sign in sign up
<<
Home , Nilgiri marten, Viverra

Suan CnnNrvonnCoNSERVATToN

The Newsletterand Journal of the IUCN/SSC Small CarnivoreSpecialist Group rucN

Number33 October2005

Snoll lndion Viyetricula indi.a cougllt by a conero trcp enterin, o live trop Phoro:Su Su

Theproduction and distribution of thisissue has been sponsored by "Royal ZoologicalSociety of Anhverp",Antwerp, Belgium and"Columbus Zoo", Powell, Ohio

ColumbusZOO Svrnn CnnxrvoRECoNSERVATToN The Newsletterand Joumal of the IUCN/SSC SmallCamivore Soecialist Grouo

Editor-in-chief: HarryVan Rompaey, Edegem, Belgium

Associateeditor: William Duckworth,Bristol, UK

Editorial board: AngelaGlatston, Rotterdam, Netherlands MichaelRiffel, Heidelberg,Germany Brian Robards,Pawleys L, SC, USA Amd SchreibelHeidelberg, Germany RolandWirth, Miinchen,German,

This numbersas alsosponsored bJ:

PH I LADELPHIA t7p/0i) e99 r :.12 ":'l'r J\4* FIFTE3 209 !"]I !Eq! zsq $e-.m-"raz"l ,;

Thc vicws cxprcsscdin this pnblicationarc thoseoi thc rulhors rnd do not necessxrilyreflect those ofthe IUCN. northe IUCN/SSC CarnivoreSpecialist Group.

'I hc rim of this publicatioDis to offcr lhc mcmbersot thc IUCN/SSC Carnivc'reSG. and thosewho arcconccmcdNithnustelids. viverrids.andproc]'.onids. briefpapers. news items, abstracts. andtitles ol rcccnt liLcfulLrrc.Al1 rcadcrsrrc inlilcd 1(lsend nrterial to:

Small CarnivoreConserYation c/o Dr. H. Van Rompaey Jan Verbertlei,15 2650 Edegem- Belgium Harry.VanRompaey@ tijd.com

http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/mvpsg/

PnnL(.1uI re()(led p.'per ISSN l0l9-5041

The rediscovery of Mungotictis decemlineatslineata Pocock 1915 (: ) in southwestem Madagascar: Insights into its taxonomic status and distribution

Stcven M. GOODMANT, Hannah THOMAS2 and Danen KIDNEY,

Summary and uscthe associited spccinren toassesspanems olgeographicai rarirtron and ihe tixo onric statusof membersofthis 8enus. Thcenden cgenus andsp ecies Mungoti.tis d.enlittata. occumngonly rn alinriledregnDof westernMrdrgrscar,ispoorly Methods known rnd questionsremrin about ir! dislributi{rr ,rndpafterns ot' gcographrcvariarion. Two subspecic\are generallyrccognized. We consultcdlpecimeos of M,n qo.rd,r housedin sevcral M. d. dc(.,tin?dta,occttring inthe norrhcrnrunge ofthis spccies. rJru-rlhi'r, n nru"urn,Thex.rolIrn,r rh.,ein.. r'rr^n.... and . /. 1,?.dra,treviously only known fiol]t lhc holotype and BMNH Thc Nrtural Hisrory Muscum. l-ondon ltbrmcrlr the pre\umed tr) occur in the southernlimit of the fuDgc.A rccerrly British Muscum (Natural Histort)li FMNH Field Muscum of collecredspc.inrer fron a rcgn)n in which rhis specieshad nor Naruril History. Chicagoi rnd MNHN Musium Natioral preliously bccn documenredhclps to resolle scleral aspects d H istoireNaturclle. Ilaris. concerninglhc !alidity ot'M / 1tr?arrand the disrributionofthis Five externil casufenentswere recordcdiD n llinerers trom a lcw crtturedindividuals. Theseincludeil: toral lcngth(TL). Introduction herd bodl length (HB). rail length (Tail). hind lixn length otor including claw) (HF). rDd caf leng|h(Ear). Fu.rhcr.bodv massin Oneolthc more geogriphically Iimiredspecicsof Malagasy g' a'nswasmeasured usrngabalance. SMC mcrsuredsevencranrat (lanrivora is thc diumal of crepusculrrNmrow-stripcd , and livc denial chariclcrs using digital calipers.rccumte to rhe rttunsntilis d(totli,rcati (A. crandidicr, 1867).known ironr a oeiresl0. I m nr.The measurcmcnts,thei delioirions,and acrcnynls linited arcr in dre wesrern lowland portion ot fic island. The arc: greatesrskrll lcngth (GSKL): liom prrr ol' 'n"1!'\ae tolreriormost i. :r Ini.n"mer.J\ r(.r'nr !(i(||( .!idence showsthat ihis genusis Dot alsociatectwilh the fanily Herpenidae.bur rdtherit and alloth.r nadveMltlagasy Carnivora tirrm a rnonothyleiic group(Yoder.r.r/ . 2001)rhrr rre now placed Lnrheendemic lamily Euplendac(Wo/encraft ,hpress). tlntil rtew \.ah ago little inli)nnaiion wis n!.rilablc on M letenlincdtn Albrgnac. 1976), but recenr licld lrudies ha!c trovided ,or\idcrable insight into LheDatural hisrory and distrib bn of rhis (c.9., Rabeantoandro,lS97: RazafimnnrnNoa,2003: \\oolaler.r d1.200.1).

The noniralc fonn, M l. .tu..r?/iredra, is geneftlly citcd .^ occuniDgin rhe Menibe region.r hwland ffer falling between rrinnrheTsiribihinaRiler$urhLotheMnngoky Rivcr0-i8. t).bnr unlil recentlvfe\l dcr.rilswere availablcaboufihe prescnccol rhis .mi rrl in the sourhernfortiolr of this protosed range.A sccond 'ub\Fcies.M/ 1d.ardlbcock.l9l5hls!.onrpliquedkxoDomic ri\Ior! that is discusledin detril aDdrcsolved by H,twknrs.i d/. 1000). This laner fornr was previously known onlv l-rom tlc fr: f()lorypciD l he NaturalHislry Museum.LondoD.Scvemtau(hors MangokY .J\e ggc\LcdthatM. /.lir.d/.i nrighroccur in thc n)urhwesrern 22 I ' i.rruf [< r.l:n",,.rrlr',f I ulm1r. (,,r I rr l.irnrr,.rrrrJ.,r.nr.r: .loser tl) thc Toliara region lRnn where the holoLypeapparertly ,!iginarest or perhrfs iu(her nonh in rhc regjon of the PN de l\LnrdyNlue,t (Nicoll & l.aogmnd.1989r Schrejber "/ d1..1989j Itrtrkin! {,rd/.2000). Fufthef. gn,en thalM. d.1nr.a/./ was kDown ritln r rngle sFcime rnd dut rnuseunr Inalcrial ot' M. ./. r,rurlik,dtr is extremelylinircd. iLh{s beer pre!iously unclear I lhcchmcteff usedro scparrlethese tlvo subspccieiare discrete r trll \irhnr Lheranre of a single taxon. Urril r rccent field F r\cnl(n" of the lorencd arca along the Manombo River. ro rhc r,rrh of litiam. o litrrhcf infonnarion was aldilable about rhe rrnnbuhon of Mungotitlis ir southwesrc.nMadagascar. The 01 tttt \!ntn) pni\ rt tltrlu!!\ antl \nt\ ntnln 1.l i" .!,posesol this paperarelorcporLon a recerrtlyrrappcd individuat

occipilal bone Io arterior-buccal aheolar bodef of 'nc'sors: Pelage coloration condyloblsrllcnglh(CBL): lio r posrerlor roslpm ofoccipilal .o10). roJflen'f-huccrl ilr

DcscripLionol lhe study site and cedain aspect! of thc The six BMNH sp.cimcns ol M. L diqtlin.ata collectedbyC S. webb in rhcrcgion of Beroboki ircludetu o sub'adults( | 9,18.21I rnd 19.18.210),b:rsed on rootheruption On 9 November2004. during abiologicil lnventory ot the tlucrns rnd ossification,and pro\idc rht rreans lo li)rcsrrlonglhcManomboRiver!alley.amediunr!izedcarni!orc. assessige variationin pclagcrolorrlron rr r \in!le localily. referlble to Mlrsdrn?ir z/s.dr?lir.dnr wascaptured. The nap site Thc otherlour specimersare adul1. All ofth..e \i\ specrmens. wasat: Toliara l1 ov ince.Mrnombo Ri!cr vallcr-,near Andoharano. regrrdlcssol their age. are consi\tenr in rh.ir dors.tl tur 2l''.18.352S. 0,13'.1.1.912'8.at app()ximrrcly .l0{) m above sei colomtion,including the clillirsed dorsrl .rnpins In coDtrast, lelei (Fig. l). The specinrcnbcrrs rhe iield nunber Front'er thcir !cntnl colorarionshows con\iderlhl. \.rrirlion lronr a Nladagascar(MGIi) 01,1084 and has beencaraloged h tbe Field (r..,n trrpetJro3rlberce-hrosIll JJrl .. Nluseunrof Natural Histofy (FMNH I 84087). relatedto age!s thc lwo sub rdult\ r.pr.'.nt rhee\lrcmcs in colorallon.This seriesis considefahl\,lrrl.r.nr rn coloration Fron its soufce to AndohurDo. close ro lhe site the andthc cltcnt ol thc dorral \lnpe\ li(, rh. h('lorlpc ol M. 21. Vrnaoti.rir specimenwa\ caprured.thc Manombo River culs a lh.ar.r, and b) cxlr{tolalion thc'. Jii,(ren(...unnol s"ntly prssagc lhrough the limesione rock of the Mikobokr Plrteru, be attributedto age.'luo st.einr.n..,)r,trr.,.3 en rdult creatinga steeps ided valley. On bothsidcs of thcri! cr. thin alluvial (FMNH 176128)and r subrdult rF\l\H l-rrllt)rfun lhc soils suppoft r na )w brnd ol g.tllcr) tbresl lbetween25 50 nr) southcrnpor(ion of the Menaber.'!,,'n. r,l.r Lnrhc Kirindy innnediitel]- adjacenlto the flood tlain. Bclond this. rhe gallery Mitea Forcsl. arc sinilar in dor.rl t.lJ:c .,,|(,rJrronlo the lincst gives wa] to dry deciduousforest, wi!h a rrllcrcrnop] 1aler. Berobokaseries. whilc rhrt from th. \lJn,'n,h,,Ri\ er closcl) 'lhe lpecinrenrcportcd hcre waslbund onthe southefnbank oflhc n)atche s the holotype of M. ./.hrld r,r 1h. \1.'n.,nrho.pecilnen Manombo River. in dry dcciduousforcst on a ge|tle. nonh-lacrrg hrs r beigc !enter with a distinctil ,lJrl .u...r $r\h. lery slope lt wrs cafturcd ir a Nrlional trip placedon the groundand similarto theM. /. ltr.dld holor\p.. !nJ .,'r.'hl\ ,iirl,cr than b{itcd with dncd meal.The habitatat the tat site is.harrclcrizcd indiriduils lronr the Menabe.egion by hr\'ing corti'

TdhI. 1. E "rnal wasurefl.fltr o/Mungotictis dcccmlineala.Err.i)llr/ 'rddiuttDu,I\,t :n, ,r ' ;,ff,t Nl d t$ccn l5 25 In in l]]leatauft' not dnilabl.. it'lcusur.metuspn.eelIl hr unerisks hhere "nd? fronl liqtul t,,",. , : t\' i rns. otheNise latu tuken.liort otiginal \p.cnncn libcl|. Datd ptusenteda! meun ! st kl.r,l,1,\:..: ,tlttttrtun nr\tnt . n-'dr,r1,'t.t'lt1 th,r, r, no','t\' ittua'

'I HA ail IIF rockv soil. This 276r 15.9 202110.16111ll (261 294. ( l9l-209. (60-6t.

Subaduhs 217218. l7:t 186. 55 5r.

KirindyMikea 5t5 295 229

Subaduh nnlc 565 315 202 Manombo Ri!er 335 +215 Id|.2'(.mnf|n.a\ur/rx,,lJo/Mungot]ctiSdeceIn1jncatr'Ddl.lp|.J.nn,dus ran!!1u]1laf1d?l ,=\a"tplc si:.)Jor thrc( or tnore \?ednens.

CSKL CB1, ZB

ttcroboka 51J.,1-59.5.56.2-57.1, :14.:11 1.3. 12.:lt 0.6 25.4-25.5. 16.3-29.9 n=2 n=2 12.9t5.t. | 1.712.9. n=2 lll.l 1 LIJ n=:l 26.229.2, 12.213.5. 23.6. n=2 n=l Kirindy Miker 64.5 62.5 34.1 12.5 21.3 28.5 Sub-adult ale 6:r.6 60.9 33.2 15.0 29.5 26.1

Holotype M. d. li eata Sub rdull 54.,1 23.4 29.5 26.1 Yanombo River 59.2 57.6 3,1.0 12 0 25.3 21.6

Measurements at rhc n.tpc and exlends to the hindquarters. Ihese anin[ls arc feterable to M. d. de.entlinedu. In coDlra\t. the indi\idurl Given lhltt diilcrcnt collcclors made the external obtainedrlong thc ManonrhoRiver and rhe holot)peof 1/. rl measuremena.prcsumabl) not with exa.tly the sametechnique, /ir?a/a arc notably darkcr in colorxt;on and * irh nrorefrc(i,.1\ ir is inappropriate lo highlight relati!c1ysu btlc .lifferencesbetwee. defineddors:l stripes lhr( originarcon th. napcrnd.\r.nd n, rh. dre speci'nens(Table l). Having said lhar, thc spccimcnsfrom Kirindy Mitea measurcdby SMC tcnd to be larger than those colleclcd by Webb atBerobokn.Furtber, this trendconlin ucs *ith Uling thesecomparisons rherc rre con\in.nt lnJ Jr'.rcr. dre Manoorbo Rivcr spccimcn, which i! larger for certarr patternsin pelagccol(mtion betseen sp€crmen.iurnh'ur.J r,) rl )easuremenLslhan irdividuals trken fu(her north h the Menabe d. d?Lenlineata ^nd M..J lhatd. Exlemul. cr.rni!1.und ,l.nr"l regtun.I I('wc!cr, srmtle sizes are in sufficient to drawanv definitive rneasurcmcntsshow con s iderable varial ion acK\ \ therI g.orfuFh rr conclusionsrboul paltems of latitudinrl sire varixtion. rungeof lhis specicsand thcscdo not clerdr disringui\h hcrs ecn the nothern and southernpopulalic'ns. It is imponxnl k, rL-ircrrr. ln cerkh crarial characiers1e.g.. C SKL. CBL. ZB. rnd PPI-) thatsamplesizes are small. The MangokyRiverhas itsori!in\ d.el rhc individtrals liom Knindy Mitea tend to be larger than ihe in thc inlcri(r ol thc island and in lowland westem Madagascar ueroboka series. while in the balance ol crlnill and dental foms a wide river that ighl pose lt dispersalbanier li'r rhis measurementsthere is considcriblc o!crlap in sl)ecinrensfronr carnivoran.Given that M l. .&.?nlinedla occurslo lhe .onh of these two localiries (Tables 2 & 3). Thus. thc possiblc trend of thi! fiver and M. t!. lin?uta to the south, these lwo foms are incrcasingbody size with increasinglalirude is not as apparent prcsumablySenetically separate Ongoi n8 nrolecularstudies beiDg within fiese !ariables rs with the exlernal oreasurcmcDts. Furlhor. the cra al neasure- Tubl( 3. Dental t,rca:urem.nls ,/ Mungoticris decenrlineala.Dara prestnted as nean t cnt\ ol Lhc Manonrbo Rivel lttnla leriution (,utinun narinum, n=satnptu si..)hr tht(r o, ut? spetinens. sfccinrenlargell fall within the UTR MRL C M] WM2 WM3 range of lariation of animak fir)nr lhc Menxbe region. B€roboka Conclusions AdtrlLs 25.0!0.86 11i.010.9021.511.20 5.7r0.27 3.810.0 24.r25.8 t7.l r8.9 20.322.7 5.56.0 3.81.8 OD thc balii of dorsal n=3 n=:l n=:l n=l n=:l pelage coloration and srriplng Sub-adult 5.5,n=l there are two dislinct pauerns Kirindy Mikca tbund in Mrr.

Recent literature

Mustelidae Lariliare, S. .r d/. 2005. Husbandr\.o\er$rnr.r ..tr.. Jnd reprcductionofcaplive SLriped Skunl\(,V.tfu ri!,rqtrni\ L Bmndt.N{. J. & Lanrbin.X. 2(X)5.Summeiime .rctivitypanenrs of Zao IJid 2tl:83 9l. Common \MriJr.,/zMnuri r&l8dir:rundcr dillcing trc) rbundancesin grasslandhabita6..4.nr LtcltuI 50r67 79. l-od€.T. & Peltier.D l0{)5. scnctic ncighbourhoodand effective populition sizc in lhc cndangcrcdEutupcan Mrrr.11 CarpeDlcr.P. J. erdl. 2005.Mltin! systenrofthe EurasianBadger. Itt t..!a. Bidti v r.\. Corr(/f. l.r:25 I -15'. tL1.1 r,.1cs.h a highclcn sitl pofu l{tx)n. Mol. '. {/l I :l:173- Loda. T.. Guirui, G & l'eltier. D. 1005. Eufopeannink-polecat Crook\. K. R. ?r.r/. 200.1.Ecopansites ol .r Lhrcatcncdinsular hybrid;sarion cvcnts: haards lronr n.uurrl lrroccssl J. ende ric orannnaliancrrni!ore: ihe l\land SporredSkurk. Hekditr 96:89 t)6. Artr. itlitll. Natur 151:15 tlt. MeshccAkii,L G.. Rorhrx)v.V. v & Naidenko,S. V.1003.On Dixon. l). 2005.Badgersr drlremoon.aac lt'iu1itull(9):20 2a) certair pr.'perlies ol w.lcr aDd crcg) nrctrbolien in rcf.csentatiresolMark,! a.d M!!/.,/n :enera (Manrnalii: Ferguson. S. IL & I-a !i!re. S. 100.f. Are long peni\ bonc\ ).Biol. lJrl/. 30:.106-.110. adrptrtions to high rltiludc \no$) enrifonnents:r a/ilrr 105:255267. Nlichaux.J. R..r d1.2005. Conscrlxtion gcnerics rnd totulatron hinory ol thc LheatcDcdEurotcan nrink Mdr/./., /!'//.orr. Cnnnpper.Nl. E. & Hacke(. I L M. 2005.Thc long tenn. range wide $ith rn cmphrsis on thc \rcsl [u()pcan population.M./. decline of a ofce abundi l carni!orc: lhc castcrnspottcd E(o/. l6 pp. ww$.lutreola.ee/pdlTmolc.ol.Mu\tch. skulk lSt)ilotdbpun,iu\). A,id. Coar.n. 8:195-101.

