Geology and Mineral Resource Potential of the Chattanooga 1°X2° Quadrangle, Tennessee and North Carolina-A Preliminary Assessment
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Geology and Mineral Resource Potential of the Chattanooga 1°X2° Quadrangle, Tennessee and North Carolina-A Preliminary Assessment U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2005 Geology and Mineral Resource Potential of the Chattanooga 1°X2° Quadrangle, Tennessee and North Carolina-A Preliminary Assessment By SANDRA H.B. CLARK, GREGORY T. SPANSKI, DONALD G. HADLEY, and ALBERT H. HOFSTRA On the basis of geology and known mineral deposits, five tracts are delineated that are favorable for the occurrence of mineral resources, including metals, industrial minerals, and fuels U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2005 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution Box 25286, Bldg. 810, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Geology and mineral resource potential of the Chattanooga 1°X2 quadrangle, Tennessee and North Carolina : A preliminary assessment/by Sandra H.B. Clark ... [et al.]. p. cm.-(U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 2005) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no. : I 19.3:2005 1. Mines and mineral resources-Tennessee. 2. Mines and mineral resources -North Carolina. 3. Geology-Tennessee. 4. Geology-North Carolina. I. Clark, Sandra H.B. II. Series. QE75.B9 no. 2005 [TN24.T2] 557.3 s-dc20 [553' .09768] 91-35161 CIP CONTENTS Abstract 1 Geology of the Area 2 Ocoee Supergroup 2 Murphy Belt 5 Appalachian Basin Sedimentary Sequence 5 Late Proterozoic to Silurian 6 Late Devonian to Pennsylvanian 9 Structure West of the Blue Ridge Province 9 Mineral Resources 11 Known Mineral Deposits 11 Mineral Resource Data 11 Metals, Barite, and Fluorite 12 Ducktown Massive Sulfide District 12 Coker Creek Gold District 13 Sweetwater Barite District and Other Locations 14 Central Tennessee Zinc-Lead-Barite-Fluorite District 14 Iron 16 Manganese 16 Uranium 17 Aluminum 17 Industrial and Construction Minerals 17 Talc 17 Carbonate Rocks 17 Silica 18 Phosphate 19 Sandstone 19 Abrasives 19 Clay 19 Other Construction Materials 20 Energy Resources 21 Oil and Gas 21 Oil Shale 21 Coal 22 Mineral Resource Potential 24 Method of Assessment 24 Preliminary Assessment 25 Tract 1 25 Tract 2 28 Tract 3 29 Tract 4 29 Tract 5 30 Summary and Conclusions 30 References Cited 31 Contents Ill PLATES 1. Geology and mineral resource potential of the Chattanooga 1oX 2° quadrangle, Tennessee and North Carolina In pocket 2. Mineral deposits and occurrences in the Chattanooga 1ox 2° quadrangle, Ten- nessee and North Carolina In pocket FIGURES 1. Map showing physiographic provinces and sections of the East-Central United States and the location of the Chattanooga 1° x 2° quadrangle 3 2. Generalized restored-basin model of the Paleozoic Appalachian basin in eastern Tennessee 7 3. Chart showing stratigraphic nomenclature used in eastern Tennessee and west ern North Carolina 8 4. Geologic cross section from the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee to the central Blue Ridge at the North Carolina-Georgia border 10 5-7. Maps showing: 5. Major faults of the Chattanooga 1ox 2° quadrangle 11 6. Major metallic mineral deposits (except iron) in the Chattanooga 1°X2° quadrangle 12 7. Iron deposits of the Chattanooga 1ox 2° quadrangle 13 8. Cross section of a mineralized collapse breccia in the Elmwood mine, Central Tennessee district 15 9-11. Maps showing: 9. Industrial mineral localities, geologic units, and mining areas in the Chat tanooga 1oX 2° quadrangle 18 10. Oil and gas fields and selected oil or gas wells or drill holes in the Chat tanooga 1°X2° quadrangle drilled to the Knox Group or deeper 22 11. Distribution of Pennsylvanian coal-bearing rocks in the Chattanooga 1ox 2° quadrangle showing resources and mining characteristics 24 12. Stratigraphic column of Pennsylvanian coal-bearing rocks in the Chattanooga 1ox 2° quadrangle showing coal beds and associated sedimentary lithologies 28 13. Generalized model for the Ducktown district; includes characteristics of both sedimentary exhalative and Besshi models 29 TABLES 1. Interpretations of relationships of rock units of the Tennessee-North Carolina Blue Ridge belt in the Chattanooga 1oX 2° quadrangle 4 2. Geologic and economic characteristics of formations containing limestone and dolo mite in the Chattanooga 1oX 2° quadrangle 20 3. Principal oil- and gas-producing pay zones in Tennessee 21 4. Cumulative oil and gas production to 1986 by county in the Chattanooga 1°X2° quadrangle 21 5. Selected data for oil and gas wells and drill holes in and immediately adjacent to the Chattanooga 1oX 2° quadrangle 23 6. Coal data for the Chattanooga 1°X2° quadrangle 25 7. Coal analyses from the Chattanooga 1oX 2° quadrangle 26 IV