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The Devotion and Promotion of Stigmatics in Europe, c. 1800–1950 Numen Book Series Studies in the History of Religions Series Editors Steven Engler (Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada) Richard King (University of Kent, UK) Kocku von Stuckrad (University of Groningen, The Netherlands) Gerard Wiegers (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) VOLUME 167 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/nus The Devotion and Promotion of Stigmatics in Europe, c. 1800–1950 Between Saints and Celebrities By Tine Van Osselaer in collaboration with Andrea Graus, Leonardo Rossi and Kristof Smeyers LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: Heidelberg University, Beiblatt zum Kladderadatsch, 28.51 (7 November 1875): 1, CC-BY-SA 3.0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Osselaer, Tine Van, author. | Graus, Andrea, author. | Rossi, Leonardo, 1989- author. | Smeyers, Kristof, 1988- author. Title: The devotion and promotion of stigmatics in Europe, c. 1800–1950 : between saints and celebrities / by Tine Van Osselaer, in collaboration with Andrea Graus, Leonardo Rossi and Kristof Smeyers. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Numen book series, 0169-8834 ; volume 167 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020031448 (print) | LCCN 2020031449 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004439191 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004439351 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Stigmatization—Social aspects—Europe. | Stigmatics—Europe—Public opinion. | Women in the Catholic Church—Europe. | Fame—Religious aspects—Christianity. | Europe—Religious life and customs—History—19th century. | Europe—Religious life and customs—History—20th century. Classification: LCC BV5091.S7 O87 2021 (print) | LCC BV5091.S7 (ebook) | DDC 248.2/9—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020031448 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020031449 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-8834 isbn 978-90-04-43919-1 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-43935-1 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Tine Van Osselaer, Andrea Graus, Leonardo Rossi and Kristof Smeyers. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Requests for re-use and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV via brill.com or copyright.com. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. J’ai vu des choses fort extraordinaires, ce qu’on appelle vulgairement des miracles: je le raconte. Antoine Imbert-Gourbeyre, Les stigmatisées. Vol. 1, 1873, I ⸪ Contents Acknowledgements xi List of Illustrations xii Abbreviations xiv 1 Stigmatics 1 Tine Van Osselaer, Leonardo Rossi and Kristof Smeyers, in collaboration with Andrea Graus 1 Introduction 1 2 Tracing Stigmata 8 2.1 Retrospective Lists. On the Reinvention of “Stigmata” 8 2.2 Moments of Increased Attention? The Place and Time of Stigmata 15 3 The Invention of “Stigmatics” 27 3.1 Defining the Stigmatic 27 3.2 Stigmatic: An Unstable Category 38 4 Building Blocks 45 2 Saints and Celebrities 51 Tine Van Osselaer 1 Saints in the Spotlight 52 2 The Scale of Fame: Transnational and Comparative Approach 57 3 Religious Celebrities 61 4 An Interactive Approach 67 3 On Stigmata, Suffering and Sanctity 72 Tine Van Osselaer 1 Theodor Nolde’s Visit 72 2 The “Spectacle” of the Holy Wounds 73 2.1 Visibility of the Stigmata 73 2.2 Spectacle: The Visibility of the Stigmatic 79 3 The Meaning of Suffering 83 3.1 The Cult of Suffering 83 3.2 Redemptive Suffering 87 3.3 Observing the Body in Pain: The Gender of Suffering 90 4 The Effect of Suffering on the Visitors 93 viii Contents 4 Visiting Stigmatics and Their Promotion from the Ground Up The Devotees, the Unofficial Movements and the Episcopate in France 96 Andrea Graus 1 French Stigmatics and Visitors’ Expectations 99 2 Inside the Fridays of Passion 107 3 The Diocesan Response to the Visits 113 4 The Visitors’ Unofficial Movements 119 5 Conclusions 125 5 Selling Sensation, Creating Sanctity The Visual and Material Culture of “Stigmatics” 129 Tine Van Osselaer 1 In the Public Eye 129 2 Commerce and Devotion 132 2.1 Tensions and Interactions 132 2.2 Monitoring an Expanding Field 135 3 Capturing Corporeal Mysticism 140 3.1 Portraying Stigmatics: The Creation of a Type and “True” Image 140 3.2 Collectable and Venerable: Prints, Blood and “Relics” 145 4 Creativity after Death 149 5 Conclusions 152 6 Stigmatics, Politics and the Law On Fake Stigmata and “Self-styled” Sanctity in Spain and France 157 Andrea Graus 1 Stigmatics and Political Symbolism 159 2 Sor Patrocinio, Rosette Tamisier and the “Two Spains/Frances” 163 3 The Law and the Public Debunking of Stigmatics 168 4 Fake Stigmata and Self-styled Sanctity in the Anticlerical Press 173 5 Conclusions 178 7 Stigmatized Blood in the Vatican Courts Religious Response and Strategy 182 Leonardo Rossi 1 Introduction: An Ambiguous Relationship 182 2 The Vatican Perspective 187 2.1 The Middle Ages and the “Invention” of Stigmata 187 2.2 The Early Modern Period: The Age of Control 192 2.3 The “Golden age” of Stigmatics: The Debate about Stigmata in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 196 Contents ix 3 Examining Stigmatics 200 3.1 Stigmatics under Investigation during Their Lives 200 3.2 The Afterlife of Stigmatics: Damnatio Memoriae or Canonization? 