'lhornlon. Gr.ri!m.rn. L. L Jf.. Janeka.J. & Teres. M. E. 2005. I:cobgical P. D. er u!.2t)05. Prelini ary colnpdi\on of tirLrr scprrxtion ol Atarn'sldtiguli $ith file st-nparric anaedhelic techniques in brdger! (M./ds ,,.1er). l'1r. 'nelocafnivores in norihcentral ThrihDd. In Mate! n? Anatsth.& Andls.3):1t) 11. c(hlitut e cotnriuniti?s.e.ls.M. SanLosRciscrd/. l'roc :lih Intenr Mdl/.' SymposiLxn.Alpha WildUfc Publi.rtn)ns. Tonrsik. E & Cbok. J. A. 2005. Mirochondriaiphyloscosrphr Sherwoodpark. Albefta. arnrdx. rnd cons.r'rlion geneticsof wol\erine ((;ul. Sulo)ol norLhwcstcrnNo(h Amcrica. J. Marrr. 86:186 lt)(r. Hmivm.D.J..liullcr.A K. & l'|oulx.G.. eds.20{LUdt ?r d,lillre,r lMaacsj in hunun dto"dl1"r,lnrr1.,r/r. Springer.279 pp. Valcn/uch.J. A. & C.!u. J. H. 2005.Occuncncc ot Amercan mink on the C honosAfchipelirgo of \outhern Chile. O^rr Kraus.C. & Rixtel. H. G. 200.1.Where hale il1 rhc cd!ics gonc:) -t9:t5. alausesand consequences offredation by rheMinorGr i\on on a cr!] populatnrr. Ol,(rs 105::189500. (,\ntnut,J ,rt l)ott I l Small camivores and their threats in Hlawga Wildlife Park, Myanmar

Su SU

Abstract Study area

The dynamicsol r snrallcarri!orc col Dunily and thrcats lsublished in 1982.Hllrwga Wildlile Parkrs oneol rhc to itucrc investlgatedbetwccn June2000and Mrl2003 in Hlawg{ Myaonaf! inallcn protectedareas (Fig. l) tr)d is located wildlifc Parl. Nlyaom,rr.\'Icthods includcd obser!ationof approxinntelyl5kn orihof Yrngon(17'02:15 N.',16'06'19 1'l). indi!idurlsa d signs(trrcks. scits) and crmcrr rrrppirrg.Selcn I( cdnprises 62.1baofundulating icna at l2 60 m. including I sl'cciesoi small crrni!on were confimcd in Hlawga: Comnton coreareroi:127hanrtheccntrcoflhepafk.lhecoreareaiscncl(\cd flalm Citct Pdz./r.r!,?r hemarhradirrrt Suall lodian Civct by r 297 h! buller zone exccpLthc southernparl ofthe core arc! viktituld l dita: Small'toolhedPalm Cilet t/r1,3d1nlk/ $hichhasapublic highuay andno pr(ncctedbuffer. Thccore are.r rriirgdrd (|'r1)bablyi felealed lDilnal)i Crab eatnrg Mongmse is cnclosed by a 2 rnctre-high chrin liok ltnce. rcsrricting the H.rt?st.! urn. Smrll Asian Mongoose H.i/).rlct /dranta: nr)vcmcDtol thelargermanrnl.tls butal k)wingsmallef and arboreal JunglcCat F.1;r.r.116 andLeopird Cal Pm,aildrxr l,.r8,rl.,rir' species.including lhe smallcrmi!oresundcrnudy. to nove in rnd Ihc Co nnon PalmCilcl r d the SnrallIrdian Civei wcrc thc predoninant !pccic\. Crab eatin! Mo goose. Junglc Crr rnd I-copard werc sirhted once by spotlighting.Colnmon Prlm Sclcctile logging and exploitalion lbr tlnber and lucl has Cli!etand Sm.rllIndiar Ci!etocca\iorally attackdo esticpoullr). lett nruch of thc park and pa icularly the bullcr rooe heavLly A lolol huntiog.snaring, and othef perlecutionofsmallcam'lorcs degraded.Thc 'naiofity ofparl is coveredby I \ecorrdafygn)$Lh was done by rhe peopleresidnrg nellr the reser\.. H.tbilat lo\s br- ol ixeddeciduouslirresMget,tion.In theno(h cNcrnthird of removal of largcr treeshas conlinucdin the butfer /oDc ltnd trees thc prrk ire isolatedtrlches ofrattan lnd relatedcrnc spccies ln ffe evencut in thccore area. B unr ing is alsodestrcying lhc h.rbilats. thc ccnlreind erltcrn porlion-a nunrb.rol llatvalley bottontshale start.d bl peopleir buticr rone in dry season.Grcater prote.tioD lniinly a shrubco!ering with ti$ large lrees Addition.rlly.therc ise\scntirl lor snrallcarn irorcs in asm.rllrcscrvcncartolhe capitrl lrrealew pa!.hcsoi grasslandonLhc edge of sevcrrlof rhelakes and cil). somc llooded areusnr tbe rainl season.There arc clclen watef bodiesofvarious sires in the park.rcsulting ft,n thcdrmming or Introduction

\l\rnmrr.onrpri\es 3n ar.t ol 676.577km'ranging tiom Sevente.n \illages are krcatcd in close ptr)xinil)' to the 1) rs r,,:r 19 \ rndhrs a greardileA ity ol ccologicalsystc'n s. eastern,norlher and s,estcm bou dariesof lhe wildlile park l'r :.LUnrrfJ ll,)ftt Br)dr\.r\rt! con\ervrlronrs a pa11or frcscnl addition.rhere :fe sevcrallarge lnilitarr- ca rps nearthc lark a d park is siluated in lhc casternp.l'l of Lhc !,,\..nnr.nrtoli!\.l\ \hoqn br N{}anmaf!errl} sig itufeofthc a village housing slaff l,rql Con\errrionon Biolosicil l)i!.rsity and its lcc€ss]onIo ( l1[Sin l997.ln l99.r.nc$lesislationsignilicrnrlywidenedthc ..op. ol rntrrxls acco.d.dprolection.Thencw acl recognrsesthrcc IiR)reclioncaregorics. totall] protected.prctected (can b. ltkcn l: '\ nq o1HI!$sa ttildli? Park $,(hpcrnrission)and !easonalll prolecled. Underthc n! wildlilt rct ol I 99'1.which defincs.15 mnnmral spccics as endangercd,I I ' specic! {rc accorded total trolcction . l 2 spec ics arc protected "seasonrlly and t$o protcctcd . Among lhe snall caroivore!. lhc Viverfidae lnd Herpestidae (and the ) afc rccorded ''protected statusand the Small hditD Ci\'et l'if.ftl tld indku ind Yellow thtr)NlcdMarten MdrretlTd t8!1.rffe listed as'lotrlly prctcclcd'. Theselegal liltings rellecl rhe trct thtt nany smrll crnrivore speciesin Myrnnarare considcrcdto be endangercdor thatlhcir populationsare pcrcciled to be \ubjcct to rhreatssuch as habltat loss or cxLcrnlinationas pens. Il this impofant gronp ol nlxmmalsis lo be accofdedltpropriate proFct()n in ltlyinlnx| it ir impemt;vc thxt rethods of rsscssinglhel status in \arrous habitat types anclexinining thrctts lo lheir $N i!al trc rapidly delelopcd. So re i.tbnnrlion on lheir ecobly is tvail.tble lRrm ncighbouringlhailand and l.aos (Rabinoritz. l9')0. 1991i Rrbjnowitz&walker. l99l.Duckwonh. 1997:Grassnran.1998! I o3ns (r 11r Grassman./d/.2005 )bui in Mlanmar therci\ a r(n.tllack ofthi! kind ol intornntion on sm.rllcaroivofesrnd ol the role the) plty jn rhe counlry s overall f(rcst ccology. Thereforc.this study wts - Bouid,ryorcoe ar.a (Fen.e) designcdtor\sesslhestalusof sn)nll caroivofes in Hlt$ grwildlif. I'ark and Lhelhrears to thcA population The park is ofcn t{)the public on a fee-p:ryingbasis lnd hrs o\cr 100.()00!isilorsannually.$hoarecontined tr)\chicles using !8knrcifcularroadexceplwhcrcrhc!arcpcrnrittedrowalkaround !t designatedpicnic spoA. A number of reireshmentand othcr tacilitrescatering lbrvisit(B nreclusteredio rheweslern parlol Lhe

The clinrate ol thc prrk is \plit inlo three well-detiocd sersons.nrmoly thc rain}-season tfon n d-lllay 1o OcLohcr.rhe cold seas from Novembcr to Fcbrulry and the hot seasorfionr N{:rrchI0 Inid Mrt.

Thc corcarca.ontain ! a rumberoflarge nra )mrls.mcluding :ianrbar C.nrJ unkdor. Lll s ])eer C. .1../ii,Hog Dccr ,41tr pci.n?!r. Red N{unrjrcMuntid.ut nwtJdk ^nd E\tasian Wild Pig 5rr i.rri?. Manv of thesewere tirnslocatcd into Lhcfark. sone t ig 2: Phot.Xtuphsol P.hcrnlthrodilus d,dV. indica.lbotrtints lionr theintndrrion arcaofanearbyfeservoir.A singlcMylhun ro' ,rd,tllt hasbeen broughl ro rhc prrk. There is,r largepopulation ofRhesus Mrciqucs ryd.z?,,&lxrd. eipecially in the core arca. For thecorrect idcntilicrlion ofa \l)ecie!.characrerislics ol HI.r\tga hrs r dilcrsc rvifauna. comprising some 3.1spccic\ of imcks mun bc nolcd vc|r .aretulh. Most rrackstbu d nr thc wild u,atertowl.including sonrcnri!rants. and l:17!pecies constiruting show ircomplele details.Footprint! nmwed up Ffiicuhrl! $cll thebird communiry ol thcli)rcst (Khin Sse Win. 2003).Repriles on r sandy or nuild) subnrxtc. Fr.sh lin)ltfints could be llx)re yardr^ arerepresentcd hy thc nronilor lizard sp(p)..a ntrnrhcrof feadilr-delectcd rlicr cl0an sweeping$ith a broonrl() fro\ id. !n othef lizflds aod variors snrkc spccieswhich afe frequentlyseen. lmpression pid on sonc srndr" pltche\. \\hene\er f'o,\rbl. ]\ vrricLyofanuran amphjbiansare alsoprcscnt rn hrge numheN. o^rpr1r,s.,. mpJ.u"ec'$i,lrl J Jl. r rl, ri\ n,.' L r,i ..n( .specially aunrd witer bodics. Thc srrcamslnd lake! coolain ID order to do a drawrrg. a clcar lrrnsl'rrcnt tl!\ri. .he.( $r. tur mrny fresh-wiier tish which rurrct piscivo(rus bifds ard some olcr a 2.1r l 5 5 cln gliss plrtc. $ irh I cnr hi:rh ti'er . $ hr(h s.F ,ill. .l ,r.heLen Anl,ropoJ.Jhur nJ. in.lu,iinl rer','i'e..J' . pl.rccdolcf thef(ntfrint sirhoutconractin! it. Th. ourllnr\Lit rh. Orthoplcra.Coleoplera. nrillipedes ard scorpions. tbolprinl wcrc skctchedoutonrotheplanrc \heet \ ith ! I).rnrJn.Dl nrrrkirS pcn. The footprints werc also photogrrphcdard colour Methods prinls prepared.Thc lbotprintsofComlnon Palln Ci\er rnd Small Indirn Civet wefe distinctly dilltrent lccording Loth. treliminary In ordcr lo bccomc fanriliar with the :rppearace xnd Lhc sludies. l'hefe are tive roundcd toc\ lround thc trlm tad in sig s rlixnprinG and s.rts) of snrall carnilores in lhe licld. inirial Con non Palm Civer. Small Indian Cilct has ldtr loes, slightly studle\ rverecaricd our ir Yrngon Zoological Gardena d Tha. nrc slcnder.and funore slenderpalnlplrd (Fig.2). Howcvcr, thc kry t{ (lrccodile Farn over r les dals (Junc 20(ii). November lbotpri ts of (t spccic!(lungle Clatand l-eopard Cat) weresintlar 1000. Januafy l00l ). Pliner ofPrris positire ca\ts of availirble to that ol SDall lndian Cilet with claws.:lnd helce were difiicLr]l cilel. car and mongoosespecies $ere nade fron narural nririal to entify definitely. Foorprinrswcrc countcd hy summing all negatr!e ones. Some clear prints Ncrc obrrincd by holding and coorplctcli)oLtrinLs uhich could cedainly be identifiedto species tush ing the inimals l cct in lo trry ol drmp nrud. Thesewere kepr rnd hcncc.rslhcse rre not siatisticallyindeperrdent datapoinls. no n)rrefererceinthe liekl. Scalsolcachspccics wc.e dlailable io rhe stitis(ical tcsls ha!c bccn afplied in analysis. zoo (althoughthese were basedon I zoo dier rDd rnr) not have shown lirll! xluftl charrctcrs). and { t'ew were collected liom Scrts wcre .ollected lith a note of date. locati(n) and natufe.ldentilying lcarurcs(sirc. !hrpe, iypeoferding)were noted strspcctcds]rec ies (whefe the forn ofthe scatwas disrincli !cl. Sornc were photographcdand crch \ample wa! luperficially identified with referenceto includetragnrcnrs. Moist scatswcre l'resened in l)^ta or lhe presencelrnd relatiyc rbundance of small lbrnralr: rcelic rcidr crhyl rlcohol(mlioof::lil)lolurionind c{mivorcs'nHla!gawereoblrined liom sc!crrlsource!. including drjed out litr lulurc lab rnrlrsis. Conrmonl'alm Cilet \cits mostll ' "n' .'.' if ifl. Jrd .c.r.r ,rrr(.roh.e'.:Irun..Jrn{r.,||.tfi ,! coniained nrdigesliblc sccds or phnts rcmain! rnd sere lerv live-trappinsand huntcr irter! iewsrnd trapl)edspeci rensbelwccD ob\ious.Sonretimes thev includedrnimal rernains.Somclimcs Sepiember100() and Mrt 2001.Thc main cifcul rfoad ofthepark sclts scrc !cr." knrgand were coatedwith plant mucus.Common rDd thc branchroad! wereused as survet linesin lddiLion tolt!jce l'alm Civels oti€n deltcaredcbsc toprLh lruil\ oron ro d\. Smrl1 weekly suryels inLocrch sub areafollowing wildlile trrils ol rhc Indinn Civet scatshad a few. o. no. rennirs oi pianrsrnd s.re park on a rotationalbasis. brownirh in colour. Thcir si/c \rricd rliLh that of the aninul

fir t t'h.niltttth:.1 \ui nnrl?\. /4,41,! V indi.i. P hcmxphr.dnu,. n,/iZL rrl renrainstheyconlaied.Thecasting\sercloog.\onretlncssaLrsage' shaped,snelt musty when fiesb and had cirher rourded cnds or raperingcnds like catscais Thcsewere alsooften dcfosited clole ro pathnrils rDd or roids. Catsscrls weresinrilartolhosc ol Snnll IndlarrCivet s.aa but $,eresmaller. conlrincd no plan$ rcnrarns. had more digcslcd con(ent! rhan Snnll hxliin Ci!et. had htrder andnrnc t$isted.tapering.nds. smelt musly uhcl ftcsh.rnd in colour lomc \ erewhitisfi (Fig. I ). The morgoole scatswcre snall- bl.rck rnd poinLcdwrlh digesled contcnls.

l)ire.t obscrlation of indi!idu.tls was made {t night lvirh thc aid of a powcrlirl halogen s})rlighr ope.atedlrom t \chiclc dri\en slo\!ly along the marn circuhf roxcl.and so'netinr€siD the sourherntublic highway.Thes. spoliightin: sessions. oiupto i.5 houfs in dtrratn)n.were Inade aund three time! r month iiom ln addition to lhere nrethodologies.ce|tain uscful Scttc rher 2000 t0 \'tr) 10(13. inforn rion was obtained liom rerbal rel'orts. mnde by reliable pcrsons,includin: stall ol rhe FofestDeprrl enl wofking in lhe Thrce types of li'c trat sere u\ed. Onc $irh I lile b.trl prrk. on the sighting.capture and killing ofrhe targelspccics in thc .,,frtunnrcntlsirt: ItSx ll \,11.5 crn):iroiher qrthoulsuch a .,!ritrrlnr.nrr\irc:61.5 { l9,5\ 19.5cnr). both \'lre nrelhirupsi and ., {L\ .n rtpr rfup sirhoul rconrparlnent. All wcrc mtcle locally. Results \ \ i r.l\ ot brirs-li\ e andd.ad. weretested includmg li\e chicken. f'..t. tl'h rnd hanlnr\ FroorSeplemhcr 2(X[ to Augusl 2(]0I, raps S.\cn speciesof small c.trnivorewerc conlirnredto occur $ereprc britcd.resting \ariel) ollypesofba;t.In ordcr lorllo\ in tllawga Wildlife Pa . in lhis sufley (T.rble I ): ConnnonP.rlm thc largerspecies t{) becootet.imiliar witlr Lhclraps. live t' al's wcrc ali!et Pdr.?lrr,rer htndthtotlitts. Snrall Indian Civet phccd alongparhswherc snrall camivorc! w.rc knos n totravelw'1h Vi\'?rriuld tidk dt Small-IooihedPrlm Clilet,1?".,sdl;dnr thc door ried open to {llow liee entfy and cxiL ol aninnls werc ,n i/8drzr(as afR)brbly releasedan imal): Crnb'earingNlonsoosc sampledin all sect(Boilhe corearea. I'nflhcr Pre'baiti ng \!rs.rrlccl Htry.\k'\ u^rr Surrll Asian NlongooseH../.ver ldrdrLdr: out during Ocr{)ber2001 Io January2001i rnd dufing Junc lt)02 JungleCrl / 31;ri,drr an(ll-coplrd CrI PrldL'ilrrz\ henSole tt\. q.r. During the pfe bailingpcnods, baMnas pro\cd to be dre prcfcrrcd P,t,\t ,",,' h,'d pltI'ltttt'luorlri,r. rnor( bait. fhe idenLit)olanimals visitnrgthc trapswas establishcd tionr numeruusin lhe hot seasonbut neilhef footprints of V. itldica )l i(xnprintsleft ne lhe lrrp cntnnce and in srnc c!\cs lroln c merr scntsof P. hunnt)hrolit r or r/. irdn, ihowed anv strSgcslrre trrts scl up in the vicirity ol the pre-baitedtrt\. dillcrenceswith se{son.

Canrerrlrrpping io lhis slud)' uds carried otrt fr)nr September1000 1oOctober 2002 using a snnll numbef (2'l) of Common Palm Civet ca ern Ir p\ (CamTukker. Claniliak Soufi Inc. Geofgia. USAI Parsdo x ur us h ermap hroditus depk))cd o\ertbree{'eekl} pcrnrdq in the corearcr. Cttrera traps most lbundantl]' $cre serup nr)sLl) rl lhe iunctior oi trlhs or trnils wherc smrl1 The Connnon Paln Cilet *rs h) lar the (rr nilore s \re re knowDlo ravel. The nrcchriism wassei to fccord rccordedsmallcrrnilorc species (Fig.,1) in Hl3wgaWildlile Park. Lbcpassage ol aniNrls betweendusk tnd d.t\!o (hefe wcrc too wilh r toralofo!cr 5.l119lbolprints {nd:.519 scarsbeing!(ributed .ran) pcoplc aboLrlro nrrke day linte phoio.erlfh! pfaclicrble). to this spccicsduri g the l: nn)nthsol ohseNation.Additionally, lvirh lime and datc inrpinled on the film. Duri g the pfe bxiling tlrc specieswas recordcdir 160canrcft trtp photosfRnn thc 781 obserled 128 tnnes spotlighting. Ir \\as f.riod of live'trapping.crch cameraI ap u as plrced tacmg a pfc tr{p nighrs:rnd dire.tl} bafied live trap. in order to fecord shich species$ere bclng recofdedh milcd deciduou\fi, cst lionr 32 nl 1o6l rn rhe:rltnude rttracted to thc bails. fangeo! cr \ hich canera tr{ts s cre set.

