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Home , 1950 East Pakistan riots, Abdur Rahim (judge), Awami League, Ayub Khan (general), East Bengal, Ghulam Azam

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JCC: East Crisis Pakistani Cabinet Chair: Rebecca Sobel Crisis Director: Alex Fager Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016

Contents

Letter from the Chair…….………………………...……………………...…..3

Introduction………………...... ………………….....……………..……..……4

The Situation in Pakistan…...... ………………….....……………..………..…6 Setting the Stage…..,..…………………………….……………………..…….……………6 A Brief History of Modern Pakistan….………...….….……………………….……………7 Relations with …………..….……..…………………….………….……….…………8 The Rise of the & ….………….………….…………………11 Governmental Structure….. …………………….……………..……..………...…………13 Religion & Civil Liberties….. …………………….……………..……….……...…………14 Conclusion….…....…………………………………………….………………………….15

Positions……………….…...... ………………….....…………....………..…16

2 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016

Letter from the Chair

Dear Delegates,

My name is Rebecca Sobel and I'm a sophomore from Long Island, New York, planning on majoring in the Woodrow Wilson school. I'm particularly interested in international economics, ethnic conflict, foreign languages. On the rare occasion that I'm able to crawl out from under my piles of work, I also enjoy watching Scandal, eating absurd amounts of ice cream, and thinking about how great PMUNC is going to be!

I have previously been a director both at PMUNC and at PICSIM (our collegiate conference), and am quite familiar with the ins and outs of crisis committees. The inspiration for this topic came largely in the form of a Human Rights class I took with Prateek (Chair of the India committee). The genocide in East Pakistan is a topic that is rarely discussed, yet extremely important in our current dialogue. The subcontinent houses almost 20% of the world’s population, yet this period in history is often overlooked. That is why it is imperative we delve into this topic and rigorously debate it.

Alex (our crisis director) and I are looking to the innovative solutions you come up with in response to various crises and scandals; it’s exciting to both expose you to this topic as well as to allow you to experience one of the most important periods in establishing the modern-day .

Please feel free to email me with any questions at [email protected]. I’m looking forward to meeting all of you soon!

Regards, Rebecca

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Introduction

Adab fellow Pakistani patriots! The date is March 6, 1971 and we are facing a dire situation here in the West. I attempted to allow for free and fair elections and unify our country on December 7th1. However, my efforts were futile and allowing any bit of democracy has allowed chaos to ensue.

The traitors of the East are determined to seize control of the and destroy our great nation through the creation of policies that would only benefit their population. Almost the entirety of East Pakistani seats have gone to the Awami League, which is far from supporting our policies of “Islamic .”2 The proportion of in the East far exceeds that in our wonderful Western enclave, and their vocalizes their differing interest.3 This committee has convened to ensure that our policies will prevail, and that we can subjugate this misguided minority, forcing them to abide by our laws and excluding them from decision making to the highest extent possible.

As Yayha , the fearless former Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan’s and

President of this wonderful nation for the past few years, there is nothing I value above maintaining dominance and securing our ideals as truths.4 We must prioritize the maintained unification of Pakistan, both West and East, in order to assure our continued peace and security. This will go hand in hand with our international dominance, proponed by our

1 Sharif al Mujahid “Pakistan: First Elections” in Asian Survey, Vol. 11, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1970: Part II (Feb., 1971), pp. 159-171 2 “Chronology of the Crisis” in Pakistan Forum Vol. 1, No. 4 (Apr. - May, 1971), p. 3 3 “Self Determination in International Law: The Tragic Tale of Two Cities- () and Dacca (East Pakistan)” in The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Apr., 1972), pp. 321-336 4 Lawrence Ziring, “Militarism in Pakistan: The Interrengnum” in Asian Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 6 (Jul. - Aug., 1974), pp. 402-420 [Journal]

4 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 ongoing alliances with the and .5 Furthermore, we cannot forget the threat that poses on the world stage and should continue to recognize them as our most prominent enemy, most likely to support our Eastern foes.5

To guarantee that all of the esteemed individuals gathered here today are prepared to take on the challenges that await us and understand the happenings preceding our present circumstances, I shall outline the unfortunate series of events that has procured this chaos in the following pages.

