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JCC: East Pakistan Crisis Pakistani Cabinet Chair: Rebecca Sobel Crisis Director: Alex Fager Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016

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JCC: East Pakistan Crisis Pakistani Cabinet Chair: Rebecca Sobel Crisis Director: Alex Fager Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 asdf JCC: East Pakistan Crisis Pakistani Cabinet Chair: Rebecca Sobel Crisis Director: Alex Fager Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 Contents Letter from the Chair…….………………………...……………………...…..3 Introduction………………......………………….....……………..……..……4 The Situation in Pakistan….......………………….....……………..………..…6 Setting the Stage…..,..…………………………….……………………..…….……………6 A Brief History of Modern Pakistan….………...….….……………………….……………7 Relations with India…………..….……..…………………….………….……….…………8 The Rise of the Awami League & East Pakistan….………….………….…………………11 Governmental Structure….. …………………….……………..……..………...…………13 Religion & Civil Liberties….. …………………….……………..……….……...…………14 Conclusion….…....…………………………………………….………………………….15 Positions……………….….......………………….....…………....………..…16 2 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 Letter from the Chair Dear Delegates, My name is Rebecca Sobel and I'm a sophomore from Long Island, New York, planning on majoring in the Woodrow Wilson school. I'm particularly interested in international economics, ethnic conflict, foreign languages. On the rare occasion that I'm able to crawl out from under my piles of work, I also enjoy watching Scandal, eating absurd amounts of ice cream, and thinking about how great PMUNC is going to be! I have previously been a director both at PMUNC and at PICSIM (our collegiate conference), and am quite familiar with the ins and outs of crisis committees. The inspiration for this topic came largely in the form of a Human Rights class I took with Prateek (Chair of the India committee). The genocide in East Pakistan is a topic that is rarely discussed, yet extremely important in our current dialogue. The subcontinent houses almost 20% of the world’s population, yet this period in history is often overlooked. That is why it is imperative we delve into this topic and rigorously debate it. Alex (our crisis director) and I are looking forward to the innovative solutions you come up with in response to various crises and scandals; it’s exciting to both expose you to this topic as well as to allow you to experience one of the most important periods in establishing the modern-day Indian Subcontinent. Please feel free to email me with any questions at [email protected]. I’m looking forward to meeting all of you soon! Regards, Rebecca 3 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 Introduction Adab fellow Pakistani patriots! The date is March 6, 1971 and we are facing a dire situation here in the West. I attempted to allow for free and fair elections and unify our country on December 7th1. However, my efforts were futile and allowing any bit of democracy has allowed chaos to ensue. The traitors of the East are determined to seize control of the government and destroy our great nation through the creation of policies that would only benefit their population. Almost the entirety of East Pakistani seats have gone to the Awami League, which is far from supporting our policies of “Islamic socialism.”2 The proportion of Hindus in the East far exceeds that in our wonderful Western enclave, and their Bengali language vocalizes their differing interest.3 This committee has convened to ensure that our policies will prevail, and that we can subjugate this misguided minority, forcing them to abide by our laws and excluding them from decision making to the highest extent possible. As Yayha Khan, the fearless former Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan’s Army and President of this wonderful nation for the past few years, there is nothing I value above maintaining dominance and securing our ideals as truths.4 We must prioritize the maintained unification of Pakistan, both West and East, in order to assure our continued peace and security. This will go hand in hand with our international dominance, proponed by our 1 Sharif al Mujahid “Pakistan: First General Elections” in Asian Survey, Vol. 11, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1970: Part II (Feb., 1971), pp. 159-171 2 “Chronology of the Crisis” in Pakistan Forum Vol. 1, No. 4 (Apr. - May, 1971), p. 3 3 “Self Determination in International Law: The Tragic Tale of Two Cities-Islamabad (West Pakistan) and Dacca (East Pakistan)” in The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Apr., 1972), pp. 321-336 4 Lawrence Ziring, “Militarism in Pakistan: The Yahya Khan Interrengnum” in Asian Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 6 (Jul. - Aug., 1974), pp. 402-420 [Journal] 4 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 ongoing alliances with the United States and China.5 Furthermore, we cannot forget the threat that Russia poses on the world stage and should continue to recognize them as our most prominent enemy, most likely to support our Eastern foes.5 To guarantee that all of the esteemed individuals gathered here today are prepared to take on the challenges that await us and understand the happenings preceding our present circumstances, I shall outline the unfortunate series of events that has procured this chaos in the following pages. 