Tubl. 1: b id.nLe ol snall ttnnor.s, Sertenbtt 2000 t., it'la\ 200.1

Eridenc€ P. h.nnfutul u\ v. nLtlnatA. ttIitsdla tt. jd|dritu\ H.u^a I: tlltuts P rs,3d1.4rir Tot'l

Foolprints(obserled 1,199 l.16 t659

Footprints (atrrrd 211l 27lt)

2l7-1 t21 l7 :519 289 69 r59 Camc.atrapping t60 29 t9

Sporlrghting l2it IIJ [1..u"11.3I"" " Mosr of lhesehave bccn locited by radio tracking rs pal1of rnothcr !ludy Viverricula indica re.ordedarcLrncl rhc prrk Orly I 6 individurlsof Snrall Indirn C ir er weretourd b! spotiighriog.y.,rdn.d wasrecordedotcr.1.1 59m asl Tbc Smalllndiar CircLsas thenexr most recordcd smrtl n bolh mixed deciduouslirrcst ard banboo lbrcsr. carnivor. (seecovet in Hl{wga wildlilc Park. However.datati' this spcciesneed lo be interfered againstthe flrct thar jnter!iews Other small carnivores sLrggestit spendsmuch m(retime io rhcbufftrzolleol rhcpark yet themJloril}ofsuneys\crcfocusedirthecorcarca,soy.trdkdmry I \ ide (c ll{ rh.r"|,Jr,,rn!tr\(.rnrll..,rnr\ofe.p(. i.,$,. be Lrnde.rcp.esented. A rorrl of l.16foorp;Drs {nd l2.l scarswcre sparscand suggensa loweforderol rbundancecompared with p. detcnninedtobe lro V. irdl..r in addirn)nro 29 c?merarr ap ptroros h?rntuphroditl\ ,\t1rly. i .lita. The complete abscnle of anv

Tdhle 2: Cn t."tu,nappitlg.lnttt ls?pt. hct 200a ta Odah?r 2002) 'Ii{al County AhiLude GPSco ordinates Hrhir.,rLlpo lixal Totaln'cilet pholos source (m) I-atirude l-ongitude n-pnoros I'. he tathftnlitus V. indi<.(1 lrrp nrghts 11'02.516 96.06.621 2l )). 0 ,ll t]'(D.121 ')6 llo.795 28 11' 0).731 96' 06..138 MD / cane 211 211 20 .l r7' 02.759 S6.06.231 21 -12 5 l7' t)2.579 96' 06.137' MD / shruh Itt 52 38 17'02.br'8 9b' 0b.U55 0 1 t8 I i' 02.545' 9{) U5.99o' 21 8 31 t7'02.5,16 96.05.62: l8 r8 0

t7' 02.,15-3'96. 05.:12l' It l5 l) t'7,o2.3n 96.05.951 NID 2l 5l o l8 t7" 02..1:15 96" 05.811 2l l5 0 12 -ll l7 02.+.19 90 05.N+5 2lJ ]J l6 l7' 0: 521 9b 05.75| 1.1 l7' 02.612 96' 05.692' 15 11 17' u1.009 96. 05.70.1 11 l7'01.129' 96"05.851' 2lJ t8 11 11 17 0t 9r7 96 0590y 28 -12 29 t7. 02.86,1 96. 06.168, 2l 5l 52 l7' 01.038 96' 06.213' MD / crnc t8 t5 20 )5 l7'01.167 90 Uo.l8l MD / eJno 2li 2( )l 51 t7' 03.1'71 96' 06.070 MD / (rne 28 2l )) 5t) 17' 03.205 96. 06.0.19 MD / crne t2 2:l 5l l7' 01.277' 96' 06.112' MD / canc 2IJ 1l 21 60 17,03.149 96. 06.3U3 25 l7' 0:1.1,18 96" 06.382' Mt) 26 17. 0:r.l0l' 96'06 152 lll l5 21 56 17 0l_276 96"06.252 Ml) / cane )8 21 28 57 17'0-1.031 96'06.373 MD / cane .ttt t9 02.961 96. 06.376 MD / cane t8 -r0 55 02.918' 96. 06..151 lii ll .ll 55 02.rJ51 96. 06.,193 28 l0 l: (;l t1'02.922 06.6.12 lli 1.1 ll 57 l7'02.831 96'06.595' 62 0:.lt57 96' 06.712 MD / shrub t8 t5 r5 96' 06.708' MD / crne 21 TOTAL

MD = Mi\cd tJc(idu{,u\ onl] undcrtrle ir (he core arc.t. the othef thrcc mcthods also co!eredlh! hulltr rone

Threats to small carniYores

A di\turbing\ariety of thrctls to the suNilal ol snrtll carnivorcsin rheHlasgr rrca wcreobseNed du ng rhissludy. Therb\ence of ConrnrmPrlrnClivetandSmrll Indian Ci!et liom thesout h.rn block ofthe core,rrcr (bothcanefa trappin g aDd li!c rrrpping $ere carriedout in this area)may rcflccLthc i tense humrn prc\su.eii lhrs pa|loflhc park. Eleo limbeffenrovrl hrn tig. 5. A.tillentalh (u ur(l S,nll nothcd PalnCi(t the.ore lrea qr\ rccordedon one occlsior by a camerr trap (Fig. 6) and it i! w.ll Ino$ n to be a marorcruse ofhabital degrdrln)n clmerr lrap rcco s. durirg 7El trap nights.for l]n).,fthese 1'!e in botb lhc corc rrea andhutef ronc ol H]aw8a. Almosl all ltrgcr \pecicsl'()!idc\thc\lrongestindicalion of thcirvcry lo!\ deosilies. trecsh!\c di\.rpperredffom thc bulllr zone. rLlcasl in lhe coreafeashcrc rll carDera-trappinfwas carnedout. Delpitc lhc rlrall size and protected status of Hlawgr The pre\ence of Antoealidio ,ifr,!a/a. pfeviously Wildliie Park the smrll crrni!ore connnunity is srill threalenedby unrc.otulcdin Hlrq,ga \\ikllife Park. is basedon ar accrdental habitatdestruction. Accidcntrl lbrestfifes. startcdb) localpeople !rfrur. of { singl.incli\idu:rl (Fig. 5) dis.orcrcdlivillg under lhe in thc huilcrzone in dry sealon.dcstrl)l lbrestandalso remh iDthc joof ol r stall hou\e jn rhehufler /onc. nclr the easlernboundary dcrth ol inall carnirores and thcir vertebrate{nd in!cicbrite ol the corc arcr. Thir ii a highl) unustralwal to tind this specie!. prcy. Thebufierzolreisfrcqucntlyburned iI thc hot scrn)nrndthis and my Iieldaisishnr. who prcviouslyhunted in dreprrk. tdd me happenedon li)ur scparaleoccasions in 1003. Abotrt one third ol that hc hrd nclcrsccn this speciesbeibrc. Nlorcovcr. asunwanted thc hullcr rone was burnedin r(nal and aftef one lire. oDcol the c.rpriveanimals ofvarious spccicsare released ffonr time t() tinrc radio'collaredConrnn)nPrln clivetswas lbund roha!edisappeJred. in Illltsg.r. this seemsto be likely origm ol rhis indiridual. Small While no estimaieofthc numbcrsoflhe !,rri()usspccics destroyed numbersoflborpnnts ( 1.1)andscrts(ll)ohnongooses (speciesnot inlhiswat isa!ai1able. bnrnr corpsesofsnrallmrmn ls. including delermloed)were ohtained:oDc Crrb eiting Mongo a Comrnonl'alm Civet (Fig. 7) ard bifds ha\e beenibund in $hile spotlightingdd r tot.rloisixSnlallAsian Mongooscs wcre sererert-numcd rrcas. I ,,trr-id r' rrrp..er ruf fe.r, h\ "Jr\ ..,, /\! ho \ ieq nr.n.j'(. f . as pests)inboth corc rijr and butter. ti\ecat scatswercli)trnd bul ReI'ortslrom reliablesouf ces and locrl conrmunitiesLrdicatc $crc nor distinguishable betw.cn lrsli! .:huus. Prit)nuilutu! thar all small cafnivorc specic\ are subject() pcrsccutionin rhe ,.nrdl.rr;r rnd domeslic . 1herc wrs a single spotlighling gcDcralareaot' Hlawga Wildlifc Park All sevensl]cc ics trc sraled obs.r'{tioD ol cich wild species.but f{.k stall-i:portedtlnt lhey t() occasionall) aftackdomeslic pouhry. ln the caseof Colnnon hrd pre\iously beetrnrore comnur. PalmC iver.iuch altrcks arcrelalively mre ( Ba|1c1!.I 964discredils its possibilil) altogerher)and may occur. if.tt rll. onll ai tinrcs Relative abundance whenotherfoodsourccs. suchasliuit!. arclcssplcntifirl. But Small IndirD Ci\er attack domesl;c poullry rore often than Co mon The ralio of the frequencl ol occurrenceof lhe two most Paln Cilet rnd li)rcstry staffliving in thc stall quarlerskilled one .ommon species.P. ,/l.i,llr.V11rotlit6^ntl V. inlira,indicated tionl ofthe mdio collrrcd Sn)rll lndirn in May 2003.ln the case rh.li)ur x\l reliablesources in Trblc 2. Figurestortbotpfints and ofCrab e{ting MoDgoose.Small Asidn MongooseardJuogle Cat. 'er( sare nruch h ighefrhrD lhosc lbr camel?trat shotsor spollightmg howc!er.rrl.rcksonpoultryrrequilcircque|(lyreportedandrcsult .b\.^ations bLrl all are nreasuresof abundance:none can be h a concer'ledefforl by the \illagers conccrncdto trap ard kill dre rel|td r(' the number of indilidull present. Clanefa animalsin fetalialion, sonretinreswjthout bothcing lo accurately "obser! ' rrxppingand spotlighting b,r!c a lhirly equal chanceof ing idenril_vthc rcal culprlt. the presenceof eithcr spccies durirg their noclumll rctilily period.although the senri rrborealiryot' alomlnon I'alnr C ivct ma\ Snr nrg and trappirg is widcsprcadin the cofe nreaol thc rcducecamera traf detecti('nsby a sntill anlount.The meanrrLio l)afkandparticularlyinlhebufterzonc.Sonetnnessomesnarcsfor ol 12.:l+ 6.6 : I ptr)babl} gi\es a tair indicati{nrof thc order of small ctrni!ores were tiNnd ncar thc slallquarteh and ncar lhe magniluilcol rherelative abundxnc€ol lhcse two rosl nunrerous lbrest secufity guard s place in the buffer ronc. Du.i g the dry 'pc. r- r1 | I.r{!: ^\erJl..he(ru.< Jlrh"Lqh.rrn(r:r-r-JpD.ni s F seasonwhen the !cSchtionhas becone starsc. !illrgers $ho live around the park set man) irarcs in and near the bullcr ro e. TdhL 2. Rddtioso.f Cownon Palm (:iet 10 Smdll llriian Ciet conxnon l'dm Civcts lnd Small lndian Cilcts that nove arotrnd frcqu.itr'\ indtuutel b| ddkt Jjon vDiollt louftes a lot thc butterzone are somelimcscnplured by thesesnarc\. One Recordtipe I{j :SIC r{dr) collaredSnlall lndian Cilct fcnrrle and one C(nnmonPrlm Ci!ct malewere lostduring thc lrrckingpefiodand werc $rspcc{ed Foorprints(observxtion .ll scclorsoi pirk) 17.I r I to haveheen .aplu rcd b) snares(ard their trrDsmillersdestroyed). Scat! 19.1 :l The remlins ol r collaredClommon Palm Civet were lbund in thc CarDera-lrapping 5.5 : l core areain Nf,rr-2002 (be lransnitter wls stil1worhng) with a snareatlachcdtooneleg.Whilethi!smrlls .tremayhavebeens.t \l.,tlrrhtrni c.0 lo catchgroLrnd . such snrres are clearlr_ adrngcr to nranr'.small MIAN ll..1 : I lertebrates. I also l.amcd liom inlbnnants thtt villagers \'!ho 95-t: conlidenceinterval lo.b iiequentlr_come int{Jthc buller zonelo cul wooil ctplure animals

l0 x fuller snrallcarnivore communil). The Royal alhirwanNalionrl Prrkin Ncpxl.which is 9l: km: in ru, ishomclo22 z.1crrni!ore \pe.re\.fangingrnsizeironllheSmalllndiarMongooseHeryene! drr,/rrir.trs (0.6 kg) lo the Tigcr Prrt,./d liSl;i (i70 kg). and i elucte\lirc\ivenid!indherpcsrids(Joshicrdl. 1995).Thouruch Ilrger Huai Khr Khaelg Wildlile Sancluaryin Th,tililld (1.575 tm rha\:l canrivores.includingtourspeciesolsnalltomedium- \i/ed telrds ard six crlet d mongoose species(Rrbxrowrtz. 1990.1991). Arlotrrla.gcsircsinLaos.ol 1.1.1{) :l.4,l5krnrinsi/c. fi\e \ i\errds ard oneherpestid were fourd ll] Nakai NinlTheun NarimrlPfttecred Arer (NPA): \i\ virerrids andone herpesrid on the N-akaiPlarerui li\ e \irerrids and one herpeslidin Phou Xans photo pod(h?r FiF 6. Cum(tu tntl t,f tnnher i,i n(tnrl He NPA: fire \iverridr a|d one herpeslidin Xe Piin NPA. Laos (l)uctworrh.1997: Ausrin. 1999: Khounboline. 2005). 'logethef with other wildlite species.all sorall carnivorcs .rl1:carcn as ncat hy k)cal pcotle living in the buffer zone ofthe Nfcrningtu| c\rnnrtc\of den!ities ol snallcarnirofes. most prrk rs \lell as bemg sold lbr cash incomc shcnclcr there is an ofrvhicb arc solilar) andnoctu.nal. rrc vcrldilliculr to obtrin and opporlunity l() do so. One huntef claimed to have cxughr arcnotic.ably rbs.nt fun nrostpubiicatirnson thesespecies. lhe rfploxnnrtcly 60 P. h.r"nphroditu\ in an area adjaceotto the prcscnceof a sFcies in a fafticular area is often basedon very ''i rh.-nl.,undJ^ o rh

11 The uDusu.tll)s lall sizeof Hlawgr Wiulili Prrk. as a protecredarea, undoubLcdl)conlribntes to the t-act LhrLlhcsc spccic\ rc\ide and rangeoutside the corc rrca (in wlrich $ ild prey areharderlo c{t.h Lhrnlhc conlined domeltic lpeciesin thc bLriler 'lhe andbeyond). sm{ll carni\orcs lhat do exi( apl)err1o li!c rnd sea..htir food oulsidclhe core irea. Ffonrt'ae.rl rnalr-[sis.rode ls wcrcconr onl]_eateo by CommonPalnr Cilcl r d S ull Indian Ci\ct. rnd thererre commersal rnlents an)undselll.orents. Staff chickeDsalso might hc .tn easil' alailable foftl sup|LI.

As rlread) indic{tcd. lhe rnarkedtendencv of thcsc \mrll Fis 7: ( hdtr.Li nrrtt of P. hcrnrphroditus (t//.d b\ /ir" c:rrnilores to ieed otportuDisricrllr_on domestic pouhr). tl!) t'requentlvfefoncd iroll) other rreas (Gurung & Smgh. 1996i Nosell & Jackson.1996: Kanchanas{khr ?r d1.1.198i Francis. l00l). hdngsthcrn iilo conllicl with parkslall rDd lillrgers livins places.Canrcra trap nalfunclionin: moslly occurredin thc rain! in or nearrhebLrffef /onc. Thc possibilitythat numbers ol thc morc sersondue ro high humidity and thefe was a Deedlo chcck rhc ser iggressi\'e viveffidi such as Snl.tll Indian Cilel. and rhc rtlo camern-trapscafeiully erery da). whcn there was too mLrchlllin. nr)ngoosc spccicsrre liniled by their pcAccurion as raideri lr1 lhc canernsgot moi\ture inside lhcm and the Iilm becimewet (in donrcsticpotrltry has lc) be takeo accouDtol in issessingotefrll 't'rrr,lrh(r,r1ul.,.rukr'.. Jrn rf,,rrh...n'.r. rr:ro'.,r

ll in Hlawga Wildlifc Pr and for iogistic assistrnce.1 anr llx\r Guruns.K. K. & Singh.R.1996.tiddgunl. tu thetnammals 4 the gratclirltoJohn Tl Sale.who providedguidrncc andadviceon rhi\ Itdian Sub.ontinent.Lordon: AcadenricPres\. l,l0 pt. feseafch. I inr also g lclul tr) Scott Robertonlor his rhoughttul Jo\hi.1\fR..SnirhJ.L.D.&Cuthbeft.F. J 1995.Influenceoffbod cornmerls l d suggcstionson the manuscripr. Wildlite diltribulion rnd prcdatir)nfressure on spacingbehavior i ConservanonSocicrr- (WCS )and wonen in Conservrrion(WiC) prlm cilcts..l Mdl,n. 76:12051212. L.K. supplicdln ncirlsufpoft.WCS ard Smithso.irnlnstitulion Kanchlnlsrkhr.B., Simcharoen, S. &TinThan. 1998Car,tvokr (Sli lent cimera-rrapsand r rrdn) feceivef. wic providcd .Ndx) ol natnlu,tl Sou t Ldst Asid. Bangkok: world wildlife Fund.216 pp. Khin Swc Wlnn 2003. A study of avian conmunity of Hla\rga References wildlile Park. Myrnmar. Thcsis suhmiued io Yangon Uni!ersiry, MyrDmar. .\usiin. S. C. 1999. Canera trapping elidcncc of l-a.ge spoGd Khounbolinc. K. 2005. A Large splted Civet ylr.rru nesuvlild Ci\er lv iv ffa ne suspiLa)in Xc Pirn Nrlional Biodiversity rccord from thcNrk{i l'lateau.l-ao l'l)R. Snal/ Camiilr? CoDscrlrti(nr Area (NBUA). Soulhcrn Lao PDR. N.1/. Conr"n.33::6 Hist.Rull. Sian Soc.41:255-251 . Kumar.M.A..Singh, M.. Srilasrrvr,S. K..Udhayan. A.. Kumara Ba.rels. E. 1964. Or Parulo\urut h.mdphndilus janniu$ H. N. andShdrna.A. K.2002. Distributionpattems.rchri!. (Horsfie kl. I 821): theComnron Prhn Civet or Toddy Cat in abundlnccand nunagenrentof nannnals in lndiracandhi weslem Java. nolcs on its food and feeding habirals,ils Wildlitt Sanctuary.Tanil Nadu.hdia.I Bonrdl Nar Hisr ecologicalimporLrncc for wood and rural biorotcs. So..99: l8:l'210. Beaula ia, 124(t0):193-2O |. Nowell. K. & Jackson,P. 1996.Stutus suner and .onyrration Du.Ls urrh.J. W. loa_.SmJlr. JI r!orerrn Lroi. r \lrLusrL\ c$ n.lbn plan: $iLl .ots. Cambriclge.UK: IUCN. wilh noteson ccok)gy, behaviourard corservatn)n.,S,d11 Rabinowit7. A. 1990.Fire. dry diprerocarplbresl, and rhc cami!ore Cdrniro t. (:onse rr. 16:l -21. communit] in Hui Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. firncis.C. M.20(l l .,l piotognphi( guklebndmrL s.,JThaihnd Thailand.rvrl. Htrl. Brll ,Snrn,td.. :ll3:99I15. nnd South-EustAsio. Bangkok: Asin Books. l2E pp. RabinoNirz, A. R. I 99 1. Behaviour and movementsof symp(ric Gfassman.L. 1..Jr. 1998. Movements and fruit selecrionol (wo civer speciesjn Huai Kna Khaeng Wildlite Srncrtrarv. Paradoxunnacspccics in ! dry evergreerlbresr in sourhem ThLilLnl.J. 7i1 .. Lond..223:181-2911. 'thaitaid Small Cunirote CoN.rr.t9:25 21). Rabinowitr.A.R.rndWalker.S.R. l99l.Thecarnivorecommunit! Crrssmrn. I-. 1 . Jr. Tewes.M E. ltnd Silvlr, N. J. 2005. Ranging. in a rropicil li)rcst mosiac in Huai Kha Khaerg Wildlilc habitar use and aclility patterns of Bintrrong Af.rtir Sancturry.Thailand. J. rzry. E(ol 1:31-41. ,irrrlor8 and Yellow-throaredMartcn M.rri.rr4d!/Srld in nonh'cenlrrl Thrihnd. Wild Rldl it:.19-57. ZoologyDepartment, Yangon University, Myanmar

Recent

Ilerpestidae& Rozhnov.V. V. & Rozhnov.Yu. V.2003. Roles ofdifferentlypcs ol cxcretio'rsin mediatedcommunicalion bv scentmrrks of rhe Caubefl.P.,Tayk)., P. J. & vemn. G. 2005.lnregrndle raxonomy CommonPalm Civet. Pdtudorurus tunnaphtuditus P^l^s. and phylogenctic s)slcmati.s of the genets (alarnivora. 1777(Manrmalia, Crrnivora) ant B&l/.30:58:1'590. Vivenidae. Cfrflnr: A new classificrlion of thc most stcc iosecarDivoran r) Afica.ln Aftn an hiodircr.\il}, tlnltules. .ryanisns, e.os)rr.flr. ed. ts. A. Huber, B. J. Mustelidae,Viverridae & Herpestidae Sinclai & K.-H. Lanrpe.17l l8:1. Proc. 5th Intem. Trop. Biol., Muscunr Kocnig. Bonn. Springer Verlag. Crr!alho.J. C. & Gomes.P. 200.1.Feeding resource p.trtilioning anrongtbur sympatriccamivores in lhe PencdaGcras PoTh- E. et al. 2OO5.Tri.*inella ,rnrfl etiological rgenl ol Natioral f'ark {Potugall.J. 7tol. 263:)15.2a3.(Genexa sllvati. trichinellosls in the Republic of Gninea (West g?nettu& Munes.fuina) Africr) anda re evaluationof geographicildisrriburion for encapsulatedspeciesinAlnca.Intern. J. Parositol.35:955 Rozbnov,V. V.2004.lMcdiated connrun ication by scentnark in 960 mamnrals:On ch.tngcs in thctarrdigm and .r ncw atprodlh to (udics of mafl ingbehay;ott I 7ool.Zh.83:132.- 158. (ll RJU.\,.1 .M\inr.T..7.,s.T & IIrun.S. )n05. Hurr rSt!r'ern'rn Russianl tfopical lorests adjoining thc Hklkaborrzi National llark. nofthMyanmaf O^r 39:192-300. C,'n|rue.lnn rate lh

tl Recent sightings and habitat characteristicsof the endemic Nilgiri Martes guatkinsii in ,

