment was conducted by means of a test pit survey initiated at five metre intervals and increased to 10 metre intervals when disturbance was observed. Despite careful scrutiny, no archaeological resources were encountered during the course of the survey.

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

In light of these results, the following recommendations are made:

1. It is recommended that no further archaeological assessment of the property be required.

NOTWITHSTANDING the results and recommendations presented in this study, ASI notes that no archaeological assessment, no matter how thorough or carefully completed, can necessarily predict, account for, or identify every form of isolated or deeply buried archaeological deposit. In the event that

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 19

archaeological remains are found during subsequent construction activities, the consultant archaeologist, approval authority, and the Cultural Programs Unit of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport should be immediately notified.

6.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

ASI advises compliance with the following legislation:

 This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, RSO 2005, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological field work and report recommendations ensure the conservation, preservation and protection of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

 It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological field work on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

 Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with sec. 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

 The Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002. c.33, requires that any person discovering or having knowledge of a burial site shall immediately notify the police or coroner. It is recommended that the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services is also immediately notified.

 Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological field work or protection remain subject to Section 48(1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, nor may artifacts be removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological license.

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WORKS CITED

AANDC (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada) 2013a Treaty Texts – Upper Canada Land Surrenders. Ajetance Treaty, No. 19.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 20

2013b Treaty Texts – Upper Canada Land Surrenders. Head of the Lake Treaty, No. 14.

Anderson, T.W. and C.F.M. Lewis 1985 Postglacial Water-Level History of the Lake Ontario Basin. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes, edited by P.F. Karrow and P.E. Calkin, pp. 231-253. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30.

Anonymous 1969 Skiing: The Magazine for the Serious Skiier, Vol. 22, No. 3.

ASI 1991a An Archaeological Resource Asssessment of River Oaks Subdivision Plans 24T-87035A, 24T-87035B and 24T-87036, Regional Municipality of Halton. Report on file with MTCS.

1991b An Archaeological Resource Assessment of River Oaks Subdivision Sections X(iii), VIII, VII, X(ii), IX(i), IX(ii) and IX(iii) Lots 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, Concession 1 South of Dundas Street, Town of Oakville, Regional Municipality of Halton. Report on file with MTCS.

1998 The Master Plan of Archaeological Resources for the Regional Municipality of Halton. Report prepared for the Regional Municipality of Halton. ASI: Toronto.

1999 Stage 2 Archaeological Resource Assessment of the Palermo Junction x Manby Junction 115 cV Transmission Line Removal Project, Cities of Oakville-Etobicoke, Ontario. Report on file with MTCS.

2006 Historical Overview and Assessment of Archaeological Potential, Don River Watershed, City of Toronto. Report on file City of Toronto.

2008 Master Plan of Archaeological Resources of the Regional Municipality of Halton, 2008 Update. ASI: Toronto.

Archives of Ontario n.d. [a] Halton County LRO Records, Abstract Index to Deed Titles. n.d. [b] Halton County LRO Records, Trafalgar Township, reel GSU 179049. n.d. [c] Halton County LRO Records, Trafalgar Township, reel GSU 179050. 1861 Trafalgar Township Census Rolls, microfilm reel C-1031. 1871 Trafalgar Township Census Rolls, microfilm reel C-9955. 1901 Trafalgar Township Census Rolls, microfilm reel T-6471.

Armstrong, Frederick H. 1985 Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology. Dundurn Press, Toronto.

Birch, J. and R.F. Williamson 2013 The Mantle Site: An Archaeological History of an Ancestral Wendat Community. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham.

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Boulton, D’Arcy 1805 Sketch of His Majesty’s Province of Upper Canada. Baxter Publishing Company, Toronto (Reprinted 1961).

Bristol, Richard 1819 Diary Trafalgar, 26 April-10 June 1819. In Survey Diaries and Notes. Archives of Ontario, RG1 CB1, box 39, microfilm MS924 reel 26.

Brown, J. 1995 On Mortuary Analysis – with Special Reference to the Saxe-Binford Research Program. In: Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis. Edited by: L. A. Beck. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 3-23.

Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putman 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Second Edition. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

DDM (Department of Defense and Militia) 1919 NTS Sheet Hamilton-Burlington.