5 Gary J. Bass. The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2013.

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The Situation in Pakistan

We are currently addressing a situation that results from the success of Sheikh Mujib, an

Eastern Pakistani, in the December elections.6 His faction and interests simply cannot prevail in our parliament if we hope to sustain ourselves as a nation. I have demonstrated the policies we seek to propone, including strict adherence to Muslim practices and a strong autocratic government.

Setting the Stage

The great general sets a great example for the autonomy necessary both in our armed forces and in our legal and executive .7 As civil disobedience continues to rise up in the eastern territories, we will continue to crack down on any reform movements and enforce our unwillingness to alter our current systems and governmental/social mechanisms.8

If necessary, we must be prepared for all out war to maintain the eastern territories as part of our superior homeland. Need be, I and my loyal advisors (which I believe includes you, wonderful comrades) are prepared to slaughter the resistance movements and pressure them into subservience.9 India must be regarded with the utmost caution as and her cohorts continue to be one of our most powerful enemies. Like the East Pakistani

“,” Indians seek to deteriorate our culture and pummel us into an insignificant role,

6 “Chronology of the Crisis” in Pakistan Forum Vol. 1, No. 4 (Apr. - May, 1971), p. 4 7 “Tragedy of Bhutto” in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 14 (Apr. 7, 1979), pp. 641-642 [Journal]

8 Gary J. Bass. The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2013. 9 , Mustafizur Rahman “Of Blood and Fire: The Untold Story of 's War of Independence.”

6 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 beneath them, on the world stage. 8 With these immediate threats, we must also associate our northern foe, Russia. The Soviets will back the commie filth that resides in India simply to weaken the United States, and our fearless ally in the esteemed Kissinger. 8 We mustn’t forget our underemphasized comrades, the Chinese. As they transition to global actors and exit their long period of isolationism, we will serve as facilitators for their goals and they will repay us with ideological, political and support. 10

A Brief History of Modern Pakistan

Following the end of the British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent, two new nations emerged; the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (which was geographically split between the /Sind regions in the West and in the East) split down the middle by the

Republic of India.11 Our esteemed late leader Ali Jinnah shepherded our cause since the took root in India in the 1940’s, and saw to it that Lord

Mountbatten agreed to a two-state solution divided on the basis of religion, not on language.

The plan that Lord Francis Mountbatten, then Governor-General of India, drew up for the partition set forth the following proposals;12

• That the Sikh, Hindu, and Muslim populations of Punjab and Bengal would vote in

referenda within each group; if any wanted partition, then India would be partitioned

into Hindu and Muslim states

• The provinces of Sind and Baluchistan would independently decide their own status

• India would gain its independence by 15 August 1947

10 “China-Pakistan relations: A history” in Daily Times, 2014. 11 Dalrymple, William. "The Great Divide." The New Yorker. Condé Nast, 22 June 2015. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 12 “Mountbatten Plan of 3 June, 1947,” accessed from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/51922/15/15_chapter%208.pdf

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• Bengali independence was taken off the table

The last provision was pivotal to ours and our predecessor’s cause; the possibility of

Bengal’s independence would dash our efforts at creating a stable, unified Muslim state.