P BALAKRISHNAN

Introduction and r llrt. poinredhead (Mudappa. l9'l'l). The vellowish- orangeneck is a particLr|rfidentilicrtion mark of thespecies. lt Scienritic intbrmaiion on the distrihurion.abundrnce and couldcasil,"- bc mistrkenibr theill lablrCianrSqr;ttelRdtufu ccologyof marycarnivorespeciesin weslernChats\uch asRLrsty- h/n'd thrt occurs in lhe rairforests be.ausc oi ils colour and rpotted CaI Prldi.iillrrs /?rls'i"rSrr. Nilgiri Mirten Mdrk,i sirc.I{owc!er.lheNilgiriMarten hrs r shortblacktail thal is not ytr?//a 8tr./l r/l and Malabrr Cilct .ir.rriki is lerl limited lrsbushy as rhat ofthe Malabrr(;ianrsquirrel (Nludapta. 200 l ). (Johnsjgh.1986r Nowell & Jlckson. 1996rMudippa, 1998) and Martensrre partlylruri!orcus rnd iD\ectivorous.Ihey killand rhisis rmajorhandicap nr lhei|coNeNation (Kum{r&Yoga l]nd. eatany snrallbird ornra mal which they canovcrcornc ( Roberl s. 1999).The Nilgiri M:rrten is one of the la.ges!rDd rarcsl lndian 1977).Thcrc arc rcporlsof lhenl hunling IndianChevrotain mustelidsrnd is cndcmic to thc WesternGhats. lt is the southcrn TtuguLut rt.ntit"n ritl Monil(r Lizirds Vurattu\ b(hgdl.nsir counterpartoithc Ycllo\ lhrorted M:rrtenMd rk r.r.r rlgrla ofrhc (sdi Mudappa.1999) and. cvcn. lledirg on nectrr (Hntron. Siwaliks rnd Himalayrs. It wis consideredas mre bt l'o.ock r911). (l!):ll). 1hc Aclion Plan ol lhe then IUCN/SSCVilerrid rnd Muslelid SpccialistCroup (Schreiber.l d/. l98tl) reconnncndcd Quantitati!edria on thc microhabitatusc bf Nilgiri tield suneys to loclte remainingpopularions ofthe speciesand to n,,rrin ., c .. ir.e. ( orrle.t.renll\.'l-frr'.'nr're rrr(e1:,.rrl) In ,lerernr.neuherl er I1r c\r.rn! . ,c1e. p \e.,deqJxrepfore. i f rhepreferred habitats and a ltirudinal dl stribution ofthis !pecie!. to Nilgiri Mirten. ll{hkrishnrn (1986)srares that the Nilgi Mrrteo occursin In rhis ariicle I present thc fcccnt sight rccords ard dcciduousforcsl andgrrsslands. Howe!cr. this appearsdoLrbtlirl. inli)rna{ion on the hibitat ofthe Nilgiri Mrrten. hccruscit wasnc!errecordedfronr the gmsslxnds of in spircof thc calensivetleldwork (s.c Schrciber!/ d/. 1989). Study species Mudrppa (1999)repofied that m)isl and lropical rainiofe(s falling within an rltiludinal range of 30(l 1200 In are thc Wilhinils aturalraoge. the N ilgii Mai€n is unnlisr.tkable prcltncdhabitatsofNilgifi Marten.Rcccnt reports indicate thal for its mostly black body wi1h.rslour tail. rypical wea\el lik. lcgs it surlives in forcst pntchesor mount{in summils rnd is occasionallycncounlered ln coflte and .{rdrmo'n pla tatrons (Schreiber.lal.19891.In a surleyofleisercamilor cs in Nilgiri L ig.L Disttihuti.rtoJ NilEiinutu,n Mart.s giatkintii in W(st?m Bn)sthefcRcscrvc. Yogrnand & Kumar (1999)recorded the Ghati, hklid. h.olili.t til Mr re.r,d\ in holtl italirs and bltt'k scrts of Ni lgiri Marteo on ly lio m mml!ne erergreentore sls and ba\es k\e\nt lotdlili(s of htul'u,t (Mq nodil.l V!(nnens. wattle tlaDLrtionsof Nlukkurthi. Inn S(htcib(r ct al. 19139). Nilgiri Mane has been retorlcd horn Raianralsin rialikuhnr Nari(! l Park (Madhusudrn.1995). Mukkurrhi Nrtion{lPark (YosrDand& Kunnf. 1995.I 999).Pcppira Wildlile Srncruart rnd Siler( valley Nrt knralPu k (Chrislopher& Jryson. 1996).Sholalaf (Vijrlrn. 1979).UpFr thtlrDi (Cokula & Ranachandran.1996), Brahnragiri (Schreibcr dr d1. 1989), 8q| Kai.ikkaduMrndanrhurai Rcscrve (Mudappa. 1998). srivilliputhurwildlifeSalctuary(sccMudappr.200l)andPcriyrr TigcrRcscrlc (Kump & Joseph.2001).

Materials and Methods

This study wrs crnicd oul rs lr part of thc on going ecologic!l studies of Gfey headcd Bulbul Pj.rdrolrr priorcrhulus. a festfictedrnngc specie\of thc Wcstcrn Ghals.Thc \ur!e) coveredall the possiblehabilat Iypei (dry €2 "-? thorn foresr and \crub. moisi deciduous. wet ard \enri e!crgrccn. montane erefgreen (shoh grasslands)rnd 1No5?' planiations (Chxnrfion & Seth l96El. ranging fronl rn elevationof60m r{)2,100n. Foreachdelcction ol theNilgiri 3r Martenlhe habit t paramctcrssuch as habrlat t),pe. clcvrlion. locationof the.Lnimrl in rhc canopy.heighr. girlh at breast hcighr (gbh) ird speciesof thc trcc used.canopr- hcight. C. crnopy co!er. tf sLrbcanofy.o!cr. t shrubcover (by usutl cslimatio ). distanceto ne{rcll water sourceand dillrncc to rhetrek path wer. rcco'dcd.

14

Resultsand Discussion girth. I[ is interestinglhal five of the !e!en sightilgs of Nilgiri M.rrrcDworc on tLre,.at b spp..1\! o in thehollows ofthe treeand A survey acrossfou| iouth hdiln (rtcs ol thc Westenr resrio the canopy.The sighingofthis ma|leDby Sibi & ADillumd Chatsco\'ering 730 km resulredin r singlesighting of Nilsiri was also in a hollow of an tlrllo.a?lr lree (b{ck cov€r). The N{lrrcn in the upper reachesof the Chinnar wildlife Sancturry cxLcmrl mol?hologl ofthe E/zr?,.drl!r treeswith rnan) hollows il0'15 21 N.'71"15-11 El. Thefe wns no sightingf()m thc mat possibly be suitable as shelrerto nrarens. Hosever. it is extensivell suNeyed Kudremukh Nrlional Park oi Krmauk.t. diilicuh to draw a conclusion fun fcw sightirgs rbout thc Palni Hills. Kalakkadu Nlundanthurli TiScr Rcscrvc ol Timil relalionship between rntl Elaeoturyus spp. Nrdu lnd G).r parl olwestern Ghats(despite the previoui rccord! tBh.Jt"\hta In l..Jl l.rnpu.,ar'.lhe dereriun.ire.$ere sr) of lhespecjes irom sone oftheseareas). Thcrc t!a no sightinglrom fiom lhe trek paths(mean distance = 99 m). bur wcrc rt medrtrm the .|x)ntanegrasslands and moist deciduousforests. dislrnce lion waler (mean=65 Iil).

Aparl lion rhis single sighting. a rotal of six sightingsof Thc marrcnis legally protecied(Schedule ll pat 11ofrhe cight indiliduals of Nilgid Ma(en were recordedffonr !arbus IndianWildlilt Protectio| Act. 1972):is Iistcdon Appndix III of pansof Nllgiri B iosphereReseNe during Septemher 2002 ro Apd I the Co lenrion or lnternational trade in Endrngcrcd Spccics 1004. Twice they werc sccn in pairs and the rest ofthe sightirgs (CITES).and lilted asVUB l+2c (I[JCN.200l).However. habital serc ol solirdr) individual!. All thesightinss were fron ihe destmcti{,r.fiagmcnlation and huniing afe the majorhindrancein pa( of WesteflrGhats (Fig. l). Thcrc wcrc lhrec sighlings fronr ihe elfective conserv{tion of Nilgiri N{arlen. A kcal hunter Silentvalley Nalional l'afk (l l'0,1 11N.76'2.1'29'E).tndone describedhis kill as a,Udr.r',.ri(local nanrclirr martcn) $cighing eachlion AruppadiReserve Forests (10'55 11'l,l'N.7d25' rboul two kg lion Nil.t rbur Reserle Fofestsand his dcscfiplion .13E). Nlurhikkulan ReseNe Forests 0 0'56 59 N,76'41'.15'E) ol thelrrirral wassinilarto rheextenral morpholo!y ofthc mirtcD. ind NilamburSouthReserve l-orelts ( l l'20' :ll'N, 76'06 16 E1. Thcrc $crc rwo morc sighringsof the Nilgiri Marten during this MosLol thc pasl rccordsol lhe speciesafe lfom protecled pcnod lrom Silent Valley National Pafk (Anoot Das. Sibi .tnd areas.However. the resuhofthis srud) indicale\ the Anilkunrar.])en.comm.)Bothsightingswereofpairedindividuals.in unproiected areas.Of the sc\cn lightings lhree $ere ii(nn u1p-or(crecrrer'.Arh.u!f pnr.hL!r1 rJ"1r..,rr1i' rL,lu.nl All the sightings except the one rr Chinnar Wildlilc in the protected to regullt. hunrin! in rh. Sanctuary'(wI-S ) weretiom thc mcdium c1e!rlioD rainloresls.The Inpror(cred1re-. e.|e. iJ' ) | rl,r .'$ rlf\Jri"nl.r(.r..d.n'i L^vest sighting wa! rl 600 m and higheslwas ar 1..100lil with an effe.ti!e. Hencc.thcrcis anccd for nDre \ur!e\ $ort.rnd prohrbl\ averageof990 nl.ln Chinn wLSthcn cn wasrecorded ra pore protectedareas in the lower ahitudc\ ol thc \l^-..i.\'rrni:. ihol,r lbrcsl conriguousto the Erarikulam Nationnl l'ark. at an Legal protccti{)nol lhe rcscrle lorenr conrisuolrsr(r rhe Sile r ele\'ationof 1.350m. Ahhough it is nol pssiblc to spcculateon v:rlle\\drror ilPJrl.. nr'n e..enuJLf,{ hffff.\1r\, lhc livoured altitudinildistrjbutjon of thi! !l)e.ies.bccruscDeilhcr ol lhe Nilgiri Marten. prcvious norrecenl recordshrle beenscaled agrinst effort. Most recordscome lionlnid and higher clc\atron cvcrgrcen lorest. Acknowledg€ments \hoal frtrestsand planhtions rt higher aliitudes:bLrt this is whefe mosiforelt remains{nd nrxt clli)r1hrs bcencoocentrnted. so. or This sune) wai conductedrs r prrt of a proiecttunded by ils o\\n is uninlor rative. the Ministry ol En\ironnrenl and Forests.Governnlcnt ol lndia. I rhankihe Forest Depat1ment! of Kcrrla, Tamil Naduand Karnalaka Most sightingsofthe Nilgiri marlcn crmc lroln areassith lbr perrnils and swpo( I anr indcbtcd to Dr V. S. Vijayan for le\s canopy ,rd sub c{noty co\cr (T.rble 1). The legetatior encourigemenr and suppofl. I lhrnk ny triends tor helpiul paranrctcrsrl lhc dctcction sitesvaried considerably. but most ot conrnrents:.by. Drs. Mrnchi. De! and Honey. lof help and rhe \ighrings of martenswere in the k)p hlcr ol thc canopy.They pro\idins laluable intormarionduring thc field \orkl would like prefarredtaller tfees with an alerrg. oi I 6 m hcighr and I 90 cln loihrnkDr.S.A.Hussain.Geetha.Suganthan,Suresh.Jolhish.Anil

'litbl( l. Hnbitnt (hdrdtt?rinit\ dt tlt( l?te(litrt lolatiors of Nilgiri Mattcn Mafes gsatkinsii 14 W.rt.,tt (;hats, ltul t (N = 7)

32'7.t5 Location ofthe aninal jn the canopy (m) Height ofthe tree on which Lhcanintal was sighted(nt N{canGbh ol rhc tnc (cn) 190.71 Mrlr L1r('p! heiEhr1,nl

Subcanopy covef (%)

Disrancclo nearestwiter sol'rce(nr ) Di\rJnr( ru rrckpatl, I nl

l5 t)98. and Vxnal. to Sibi for the phobgraph rnd ro Kamppusrnt. Jose. Mudappa.D. I U seof crmcrr Lfups1lr survey small carnilores i Krishnanrnd Mohandasfor their assiltancein the field. Finallr I in the tropical rainforeslofKahkLad Mundanthurii Tiger R<*.1\. In,ri. \autl .utal\,.], ( ra-,r l8 o I am lrateful to Ajith Kum{r rnd Willian Duckwonh lbr theif I r.,rr (, w(..ern ..' helplul conrnrentson the Fper. Mudltpr. D Inat I l rh'$n n:\ur(..l lhe Cl lrENVlS Bull.tur: wiltllile andp ftreL t?l a ftds, nustelil.\. References rirttids inrlh.ryestitis ofl,lkr, ed.S. A. HussaiJr2(2):65 10. Brlakrishnan. M. 1986. wild ol Kcrala: Their Mudafpa.l).2001.Ecologyol rheBrownl'alnrCive! Patudo\urut conscrlarion and maoagenent. In Eed(wlopnent 4 l?i/ori iD the tropical rainli'rests of the western Ghats. WesLen Gh.ts, ed. K. S. S. Nair. R. Cnlnrharan & S. Tndia.Ph. D. thcsis. Bharathiar Univeriitv. Coimbrlore. Kcdhrrmth. 67 71. hdia. Chrisk)phcr,G. &Jayson.E. A. l996.Sighling! ofNilririMrrrcn Nowell. K. & Jacksotr, I'.. eds. 1 996. Szrl,s giaef drz./.!ns( rrat ioi Martes gvatkinsii at Pepparawildlite Sanctuaryand Silcnl oclion plt1n. wil.l Cdtt. Ghnd: IUCN. 382 pp. Valley Nalional Park. Kerrla. titllL Snall Canir.r? Pocock-R 1 19:11.7l&e./.aundofBtitilhldia ih<'lulihsCefk)n Codcn. l5:3-.1. nad lr"t\to v,'l L L.'nd',n.Td)lor ,1.l-rJnJi. Gokula.V. & Ramachandran.N. K. I996. A recordofNilsifi m,uten Roberts,T. J. 1977. Manlrdi r o/P.riiri.,r. Tonbndge,Kent: Ernest (Mdlr.r Sfdlktrrii Horstleld)..1.Bonba\ Ntt. Hist. Soc. tsenn Lld. 9l:82. Schrcibcr.A.. Wiflh, R., Riftel. M.. and Vrn Romprcy,IL l9lt9. Hnssair.S. A. 1999.Mustelids, !ivcrids.nd hcqcstidsoflndia: Wcavk, .:nas. nungoos.s, ond tl1.ir rcldtires.An adi.rt Specicsprolile llnd corsenation status.ln lNv/5 8,Ileri,: pLul lo r Ih. rc,s. n'dtion ol nustehrrs ond I irtri.ls. Gl^n 1l Wildli|? utld ptot.tt(.l arcds. nun.lids, riretids unrl lLlCN.99 tp. herKstklsol I dii.e(LS. A. Hussrin.2(21:l:18. Yoganrnd.T. R. K. & Kunrrr. A. 1995.The distdbuln)nsol smatl Hutton.A. F. 19,14.Fccding habits oftbe Nilgifi lnallenJ.Ito,ntu'" camivofesin theNilgiri B iosphereReserve. soLrthem India: Ndr. Hist. -so.. .18:374-375. a preliminary rcport. SndllCdrnirorc Ct)|scn.13:1 2. IUCN 2001.2AB IUCN Red list oJ thftal?.1 rp(.iet. Yoginand. T. R. K. & Kumar. A. 1999. The less krowlr lesler www.redlisl.orgDowDlolded'lNoverber100.1. carnilores. lnSil.r, vdl/.-!. whispe^ d ftason.ed.T.M. Johnsingh, A. J. T. | 986.l) ive6ity andconscrvation ofcarnivorous Mrnoharrn.S. D. BiJu,T. S. Nayrr & P. S.Ersa, 363-371. manrmalsin lndia. P/o.. luliar A.a.l. S(i. SrppL.ll 89. Thiru!ananthapuram:Kerala lircn Depanment. K unrar.A. & YogaDmd.K. I 999.Distribution and abuodance ofsmrll Vijayan. V. S. Iil78. Prrambikuhm Wildlil Sanctuaryand its carnivofesin Nilgiri Biostherc Reserve,India. ln trNv.A adjacenlareas. J. Aorrdr Ndr. Hnr. ,S,.. 75:lt|8-901. Bull4in: Wiuhle and t)tot?ied akd\ ntustel ls. rivftid\ lnl hop.!|it!s of trdia. erl.S. A. I lussrin.2(21:7.1-86. Division of Avian Ecology, Kurup. I). :.1 & Joseph.G. K. 2001. Certain observationson the behiliour of the Nilgiri Mrrlcn lMart?s gwotkinsiiJil Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and 'ligcr Ireri)rr Rcscr!c. Kerala. hdh. Snnll (1nirorc Natural History, a."r.,r l5:1-2. \ladhurudrn. Il. D. 1995.Sighlnrg oflhe Nilgiri Maten (Mdl/c' Moongilpallam,Anaikatty, Coimbatore, ,q\drlirrii) ar Eravikulam Nat()nal P.rrt, Kerali. lndia. India - 641.108. SDk l Cdm^ue ConsIr. 13:61.

Recent literature (continued)

Procyonidae mrnipulaledcontact rates of hosts../. Z,o/. 266:215- 219. Cuaron. A. D.. Ma.rincz Morales. M. A.. Nlcladden. K. W.. valenzuela.D. &Gompper. M. E.l(ru4. The statusofdwarf Li, M. zrd1.2005. Mitochondrial phylogcographya d subspeciflc .arnivorcs on Corumel Island, Merico. aiodl'./r. ,lt !uintion in ihe (All,r,sitl8",r): implicatbns Co^cn. l3:317-331. lbr conseNation.Mol Plilosenet. Eft!. a6:18 89.

luwen Wei l,r d/. 2005. Inlluences of nuting rroups on thc McClccD,, R. A. dr al. 2005. Surveyol Raccoonson Key l.argo. reproductivesLrcce! of the v)uthcm Sichu.rnRed Panda Florida. USA lo( Ba:-litdstnris pro('"onit. L wildl. Dit. lAilutut Julsens!b^ani). ho Bit)!. 21:16\1176. .ll:250 252.