5 Gary J. Bass. The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2013. 5 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 The Situation in Pakistan We are currently addressing a situation that results from the success of Sheikh Mujib, an Eastern Pakistani, in the December elections.6 His faction and interests simply cannot prevail in our parliament if we hope to sustain ourselves as a nation. I have demonstrated the policies we seek to propone, including strict adherence to Muslim practices and a strong autocratic government. Setting the Stage The great general Bhutto sets a great example for the autonomy necessary both in our armed forces and in our legal and executive governments.7 As civil disobedience continues to rise up in the eastern territories, we will continue to crack down on any reform movements and enforce our unwillingness to alter our current systems and governmental/social mechanisms.8 If necessary, we must be prepared for all out war to maintain the eastern territories as part of our superior homeland. Need be, I and my loyal advisors (which I believe includes you, wonderful comrades) are prepared to slaughter the resistance movements and pressure them into subservience.9 India must be regarded with the utmost caution as Indira Gandhi and her cohorts continue to be one of our most powerful enemies. Like the East Pakistani “Bengals,” Indians seek to deteriorate our culture and pummel us into an insignificant role, 6 “Chronology of the Crisis” in Pakistan Forum Vol. 1, No. 4 (Apr. - May, 1971), p. 4 7 “Tragedy of Bhutto” in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 14, No. 14 (Apr. 7, 1979), pp. 641-642 [Journal] 8 Gary J. Bass. The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2013. 9 Jahanara Imam, Mustafizur Rahman “Of Blood and Fire: The Untold Story of Bangladesh's War of Independence.” 6 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 beneath them, on the world stage. 8 With these immediate threats, we must also associate our northern foe, Russia. The Soviets will back the commie filth that resides in India simply to weaken the United States, and our fearless ally in the esteemed Kissinger. 8 We mustn’t forget our underemphasized comrades, the Chinese. As they transition to major global actors and exit their long period of isolationism, we will serve as facilitators for their goals and they will repay us with ideological, political and military support. 10 A Brief History of Modern Pakistan Following the end of the British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent, two new nations emerged; the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (which was geographically split between the Punjab/Sind regions in the West and Bengal in the East) split down the middle by the Republic of India.11 Our esteemed late leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah shepherded our cause since the Pakistan Movement took root in India in the 1940’s, and saw to it that Lord Mountbatten agreed to a two-state solution divided on the basis of religion, not on language. The plan that Lord Francis Mountbatten, then Governor-General of India, drew up for the partition set forth the following proposals;12 • That the Sikh, Hindu, and Muslim populations of Punjab and Bengal would vote in referenda within each group; if any wanted partition, then India would be partitioned into Hindu and Muslim states • The provinces of Sind and Baluchistan would independently decide their own status • India would gain its independence by 15 August 1947 10 “China-Pakistan relations: A history” in Daily Times, 2014. 11 Dalrymple, William. "The Great Divide." The New Yorker. Condé Nast, 22 June 2015. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 12 “Mountbatten Plan of 3 June, 1947,” accessed from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/51922/15/15_chapter%208.pdf 7 Pakistani Cabinet PMUNC 2016 • Bengali independence was taken off the table The last provision was pivotal to ours and our predecessor’s cause; the possibility of Bengal’s independence would dash our efforts at creating a stable, unified Muslim state. However, the post-Partition brutality (which saw over 2 million casualties with over 15 million displaced peoples migrating to either West Pakistan, India, or Bengal) wracked our nation, placing a massive amount of economic strain on our limited resources while spurring us to amass arms to defend against the Indians as well as the looming threats in the East.13 Relations with India But alas, almost as soon as our nation had reached some sort of equilibrium in establishing our own independence, the subcontinent was again destabilized by a conflict, this time over the disputed principalities of Jammu and Kashmir.14 The origins of the
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