However, the post-Partition brutality (which saw over 2 million casualties with over 15 million displaced peoples migrating to either West Pakistan, India, or Bengal) wracked our nation, placing a massive amount of economic strain on our limited resources while spurring us to amass arms to defend against the Indians as well as the looming threats in the East.13

Relations with India

But alas, almost as soon as our nation had reached some sort of equilibrium in establishing our own independence, the subcontinent was again destabilized by a conflict, this time over the disputed principalities of Jammu and .14 The origins of the

Kashmir conflict arose out of a disagreement stemming from the so-called “Instrument of

Accession” by which Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir acceded the provinces to

India.15 In particular, the opening language of the instrument seems, without any shadow of a doubt, to guarantee these provinces to the Republic of India;

“I hereby declare that I accede to the of India with the intent that the Governor General of India, the Dominion Legislature, the Federal Court and any other Dominion authority established [to] assume functions of government”16 However, as our predecessors argued their case with those distrustful elements within the Indian government, we still contend that the Instrument of Accession itself was extracted from Maharaja Hari Singh under duress, and without the full ability of his people to duly

13 Dalrymple, “The Great Divide.” 14 Schoefield, Victoria. “Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War.” I.B. Tauris, London, 2003. 15 Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir, dated 26 October, 1947. Legal Document No 113. http://www.centralexcisehyderabad4.gov.in/documents/history/1947_2.PDF 16 Ibid.

8 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 express their preferred course of action.17 In addition, the promised plebiscite on the question of Jammu & Kashmir’s self-governance/accession to a particular state never occurred. Thus, given these circumstances, one can clearly see that the northern reaches of the subcontinent have historically served as the major powder keg in Indo-Pakistani relations.

These tensions came to a head for the first time in 1947, where incursions into Jammu and Kashmir by a loose collection of Pakistani tribesman from Waziristan and North-West

Frontier province provoked a response from the Nehru administration. On 22 October

1947, a formal declaration of war was made.18 The war raged for nearly two years, with our side suffering a loss of nearly 6,000 loyal soldiers, with the losing 1,500. After a protracted period of negotiations, the newly-established stepped in; on 13

August 1948, the Security Council authorized Resolution 47, which laid out the terms of a cease-fire agreement between ourselves and the Indian belligerents.19 In the agreement reached, we were able to secure the region of as a self-governing administrative region, while the Indian forces retained control of Jammu, the Kashmir

Valley, and .

However, not to be deterred by this apparent defeat, we persisted. In 1962, the Indian

Republic engaged in a brief but humbling conflict with China, now known as the Sino-

Indian War of 1962. The conflict arose, unsurprisingly, over a disputed border in the

Chinese territory of . Amidst the 1959 Tibetan Uprising which coincided with India granting the Dalai Lama asylum in the northern city of Dharamsala, India initiated a

“forward policy” in which they illegally placed their forces past the McMahon Line drawn

17 http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/pakistan-position.shtml 18 Schoefield, “Kashmir in Conflict.” 19 Security Council Resolution S/RES/47 (1948), accessed from http://www.cfr.org/india/un-security-council- resolution-47-kashmir/p9130

9 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 during partition in Chinese territory.20 Not a nation to take the incursion standing down,

Chinese Premier authorized a Chinese offensive into Ladakh as well as across the McMahon Line to repel the offensive. While both sides claimed stalemate, the conflict is largely seen as a Chinese victory, since they successfully beat back the Indian forces back past the Line of Actual Control.

The (Pakistan) and the Line of Actual Control () ca. 1963.21

It is on the heels of that conflict that we experienced our most recent conflict with the

Indian Republic. In 1965, we launched what we thought at the time to be a cunning effort against our Indian foes. Known as “,” our generals hatched a plan to

20 Dalvi, Brig J. P. Himalayan Blunder: The Angry Truth about India's Most Crushing Military Disaster. Place of Publication Not Identified: Natraj, 2010. Print. 21 http://www.differencebetween.info/sites/default/files/images/5/lac.jpg

10 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 take back portions of the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh.22 On 5 August, 1965, the Pakistani army backed a contingent of 30,000 soldiers masquerading as Kashmiri locals sent across the