Gomfper. M. E. 200.1.Conclalions of (N,rar rdlll.l) v)c'al Wrishr.A.N.&Gonrppef.M.li.2005.Alteredparasiteassembl4es struclurc $irh parasitisnrbr-d thicks and .higgcrs. In inraccoonsin responscLomrnipulaled tesourceavrihbili(y. Contribtuionesntio.ool6gi.as .n honenai. d Remotulo 0aolosia t11:11'7 155. I'illr, eds.V. Sdrchez-Cordero&R A.Mcddcllnr,527 53'1. Mdxico: Instituto de Biol('gi! c Instituro de Ecologia. General I ni\{r.i,ld,l \,r r'ridl Ar.roro.n.,de \4e\i(.' Wcrdclin.L. & Le$is.M.l-1.2005. PLio Pleistocene Ca.nivora of Gomppcr.M. E. & Wrighr.A. N. 2005.locreased prevalencc of crstcrnAliica: specie! ri.hncssand |tlmovefpalterns.Ttrzr. fuccoon round\r orm (Rdrllrd'.arlJ p/,.r,,i') o\!ing ro .L Litm- So(. 111:l2l 11.1. Yellow-bellied WeaselMustela kathiah sightings in Phongsaly province, Laos, with notes on the species'range in South-EastAsia, and recent records of othersmall camivores in the province

J. W DUCKWORTH' and W G. ROBICHAUD'

TheYclk)wbcllicd WeaselM,rk a lrllidrhasafelaiilcly and gr{s\land 1(]!arrcus other slnall and dcgrrded torest patches sidc Asi.rnrange. occuning ffoln northernIndir can tlnougb rhe .rroundPhons$ly town. Brn Bakongizl'l7 N 102'05E) isrmid Hinralaya.much ol sourhcrnChinr rnd northefoSouth Bast Aea the samchndscape and lhe\\'easel was in ascrubb! coombeaboul (Corbet & Hjll. l99l). lt has long becn known to occur rn the 1.6 linr west ofthc towD. rncl rt least I km tiom rn! Iorc\t. aL northern highlands of Indochira. including L.tos (e.g. Osgood c.1.200m. l9l2).butcxtcDsi\csurlclsof mammalsthereirthe 199(ls(scc l)uckwonh.1a1. I 999) resuhedin onlyone feco d. lhis hrmpcrcd In both casesthe u,easelwa! lccD clerrlr_. atc.20 l]l andI nr assessnentof its national conscnrtion stalus.This note reporls rungerespecli\clr-, lcr\'ing no doubt as to thc idcnLilicalion.The t|\'o recent field sighringsliorn Phongsalyprovince. Laos. and Iirs! rnimrl, 1ccnby bolh of us. showed dark mahogany-bfown .hrilics thc spcciei South-EirstAsia range.which i\ gcncrrll) upperpanssith no tale dofsrl stripc.rnd richdeep yeilou underprrts undercnim,rted.Ahhoughthc\pecieswasnotassessedasafnoritv includmg the rhroat. The tiril was c.60'/. ol the head-and-bod) speciesby the IL]CN/SSC,,trJn r thn lbt th( coivrration trf l.ngthrn.l wrs \isually rLrchnrore tnnnincDt thrn on. e.g.. Lersl ,r!st. lidr dnd I i\ (rn/s lschreiberd/ dl. I 9ljil ), it il a88edbrsclinc WerselM. niLrlir or SroatM. ./r, n,?d.TheaniIrrll !vasaboulSIort surlcr- for smallcarni\ ores:rcross Laos as urgent. in thc lighl ol the slzed. lt was carrving r rat (possibl) ,\rifn.tr/d \f.) and w!! country'srenraining extcn\i!c hibiral and henceconseNat'on ob\crlcd in lotal lbrc.l-2 rnioutesa\ ir cn\scd rnd reci(xseda dirt polenrial.Thcsurvcysdnnogthel990srevealedthal manyspecic\ road. seemirrglyursure how lo negorirterhe steepslope brck into ol manmnls live atext|enlely los dcn\ity acr^s thecountry. even the frnest.Thc rDimrl ncar Ban Brkor:. (een h\ J. \\ D. rlonc. wilhin rcmlininglirde-altered h bitat.'lhisis {tprrcntl} r resuh showed:rrich yellor! thrort. chcst rnd lare-bell)llhe lo$er b.ll\ ofhi-qhlc\cls ol buDting.i p.rrtdrivenbytr{de (Duclworrh.ldl. wasrot!isible) and rich dark b()$D upperprrr'.u!!,'r $ rrhn(i trl. 1999.Noree & Cllaridge.200 l ). Hcncc.clarificrrion ol srarusof do$^lsriF.Ilwrs in vicw fttronh rla$ \ecord\ ht'lor.d1'.,tF.nn! rll minxnal specie\remains rl lcrst a nrtio il-level conservrtion in thcrbundant thick grnss. Alrhou:h nenh.rol u\ h.'tjtr.\',n,.1) seenthe il)ecics ir lili bcli)rc.J. w D h de\,rnrn.,lrh..\r.n!\. collccrionof weaselsrt the NaturalHi\to^ \lu\.unr. S({rh Survey area and methods Kersington.l-ondlD. in conncxion$i(h olhertleld 'i:hrrn!.,'l werselsxr Laos (l)uckworth. 1997).and hence$r' lhlc l,' The sightings werc mrdc during fleld obierratnrns to concertratedufing the obscnrtions on lhe lleld ehurn.r.r' inlestigrre bird and lrrsc ntar nlrl conlnunities of Phongsal)_ necessaryto rulc out Sibcri{n Weasel M llrn'nd. Brc\ \rriped tro!mce.Lno!(e.g.Fuchsir/d/inprep.).Phonssil) isLaos most Wcascl M. itisi?/.)frd ard l-east wcrsel lrom idenliii.lllon. no hern t()!incc and is largel) mountarnous.clcn lhe lower- I'afticulrr atLcntim was given to aslessingthe relali!e l.tll lengtll .rhitudeareas being olr ruggcdtclaain. During wjde-rnmging wildlilt sur!cysin Laoslion) 1992-1999.jthosiedonl)bricl rcconnaissance ri!its.whercrsmostothcrprovinceshadatleastoncmulriobserrer int€nsi!c ficld surte) lining seveml weeks (Duckworth f/ a/. Habitat and human use patternsof 1999).By con{ran.ir rhepasl it wrsonc oflhe beL(er-collectedl-ao occupiedsites pro!incesiir nrrmmals.pri rarily throughrhe work of lhc Kclle)- Roo.e\

l7

Heoce. the drree Lro rccords wilh known altitudesconre of crrDi!orc, rcspeclively.m,rking thcm b\ lar the n]ost lionr al least 1.200ln. Mofeover.lhe XirDgkhoir1nga cl Bolaveo (,,nr!ehen.i', J.\'.,nri ,r. .l crr rure ." ,rm.rnil.. . \rl areasliemosrl){r1.1fi) I.,100m.Littlelndneararyoflhesesitcs co ducted rr Laos: and both had m)sL ol their fieldwofk ovef js significantly low.r. Thar all rccords cerlainly or presu'nrbly 1.000m, thclbnnerinthe rorthern highhndsrnd lhe laller in the comefrom I.100 1,550m is unsuTrising,bccause fbr elsewhefe mid high Ann.rniles. There is clearly more inlinn tion needed Corbet & Hill ( lt)92) grve a k)wcr ahi(udiml limit of 1,000 m. lt onYellow bcllicdWcisel in Lros betbrenrak ing a fiDrl asscssrent is not rn drtificirl ellccl ol surrey corerage. bec{usedufing thc ol conser!atloo sta$s. I 990sh{sc Imc sur! cr- s, el lbn below I .200nl considernbly excccdcd that in higher area! (€.g.Duckworth. 1997). Noteson the South-EastAsian range of tsoih recent sightings were $,ithin l0 kln of I'hongsaly M. kathiah towr. ln this regknr.hunting wrs inLcnsca cl liw other nunnrals sere seen.cunshots were connx)nly hcard.Sl]ull bardsof chjldren. Indochina dnde!en youngmcn. withc.tlapults (probably atiefnrsrly squirrcls Histoficrllv.mon ofthcSouthEast Asian Yellow bellied nd birds)werc adaily sighr.Discountirg mLuk\ andbats. thconly Weaselrecords came from thc norlhcrnhighland\ ofvietnanl. e.g. other\\'ildmammalsieeDinthisdcgradcdlandscaperereNorthem sclcn sfccincns arelistedfronthrce !itcs b] Osgood( l93l). and Treeshfe$ lir,rdi.r r.l/.rrs./;, Inornrte Squirrel Cdl/dr./rf"r i1{as alsorecorded in this regiolrby Dro Van Tie| ( 1978).Cofbet nFDLrrJ. Er\ten Srriped Squil'lel tithti)p\ rtdritinut and x & Hill (1992)n tpcd thc lidochineserange of Ycllow bcllicd sfe.ics ofr,?,o,d 1,probrblr Red'cheekedSqurrret D tulis"nis werselas only the northcrn highhnds south toc. l8''N.Thcf. arc rrrll$ide\flerdlndregulrrl), \cen):Pallas sSquirfel (:tLlos(hrus two recenttield recordsf(rn wcll to the soLrth.in the Ann{mite ,11lr?&lis(on Phou F.r onlt): and,surpfisinglf (givcn thc hunting mountains of.entrrl V ictDrm.One was camefa n apfed in pri'nary t..\nnc). a lc$ Red Nluntjics M"n/ld.&J z,,t rt. Thcsc larrer evergreenforcst rl 1.000nl iltitude h A Vuong t()toscd Nlturc wefe widesprcad,even heing.tudible(on PhouF-a) ffcnn the lown Reserve.Tay Giang dist,ict. QurDg Nam Provirce (c.16'00 N. centre,a silurtion unique ro Lro pfovincialcapiLrls in our 107''30E)on 30 JanLtrtry2(I):l (Long.'141.200,1).I]!en lurihcrto experience.Signs (shich were nor scarchcdlbr systematically) ihc s)urh.o ewasseenintheN goc I-inh highlinds at abouil5"N showed thal ai leasl one speciesof civcr (Vi!c d.rc) wis also in rhe late 1990s(J. C. Eamesi, /nr. I 9119). Thc Bolalcn specimen prcsent. ln lhese areas.manrmals werc cncountcrcdn)uch less fr)nr L{os rcmainsthemosl southerlv fecord. bul thc spccicsnight trequeodyin Mafch 2005 thrn in Novcmbcr'Decernber200.1. The rct bc louDdeven lo extendinrotxr $uthcm Indochina,ai do nrost combinedtdals fof /nlratd, Ca l lo s. i urus xlldD ft n LJI t ! s ( Taniot I ol rhe hdochinese montanentresr birds (e.g. Robson.:000). squinelswere notcounted indi!idually) wercc.:ltlrnrlrrnls seen on l2 observationday! in Nolcnrber-December.\rhere.rs only thrcc Thailand q. r(.ei nner! h. ob.en J .n d!r, in \IJr. h V. ri,tr,sde,een Ahhough rhere are no historical fccords li)r Thaillrnd orhcrrdonl) in December.withfive conlrctsofsix rnimals.Rarlrer (1-ekagul& N4cNccll. 1977),the specie!evidcnily occursin the than nnplying province-widemoftality on r hugc scalc.i( seems nothem high hnds. Vikom (201)1 ) docunrentedr .oad kill M"s."lzr more plausiblethat nranyofthe mammalsiounclin the iirst period spccimcnfrom Doi PhaLuang sration( 1.850m) in Doi PhaHonr sere post bfeedin.qdispcrsrnts in subopiimal habitat. which Pok NationaiPark (c.o.20'07 N 99'12 E), Faog.Clhiang Mai lucculnbed to the heav) huntirg ilr thc inlervenirg ltw nonlhs. pr'\incc on 3l Dec 2000. It wa! in rhc.rdiacentpine plantations Odr.r tucrorsporcntially return to nxne forelted areasmighl rlso (KasetSutashaperJ.Mur ) tr 1t11.1005).Vikorn (2001)idcnrillcd pruducethii pattern. it as Lerst WeaselM. llrallr, without discussingthe possibilityof M. ldr,td,. The article s phorografhsshow a snall mustelidwith Appafentl! no MaJrcld spccieshas ever beer sludied in cntntl) rich ]_ellowunderpafts. exccpl lbr r white thfoat.J. w. l). soutlr |jrst Asir. anclYellow-bellied wease] shrbimtuscrcmtrns exanrined!his st)ecimcnrt Thriland's Na(ionrl ScicnccMuscum lillle knosn ir the region.l1 mal be rclalilely ron-specific, in May2002a dcorsidersthatit is in factrYellow-belliedweasel. bc.ruselhe 1998siShtmg wa! in c{Lcnsi!clbresl, whereas the Thc rich dccp }ellow venterand relativcly long tiildo nol rccord 100-12005 !ightings c.r'nc Fonr a largelr desraded lundscapc \rirh Least we sel. Allhough Vikorn s (2001) measufement\ol 'e,,rJ l ,,mr\,Jn. \e tor(.r.\', .|eJrIii lLrnrJri" | -ror1 head-andbod) ( I 85 mm .rndtail 95 nlnt aresmaller than gi\cn tor paniesthe historicalspccin)crs but rll threeareas. l'hongsrl]. rU.talrid, bl Co6et & Hill (1992).lheratio. 5l%. is withinthc Xiangkhouangrnd thc Bohvcn plateaLr,had by then {lrerdy rrnge of that species(50 707.: Corbcl & Hill, 1992).uy .onlrast. undcrgonc panial conversion lo scrub and ruderal. non fttrcsl. it is tar too long r lril for Lcast Weasel. a.cording b ligurcs landscapes(Ergelbach. 1932r Lcgcndrc. 1932: Coolidge & (mrximum .12%) h Abranror & Bdryshnikov (20t)0). The ge Roose\eh. I 9-l3: David Beaulicu.I 9,1.1).Alrhon gh turlher inlbr ogEphic.rll} closestrace of Least Wcascl, nn red as the species lnati()lr i! nocdcd, ir \ee s likely lhat this speciesii pr)hrbll Multtla tonki e sit Bjt(kcgren, 19,12.is known onl) lio r the lderanr of even quite severe habitrL dcgfud.ttion. Landscapes hok)!)pc. l.o r Chapa (= Sa 1)a). frr Dorthern Vietnan. lt is .r ni -rr'|1. J .r,,,r rhrPhon!'Jl) rerrrJ.!rec\ren.i\J.. r,^. sLrfiiciertly morphologicall) dirergent that it might beller be | .aos s norlhen high hnds. .\s such.Yellow bell ied Wealcl mr) corsidered a separdc spccics. allhough o|re of thc lcw rece t yet he found to be widespreadin l-aos.especirlly if. as nrsgcncd exaDrinriionsofrhcspccirne (bt Abmnn! & 8!r yshniko\ . 2000: by lhePhongsaly records. itfersistsin thc frce ol healy hunting. :197)n inlainedit as-lust r subspccicsofM nnrll! : its tail O\erall.iI is po\siblethrt thcpaucity ofLaorecords todate 'na) lcngrhis 3u7. of rts head rnd bod) lcngth (.d,rrr.rfigures o1,15'./. mcrcly rellecr generally1ow encounrcr rrtcs ol tropical . givcnclscwhcrc:/\.Abrarnovni/r/.1005).TheDoiPh Honrlbk Horteler. selxgainstthis. it was no1rccorded in either ofthe field spccime seenFnost unlikell, t()bc thistaxon. not onlv on rchli\c srrvcls nr L.ros nost likely to derectthi! stccics: ! clnrera-Ir:rp taiI lengrh.but al!' becnuse the holoiypc. with (helhrmt lrndc heil {trlcy iDLhc Nlr rEt PhouLoue}NI'A(.lohnson.rd1.200.1)ard sharplywhiLc. hrs lhe resrot' the undery{rls white wilh r yello! ish { dircct obscr\.rlion survey in the Nakai Nrm Thcu NPA linre (Ejitrkcgrcn. 19.12).distinguishins it clerri) tionr Yelbw (Duckworth.19981. fesFctilcly. Theselound l9:rnd l5 sl)ecres