Contents METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS For readers who wish to convert measurements from the inch-pound system of units to the metric system of units, the conversion factors are listed below: Multiply inch-pound units By To obtain metric units Foot (ft) 0.3048 Meter (m) 2 Cubic foot (fe) .02832 Cubic meter (m ) Mile (mi) 1.609 Kilometer (km) 2 2 Square mile (mi ) 2.59 Square kilometer (km ) Ounce (oz) 28.349 Gram (g) Ton, short .907 Megagram (Mg) ALTITUDE DATUM Sea level: In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)-a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Contents V Geology and Mineral Resource Potential of the Chattanooga 1°X2° Quadrangle, Tennessee and North Carolina-A Preliminary Assessment By Sandra H.B. Clark, Gregory T. Spanski, Donald G. Hadley, and Albert H. Hofstra Abstract sedimentary sequences of the west • Industrial and construction miner ern part of the Appalachian basin are als The Chattanooga 1°X2° quad upwarped into the Nashville dome, 1. Talc and marble from the Mur rangle is the westernmost of four which is part of the Cincinnati arch. phy belt of the Blue Ridge; adjacent quadrangles that transect 2. Marble, limestone (including the southern Appalachians. It The major mineral resources in includes, from east to west, parts of the Chattanooga 1°X2° quadrangle agricultural limestone), and do five physiographic provinces or sec and their geologic settings are listed lomite from the Valley and tions-Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, below: Ridge; Cumberland Plateau, Highland Rim, 3. Limestone (including cement • Metals, barite, and fluorite and Nashville Basin. These provinces and agricultural limestone), 1. Massive sulfide (copper-iron or sections reflect differences in the high-silica sand, and ornamental sulfur-zinc) deposits of the underlying bedrock. In the Blue sandstone from the Cumberland Ducktown massive sulfide dis Ridge province, the bedrock is Plateau section; derived primarily from a thick trict in Late Proterozic metased 4. Limestone (including agricul sequence of clastic sediments of Pro imentary rocks of the Blue Ridge tural limestone) from the High terozoic age that were repeatedly province; land Rim section; and deformed and metamorphosed. West 2. The Coker Creek vein, meta 5. Sand, gravel, clay, and material of the Blue Ridge, the bedrock is sedimentary- rock- hosted gold, for use as crushed stone or primarily a Cambrian to Pennsylva and placer deposits in Late Prot dimension stone or in light nian sedimentary sequence that erozoic metasedimentary rocks weight aggregate in all provinces formed in the Appalachian basin and of the Blue Ridge; or sections. was folded and faulted during the 3. Barite, fluorite, lead, and zinc in • Fuels Alleghanian orogeny. In the Valley residual deposits and veins in 1. Gas fields underlying the High and Ridge province, deformation is carbonate rocks of the Upper land Rim and western Cumber predominantly thin-skinned thrust Cambrian and Lower Ordovician land Plateau and faulting. At depth, the thrust faults Knox Group in the Sweetwater 2. Coal in the Pennsylvanian rocks join a master decollement near the barite district and elsewhere in exposed in the Cumberland Pla sedimentary rock-basement contact. the Valley and Ridge province; teau. The intensity of deformation de 4. Fluorite, barite, lead, and zinc in Other actual or potential min creases to the west. In the Cumber veins in the Nashville Basin; eral resources in the quadrangle land Plateau section, the thickness of 5. Sedimentary iron deposits in the the sedimentary sequence is less than include low-grade sinkhole bauxite Lower and Middle Silurian Rock in the Valley and Ridge, and deforma deposits (for aluminum) near the city wood Formation exposed near tion decreases to nearly zero. The of Chattanooga and low-grade ura the base of the Cumberland Pla Highland Rim section is a transitional nium deposits and oil shale in the teau escarpment, on the eastern zone between the Cumberland Pla Chattanooga Shale. teau and the Nashville Basin sections. side of the Sequatchie Valley, Hydrocarbon production has In the area of the Nashville Basin, the and in the Valley and Ridge; and been mainly gas from six small fields 6. Secondary iron and manganese in the western Cumberland Plateau deposits that developed over Highland Rim area and a small certain favorable rock layers in amount of oil from one field near the Manuscript approved for publication the Valley and Ridge and Blue eastern escarpment of the Cumber August 26, 1991. Ridge. land Plateau. Oil shale in the Chatta- Abstract nooga Shale is estimated to contain 10 million to 20 million The geology of the area has been studied and barrels of oil and 60 billion to 80 billion cubic feet of gas described by many workers, and many areas of uncertainty per square mile.