LoC.23 This effort, although certainly a cunning plan, was unfortunately rebuffed rather fast by India; informants in the villages we intended to infiltrate alerted Indian authorities, who in turn responded swiftly with ground and aerial forces. Unfortunately, the state of our armed forces at the time meant that we were outnumbered nearly 5:1 in the air, which greatly skewed the conflict on land. Eventually, our efforts were rebuffed, and the conflict terminated on 23 September, 1965 with a cease-fire negotiated by both the United States and the USSR.24

The Rise of the Awami League & East Pakistan

While our nation indeed has a storied and sometimes violent history with our Indian neighbors, we have still yet to touch on the situation within East Pakistan. A result of the

Mountbatten Plan as outlined above, Bengal was not to achieve independence following

Partition. However, some entities within East Pakistan have recently taken it upon themselves to consolidate power within East Pakistan as a counterbalance to what they view as “Western Pakistani” influences.

Any discussion of the political situation within East Pakistan and the relationship between the two “arms” of our nation mustn’t fail to mention the Awami League. Following independence from British colonial rule, the question of Bengali self-determination has been ever-present in East Pakistani political discourse. Though we have been able to keep these tides at bay, there are forces in East Pakistan that are growing stronger by the minute. On 4

22 Hali, S. M. (R), SI(M). "Operation Gibraltar-an Unmitigated Disaster?" Defence Journal 15, no. 1 (Aug, 2011): 1-49. 23 Ibid. 24 Ibid.

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January, 1948, Sheikh Mujabir Rahman, a student-activist, formed the East Pakistan Students

League.25 Galvanizing students, demonstrations and petitions to the governmental authorities ensued insisting on more independence and autonomy from the West. The next year, on 23 June, a new party, the Awami League, was formed. This became the first official opposition party in (later East Pakistan), and featured Rahman as the Joint

Secretary of the organization with Khan Bhashani as President.26

The flag of the Awami League political party.27

However, the Awami League’s first major victory in the combined Eastern/Western

Pakistani political system came in 1956, with Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a member of the

Awami League and a long-time political activist in East Pakistan, assuming the role of Prime

Minister.28 Suhrawardy was elected on the heels of the Awami League forming a coalition with the Republican Party, with promises to alleviate the energy crisis that embroiled

25 http://www.albd.org/index.php/en/party/history/79-inception-of-awami-league-rise-of-opposition-politics 26 Ibid. 27 http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/b/bd%7Dbal.gif 28 Ibid.

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Pakistan at the time, to reduce the socio-economic disparities between the East and West, and reorganizing and strengthening the Pakistani armed forces.29

Suhrawardy addressing the nation following his election.30

Suhrawardy’s election also reignited the debate surrounding the structure of the electorate within Pakistan (this matter is further discussed in the next ). Many East

Pakistanis pushed for a joint electorate, which would afford them a much greater amount of political capital in the nation at large. However, this proposal was met by mockery and resentment by West , with the Western political party opposing the proposal most vehemently.31

Governmental Structure

In terms of governmental structure, we must recognize the relative novelty of . Our alliance with the United States is somewhat propagated by our

29 Ibid. 30 http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/02565/SUHRAWARDY_2565714f.jpg 31 Ibid.

13 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 maintenance of democracy within our country.32 Evidently, the true expression of all our constituents’ opinions is not a priority. We must enforce and economic dominance of our allies and selves above all else.33 Regardless, it must seem as if we are facilitating some level of democracy and moving past the tyranny of , over whom we were recently victorious.

Further, we must determine how prominent we will allow the factions within West

Pakistan, and within our allied forces, to be in the semi-autocratic government we are establishing. The and desire a level of autonomy and want to be heard within our parliament, however their opinions and priorities do not always reflect our own.34

Shall we allow them to voice concerns for the sake of the longevity of our nation, or should we prioritize subjugation and personal ideals over the negotiation to ensure Pakistani dominance?