18

\lyanmar (Burma) l)r\rd5on. F lcd ) r999.A !,lllik ot hdhntu tut{, .l Nt"r tt o.t phor lhere is rmbiguity in current liter.trurcoler the spccie\' L).1\ NB(.\:,H.ua tunhPr.t itr. t.dnP t)R: tutrtodLht\,ri.ntiire: nrtusin Myanmar.Ncirhef edition ol rhedandard n!Lir)nalfeterencc urfnblishedrepo.l b," lheCenrrc tnfPNle.led Are!\atrd w eAhcd Mlnlecment rDd thc wl r(i rhccouorry s manrDrals.Tun Yin (t967. 199:t)jncluded rny dlrle Con\crvdt.n So.ret)- D.l,cour.J 19.10l-istepro\i$ircd.snunnitare\d.t tDdorhinetixnqrt\e .rcci.s ofthe genusMrlr"1d. Thcy sere pi:sumrblv co sjdcred Malnndltu 1:11)21). 16 58 ru) \nr{llrobeincludcd in thelirsrcJition. r'hichcovefs onl} iarS. l)r.rrn5oD.E a 1970.Bnl\ ol rh. I elendreIndo.htna e:peditn tgll ()rni\sion fr.r nnrls. li1nnthe secondcditior. $hich treaiedsmalt 1932.Atn.r Mu\ ,!nrt 2l2r:l ll |urmrrlsa\lvell.isassumedtobeancditoriato\crsighr.Thet99l Ducliwofth.l\!.l19? Sn],llcrmnorc\in L!o\ri nt r.\i\ion wrs slartcdby theoriginal author. who diedon rhclob. on ..oloe\ . behrr n)ur! rd conri \ arnm td// a /,riur ( on!"r. l6:l tickcd up by.r colleagueand liicnd. $ho rlso e\pircd. rDd ll. Du.k$.nh. J. w 1998 A ni.ver-ot dfsc nf nnlsr thc..itful .\.nturlhbroughtoutbvathirdtrry(S:r\ Hrn inTunyii 199.t): Annlmit. nrounrarDsol Ltu\ trit\htih lilt Siilltti.,i\unt. 6t2]9151). hcncc,sucb an omission is less surprisingthal ir nrighiatlirsr sccnr. Dn.k*o.d.J. W.. salrer.R. E. & khou.boline.K. (conrfild\') l9t)9.\ttLllilr To rd.l lo the conlusion, the spccicswas not maptcd fbr Mrrnmaf nt Un PDI?: 11)1)1).\!rrr fi.?,r/ Vienlran.: l|(.N lhe wortd b\ Co rer & Hill (l9t):), althoughthey relercd in the terl lo Con\.rrrn Lrnion/wlldlll.Cohervxtnrn socrel!/Cenrc t.r (i.cu'rcnce in thc north offie counrry. t erhapsuDdefsrandibly. it l\ole.t.d 1\rc!\ md \larershcdMimgenent. ,\. hn\ beenomitled frorn a nc*l]- publishcdconprehen\i!c. rhcNgh t)aiid tserulicu. lt)14 L.\ ottrttt lu /,,,,,rr Hidor: Univcrsili popul r. gridc to the largcr nran nals ol M,"-annur(par. 2005). Entelbrch,r,. l93l.Lcsoisc.urduLno\nrdrd.n.t Oitlol ?j R.r.O2:1]'9 Hencc.it is worth documentingthal rhc Naiuml HisroD MuseLrm. Lo cloD.holds si\ sLnrsfrom Mlanmrr, all cottecrcdin rhe Nal]t fuchr..,.Crhors. A.l)!.h$orlh.J \\ . F.re.l{.. Robi.hand. $ C. T zrd. Trmri ralleyby R. Kaulbachand (;!trsberghe. associaresin l9:18.Recorded co 1 & vxn D ln fr.t A rc\ie$ of bi,n re.ords inn ordmatesarc 27'.12 N. 97'5.1 E and 27'30 N. 97.t0 8. Threc Phong\allprovlrcc rif rheNnj On n.x.\). abn\h \1r\trht \pcc'mcn! come lronr 3,000 (c.900 nr), ind onc frolll .1.500' Nttbndl LIHi\toi t. tunth lI/ . l.:150m)rltitude(H.VrnRonpaey,r/i.r.2005:seeatsopocock. Johnsoi.A. VoDgkhad$eng.a. H.denrlrt. \l & 5atllrongdunrT tl)0.1 l9l lrl59). Th. tarts ttli!.t. t),.\ ol lurr" t iq. I tdttil rr tlk \dtr El Pltor L.ur\ Ntlr,rrl P\tct t.d 1zr \i.dlirn.: unJ hri.h.J r.Njr t. nre wil{lli1c Conse^nlronSo.i.tr .\cknowledgements Le.lendrrS j L9ll AdrcDntre\on hunrtnsr.f in Jn,jo.h,d.j\,rrr,(l Airu\' :12.181 196 'Ihe obser!rLionsin Phongsalfwere nxrdc white sufporrcd Letleul. rr & McNe.li J A. ltt't' v,rt"rrt\,r /rdJrnr Ljnjt,,r, h\ rhc Etrn)peanUnion (l-lU) Phongs.rlyForesr Conlervation Associatiofrir lhe Coh.^rt ,,n !n \\ rlJt'l!. Lon! U..Minhllolrs& IhnrTrut.Dlrrru .rndRufal DeyclopnrentProiccr". and rle pdri.utarlv thank rhe 1..,r!,t,,r,",,.,,..", Quan? Ntut PR\ir".. a.utnt| tinnn, \1i)\ t/( r,, . ,- . l)hongsrlvPro\, inc ial A gfic ultr re andFore stry Ofli ce (I'Ar O) ior IIan.i: !npubLsh.drcpon !) \\ $ l. Jinl{h ,., rJ,,{,.jfIr. .. l rD\rtingus. .rndthe projccrco difector\Visara Bouppha and Quant NaD roren PMc.rn,n DetxnDr.nr ( hfis Hatlen i(r arangiig rhc work. For acccssto the cs\cntirl \ofc.f. H.& Claride..c.l00l lItl 411n|l.t|Lu\ j\,,r.1,,.,,..,", .,)ilectionsof the BrltishNatMal Hislorl Museun. ^mcncan \ '. J.,,,\ \.lJLt ',"' ",.,r,, tLL\ ()sso.d.w.ll. \luseurn of Nrrural Hisrc'r! and the Thri Nrtional Sciencc l9l2 Mrntudsolrh.K.tte\ Ru\.\.ltrJidr).t.r.,,u, \.,Jrtr e\Ndlrio\ ire \luscunr.se parricularlythink DxphneHi11s ard prutaJenkins. P!rl. /.nrl Mrr. Nrt. tltrt ;/rnt Jf, lS lei Pxit.J. )OO5AJklrlsi&t. x,Dau\ir \.1U\onn Brnltol,:$\\F IJa.rin Lunde and Chfis Norri\. ,rnd Jarujin Nabithabararnd '".,(f.l{ | a 1 ..1...t8.....tt4i. u.rh,\ ]t t,,n.,,ft.,,1 lrrta Chrn Afd. respcctively.We rhrnk Alexej Ahrano!. Jonarhrn Bames.Colin Groles, Khamihai Kh.rnnnrvongsa Krrn lioole,C. N{ :00l. rhe hht rccordsol Han! noscdOii.r L Lck{!:ul. Jonalhrn Muray. John l,arr. Scou Roherron. Davc fnrnclnbodia wilh noleson rhcnatioial \lllus or mfcc.rnerouer , ,. .-, .\, \howlcr. KasetSutash{, Rob Tinnnins and H.rrrr Van Ronpac} 1 \ ,.rl.. /., !"" \ rt r,tr pro!'ding daia rdditional (o our observarionsrnd/o rhe Roh\.i. C.2000.,11i.r/!r!ni., b tu brnl\., southEd! Atnl. Loid,)n: Ne\ tublishedrecord. W. c. R. s rcadenricsupcrlinr at theUni of Slrllan l99l Prehceb th. rclllededrrbn P \ln r!nYin(t99ti ryr./ B.ilishColumbir. A. R. E. Sinclar.kindly oltcred him sufijcicnt ,r,,,r,h ,/ Mr,,,kr,. Yxngon:l; Soc Kyi llexibiliLvto parriciprre iD the srr!c,"-. S.hrcibcr.A.Wrth.R.Riff.l.NI&VanRompr.t.H t989.$;ar./j.rtrrlr. in,t?..r\ dntl then rcktlt\: ra o.tu"r rlo.t th. hnlt tu,t References .l nl6tln^ t"l ti\rm&. Clatrd.Switzerhnd: IUC\ \brrmov. A v & Brrldrnikor. C. | :000 ceograthic [rialioo xnd Shoqlcr I) A.. Da\rdnrn.P. Khounbolinc.K & Satl\ons.K. 1998 ,1 IntrxsF.rli. rn\ononrtol wersel M{rLrl,n,/^ tcamtron_ I ndlil unll htbndt ttrt.\ t)fi\it"r xon NBCA||nnfunh pnritu., Munelidne).Zr,,fr. 4.rrrz 8:la5 .r0l /r/ PDR Vientianc unNblshed rponbl th. tentF turPnnc.tcd 't lrt.,k.-eren.B. 19.11(). I new $cascLI'od norhem onknr. ,,l,*'l 2,,/ Areasanrl WarcFhedNl.nxgenrcnt atrd rhe wrldll! Cdrscfvfidr rllB)15:l.1 ( dror. J..\'1clisch. R & Ch!ni0.I,.lq98 Thedtstrtbutionxnd stanrsofllr Thoois.O.l92l Th.t)el..ourextldllionolFrenchtndocnrtramid!n!r\. Eurlsi!nOfier(lxr?l,r/d)iDAsirnprtlimirarl Pr.t. 71,, tu l,n/,, l9ll :-rl 58. re\re$./4,,('NOrn 'lizril. 5t..ntrr Antup Btl!.tin l5:15llJ. R. J 2a)allRecorl\ 01 litnc ttroM rlrll ( dn se.IL J & Roo\elelr.'l t9\3 Th( tht,..ldr\ot!.ftnd. ( hou. lndo.hiDasrd// adnn,,. ( /,,\.,, 26l. N.$ Yo.l. USA: a,owetl. Tizdd. R J . r)!vid\on. P. Khounboline.K. & Sxlilon!. K t9t1 A\ih 4i ( dber. C B. & Hl L.J F. 1992 Mounrlt .t th. hkhnnt(\un R.*to,: u .ud hahitatrt' t!\ ol \:anrI1d t tl N01 K.,! Pat,i.d Ar.r:. LutrS \ Qnrtn k\ i.\ Lotrdon.nd O\fdd. t I K : N.lurutI listor! Ntrsetrn tld)nttui Pturint. Lao Pt)R \ienLinne:unpublinicd repoi b] $. nrblicarl.ns !Dd O\lnrd Univcrsilv Press Cenrrelnr Pmlc.ted AreN rn! WdcNhcd Umrgencnt atrd ttre l)N vin Tien lS?8 Sur une collcctionde nrxinmitirs wildlilt ConscratiorSocictv du l,tlrcau dc Mo. 'l Chru (prorrncedc 5o r la. No yicld^tn). Mit.2,, Mr:. Bolin rn Yrn 1967 wil./ d,nnah ,/rr,d. Rnngoon Rln8oon cazeue. l'n' Yin 1991 ty,r/ ,d,n,,d/r ,/ ttrd,,r,. Yrngon: U Soc Kti r)r\rdson.F. (.d I I 998.A n.tldltl. o.l hubnats u^ | \.1 NrLnE1 dnt phq VanRonprey.H:mr Ihe Crlb cdire Nl.i-!ria\e. H!ry&.s u\u 5tnt11 /r.rr Nfll(i\, Hardph.th Ptotir.t!. ld, pDR Vienlianc: (runi1,. C.,n ^ 15:\) \'1. unpubli(lrcdrepo.rbl-dth. ( crrre nrProrcctcdArer\ andWrt.nh.d vikln.S :00l.Lr:n'.nernwexs.lisaD.n\te.re\olmnnn lfof t hlilaidl NlrMsementxnd $. wildLl! Cont$v!tnD So.r.Lv At\trl.l Thniktrl (;nFtnpln +j:18.19. n thr' ) l9 Appendix:other recordsof smallcarnivores ncgari\e rc(um. given the {mouDl of time s['enLlooking oo soii sedintentsalong thc Nam Outhatlookpflnts well. Otteh ha!cbccn tiom the 2004-2005Phongsaly survey subiccl to heavy trade ffom at lcasl sonle pa(s ol lndochina into China (Poole, 2003) and it see ls liLely. siven Phongsalys There are few rcccnl recordsof nrustelid!,hcrpestids .lnd pr)ximity to Clhin lhat ollcrs lre now vefy rrc ilr lhe protince. vivc[ids tiom Phongsrlyprovince. or indeednr)m rhcncighbouring Ihis mry bc ofpa|ticular conscrvatio| concenrbccausc ELrr?sian provincesof Lldomrri rnd Louangth^brng.Btsehte tield surlc\s Ollerl,l/ra /rrrd h{s onl} beenrelixblyrcporlcd inLao PDR trom ol birds and large mrmrnals. with significantspotlighing. kx)k Phongsaly( Osgood. I 912: Duckworth .. dl. I 999). The state'nen t '[1-"rz pluceac()ss nl.toy areas in soulhand cenral Laosdurirrg I 992 I t)96 by Corroy (1d!. (1998:25) tbal lrt? i\] bcliclcd ro be (Duckwofh. i 997),but thcsubsequent i,ncwhat sinilar sur!e],s'n crli cl in Laos" was bold. given the alnnx{ lotal absenceof thccountry'snonhemhighlandsdidoolincludesignilica tanlounis \uirrblc surveysjn nruchoflhc corntry. but it secns unlikelv thai of s['ot lighting of any othcr techniquec,rpxblc o{ tssessrngthe ifitdoc\nol survireon the rcmncsl partsof the Nrm Ou (asseems small crmivore communiry (:Tizatnet d. 1997i Da!idson. 199E, possiblcl thcre would be significanrpopulatknrs clscwhere in the 1999: Showler.r a1. 1998).Although th€ prcscnt$r!ey did not pro\ince. Clarificatidr of o(cr stalu! in I'hon!(rl)_ prolince and nrclude\igniiicant spotli ghting. recof ds of othcrsl'ccics are detailed clscwhcrein the nollhern highlrnds is a high prnrrity. here.becausethconl]othef publishedrccordsfioorthe pfo!inccarc tho\. nr Osgood (1912). ln additnrnto thosedetailcd rbole and SmallIndian Civetyiveticula indica belou. thes. compise Back itriFd Weasel.Marr.lt strigitlorsa. IIog B rdgef .4r.rdrt:r , ,11alir aod Smlll t('othedFenet Badgcr Phou D? dltt NPA: onc snared and cltcn bl, Ban lan .rttlo!al. r(^.]]tklfronfiound Phorgsalyrown, rnd Largelndian (12'07 N, 102'20E:96.1m) villagcrs on l0 of I I Dcccrnber200'l Ci\er i,i,."? .ir?d?dliorn Ban Muangyo(21'30'N. 101"5(l-l-). (sknr secnrnd photognthcd). Mrn) other speciescrn rcasonablybe to occu nr the trcdictcd 'I prorincc. which remains undct surve),edfor thele llmilies by his circt is known by ratherftw lield rccofdsin I-!oPDR, comparisonwith southand ccntralLaos. and somcm.U have been but it i! unclc.rrhow much this rcllccls genuinesctrcit), rnd ho\r (Duckworlh recordedby othcr bblogists worknrg thrcughrhe sane EU t()jcct nl uchlack ofeffoft in irs lr!oured habjtars .r ./1.I 999). in 20t}l'2005. A rcconnaissancevisit 1o thc prolince br wGR m h $as rlready recofdedf('n Phongsalyby Osgood11931). 1996(see Fuchs .r dl. in prep.) rccordedno small clrrnilores,hut techniqucsuscd were ool veN $ritablc lbr detectingiltch rnimrls. Common Pafm Civet Parodoxurushermaphrodilus

Phor Denlin N PA,\lnflcs.tlong the lowcrllouay Hlmoy Yeff ow-throated Marten M artes aviguLt fl (22"0.1N. 102.03'Et580 m) on I Decenlher200:l and on lhc Phar Do.ltn NatnndlPtui"./"./,4 rca (NPA): Irwoprobably NanrOuhrnk I km dowrstreanrol rhepoint 22'05 N. 102'09 E this spccicsin riversideelcrgrcen ibrest alon-slhe Nanr Ou (= Ou (510 m) on I Dccember2004. borh dufing bricf spollighr riler) upstrelm of the m)uth ol lhe Nam Khang (some way downsr.ea'nof22'0.1'N. 102'03 Ei 580nr)onthcnidinorninSor 5 Decernber200,trKhamthai Khammrrongsr. verballyl.One 100 A common specic\lhroughout utb and centralI-ao PDR 100 rr rway ffom thc Nanr Ln (a little wa] upsLrea of22.04'N. (Duckworth, 1997)xnd prcsunrbly the No(h, althoughtherc is l0l'l6 I: altitudennknown) at ..07h30on l0 Decenrbcr2(X)'li little specific inli)rmrtion fron the northernhighlands. rh. rnioral apFarcd abng a fence linc bctween dense icrub/ ...o darl growth lnd adr) ricepaddy Oncon ll Dece rberl00.1. Crab-eatingMongooseHerpestcs rva rlon: rhe vegelrlcd wcsl bank ofthe Nrm Ou below Ban Hathi'r rll 0l N. 102'l6 E:520 nr).stillwilhin theNPA. aboul09h30. Phau D?ndnt NPA: one abng the Nam Ou xbonl I kni dosnsrrcamofpoiN 22"05N. 102"09E (5l0 m) on'l Decenrbel A widespreadand. at leasr io some arc$ ol Lro PDR, 2004(16h05). Tso sin!.1e!foragntgonopposite banks ofthelower lreqnentlyseen spccics (Duckwofh. 1997). Nam Khang(a littleupslrcam of22.06 N, 102'l5 E;530 m) on 7 Dece rber 2004 (09h05anLl09hl0). A pxrty ofthree. allol a size, wcst bankofthe Nam Khrng. upstfeamol Bin (Lutrinae) foraging along the Trroung122"09 \, 102'13'E:.. 510 m) on 8 Decenrber2004 Phou Dendi't NPA: \ttuinrs sc.c lbund comnronly along G.15h30). thc survcled stretch of thc Nr Va (sevefal km ufslrcam ol 2l'54 N. 102'20 E) in l\4arch201)5. Howelef. this wrs a shon Crab caring Mongqlsc renains commoo in the hill! srctchard itisconcei!rblclhar a1lspmintscamc lronr ooe.roving. arcasofsoulh andcentral Lao PDR. tNrticulafly neaf largcn!er\ animal. A hcrltht populationcannoL thcrelire be inferred. (Duckwo h. I997).butthereislitrlespecificin{or ationlfom thc northernhighlands. Occurrence is not surprisinggi!en rhe Nnunequi\,..J1'rr(r.,rn.r(leJrrrJrl..r'prJinl.'$cr, locali(y recordsfronr !cighbourin g arcrs gi ven by v an Ronrpaey seen in the conAc ol lhe Decenrhersurlcy..t lery notewofthl (2001).

I EastRedham I'arm, Pilning,Bristol BS354J(;' UK 'BiodiversityResearch Centre, DepartmentofZoology, University ofBritish Columbia, 6270University Blvd., Vancouver,RC V6T 124, Canada Presentaddress: 5374 Reeve Road, Mazomanie, WI 53560'USA

t0 Small camivores on small islands. New data based on old

Shai MEIRI

Introduction Here I list insularcarnivores. compiled trom ruseum ,F{r ner. .hJr{err u rn.r,.(.1,,,,(.err frl.lhJl.n1, Insularaninals ha\ c r rcscdch andcons.r!ation inrpo|1arce thrl lar cxcccdsthcir rclati!c numbeN. Material and Methods

I.irst and f(rcnrost the insulaf settings ofien promote A\ p$ t ol-myPhD studics (Mciri.200,li Mcirierdl. 200,h. !ll()patric stccirt(rr and diversificxtion.sometimes in the fbrrn ol 20(l5a)I contrctcd. sLr(ing in hlc 1999.currt(trs rnd collcction ldrftilc radirlion, rnd thus much of the globai biodivers y ora igcrs iD Drlural hislorr"collccrioDs worldwidc rnd rcqucsted re\nles in such c \ olutn)nrrvhotspols. I hc ii)lrtior arrddefaul)erate dararegrrdingspecinens of in{rlar carlri!ores.ln rhelltst li!e ycrrs l!unasolnr.tn) ishndsmcrn mrny insularpopulation\and sl)ecies I lisued -ll of these collections and recorded locrlily data li)r rre genetjcallydiltinct ffon theif nainland relahles and thrs ajc in\ul{rcami!ofcs.Ialsorecei!edmanyd.r!.r lk,nTanrarDa}anand r)licn of great con\ervation pfiofity. Indeed nost anthropogenic Drnicl Simhcrloll . !vhomcasurcd crm i!orcs asparL ol Lhcifongoing e\Iinctions ofaninrals occuned on islrnds (c.s. Stcrdman, 1995: researchofcarnilofeuriffoevolurion (e.9. I)ayan.rdl. 1989. 1991. MacPhee& Fle nnnrg 2000). 2002t l)ayan & Sinberlofi. l99.lr Simbefloff./ zrl.2000: Meiri.r dl. l00.la. 2001b. 2m5a. 2005b). In xcldit ion. lhc rcslrictcdrrca andisolrtion ofishndsoften "nalural nrike lhem i terening crpcrimcnLs" oi ccologic!l lnd I reviewedthe literatureto find data on insLrlafc:rnrivore .\oluti{,rar} phcnomena (MacAfiur & Wilscm. 1967: Mavr. Particulrrl! imtonrnt publi.rtion\ includcd: 1967rRolh. 1992),and conscqucnLly r lbcus ol muchecological, Schreiberc/.//. (1989). Wozencraii ( l99l )rrd l{o$ ak I 1999)lor .!oluti(D{ry rnd hiogeograthic research.lndeed Darwln and rhe e tirc world. Srsrki ( 199 1). Abc ( 1991). Dob\on t 199-l ) rrd Nrlhce delekrFd theif theory-of eloiution by nrluirl selection \,IillicnP.rna & Jrclcr ( 1999)(ii)rJatlnr: \lccrh. & C(Nrn rr'refir\pir atjonal I'rrschand impressionsof insularinimals (Darwin, ( I9,15),Banlicld ( 197,1).Hrll ( 1981). ( RN.ll r lt)86,.\k.d(Drl\l ls:la. 1859iWxllace. 1868. l81i0l. & Cook (1996)rnd Con()) .r ri. r1999)rli,r\.'1h \Dr.n.J . Heiney (l9tl6).Clorbet & flill (199lr.Hclne\.r11 199\ JnJ Records ot occunence of rnsulir organrsns arc oltcn Mcijrlrd (:(l0l)(nr SE Asia):Corbel & Hrri\ rltlt)li. \1r..(rr iml,onant in sludics .ei,rtjng to the assemblageand evolution of (11195)and Mltchel-Joes !/ d1.(1999r(lar Eu.op.r: K..r.nl,, ecological comnnxrties (MacArthur & Wllson. 1967: L.r$br. (2002)(li)rKuril Islands),but nran! nntrc $er. \.rnncd 1986:Burness.r d/. l00l: N{eiricr d/. 2005.r). Herc I lisl occurenceof mustelid!(to the e\clustunoi Small carnivoresare no exceptionlo lhese gencraliz.uions: otlch).pr)c)oD s(FnDida Kcys popuhtions omittcdl. herpcstids lhcrc rre eightendemic Madagascar specie! ofimall carnilores. ard vivenids on islrnds. rhir wenr unooticed in the literarure. up tofive speciesofendernic insularraccoons(allhough sonre are bascd on nuscunr spccilncns. Intoduced populations are not trob.rbl) inrroduccd Prot\!,t lotor lHelgen & Wilson.2003: included.Dataforothefcan vofe taxa areavail,rble upor request. Zeveloff. 200-ll). onespecies ofinsLrlarcoati (Ndgd,"/roni). and For each island I lisl rls htiludc and longitude. ren \pecies endenric lo ishnds n soulh illd southeastAsia tDitlosal. ho\.i. Putudotrtu5 -?\bnensit. P. lisnicolor. Results 1L .. ,, . c , . t ; . I ; . , tt.t\\, tt,1t1.t,,,1ti.H,,1,.t,,,,n;t.,,,t.,,iu. )Irlt)gdl( (rektti. M. oi?ntolis. Mrstelo lmr.olina. Mrtldus Sixty sc\cnsnrallcmi\onsdcurc cesderiledlionrnuseuBt tadn?nti! and M. rutLh";). In addirion. there arc two cndcnic spccimcnsthat wcrc nol li)undnr a sLlrlct ofthe lilerilure ire llsted cllnid species(the extinct l)xrii'r'c/r drrrrdllr and extant Urd.i.rr in I able L I delibenrtelyonitted somelocalrty dru tlut seen highly ,ft,?1ir) rnd one endenri. nrstrlar.!t lpecies (r .lir }ddl.r. dubious.The Smith\onianInslillte, forexrmplc. holdsa supF)sedl) srngaporqxrspecinler of the tMian Gray Mongoose(H.rp.rt.r Small camivoresirhabrt many jslandsworldwide, and ddr,./lii. LSNM0G000/A38520.seeTableI lof nr!'seurndcmnyms). -.r... he.e| |r t:,rt,,tutr,.r.,n.:en.cr.Jr. nn.er\ Jrrn I i nflr\ HoweverC|aigI-ud! if (LjSNM.pers..om.){rspectsthis listirg mr) includiDgnuDy ofthc rbo!cmcntioncd spccicslnd mrn) insulrr hr!c bccnin cror. or rhrt thisis anintrod uccd specnrlen. Furtherrnorc. popularionsol nxrrc widcsprcad spccics \c.9. itldrte\ flatisulo Singaporcis andha\bcen (the specimenw:rscatalogued in lE60)a /r)lrrrdri ir Jara. t1. ntl.onpus tsu.nsis i\1\ushima. C.r./l.r mjor trade centef.and thus recordr cn supposcdl) Sing,rprcan 9cr(ttd Iabe ltu' ;nIbi/ TIIUCN l(X)21.t';/,sdll s,? ilis umphnna spccnncDsshould bc lrkcn Nith a g.ain of sah(Chris Snreenk.pers. on the Califofnia Channellsland! Lven\ ./.r/. 20011). coln.).The natufaldiltribution of H. .dr.,z1jii docs noLrcrch lhe Illalat Pe|rnsula.a]thou:h this specieswrs intrcduce.llhere(wells. Nlofeo!ef-rnany insulaf populationsof small canrivores afe l1)89).l\4istakes in both taxonomyrnd k)crlity arc not unconrnnD probrblr-thrcalcDcd. bul drtt rcgrrding lhcnr rrc clcficicnt.For in muscumcollccrioDs lpcrs. obs : in\.triably soorecollecrions are (r.rorple60 oul ol I 06 populariursof "possiblylhreitened nu slelids benerlhan orhers h thlsregard). I havethercfofe tr iedto pr€senton ly xnd!ivcrrids lisLcdin Schrcibcr"rd1. ( 1989)lrc insullr(scc also daL!li)ruhich thcaccurrcy ol sccnrshighly likely (usuallyIneaning Cook er,1. 2l)0I ). The problen of daradelicienc) is aclually more Ihar thc species;s recordedfrom the adjacentnrainland or nea6) x.utc thrn thcsc figures suggcst.ibr thc 1impl. rcai)n thrl nnn! i!lrnds). Somc is hnds I u rs sinrplyunnblc to locate(e.g .Atllosulidia insul populationsof smrll camivores rre viftuallt unkno$nto ,irntr/d. ll!{NH 9.,1.1.122.firnn "B1irh KunderIslind .M,r.e1d ..i.r.e,,J.'rerrurrqueie.,I..:,1J"{..r\,'ri"n.rJr.'-nr'i iir, n/ BMNH 6.l 1.2.:ll NndBMNII E.2.16.107lrorn 'Joshi ad Lhcreforebc explorcd. -Juku. i\lancls.respecrivel)).

tl 'l'able 1. New island recordsof insular carnivores.

