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Il Workshop in Egitto Nell'età Faraonica Tra Specificità UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA DIPARTIMENTO DI CIVILTÀ E FORME DEL SAPERE TESI DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE IN ORIENTALISTICA: EGITTO, VICINO E MEDIO ORIENTE Il workshop in Egitto nell’Età Faraonica tra specificità, multifunzionalità e interdipendenza: proposte di interpretazione Candidato: Tommaso Montonati Matricola: 508233 Relatrice: Prof.ssa Marilina Betrò Controrelatore: Dott. Gianluca Miniaci Anno Accademico 2015/2016 1 Sommario Introduzione: Il concetto di workshop e le aree produttive in Egitto ............................................ 3 Parte I: Antico Regno e I Periodo Intermedio ............................................................................. 26 Capitolo 1: La produzione ceramica ....................................................................................... 26 Capitolo 2: La produzione metallurgica .................................................................................. 65 Capitolo 3: La produzione nelle altre botteghe ....................................................................... 88 3.1 La lavorazione della pietra ............................................................................................ 88 3.2 La lavorazione del legno ............................................................................................. 102 3.3 Cenni sulla Faience ..................................................................................................... 111 Parte II: Il Medio Regno e il II Periodo Intermedio .................................................................. 115 Capitolo 4: La produzione ceramica ..................................................................................... 117 Capitolo 5: La produzione metallurgica ................................................................................ 140 Capitolo 6: La produzione nelle altre botteghe ..................................................................... 169 6.1. La lavorazione della pietra ......................................................................................... 169 6.2. La lavorazione del legno ............................................................................................ 178 6.3. La produzione di Faience ........................................................................................... 187 Parte III. Il Nuovo Regno e il III Periodo Intermedio ............................................................... 191 Capitolo 7: La produzione ceramica ..................................................................................... 192 Capitolo 8: La produzione metallurgica ................................................................................ 223 8.1 Approfondimento: Il laboratorio dei carri e le armerie .............................................. 242 Capitolo 9: La produzione nelle altre botteghe ..................................................................... 251 9.1 La lavorazione della pietra .......................................................................................... 251 9.2 La lavorazione del legno ............................................................................................. 261 9.3 La produzione high-tech del vetro............................................................................... 270 9.4 La produzione della faience ........................................................................................ 284 Conclusioni ............................................................................................................................... 293 Tabelle ....................................................................................................................................... 303 Bibliografia ............................................................................................................................... 307 Sitografia ................................................................................................................................... 330 2 Introduzione: Il concetto di workshop e le aree produttive in Egitto L’antico Egitto ha rivelato, nel corso degli scavi e degli studi, una quantità crescente di informazioni riguardo la propria storia, il proprio complesso sistema sociale, le interazioni nella società e tra singolo e Stato, aiutando gli studiosi nell’arduo tentativo di individuare, frammento dopo frammento, vari aspetti del mondo egiziano. Certamente, gli Egiziani avevano una grande considerazione del proprio futuro, spargendo per il territorio una serie di monumenti concepiti per essere ammirati in eterno. Non tutto, comunque, era fatto per durare per sempre, e, naturalmente, quello che essi non volevano far sapere o semplicemente non ritenevano degno, lo tralasciavano, rendendo