Religion & Civil Liberties

On a similar note, how shall we decide the importance of civil liberties? Protest against our wonderful state is unacceptable, but is demonstration worthwhile on any level? Should we respect others’ rights to practice religions other than Islam?35 I believe these freedoms are of miniscule importance, but perhaps you differ in opinion. If so, perhaps you should also consider belonging to a different government and leaving our glorious state for one of the

32 Samantha Power, “A problem from hell: America and the age of genocide” New York : Basic Books, 2002. 33 Salahuddin Ahmed “Bangladesh: Past and Present” S. B. Nangia, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, 2004, Page 9. 34 Dr Crispin Bates (2011-03-03). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC. Retrieved 2014-08- 16. 35 Ziaul Haque, “State and ” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Jan. 21, 1989), p. 110

14 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 inferior ones that the world is filled with. Regardless, this decision is for another time and place. Your opinions are welcome in this committee (to an extent).

We thereby transition into a conversation on the importance of Islam in our government. Should we integrate mosque and state entirely? If so, what role will women play in public life? How will daily practices shift over time? Should we rid Pakistan of Western cultural influences while continuing to rely on their military dominance and support?14 Is that feasible?

Conclusion

What should we do with the disgusting traitors that populate the East? Their disobedience, be it civil or otherwise, is not acceptable on any level and must be handled to set an example for future demonstrators. What are best practices for doing so? Furthermore, the globe views many of our comrades and utter criminals. Are we obligated to punish them for past, current (and potential future) offenses in order to save face, or can we continue to hail them as heroes throughout Pakistan for their contributions to our subjugation efforts? 36

Evidently, there is much to determine and many more conflicts likely to arise. Get thinking, be strategic and most importantly watch your backs for filthy minority members and seeming comrades with equally dirty underlying motives.

All hail Allah, Pakistan, and the destruction of Bengali Independence efforts!

36 Gary J. Bass. The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2013.

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Positions

1. Executive Board’s Portfolio - General Yahya Khan, Dictator of Pakistan

2. Abul Maududi, Right Wing Party Leader

Maududi is a famed advocate of Islamic revivalism and a recently powerful right wing politician. Before independence, he focused on making utopian Muslim communities but since Partition he has increasingly been involved in politics through the Jamaat-e-Islami, a political party that advocates for the establishment of Islam as the guiding principal of

Pakistan. Despite underwhelming electoral success, he is the most influential right wing politician. Maududi advocates a complete program of Islamic revivalism, and is known to receive funding from to help build madrassas and other Islamic institutions. He has extensive connections with Islamists in East Pakistan and has been garnering their support for keeping East Pakistan for separating.37

3. , Pakistan People’s Party Leader

Bhutto, the former foreign minister, is the leader of the Pakistan People’s Party, the main left leaning political group in West Pakistan. He was educated at UC Berkley and at .

During his time as foreign minister under Ayub Khan, he developed extensive relationships with China, the US, and the USSR. He was also the proponent of the operations against

India in Kashmir in 1965. After founding the PPP, he led pro-democracy demonstrations against Ayub Khan, leading to his resignation. His party won the majority of seats in West

Pakistan, where he holds the power with 81 seats in the National Assembly. His leans socialist, and he has contacts in the USSR. He also has an intensely popular image among the main populations of Pakistan in Punjab and , so he is unlikely to find

37 http://www.dawn.com/news/1154419

16 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 himself in a difficult situation electorally in West Pakistan. His wide-ranging political abilities and contacts put him in a powerful position but he has already made enemies in the military based on his opposition to the previous military governments. 38

4. , Director of Inter-Services Intelligence

Jilani Khan, after a long career in including covert action in Kashmir, is a close ally of Bhutto. As head of the ISI, he commands the covert operations of the Pakistani military. This gives him access to a vast network of intelligence, but one that is prone to agents going rogue. The ISI has only recently begun more advanced tactics beyond after their failures in the 1965 war, so the experience of the current operatives are more limited. Jilani Khan is believed to have many contacts in the US and in

Kashmir, and may be able to link to more ambitious schemes beyond the events unfolding on the ground in East Pakistan.39