S.vrRtui\- N1L\L|! u!lNll t: :l0 N

til\lNH 0r 2tN M H,r?.nr jtrtdritu' lndoi.iix RMNll. 5 RNI\H 9IJ.1J. NJ 001)5s r0.r-r)r)w - lrsol N jo r-51\ lli, ]1r \t Il 0l ll\ (]NHN1 Mni.rfoi a CNHNl v*k' hin z\'ttic Mua fonq Hv., Crtirtir CNHNI Vtrlts foinn Cfoari] ( \H\1 rt",i, lono | "11",'') zl\lL(l tl! ,ua .s foina .\H\'I ( \IN lltstelrctt nm c^t 2 TI 56nN 5t r0J

ctV .lhnela .min.a F\d tlrnchinhrx,lt US,\ ll\'7 9lt D 60r0N cl\,1 \'l Dcntr,r'r Zllfc L 5.r l0 \ ,lt/t"ia mt@ Yu\hb,tnin.a ' l l - ffi-f\, 15 151118 \l 5hl7\ rr ,n r.,.r*mM ffi'-,u:t ll ,_i tll !!! tl l9 ,tt";tt rtt 6-i.n u."-" ll l0 ll Muskla "ir'"Ir Pa CNIIM

cNllNl M^tela puhits Rrb Co{lu (]NHM ni .l]1 .\ 11' (' E uni;]" 'ih;itn rki III\INH 11.126.75 l\'l lrrT\ lror,l-"tr;r,z ll'll; :apan \st\I7 l0t2l ittun.la sibii.a srdo shiDx NSNIT 1800\ ,ttd.-ra,rs@ I l5?3 rrxr.ld rndn | |_ \4 1ll2\ .nmrlzr uor r,.rtu LrS'\ li,\M I 575t \ l\'l(.7 Hr\\ra.k Canrll RB(l\l | 156.1 5t ]] N \h"t"1^i- lts,\ t\t ri",:t N t6 l2 \f CMN NI i2':t0 N LSA t\1 RBCM RBCM l:t 8 \\' .160{n 'llst R Iathna talata k' 1.,d l'.' L\'\1. | ffi Cr,"a",u,,, n,r.opt,r"ai,u. B " @Mn |a,nd",".^ h,,-ih.,ii; l:i-l' r r\rt , r';'\ o i trli-l)o t'aruAotzrus hermatthrodit us Kon \to llslR f\ l)9'00 N f- ffiis zue Ir{ 12o0N |]5(DL Fi taf oxuts)w-at h.,,ll1"" I..fuli iTclitrmt t\'il,nd IJS\Nl M

I]S\NI 0r'07 N l.lJ S. Cnnrh.l tJtr.L ' .' USNy M LSN\I 8t t\' PtnrJod lotot l.lJ d n.a I'.'r 1 J llsN\'l NI 0') 5N 5l 'l)01 Pro.Jon lotor l\lx Sa. Crinobal Prnrnl! llsNl\l Sxnrbe lrs,\ I I'INII l\'l lir. n taaealtnEo I"d..*, RlDilr a )[5 l ro'mT ZIIF L liv'-t tdritl h{ | 1 '. \1. ' l zRc J.|]]'.r Nl 05"2t N !u0II E ti",,,u t"nx"r,ufil t r t" t tt t. IIS\M 0l 50s

Discussion Heane).L. R. l9116.tsiogeographt olmammrh in SFA\i!: cstmatc!of r!rcsofcolonization.erriicrnhaid speciarnr'.Rtt. "/ /.t,, .\... 28:127-16: Some ofthe data in Table I conlradicrtuhlished recods. Peterson(1967) lists Merlcld ?Mnrr {s ^bsentffon Unalaska. rlcrnc!, I-. R. ./ d/. l99ll. A sloopsisof $e lnnlmlirn lrnr oi the Philrppinc Rcgr ing H",?.n.r/ar?,l.ri, well\ ( 1989)expljcitly stirei rhat lslands.aicllnft,j Zr,1.r(r r,\"tr 5?rr 88:l 6l. 'r I lclecD-K IL & wilsor. D. E. l00 l. Taxoion'i. nrrusard consenarion cllinr.d in Sumara...i! noi supported . bascdon bis tresence rclc!rnccolth...ccoons(Pr,.r,nslrp.)ofrheWe(lndies./.2,,/ oreasuremcntol rhc llp. spc.imen of lt. /.rlll.,ri; al the BMNH. 159:69?6 (RMNII) (19.19) However Chris Sneenk inlirrms nre that Sody IUCN.2001.Rlrl 1trt.y'rl,ud,."k4ann,a^. (llu.t: lli(lN claimed lo hare collcctcd spccinrcDsfrom this island.Regarding Lr$ld, l l'l I986 Conpatutilcbiogcoemphlolnlnn.lsnrislands.Ba,/. rheexistence oo I'ir.,rz trrsdl',rsd on Java.ho*cver.I knowof J. Ltr,. So..ll8 q9 125. no olheri:cords lhat cortrrborateit. apafi fron the t\ro specrmens Nl..Arrhur.R.H&w!lson.F- <) 1961Th.rh.o^ ofitlartl biag.oqtupht I mcr\urcdir l-eidenand Berlin. Ne\r Jer\et:Princet{rr tnrLrcr\ity Prc\\ Insu lar cafnivores represent greal opporlunitics li)r .c!crrch Nfr.Phee. l{. D. L. & Flenrming.(l 1999Requienr ,€rcnunr. TIc hst ii e rnd olicn innncdirlc targct titr conserratior eftorls. The high hundredye.$ ol m!drn.lidn\pe.res exrinurtuns. InArtr rn,ir tr pFfile ofcrrnivores mrkcs thcm ob!i(tr6 crndidatestbr the role r.n/rnr.. cd.R. D. L. NI.cPIee.3l3 371 \e{ Yorl l'lenu . Nlts\eLi-Nl 1995. (n llagshipspccics(Silnbefioff. 19981. lhopethe newlocaliryd.ita Quarcnuy bioecogmphtofrhc lluslelidre falrily o. rl'eMediterunca. irlaid\. t^ir,n7:ll 1.1. lisredhcrc will cncourageeftbfs ir both thesefrorts. IIa!r.E.l96l.Thechllleigeof islandiauna\ n,\ral NhrHI l5:169 11.1. \'leni.S 2(n)4Camir ore hod\ ti/c: spcct\of gcogftphie\ uiltion. PhD Iwish1othrnklanrarl)aranandDanielSnnberldI li)rthc drs\.rhtn)nTcl A!i\ LrnlrcAlry introdLrclionlo theenchantcd world ofc{nrivores rnd muieunrsas \Iciri. S. Da\in- T. & Simberloff.D. 100.1a.tsod\ size oi insrlal well as tir maDv ot the datr preienlcd hcre. rnd many nsctul c!!ni!orc!:l.iltlclupponibrrhcishnd.ulc,,l,rzl:,Vvr/r,.l6r:469 comnrentson an c.rrl,""lcrsion oi this work. lhe cur:uofs aod collection oranagersrn thc uscunr\listrd in Table I and at othef Nleiri.S.- l)ayan.T. & Simbcfloit.D. 200+b.C0Dirorts. biaiesmd collcctx,rspr)rided inv luablehelp during dara collccring. rDd Bergmenr'stule ,9t1../ /-t,r .\,r 8l:57t)563 otten long time afiersards. I \rould spccirll) likc to thank Chris Nleiri.S..Datrn.I&Simhcr|)lr-D.2005b Vlriablin rnd(rchlio.\ ricrirrro.errxn[xnddenLiLnnrn,r r a1,i 9]lll Snreenk.Thor Holnes. SuzaDncB. McL[u. Crrig l.udwig. lri Meni.S..Snnberloii.D.&Drlnn.T.2il)5xInsulnrcrmtrorcbkrlcf!r., r\ Blrdena Shepefd.I-esley Kennes. Hideki Endo rnd Yutrkr Ishnd arc. drd DatnD.liao oprimil bod\ !/e .r,!f \,,!, K, n InJI.,rLrrh.irl ulnJr\e drdpJr.(nrJr.$d,..nr\,tLflr\. 165:50551.1. MillicnPtura. v. &Jaeger.J.J.l!9!.Islmd bn)-leogrrthr (nrhelJtrn.\. Referenc€s tctrcnri!1n!nnul !ss.Dbl.Bes: exampleoi! rcL,.'rJuo., / Abe.H (ed.) r994.A /llnr, id ! rt itl? r) nE lndu"uls ol,[4),, Tokyo Rbpeast.z6:959972. Jrpanwildlile Relerrchce.rer. Pctcr$n.R. S.l967.The land !rinnMlsofUmhsl.l\|r.d: pr.\.nr nJru\ Dum.s.G P.Ditunond.J.&Flrnnery.T ll){)l Dinowu^.dr!8on\.d]d ord zooeeogmph!.J Munin.18:tt9 t29. d$ aris:Thc clolurioi of nr.xiD.l bod)size P,1tr . Nd/1.,1, rr./. t i. Itolh.V. L. 1992.lnle.ence\ fon lllonct.yrnd ta\\i\: JNrrllir nl ar.!,'198: 1.15 l 8 l,:152:1. elepha.tson islrnds.li OV,Lt Sa^r\\ ErolLtitrrrt\ Bi,,l',{\. Conro).Cl..Den'boski,'.R &(l,Dk,J. . l999.Mrnmrli.nbioeeogmphv lol E.ed.D.futurn'r&.l.Anl()novic\.1:t9'llt8 0\rnrJ: O\taRt oi rl'eA leunderr\.chipcl.go of Aiask! r norh tenperare nened llnirersil)Pres\. titum.1 At

l)epartmentof Zoology,Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv 69978,[email protected] Presentaddress: NIIRC Centrefor PopulationBiology,Imperial College London, SilwoodPark CamDus.Sl,5 7PY Ascot.Berkshire. UK

2l Sighling of a Sunda Olter Clel Cynogalehennettii in Sarauak

AnthonyC. SEBASTTAN

On lgth Ocrobcr 2000. { Sund{ Ottcr Ciler (|arogdl. flanks.lhe entireba.k wasgri77led. gi\ing thcaniDal { sillcry ,?trn.ti $as sccn al Sinrunsan) \lildlifc Sancturr!. weslcrn appcrrancct()wrrds thc brck halfol lhc bod). It hid shorl. black Sarr$ak. Nhhysir. This is onc ol only ! handlirl ol rccords li)r lcgs. Thc hil was sho {nd thick, Lrpcilrg \lighll} to its tit. tsorneo.and the fi|st lof westernSara$ ak {see l'ayne ./ d/. I 985). entifeiy dafk brown without grizzlirg. and in length $ai about Thi\ dctailcd dcscriplion ol thc sighting is docurncntcdhcrc to 259. ol thc L('tltllcngth (nosc Lotit ol titill of thc rninrl. addrelsthe deanh of inibfln,rtirn on this speciei in the wikl. and Io contfibute tos,afdsthe building of a knowledge baseiif this No clearview wrs obtainedofitsherd. butthere was clcrl little knownlnd r{fely seenanimal. Iiew n{tualistshrle eler s hiteon the iace andabove theer-|es.lt $ as noifossiblctoas.crtain obscrrcd thc rnimrl in lhc ficld. rnywhcrc in its $1r'ld rangc Lhcshrtc of lhc hcrd. Whcn thc animal wxs scenmoling in thc tlrcninsuh.ThrihndandMrhVsir.Bonrco!DdSun lrat Schrcihcf opcn.thc whitc on Lhclrc.. {nd on thcherd Nr\ ob\ious.btrt thc exacl nrarkingsand patternscould not be delefnined.

The Site Thc xi:r $hcrc it wassccn digging wasdampburnotwiter- loggcd.Thc lcai litLcr$as scaucrcdrnd lhc $il dislurbcd.bul no Sanrursam(01"57N. Irj9'39 1-l)isSafawak sfirstwildlife clawnr{fks w.rc c!idcnt.While thc {nimrl wrs obserlcdshiliing Srn.Iur!. r.cenlly extendcdn) 22.801ha. and cncompassing rhc lcrvc\ wilh ils lcet. thc scouringof the soil appearedro have hcrch. lercl lowl{nd diplc()ca.|. tropical hc{th. mangn)!. and bccndonc $ilh thc rnurrlc rl]thcrthanthe leet.reniriscentofarsrs peat sw:lmp fbresls. Sub-nontrne fofests also occur in lin ted dug up by wild pig\ Srr spp. extent in tbe highest pa|t of the Sanctuar] ( 1.169 nl asl) on the nonhernslopes of the Mounl Preh massif.which reaches1.600 m. The Location and Habitat and ii lhc highcn wcstcrn outlicr ol Bonrco's ccnlrxl lnounhiD spinc.Thc Sanclurry\hurs ils $ cstcn bouDduywith thcM!lrr\ian Thc annnrl was sightcd tu level dry lowland mixed lndoresian internirioIlrl border. diplerocirp lbren. lrnh a| eslilnlrredelevd;on ofnot mofe thrn 5 ln abole sealevel. The animal wasliftr obseNed.l(xe to a snr{ll. The Sighting 2 in widc. Iorcsrstrcrm. about5 nr lrom the water'sedge. The lrail crossesthis stream.with a snlall woodenbridge ove r it. The slream It wasr wetandolercrst day. with x hfieishower between hrdclcrrwrtcr. r slony pcbblcdbcd, wirh iighlly vegetaredbarks. 11h00and 15h00.1he evening was heavill olercastwith threal Thc rrcr whcrc Lhc rnimrl $as lirsl obsened had an open ol furthcrrain. with rDolhcr15 mnr shoucr at 17h00.At 17h15. I undcrslorcy.lcaf liuc.cd ftrcsr ll(rr, Bilh sone rlitti clumps. N,ts$ rlLingthe miinl.ail lionrlhe sancluartheidqLrir(ersin(olhe tbEsi trail grid system.Alorg dristrail. at I 7h.10,t head an animal This stetch of the stfeam is entirely ftrcsted. bul r shorl digglng on the lorest tloor. al a distanceofabont 20 r.Sca ning disrancedownslrernr lt becomesbrncki\h and open. with palnr\ thedark foreit floof with binocular\.I spolledthe an imal i localion Or.orp.rrd andp,rndnns P,",iddtr&! sprcading across thc widennrg tronr leales being flung up nto lhe air. The anrmal was digging watercoursebelbre rt erlers the sel]. aorongn tlre leaf lirter rt rhe baseofa ranar bush. Discussion I nr)r.d to gct into { bcttc. positi{rr to oblcNe thc animal. \,1) rolenerl alerleclthe a i raltom)prese ce.Il lioze ibr rboul The main feaNres that identit'iedrhis aninrrl rs rn Ottef 5 scco ds.lhcndartcd rbour l0 ) in a slrrightlinc.lo n posilion Cilcl ucrc the shorl tail.lhe long $,hiskerslrndwhite mafking! on about l0 nl from me. My fir\t sighl of the :rrimal as it moved was the lace. the sho|t tail. thicker tow.rrdsthc basc.cxcludcs rll thc thlt ir hrd while on its head and f&e. other civets on Bornco. Thc N{!h} or Teledu ,Urld"r jd!.rr.rjlr does nor have an oblious tril. and hrs clcrr $hitc The aninralwas behind a bmnch.allowing a view of onlv nrartingsdosn;tsentire hack l hc longwhiskcrsrulcoutx11 olhcr thcback halfofirs bodv. lhcanimalhrdrdark bfownpclagc. silh \mrllcrmi!orcs h Borneo.includins olher relativelyplain broun a shofl r.ril. The hind qu.rrterswrs evenly coloured dark greyish speciessuch as ollers and nrorgooies. br(Nn. with a disrinct gri/rlcd appearance.Therc wcr€ bnger. li!htef-coloured hai|s stickingout ffoln its lower back.colrtf!\ting No other animal on BorDro. or anywhere else for thal with thc c\cn hn^!n cok)uringol thc bod). Thc rDinirl wrs ma(cr.h.rs\uchlongwh(kers.ThesuggestionsthatthesewhiskeA breathingheavil]. cau\in: its entirc hody to henve. afe tactile. rnd uscd ftr'dctccting prcy in water are strergthened h) the obserlation thrl dcspitc thcir cxlrrordinary le gtb. they I ohserled this aninraltir rbont 20 seconds.then it da.t.d wcrc stiff rnd lhc rnimal could hold them firmly along its sides o11.{gain in x slrrighrline lio rInylelitoighl.rcrosstherailand inro the lbrest The trail was aboul3 nr \ride. indcomplelely clear d vcgclalion.gi!ing a clc,rr !icw ol thc animal as it cr)sscd lhc fl'. $ hIi ^1 rh( r:r.ern.l rho'e rhe<\(. J ( ..,|.'.. n| trail.iboul6 7 n liornm] position. with descriptionsof the Cilet. Thc Mahy Cilct vnc//d rnSdftrrSd has a bl.rck lnce with white on its snout.r black and 'the rnimalrfdsrhout I m long.Ithrd vcry lonS grclish (not shitc pr(crncd (hroal .rnd neck. r spdted bod) rnd r long. whilc) whiskcrs, hcld flush xkng its sidcs without t(trrchiDglhc b{ndcdrail. Hose ! Ci!eI Di)lt,ldle ho*i 11, tr $ hrtcmurrlc. snrnd ltsit no\ed. The shiskersreachedalmosl midway dow. ic neck and undefpafts

21 Thegail ofrhe aninalwas distinct. Ii moled in a scurfying This sightingw rs obtrined during !vcLand dinr condition\. lrshion. totally unlikc thc gri! of a !)pical civet (e.g. ynr,.rdl. on .t da] Lhrt h,rd bcen dreary froln norning. The Otter Civer is \ihich has longer legs ard a lnore bornding nr)lcment when assumedto be noctuflral,and lhis \ighling is consislcnlwith this running. It! bodv wis held level lrnd closc to the !trNnd when polrulation.bei g secnin thc lalcc\cning ilr low light condirions. runrring. sithout any ob\'ious \crticrl or l{tcful flexing of the ThesignificanceoithescwcathcrconditionscanonlybcsI'c.trlated 'prne. This movemenris bcstdcscribcd as s.uttling, and luggeits upon, bul e!cflhclcss. rcprcscnlsan inlcrcsling irsight into the r lhofi le!:ed anirnalwirh a lhicksel torso. not unlikc a badfer. ecology and behaviourof lhis cnigmaricinilnal.