206 4 Conclusions 210 8 Conclusion 214 Tine Van Osselaer 1 A Visible Type 215 2 New Types and the Scale of Their Circulation 220 3 Suggestions for Further Research 225 Bibliography 229 Biographical Dictionary of Stigmatics 262 Index of Names and Subjects 463 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following archivists, scholars, associations and collectors who helped us navigate the archives and introduced us to relevant sources: The association Amics dels goigs, the Association Symphorose (Paris), Catherine Barbé (Archives diocésaines de Rouen), Véronique Bontemps (Archives historiques du diocèse de Nantes), Joachim Bouflet, Angela Franca Maria Canu (Sassari, Archivio di Stato di Sassari/State Archives of Sassari), William A. Christian Jr., Alejandro Cifres (Rome, ACDF), Bart Clymans (Ruusbroec Institute), Patricia De Bruyn (Ruusbroec Institute), Christian Dury (Archives de l’Évêché de Liège), Thomas Fandel (Archiv Bistum Speyer), Wolfgang Fronhöfer (Achiv des Bistums Passau), Roland Götz (Archiv des Erzbistums München und Freising), Claire Gurvil (Archives historiques du diocèse de Nantes), Els Herrebout (Staatsarchiv Eupen), Paul Janssen (Documentatiecentrum Borsbeek), Gàbor Klaniczay, Pierre Lassave, Monique Maillard-Luypaert (Archives de Séminaire de Tournai), Heinz Mestrup (Bistumsarchiv Münster), César Murillo (Arxiu diocesà de Mallorca), Stefan Nicolay (Bistumsarchiv Trier), Jean Nulens, Arnold Otto (Erzbistumsarchiv Paderborn), Daniel Ponziani (Rome, ACDF), Jean-Michel Potin (Archives de la Province dominicaine de France), Angela Pund (Gedenkstätte Anna Katharina Emmerick), Patricia Quaghebeur (Kadoc), Jochen Rösel (Staatsarchiv Amberg), Lucia Signori (Brescia, Archivio Storico Diocesano di Brescia/Diocesan Archive of Brescia), the sisters of the Hermanas de Jesús Paciente (Barcelona), Brigitte Tandonnet (Archives diocésaines de Bordeaux), Gerrit Vanden Bosch (Archief Aartsbisdom Mechelen), Joseph van Elten (Archiv Erzbistum Köln), Erna Van Looveren (Ruusbroec Institute), Anne Verdure-Mary (the Fonds Louis Massignon at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France), Ludmila Vesely Leonardi, Giancarlo Zichi (Sassari, Archivio Storico Diocesano di Sassari/Diocesan Archive of Sassari). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation pro- gramme, under grant agreement number 637908. Illustrations 1.1 “Luise Lateau, in effigie verurtheilt”, Beiblatt zum Kladderadatsch, 28.51 (7 November 1875): 1, Heidelberg University, CC-BY-SA 3.0 1 1.2 Total number of people bearing the stigmata per country, 1800–1950 19 1.3 Map of cases of stigmatization reported in present-day Belgium, Germany, Italy, France and Spain (1800–1950). © Alexis Vermeylen 24 1.4 The “stigmatic” relative to the total number of stigmata cases and to its main selection criteria (in the five countries under consideration), 1800–1950 37 1.5 “The Addolorata of Capriana” (Maria Domenica Lazzeri), J.R. Herbert, Antwerp, Private Collection. © Kristof Smeyers 50 1.6 “The Estatica of Capriana” (Maria von Mörl), Antwerp, Private Collection. © Kristof Smeyers
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  • THE NOVEMBER MESSAGE of the RECTOR MAJOR from the Salesian

    THE NOVEMBER MESSAGE of the RECTOR MAJOR from the Salesian

    Click for access to all referenced documents Volume II, Issue 11 November 2020 THE NOVEMBER MESSAGE OF THE RECTOR MAJOR from the Salesian Bulletin DON ANGEL FERNANDEZ ARTIME, SDB “Don Bosco: The Man Who Always Asked Others for Help” Dear friends and those monies and the total readers [of the Don Bosco spent his life amount received. Certain- asking hundreds and Salesian Bulletin] ly, it cannot and should not hundreds of people for and, above all, be otherwise. help. He wasn't asking for friends of Don himself, but he was asking Like Don Bosco Bosco and his charism, for his boys. At the same Don Bosco spent his life I greet you almost at the time, he strongly believed in asking hundreds and hun- end of 2020, this year which Divine Providence, and for dreds of people for help. He we have lived through and that very reason he went We are a Family that wasn't asking for himself, belongs all to Mary which we will remember as tirelessly knocking from door but he was asking for his a hard year, painful in to door. boys. At the same time, he In this issue: many ways. It is a year that strongly believed in Divine I wish to take advantage In, With, and For 2-4 has changed us – without Providence, and for that of the publication of this the Church intending to have done so – very reason he went tire- issue [of the Salesian SF Groups & Social 5-6 in our lifestyle, habits, and lessly knocking from door Bulletin] to thank, in the Justice Teachings customs perhaps but, cer- to door.