5. , Military Governor of East Pakistan

Having served under the British in Africa during World War II and as the main commander of tank forces during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, Khan is one of the most competent military commanders in Pakistan. His experience is mainly in large battlefield operations, but it remains to be seen if his reputation as a tough and ruthless commander will enable him to take control of East Pakistan. Given the current situation in East Pakistan, the number of he controls is being kept strictly classified and will be provided at the start of committee. 40

6. Khan, commander of and Defense secretary

38 http://adst.org/2013/04/sins-of-the-father-pakistans-bhutto-executed-april-4-1979/ 39 http://alchetron.com/Ghulam-Jilani-Khan-767383-W 40 http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/tikka-khan/

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The second in-command of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan, he is in charge of the military police forces in East Pakistan. He is known for his keen appreciation of the intricacies of

East Pakistan, and is in direct contact with the Bihari community in , as well as in contact with jihadist groups that are in strong support of a unified Pakistan. The number of police members is unknown at the time, due to classification and the unknown number of defectors among the Bengali speakers.41

7. , head of the Jamaat-e-Islami in East Pakistan

Azam became politically involved when he was involved in the student union protests over the use of Bangla in the early days of Pakistan. He became a member of the Jamaat-e-Islami and was made head of the East Pakistan branch in the 1950’s. He is currently in Dhaka, in direct communication with the Pakistani military. It is believed that there are currently 4000 armed members of Jamaat-e-Islami ready to defend the cause of a unified Pakistan, strategically placed in Dhaka and at Dhaka University. Azam has the support of the Bihari communities as well, besides the extensive Islamist contacts.42

8. , Head of the Student League of Jamaat-e-Islami in East

Pakistan

Nizami, a native Bengali, became prominent in the last decade as the leader of the youth and student wings of the Jamaat-e-Islami. He has connections with most major student groups in the country and has been garnering support for a unified Pakistan under the banner of Islam.

The students of his wing, though comprising less than 10% of the student population, are fully dedicated to serving the movement and its principles.43

41 http://www.dawn.com/news/348686/rao-farman-ali-passes-away 42 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-ghulam-azam-islamist-party-leader-who- opposed-independence-for-bangladesh-and-who-was-9817002.html 43 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/bangladesh-buries-motiur-rahman-nizami-protests- 160511135436209.html

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9. Jalaludin , Secretary-General of the Pakistan People's Party and

Minister of Production

After being educated at the , Rahim was an activist in the Pakistan

Movement. He served as Foreign Secretary and retains contacts abroad especially in the

United States and the UK. In the mid-60’s he helped to found the Pakistan People’s Party, and has provided the backbone of the guiding political philosophy of the group. His ability to have a dialogue with groups across the spectrum and his organization of protests against the military rule of Ayub Khan gives him significant political capital, especially in East

Pakistan (as he is a Bengali speaker). He is also the editor of the party’s magazine which has the widest circulation in the areas of Sindh and lower Punjab. Additionally, his powers as

Minister of production includes regulation of commercial production.44

10. Meraj Muhammad Khan, Minister of Labor

Educated as a doctor, Meraj Khan is a prominent socialist member of the PPP. He is the most radically leftist of the major members of the government. He has successfully negotiated with labor groups in the past, and his contacts extend beyond West Pakistan to the major urban areas of East Pakistan. He is a strong advocate for women as well, participating in women’s movement organizations as well. All issues of labor are under his jurisdiction. He is also well connected to the Mujahir community of who fled from

India during partition and mainly reside in .45

11. , Minister of Science

Educated in the United States as an engineer, Hassan was a founding member of the PPP.