The OrterCivefs applrcnLrlriLy i! purzlirg. Recordshave References heenoblainedalnlosierclusivelyfiondircctsightings.ratherthan I Ionl camera-trappingor nandard mannnal suN cv techn ique s such Pal e.J.. Frlncis. C. M. & Phillitps.K. 1985.nrddtrd.tuir. ri !pol-iighling rnd con!enti()nallrrts.Its obvi(Ns adaptaiionsto nnnnal t.'f 8o d1. KorrKinabaluand Kuah l-umpur:The .ur rqualic or semi aqurlic cxislcncc havc led 10su8gestions thai Srbrh SocicL)with Wo d wildlife lrundMalaysia. rr nray be largelt confined 1(rpeal sw.rmpforcns. l his crnnot be Schreiber.?\.. wirrh. R., Riffcl. M. & VN Romprcy. H. l98t). Ltr\prcvedirt the preserl. glren lhe prucit) ol survcy work in the W?osels,riett. irrtgoosc\ dntl thei rclatiet: M a.tio p.rL swampsol Mrlnylia and lxlonesia. Howeler. rhis sighting phnJi1r|he conserra|iono|t rst?Iids dnd I i' eti.1s. Gland: .rddsto other rccordsnr rcccnt iiars lionr lowland dry forest. I[JCN.

Aonyx llnvironmental,PO Box A1195,Kenyalang Park, 9382,1Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

Otter Civet at Kaeng Krachan National Park. Thailand

The notebelo\v liAr appcarcdin Bird Con'er\ Jrr,n 5,ri.r. of Thailind Bullct and sccnrsnot t() h!\c b..n li)rnrJll\ $ nr!f LrpAllempls lo traccLhc origirrl obscn.r hr\.lulcd..!\i Nrh kindper ilsion of lheBird Consenrtion So.iLt\ ol l htrrlrnJrh. rcco|disre|n)ducedhe|e.hecauseofil\ou(\lldilf lling allhemar-linof therangeof rhis !er) poorl\ rrx)sn \|,itr.\

Anon. (= Round.P l) ). l99li. Ottef Civel at Kieng Krlehrn Nationrl Park. Bird ( ort.^t1tbn Sa.i.r\ .l Thnilu|l B&ll.rnr 16(5):16.

T\r'o Otter Ci\'ets C\rr8d1. ,srr.rii rere \ecn in Kacng Krachrn Nltr)nal Prrk ( l2'57 N, g9'2l E'. Phctch{buri b} Nlrs ShannrSh.ridrn Johnsol on l2 Nlar.h 1998,rr aptrox.I a.m.. ltlons lhe rcrd in lowhnd litrc( bclwecn thc km 15 rnd km 18 nrxfLe*. They descendedro a snrallstream at the sideofdre foad rnd. a few second\aiter reachingthe sater. notiled the obserler'! prerencea d scunied awiy (bur nolbetbre ill lhe salientteatures hadbeen roed). They wefe brownin colour.had short. broadtaiLs. paniall) wcbbedlect. widc nn)ulhs/!r('uls.and verylong whiskers. Thc undcffur wrs saidto bc buil_f.with grey lips.tt lhc end ol lhc hairs. Docs an)o e elseknow of any co lirnred recenlrecords ol' thrs\l)ecietl The fequestforfu,1herintonnatiorf rcducednoothef

Ak, Ci,./ Cy.ogalebennetti! Phtn.: vi1\'.nddr Ivildlif? Bn.di,is aenter A Large-spottedCivet Vizterramegaspila record from a mid-altitude plateau, Lao PDR

KhamkhounKHOUNBOLINE

TheLnrge-spotted ruggedhills olef 'nuchofmuch olLao PDR (Evans& linrnrins. Circr Virend mryatpiln 1998).In this coorext.ir would nol bc so surpnsingalso to flnd on is rather rafelv recodcd the plateausome m4nrmal spcciesabove their ulual ahiludinal &ross ns range aro was ringe. Thisisalsothemost nodherly rccordin Lao PDR. although idcntilicd b), Schrciber!/ this mry mcrn little becausethe specieshas bcen crnrera-trapped al. (1989)rs rpriority fb. faf to thc north i Kachin State,Myanmar (Lynan "/ o/. 2005). Iield surveys to locate \urvrling popularion\.and for cxtlanalion as to the ciuses ol it\ Acknowledgements rpprrcnr rarity. Since lhen. there hale beenvarious Iicld rccords l()n scleral countries. lhese were revicwcrl b] Lynanr rr d/. Pcmission toconduct fleld researchin Nakai Ninr'Iheun 1l(X)5). sho found thrLolcrwhel ringly recordscameliun bck,w was prolided by the l)i!isi()n ol Forcsl ResourcesConservation \Ni i, .,l r!e r rht'.1'nrf\l,,f .(errrlor( r (on\er.ion!.r.^. (DFRC) ofthe Depafnent ofliorestrl,. andI pnrticularlvthankMl run) cou rriesofthespecies s nngc. suchrn alriludinal restriction SangthongSouthinnnakoth.I am pafticula l graleful1oDr Arlyne couldrlonebe restonsiblci(trtherecenl scarcity of records.I-tna'n Johnsonof ihe wildlife Conservrrbn Society (WCS) l.ao PI)R .r.r/ (1005)r.icrred Lotwo unpublishedrecordsfro'nhighefrrcas, Progran and Dr Ramcsh Boonrltani who suppoted the ficld and lhis note docunents one ol lhcsc. rcscrrch throughout.I thank all my fricnds in Nakar-NamTheun. especiallythoseinthe Forestryscctbn. I wish lo rcknowledgeMrs On 2E September200t.l w.Ison thcNaktiphtcau. central l-arsan y S)lalong rnd Ms Emily Hicks from thc IUCN Lao PDR Lro People'sDemocraric Republic. and found ir Ban Thalang(= office fof iheif rssistanccrndadvice. lam gratefult()al1 my lricnds Thalangvillagc;lbrnernameBanNamtheun:l7''51'N. 105'01'E) in wClS. DI-RC and ItlCN. I thrnk Mr Sonrpong.the headoflhc a lieshly-killed t,arge spotted Civet. lt wrs distinguishedtrom Nakai District Crbinet oilice and Mr Xienkco. thc herd of Ban Large lndian Civet v..lr.r?d by thc bold andsharply-edged black Thahng (Ban Namtheun) village. for rhcir cnthusinnic supporr spolling on lhe dorsun. with an utper n)w otsl'ors amrlga aling tfiruughout thc ficld research.My field rcscrrch in Nakai-Nanl as a horizontalb.]r toward! the Lailbase.and the tail paiiern.ofa Thcnn $'as supportedby a grant (Agrcc enl Number 98210 I drrk dorvrl stripe oler bold dafk fings. As the spccicscrn be G79l) to the IUCN Lro PDR Programfronr the Asian Elcphrnt difficnlL to idcnril) (see Duckwoflh. 1994). Iphotogrlthcd rhc Conservatior ljund. Unircd States Fish and wildlife Scrlicc animll (l,ig.) and rhcsctcalures are clearly visible (USFWS).I wouldespec ially lilc to rcknowledgeDr Karl Stro'neycr ofihe tlSliws f(r his $rpport oflhis study. Ban Thaleng lics at ca. 520 nr and is thus significantly higher ft:rn ihe other rccentfield rccordsprcscn(ed in Duckwofh (1994.1997), Ansrin (1999)llnd Lynancrdi. (2005). Although thc Ausrin.s. c. 1999Camcra trdppin! cudenceofLrrge spoit d Civcr(lrt.rd animal \ras seen in a villNgc lnd thc prccise hurting sne is ,,.gdrr,i/d)in Xe Pirn Nrlnr.al BiodivcrsitrCon\ervaLion Aer unknown.it can saLly be assumedlo bc Nllhis ahi(udeorperhaps (NB(Al. SouthcmLxo PDR ,\Iut.Hitt. Rull stuhs.. q:245 251 slighrlyhigher.The Nakaiflrtcau covers1,250 km'. is largelytlat Duck$orrb.J W. 199.1Ficld obscrvllions ol Lrge spolled(n.t ti'.rz and $pporls N nnxaic ofpine a d broad leavedeverg.een lbrcst 'kgalliLr ,n l-a.s wirh norcson the nFnlilicdion oi dic sfc.i.s ar 5m-600 m. Hillocrs donrinated by broadlcaf foresr occur. Snatt (-Lrniror. (ons.h. l1:l l Duct$onl. J. w. 1997Snrallcamilors irrLlos: ! sLl tarticularlyin its east(Thewljs.r dl. 1998).Ilunring has been ecologt,bch,rburand conrrvrdod. lier/l (-1r,4,r. C,,szr. l6.l 21. heavy in this afea since 11 lcrsl the early 1990s.All evidence Elatrr- T D &'alnnnjn\. R. J 1998 Re.ordt ol bi.ds ionr Lao\ dunng suggestslhrtwildlilc mealenren on the plateauis killed locNllyand Ianuar] Jull l99.l Farktail 13:699(, wildlite that none is bn)ughtin: to lhc conlrary,much is exprled Evds, I. D.. l)nckvonb. J \\ & Timmins,R. .1.1000 l'lcld obsctlatbns fiomtheplareaun)townsin lhcpro!i ce andiurther aileld ( Nooren of lrrler nnnnrals in l-ros. 19941995. Md,,,k tu 64 55 l(X) &Clafi.l-qc,2001:l8l182). Moreover. Ban ThalenS is 25 km fronr Llnln, A J. Mln,r Maung.Sa$ Htoo lha Po & Du.l'*orrh. I w 2005 Lhewester edgeofthe plateaua.d thc ncrrcsl hrbilal below 300 Recerl re.,trds oa l-afgc sto ed Cirel virrl,r ,r'g/vlll, trom Thailandxnd Mlinnrfu Sn!/l (laffn,f, ai,rrc^. l2:8 II Nooren.H.&clrridge.G.2001 triuli.k tua. in laa:: th?erl ollh? guh. \cthcfland\ conmrLLeelor IUCN This single record should not bc takcn 1(' indicale that Amtierdinr: Schrcihcr.A.Winh,R..RilGl.M.&VxnRom|rcy.H1989. W./r./t.nrll] Large lportedCi vct might o(cur widely up to thi! alt itude.Irirstly. nanslr!?r a,rlttuit r.1u1^es:dn artion phnlar th( tot* ^'atuar "n qr..een .r e\ren'r\f rr ,. t"ohJhlJrJ'. l\( D.,r(duNon( r, ,,xs/.lid d,l1n?,,t^ (;landrIllCN. survcls. including spot-lightin! and examination of Thewlis.R. M. Tinmlns.R l.Fv!n\. l D.&Dnctwonh,J. w 1998lhc hunledinimals,duringlt)9'1 1995(Duckwolth. 1997:E\'ans.rr?/. conserlrtioDslaN ol brrd\ in l,aos:r revies ol I'et tpeties aizl 2000).Thisworkfoundl-nrg€IndirDCi!etregularl).andsowould C.n\.n Int?n 11.8 (suppll:l 159. prcsumabll,also haveturned up Large sportcdCilct. il it were at all conrmon in the afea. Ecologically. rhc plaleau is somewhat Wildlife ConservationSociety - Lao Program, anomalous{br i(s allirude.lt suppollspopulati(nrs ol vrrious birds PO Rox 6712,Vientiane, Lao PDR. (whichhavebcennuchmorelhoroughlysurvey.dacrossLaoPDR CurrentaddrcssiWW F Lao ProgrammcOffice, thanhrvc smallcarnivores) more typ icalof bwcr lying rreas.This presunnbly reflectsits almxt lNcltopogrrphy. in conlraslto the PO Box 7871,Vientiane, Lao PDR.

26 A short note on the activity pattems of Viaera tangalunga and Patddoxurus hermaphroditus in a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia

Mohd. AZLAN J. bin Abd. GULAM AZAD

'1his notc clr ines the activity fattcns ol sorneviveffids Thc tcrcentages of activity lc!cl tor eich specieswc.c r\i g canefa trap photograph\.The intbrmationoll vircrids war !.ithereddu.ing rcamcrrlrapping siud]_on Tigcrs Pathetu ligtis .il JerangauFofest Rcscrlc in Terengganu.Malaysi! (Arla & Shannr. 1003), whi.h wrs conductedtiom Fehru{ry 2000 unril Lt Ocrober200l.l hisrccordswirhKawaoi\hi's(2001 )call furheuse ''| rr\rlr:,\ JJr. n(.re. I'"m ..,rnrr.,rr:'pninf whcr!/,isthe umberoffiltefcd pholos al each hour {nd:r .rudies.lhe camcraswcrc serat approxinutel) 50cm rbore the i! the lotal numbcr of liliered photosli)r l,l hoursperiod aknrg thc rrcund krgcted oo telrestrial rnimals. Dcllrled inlormatron on .rmcrascrt;ogandstudysitehrsbccndescrjbedinAzlan&Shamr 11001).A rotalol 2.216photo fecordsof idcntilirble \rildlile wefe Vivno tanguluga t grounddwelling civel {Mcdwr}. recofdcd,ir which.l2% of thedivehity of nmstclids.\'ivends.illnd 1978) while t. hont4)hroditus i\ largely abofeal (Prync "r d/. herpe!tidsthrt occuh in PenrrsulafMalay sir u rs idcntilied (Azl3n. 1985).Figs. I and 2 show thar bolh specresare pfedonrrnrDtll t003) cfefuscul&. Noclurnal activiliesof 11ansdlrirtd showedatlcrsl t$1) distinct peaks.ilnmedj,rtely bcll)re dawn and lhofll) bclbrc In order to calculate {clivity level. the date and timc dark. This finding is consislenl with Col(nr. (20021,$'hefe Irn i rpdnted on the thotograph, rvereused. Using Lhcncthodology experinront using radio telemetry sho$ed t': rnrg.r/rrr-ld \r\ olWong e/ d/. (2003),drenumbcr ol photograph\iaken rrrarious lbund actile herwccn l80l) hrs aod 0700 hrs. rimcs$crcrelatedtoactivityI)eriods.Duringthestudy.so'neolthc thot(x withou(r liltle recordwere discar.lccl Iron analysis.This hrs This suggeltsal]ern).I oIrcstbetween 081)0 hrs Lo I 8(10hrs .nrblcd cslimatesof activity lclcl onl) lbr Mala,vCivel v ,erld aDd0700hr\ to I800hrsf(n v. tunryalmsu^Ni P. hernkttnio.lttu\ tdnsulunsu aind Comnron Palor Ci!er Pdrado\urus respecdvely.Very low tcrcstrial acti!ilies diurnxll) {rgge\l (hll hn tlphroditut, brsed on 19 and l,l filtcrcd photographs thoscanimals may a!oid confrul!Lion \iIh larger predrt{)r. \ueh rcspeclively.Photo fecords w ithin therange of 1800 0600hr\ \| ere as Tigen PiTrl/,.'n .rs/ir and Leoprrds P. /d,?/rij. $ hifh o..ur In :rul'cd r\ nocturnalactilities while wirhin 0600'l800hfs wcrc Lhisstrdy area.P. ,.rndl rr.1t&r .tl$ sho\.,r hish.r no.runriL , Sfoupedas diurnal rcrivities. a.livity level comparedlith v. t,n.qd/rn(d lTrhl! I

t-19

25

Szo

i lt

sloOo ,r!o 6!o o;90 6!o 6)^ C {!oq9o"C$},^09t$9tC$}"*1"0.1".*t"+t ofnfO!"+f hour

! it. 1. A(tirit) l.,f.l rt V. tangalungard. ord?d n d re.ondar'"Joren il Pcnitatlar Ma!4\ta. t7 l=l.r

16 't4 x.^a i- tz 9'o

u4 2

.0 .0 s.o.e .o0.00.od.os.os.sd s d.s 0.o o\' 'v" b 61seno$osr|tr^ufdnsnqff,*f hour

t ig. 2. A.ti|it,\ |e\el ol (% I P. hernnphroditui /?.o/./&l in a se.vtlan tbr?n in P.nDtsular Mald\sid

Tablc L Thc percentageofnocturnal anddiurnal rcLivity lcvel tbr P' /r.ilnr?,toditus nntlv. tansdlunsdrecorded in r second!'y ntresr in Pcninsulrr Malalsia

SPEcrEs C uM^i!,\ NANlt q.Dit,RN^r 14 93 7 Mrhv Civct 74 26

(he Acknowledsements (lol6n. C. P. 2002. Rrnging behaviourand adnitl of Milay C;vct lVi\era to|gulungtl) in aloggcd.tndunloggedfbr€lt I would like to tlraok the Depallnlcnr ol Wildliie and in Ddnum Vallcy. Easl Malaysia.17rol. 257:,171485. Nrrionai Parks.Peoirsular Ma la) sia. Dcpartnrcntol Forestryand Kawanishi. K. 2001. Srandardizeddata 'nanagcmcntsystem ior lrlil-DA JcrrngauBaiu Mrnagementarrd setilers for ihcir $rpport crmera trapping studicsin Malaysia. J. wildlifc & Parks firthisprojecl.Inrddilion tothis we arealso are grarefultr)allthc I9:75 88. strkcholdcrswho hlt!eprrticiparedin this prcject.we a.c thrDklitl Medway, t,. 1978. The ",ilt1 armaLs ol M.lltta (P.til1sulor (o En. Mit Saueh.Raliegh lntenrlbnrl (M.rlalsian Chapier)and Mala,"sio)unl Sinsupot(. 2"ded. Kuala Lun)pur: Oxlbrd volunteeN ibf their h.h h rhc lieldsork. I anl gratetul lo rll UDi!ersilv Press. WWFM stalt.!especially Dr. Diony!ius S.K. Shrnna who helped Palne. J.. Fran.is. C. M. & Philips. K. | 998. ',l li"1i1.q,iild r, //r.' ard guidedthroughout lhe ficldwo*. Thrs proiect(MY0086) wai nllin|tuls ol Bonrco. Koia Kinabalu: The SabahSociely fundcdbr WWF UKrnd WWFJapan. with WWI] Mahlsi.r. wo g. S. T.. Servheen.C. w. & Arnbu.l-.2003. Homc rangc. References mo!e nrenrand rctivity palterns.and beding silcs ol M.rlayan $rn bcus 12fu xtos ,r,/d rrrrs in theminlbren ofBorneo. Arlan. M. J. 2001. The dile.sity of nrunelids.rilenids and Biol. Consor. I lt):169l8l. hcrpcslids in a distufbed forcst in PcnnrsularMalatsia. S|tull (:arniwrc Cons(n.2l:8 9. Animal resourceProgram, l'aculty of resource A/hn. iU. J. & Shir u. D. S. K.2001. Clmcrr Lruppig rhe Scienceand Technology IndochincscTigcr(tdrrlrdra /igllr.o/t?/ri) in aSccondar) UniversitiMalaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota li)rcs1, Peninsulir Mrlaysia. RulI.\ BulL.tool.51:1)1 Samarahan.Sarauak. Mala]sia 12'7. [email protected] 28 SPonsors

Weare gratefulto thefollowing for sponsoringthe publication ofour ne\,iletter:

ZoologischerGarten, Kijln. Germany WoodlandPark Zoological Gardens, Seattle. wA, USA St.Louis Zoological Park, Saint Louis. MO, USA TheRoyal Melbourne Zoological Gardens, Parkville, Victoria, Auslralia Mr. EmmanuelFardoulis, Randwick, NSW, Australia SacramentoZoo Chapter, American Association ofZoo-keepers, Saclamento, CA, USA' BirminghamZoo, Bjrmingham, AL, USA BrookfieldZoo, Chicago, .lL, USA

me Nigii ManenMaflji:esgwatkinsii, ot. o/r,€ /drs ?ndenicmannaLs ol the west(rn Ghats,photgraphed Jion SilentVall?\ NationoL Pn , KeraLla Phota:Sibi M)

Subscriptions Subscriptionfor 2006(two numbers planned) is € 15. A11subscribers please send cash: € 15,(or 20 US$,or l0f, or 25 Swisstrancs) On all cheques,please add 5070 to covercurrency converting and banking costs and send to:

Harry Van Rompaey'Jan Verbertlei,15 '2650 Edegem' Belgium

The aim of the Newsletter is to promot€ communication betweenall interested in mustelid, viverrid and procyonid conservationand to stimulate conservationrelated activities for the speciesinvolved. In order to do sowe shouldbe financiallyindependent. Any assistancein the form of donatiois,sponsorship, and subscriptionsis mostwelcome.