Gillespie, J.E., R.E. Wicklund and M.H. Miller 1970 The Soils of Halton County. The Ontario Soil Survey Report No. 43. Canada Department of Agriculture, Guelph.

Canadian Golf Hall of Fame and Museum 2016 Archives: History and Construction of Glen Abbey Golf Course (1972-1976).

Jackson, Barney (editorial coordinator) 1985 History of the Canadian Open at Glen Abbey. Hutchings & Patrick Inc., Ottawa.

Johnson, L.A. 1990 The Mississauga-Lake Ontario Land Surrender of 1805. Ontario History 83(3):233-253.

Canadian Golf Hall of Fame and Museum 2012 Golf Canada Photos Collection.

Dodd, C.F., D.R. Poulton, P.A. Lennox, D.G. Smith and G.A. Warrick. 1990 The Middle Ontario Iroquoian Stage. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London, pp. 321-360.

Edwards, T.W.D. and P. Fritz 1988 Stable-isotope palaeoclimate records from southern Ontario, Canada: comparison of results from marl and wood. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25: 1397-1406.

Ellis, C.J. and D.B. Deller 1990 Paleo-Indians. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London, pp. 37-64.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 22

Ellis, C.J., I.T. Kenyon and M.W. Spence 1990 The Archaic. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London, pp. 65-124. Ellis, C. J., P. A. Timmins and H. Martelle 2008 At the Crossroads and Periphery: The Archaic Archaeological Record of Southern Ontario. In: Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity across the Midcontinent. Edited by: T.E. Emerson, D.L. McElrath and A.C. Fortier. State University of New York Press, Albany, New York, pp. 787-837.

Ferris, N. 2013 Introduction: Seeing Ontario’s Past Archaeologically. In: Before Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province. Edited by: M.K. Munson and S.M. Jamieson. McGill- Queen’s University Press, Montreal & Kingston, pp. 3-23.

Gould, A. 1981 History of the Mississauga Indians. Appendix to the Maracle Site Report.

Gravenor, C.P. 1957 Surficial Geology of the Lindsay-Peterborough Area, Ontario, Victoria, Peterborough, Durham, and Northumberland Counties, Ontario. Memoir 288. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.

Heidenreich, C. 1990 History of the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes Area to A.D. 1650. In: The Archaeology of Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occasional Publication 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, London, Ontario, pp. 475-492.

Heritage Mississauga 2009 Port Credit. < http://www.heritagemississauga.com/page/Port-Credit>

2012 Heritage Guide: Mississauga. Heritage Mississauga: Mississauga

Holloway, L. and P. Hubbard 2001 People and place: the extraordinary geographies of everyday life. Prentice Hall, Harlow, England.

Karrow, P.F. 1967 Pleistocene Geology of the Scarborough Area. Ontario Geological Survey Report 46. Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto.

Karrow, P.F. and B.G. Warner 1990 The Geological and Biological Environment for Human Occupation in Southern Ontario. In The Archaeology of Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 5-36. Occasional Publication 5. London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, London.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 23

Konrad, V.A. 1974 Iroquois Villages on the North Shore of Lake Ontario, 1665-1687. Paper Presented at the Fall Meeting of the Ontario Historical Geographers. November 9, 1974, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario

Laurie Smith Heritage Consulting 2015 [Oakville] Cultural Heritage Landscape Strategy Implementation Individual Inventory Reports. Inventory Report 41: 1333 Dorval Drive, RayDor Estate & Glen Abbey.

Mathews, Hazel C. 1953 Oakville and The Sixteen. The History of an Ontario Port. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

Métis National Council n.d. The Métis Nation.

Mississauga of New Credit First Nation n.d. Our Culture (History).

MCL (Ministry of Culture, now Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport) 2005 Ontario Heritage Act.

MTCS (Ministry of Tourism and Culture, now the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Cultural Programs Branch, Archaeology and Planning Unit, Toronto.

2016 OASD sites within 1 km of the subject property. February 10, 2016.

Parker Pearson, M. 1999 The Archaeology of Death and Burial. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

Slocki, Kim 2001 Archaeological site registered. No license report title available.

Ramsden, P. G. 1990 The Hurons: Archaeology and Culture History. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. London Chapter, OAS, No. 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. London, Ontario, pp. 361-384.