He has established the ministry of science with Bhutto and is working to develop Pakistan as

44 http://www.dawn.com/news/783171/a-leaf-from-history-bullying-tactics 45 http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/345931-Meraj-Muhammad-Khan-passes-away

19 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 a so-called “techno-democracy.” He has contacts with the scientific elite in both europe and the United States and has been a strong advocate of using technology to even the battlefield for Pakistan in future potential conflicts. He has already received funding from Bhutto to begin scientific research for the future of Pakistan’s military, which remains classified and unknown to the public at large. His ministry, though new, will likely continue to provide the latest technological breakthroughs if properly funded.46

12. Ambassador to , the United States, and Great

Britain

Born into the royal family of a , Sahabzada Khan is currently serving as the

Ambassador to the United States and its allies France and Great Britain. Sahabzada has extensive contacts with the monied elite of these nations, and is critical to maintaining a peaceful position vis-a-vis the efforts of the Indian diplomats. He strongly opposed working with the USSR, but also opposes Pakistan’s recent moves to ally with China. His ability to access resources in these nations is critical to Pakistan’s survival in the dynamics of a world dominated by the USA and the USSR.47

13. Pir Pagara, head of the and spiritual leader of the Hurs

As the head of the Hurs, a of Sufi Islam in Sindh, the Pir Pagara (full name Syed Shah

Mardan Shah-II) has immense spiritual support throughout the country, a full 20,000 armed militiamen, and the support of Sindhi nationalists upset at the subordination of Sindhi interests to and Muhajirs.48 A former ally of Bhutto, Pir Pagara has the support of what is left of the Muslim League’s support, which garnered 12% of the vote in the 1970 election. He is mainly interested in protecting the interests of both Sufis throughout the

46 http://www.dawn.com/news/1259053 47 https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/sahibzada-yaqub-khan-1920-2016-the-end-of-an-era/ 48 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9026187/The-Pir-Pagara.html

20 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 country and Sindhis in a federal arrangement. He is also a famed cricketer and advocate of the sport, garnering him much popular support.

14. , head of the Student Union of the Jamaat-e-Islami in West

Pakistan and editor of Jamaat-e-Islami newspaper

Javed Hashmi has the support of students throughout Western Pakistan and immense popular support throughout Punjab, especially in . His writing on the situation in East

Pakistan has garnered the support of many elites concerned about the army’s handling of the situation on the ground in Dhaka, and it remains to be seen how the army will react to his publications.49 He is well connected to the scientific elite of the country, including Mubashir

Hassan, the minister of science. Finally, his training as a lawyer gives him the ability to challenge actions of the government in court.

15. , Vice and former Chief Minister of East

Pakistan

A native Bengali, Nurul Amin served as Chief Minister of East Pakistan in the 1950s as the

Language Movement gained traction.50 He has extensive contacts throughout East Pakistan, and is widely seen as the best advocate for a peaceful solution to the demands of the people of East Pakistan. He has contacts with , businessmen, and other minorities in

Pakistan who are dedicated to a peaceful resolution of conflict.

16. General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, Commander of Military Operations, East

Pakistan Command

Born in the Punjab, Niazi served under the British in the Burma campaign. During the 1965 war, he successfully repelled the Indian counteroffensive and since then has served as a

49 http://www.pakcolumnist.com/the-1971-crisis-and-prof-waris-mir-javed-hashmi.html 50 http://storyofpakistan.com/nurul-amin

21 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 military administrator in and Karachi. In East Pakistan, his position as commander of Military operations puts him in charge of movements in East

Pakistan.51 He is well connected with Bihari and Jamaat-e-Islami groups in East Pakistan as well.

17. General Aboobaker Osman Mitha, head of Pakistani

Born in Bombay, Mitha served under the British in Burma, serving as an in behind enemy lines for over a year. In establishing Pakistan’s special forces in the late 50s, he received considerable support from the US military, which combined with his experience under the British gives him the most experience of anyone on the subcontinent with special operations.52 His troops are experienced after operations in both Pakistan and

Kashmir. Besides the special operations units staged in East Pakistan, the rest of his units are stationed near the Afghan border at .

51 http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/forty-three-years-of-denial/ 52 http://www.dawn.com/news/826674

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