difficoltoso poter comprendere, a distanza di millenni, il reale assetto di ciò che stava dietro le grandi opere e la quotidianità amministrativa. La fortuna del rinvenimento dei papiri, i più antichi dei quali risalgono alla tarda IV Dinastia,1 è dovuta alle estreme condizioni di aridità del territorio, che permisero così al materiale organico di preservarsi. Essi venivano lavati, dopo un certo tempo, per essere riutilizzati, oppure usati come combustibile. Quelli che sono giunti fino a noi sono sfuggiti enigmaticamente alla distruzione, dimenticati negli archivi templari e in contesti amministrativi, come ad esempio presso il tempio funerario di Neferirkara ad Abusir (V Dinastia), ovvero deposti, per ragioni che ancora sfuggono, nella tomba di qualche alto funzionario.2 Il contenuto di essi, dai conti amministrativi finanche a opere letterarie (a partire dal Medio Regno), non sarebbe giunto a noi altrimenti, e ciò permette, grazie a studi sempre più mirati e centrati, di focalizzare l’attenzione anche sugli aspetti che non sono riscontrabili nei monumenti pensati per durare millenni. Allo stesso modo, il rinvenimento di ostraca e di tavolette, i primi 1 I più antichi sembrano essere quelli recentemente rinvenuti presso lo Wadi al-Jarf, databili alla seconda metà della IV Dinastia. 2 D. Valbelle 1990, L’artigiano, in S. Donadoni (ed.) 1990, L’uomo egiziano, pag. 39. 3 sparsi nelle località dove la gente istruita abitava, come la comunità di Deir el-Medina, i secondi spesso in depositi amministrativi, come ad Amarna, diventano un contributo informativo di indispensabile valore. Essi permettono agli studiosi di avere, attraverso l’analisi di un materiale economico, molto più facile da reperire, e del suo contenuto, piccoli sprazzi della vita quotidiana, non comunque privi di enigmaticità. Così, ci si è accorti, forse con qualche anno di ritardo e con la speculazione dell’archeologia teorica ancora agli esordi (l’interesse verso le aree artigianali è presente nei report di scavo a partire dagli anni ‘60), che dietro le opere più e meno grandi vi erano certamente operai e artigiani, ma anche un vero e proprio universo poco conosciuto dove essi esercitavano la propria professione e con una precisa strumentazione, naturalmente derivata dal lavoro e dal sudore di altri artigiani. Ciò innesca una serie di chaînes opératoires in parte conosciute, ma che presentano il difetto di non essere complete, non potendo, con i mezzi e le risorse attuali, comprendere del tutto la società egiziana. Prefigurandosi come una società pre-industriale, essa attraversò tutte le fasi dell’Età del Bronzo, finanche la prima Età del Ferro, quando dovette accettare la propria (e definitiva) perdita di indipendenza a vantaggio del conquistatore macedone. Comunque, fu capace di migliorare le proprie tecniche e la propria tecnologia, in parallelo con le altre potenze vicino-orientali dell’epoca, con le quali intessé un reciproco e proficuo scambio di saperi.3 Uno degli aspetti più intriganti quando si parla del frutto del connubio tra economia, società e produzione risulta la localizzazione del dove l’elemento che interessa le tre sfere, cioè l’oggetto finito, veniva elaborato. Esisteva un luogo fisico organicamente deputato alla produzione dove tale procedimento avveniva? Se si, la seconda domanda che lega ancora le tre sfere sopra citate è come veniva elaborato il determinato bene? Approcciandosi a tale aspetto attraverso la sfera semantica, si osserva innanzi tutto che le traslitterazioni, per le parole generiche, risultano piuttosto complesse. Da una parte, il termine 3 Si veda, ad esempio, il dibattito circa la nascita della lavorazione del vetro, della faience, dei carri da guerra, cfr. P. R. S. Moorey 1994, Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries. 4 Hmw.t, “artigiano”, ad esempio, da alcuni viene scritto Hmw.ty,4 da altri ancora Hmw.w5. Indubbiamente, ciò riflette la diversa lettura che si ritrova nel testo che di volta in volta viene preso in esame, riconducendolo presumibilmente ad una diversità del linguaggio il quale, tra varietà diatopiche e diacroniche, poteva benissimo avere luogo, mantenendo in ogni caso la radice Hm.t, parola designante “arte”. Dall’altra parte, e diversamente da quanto si può pensare per il termine di “artigiano”, il discorso viene largamente ribaltato quando si viene ad osservare il dove essi andassero quotidianamente a lavorare, avendo più termini, etimologicamente differenti, ma traducibili come sinonimi. Come si chiamavano, dunque, tali aree lavorative? Prima di focalizzare la nostra attenzione sulla terminologia delle aree lavorative, bisogna innanzi tutto accennare al carattere che l’artigianato assume quando si parla di Antico Egitto, una società all’inizio accentrata attorno alla figura divina del faraone e delle altre divinità ultraterrene. La domanda alla quale
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