Smith, D.B. 2002 Their Century and a Half on the Credit: The Mississaugas in Mississauga. In: Mississauga: The First 10,000 Years. Edited by: F.A. Dieterman. Eastendbooks, Toronto, pp. 107-122.

Smith, William H. 1846 Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer. H. & W. Rowsell, Toronto.

1851 Past, Present and Future. Being a Historical, Geographical, Geological and Statistical Account of Canada West (volume 1). Thomas Maclear, Toronto.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 24

Spence, M.W., R.H. Pihl and C. Murphy 1990 Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London, pp. 125-170. Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2015 Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment: Line 12 Geo-Hazard Bank Failure, Sixteen Mile Creek, Enbridge Pipelines Inc.

Stone, L.M. and D. Chaput 1978 History of the Upper Great Lakes. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15: Northeast. Edited by B.G. Trigger. Smithsonian Institute, Washington, pp. 602-609.

University of Toronto 2003 Digital Aerial Photographs, Southern Ontario 1954 – West Index. < mdl.library.utoronto.ca>

Williamson, R.F. 1990 The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario. In: The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Edited by: C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London, pp. 291- 320

2008 Before the Visitors. In: Toronto: An Illustrated History of its First 12,000 Years. Edited by R.F. Williamson. James Lorimer & Co., Toronto, pp. 25-52.

8.0 IMAGES

Plate 1: Aerial view of golf course, October 1974. Plate 2: Grading near building site, October 1974.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 25

Plate 3: Grading near former stable building, Plate 4: Club house construction and grading, October 1974. October 1974.

Plate 5: Grading and excavation within floodplain, Plate 6: Grading and excavation connecting water October 1974. feature to creek, October 1974.

Plate 7: Installation of irrigation pipe within levelled Plate 8: Earthmoving on uplands, October 1974. floodplain, October 1974.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 26

Plate 9: Spreading topsoil on uplands, October Plate 10: Seeding on graded floodplain, 1975. 1974.

Plate 11: Soil disturbance within level woodland, Plate 12: Mounding and grading within floodplain, 1975. 1975.

Plate 13: Construction in clubhouse vicinity, 1976 Plate 14: Construction activities within floodplain, 1976.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 27

Plate 15: Clubhouse surrounded by paved lane. Plate 16: Paved laneway flanked by concrete steps and walls.

Plate 17: Typical contoured landscape and large Plate 18: Typical contoured landscape and large pond. pond.

Plate 19: Typical contoured landscape and sand Plate 20: Walkway and bridge within floodplain. trap.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 28

Plate 21: Contoured landscape within floodplain. Plate 22: Buried infrastructure around RayDor building.

Plate 23: Example of culvert found on property. Plate 24: Fortified creek within steep valley.

Plate 25: Creek and steep valley wall. Plate 26: Steep fairway through dense trees.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 29

Plate 27: Steep valley wall. Plate 28: Test pit survey within Glen Abbey portion of Area A.

Plate 29: Test pit profile from Glen Abbey portion of Plate 30: Rear of 1301 Greeneagle Drive within Area Area A. A.

Plate 31: Golf course feature at rear of 1301 Plate 32: Test pit profile from rear of 1301 Geeneagle Drive within Area A. Greeneagle Drive within Area A.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 30

Plate 33: Test Pit survey within Area B. Plate 34: Drainage pipe within Area B.

Plate 35: Vegetation indicating water within Area B. Plate 36: Test pit profile from Area B.

Plate 37: Test pit survey within Area C. Plate 38: Test pit profile from Area C.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 31

Plate 39: Test pit location within Area D. Plate 40: Test pit profile from Area D.

Plate 41: Test pit survey within Area E. Plate 42: Drainage pipe within Area E.

Plate 43: Test pit profile from Area E. Plate 44: Test pit survey within Area F.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 32

Plate 45: Test pit survey within Area F. Plate 46: Test pit profile from Area F.

Plate 47: Test pit survey within Area G. Plate 48: Electrical boxes within Area G.

Plate 49: Test pit profile from Area G. Plate 50: Wood-shingled structure from Area H.

ASI Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Glen Abbey Golf Club Town of Oakville, R.M. of Halton, ON Page 33

Plate 51: Maintenance building / former stables near Plate 52: Test pit survey within Area H. Area H.

Plate 53: Test pit profile from Area H.

9.0 MAPS

Please see following pages for detailed assessment mapping and figures.

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