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Carbon Capture and Storage Project Programme Area: Carbon Capture and Storage Project: Mineralisation Title: Carbon Capture and Storage by Mineralisation Stage Gate 1 Report Abstract: Geologic sequestration is not appropriate for smaller lone emitters located remotely from geological storage sites. CCS by mineralization has been demonstrated on laboratory and pilot scales, with capture efficiencies of up to 90% using naturally occurring minerals high in magnesium, such as serpentine. The UK reserve of readily accessible serpentine is 2-10Gt and typically located within 2km of the coast, enabling cost-effective mass transport links. Emissions from the (75) UK industrial emitters (<1.0Mt CO2) totals 24Mt CO2, half of which are coastal. The cost of CCSM ranges from 85-254£/tonne CO2, with potential opportunity to decrease cost by £30/tonne or more by direct flue gas capture, process optimisation, and system integration at each site. To achieve this goal further experimentation is required to validate suitability of UK rock resources, direct CO2 capture from flue gas on UK minerals, optimization of CCSM process fundamentals and system integration at each site. CCSM has the potential to become an economically viable alternative to capture and store CO2 from small and medium emitters. The ETI is grateful for the contributions made by all participants of the Mineralisation project; Perkins Engines Company Limited, Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Natural Environment Research Council as represented by the British Geological Survey, and the University of Nottingham. Context: CCS by mineralisation has been identified as a promising additional method of sequestering CO2 emissions. Minerals and CO2 can react together to permanently store CO2 as a solid carbonate product, which can then be safely stored, used as an aggregate or turned into useful end products such as bricks or filler for concrete. This £1m project, launched in May 2010 carried out a detailed study of the availability and distribution of suitable minerals across the UK along with studying the technologies that could be used to economically capture and store CO2 emissions. The project consortium involved Caterpillar, BGS and the University of Nottingham. The objective was to investigate the potential for CCS Mineralisation to mitigate at least 2% of current UK CO2 emissions and 2% of worldwide emissions over a 100- year period. The project has found that there is an abundance of suitable minerals available in the UK and worldwide to meet these mitigation targets. However, challenges remain to make the capture process economically attractive and to reduce its energy use. Significant niche opportunities exist where waste materials are used as feedstock and/or the process produces value-added products, but markets would not be at the level required to meet the mitigation targets. Disclaimer: The Energy Technologies Institute is making this document available to use under the Energy Technologies Institute Open Licence for Materials. Please refer to the Energy Technologies Institute website for the terms and conditions of this licence. The Information is licensed ‘as is’ and the Energy Technologies Institute excludes all representations, warranties, obligations and liabilities in relation to the Information to the maximum extent permitted by law. The Energy Technologies Institute is not liable for any errors or omissions in the Information and shall not be liable for any loss, injury or damage of any kind caused by its use. This exclusion of liability includes, but is not limited to, any direct, indirect, special, incidental, consequential, punitive, or exemplary damages in each case such as loss of revenue, data, anticipated profits, and lost business. The Energy Technologies Institute does not guarantee the continued supply of the Information. Notwithstanding any statement to the contrary contained on the face of this document, the Energy Technologies Institute confirms that the authors of the document have consented to its publication by the Energy Technologies Institute. Carbon Capture and Storage by Mineralisation Stage Gate 1 Report CCSM Programme Stage Gate Report April 2011 ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE CCSM PROGRAMME STAGE GATE 1 REPORT Carbon Capture and Storage by Mineralisation Stage Gate 1 Report A Zimmermann (Caterpillar), M T Styles (BGS), A M Lacinska (BGS), S Zemskova (Caterpillar), A Sanna (UoN), M Hall (UoN), M Verduyn (Shell), J Songok (Åbo Akademi), R Zevenhoven (Åbo Akademi) Contributor/editor S Parry (BGS), J Naden (BGS), M Dri (UoN), M Maroto-Valer (UoN), M Clifford (UoN), T Paulson (Caterpillar), M Delgado Torróntegui (ETH Zürich), M Werner (ETH Zürich), M Mazzotti (ETH Zürich) © Energy Technologies Institute LLP 2011. All rights reserved Loughborough Energy Technologies Institute 2011 WPx/Deliverable yDSG1i; Final Draft Last modified: 2011/08/11 13:15 Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 17 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 18 1.1 Assessment rock resources for CCSM ......................................................................... 18 1.2 Waste materials ............................................................................................................. 18 1.3 CCSM process .............................................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Pretreatment ........................................................................................................ 19 1.3.2 Carbonation ........................................................................................................ 19 1.3.3 CCSM System Technologies .............................................................................. 20 1.3.4 Post-Processing ................................................................................................... 20 1.4 UK industrial point sources of CO2 .............................................................................. 21 1.5 Possible scenarios for CCSM implementation ............................................................. 21 1.5.1 North-east Scotland ............................................................................................ 21 1.5.2 South-west Scotland ........................................................................................... 22 1.5.3 South-west England ............................................................................................ 22 1.6 Current estimated costs of CCSM and potential cost reduction ................................... 22 1.7 Gaps and Development Needs ...................................................................................... 23 1.7.1 Proposed experimental pathway ......................................................................... 23 Part 1 – Identification of Resources and Emitters ................................................................... 24 2 Resource definition ............................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Ultramafic rocks ........................................................................................................... 24 2.2.1 Classification of ultramafic rocks ....................................................................... 24 2.2.2 The nature of ultramafic rocks............................................................................ 28 2.2.3 Laboratory testing of ultramafic rocks ............................................................... 28 2.3 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 29 3 Assessment of UK rock resources for CCSM .................................................................... 32 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 32 3.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 32 3.2.1 Geological maps ................................................................................................. 33 3.2.2 Selection criteria ................................................................................................. 38 3.3 UK resources ................................................................................................................ 39 3.3.1 Lizard Cornwall .................................................................................................. 42 3.3.2 Shetland Islands .................................................................................................. 42 3.3.3 Ballantrae ............................................................................................................ 42 3.3.4 Belhelvie ............................................................................................................. 42 3.3.5 Portsoy ................................................................................................................ 42 i WPx/Deliverable yDSG1i; Final Draft Last modified: 2011/08/11
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